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Saraswati K, Elliott I, Day NPJ, Baird JK, Blacksell SD, Ristiyanto, Moyes CL. Geographical distribution of scrub typhus and risk of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in Indonesia: Evidence mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011412. [PMID: 37747922 PMCID: PMC10553813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal acute febrile illness caused by bacteria in the genus Orientia. Though cases have been documented, a comprehensive body of evidence has not previously been compiled to give an overview of scrub typhus in Indonesia. This study aimed to address this key knowledge gap by mapping and ranking geographic areas based on existing data on the presence or absence of the pathogen in humans, vectors, and host animals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed searches on local and international electronic databases, websites, libraries, and collections including Embase, Medline, and Scopus to gather relevant evidence (including grey literature). After extracting data on the presence and absence of the pathogen and its vectors, we ranked the evidence based on the certainty for the presence of human infection risk. The country was divided into subnational units, and each were assigned a score based on the evidence available for that unit. We presented this in an evidence map. Orientia tsutsugamushi presence has been identified on all the main islands (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Papua). About two thirds of the data points were collected before 1946. South Sumatra and Biak had the strongest evidence for sustaining infectious vectors. There was only one laboratory confirmed case in a human identified but 2,780 probable cases were documented. The most common vector was Leptotrombidium deliense. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our review highlights the concerning lack of data on scrub typhus in Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world. The presence of seropositive samples, infected vectors and rodents confirm O. tsutsugamushi is widespread in Indonesia and likely to be causing significant morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need to increase surveillance to better understand the burden of the disease across the archipelago and to inform national empirical fever treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Saraswati
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Elliott
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Kevin Baird
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ristiyanto
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Salatiga, Indonesia
| | - Catherine L. Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Corrêa-do-Nascimento GS, Leite GR. Current and paleoclimate models for an Atlantic Forest kissing bug indicate broader distribution outside biome delimitations. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1051454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRhodnius domesticus is a kissing bug with known occurrence around the Atlantic coast of South America and is considered to be the only endemic species of the Atlantic Forest for the Rhodniini tribe. In this study, we aimed to indicate the species trends in possible distribution in the current and paleoclimate scenarios from the last glacial maximum (LGM).MethodsWe revised R. domesticus distribution information and created ecological niche models (ENMs) between the current time and Pleistocene end scenarios for the study regions. Models were built and validated using Maxent, KUENM, and ENMeval packages in R and ArcMap. We considered the models' uncertainty when calculating the average model variance and using mobility-oriented parity (MOP) analyses to indicate extrapolation risk areas in transfer scenarios.ResultsWe found 44 different geographical species records, and our current time models indicate suitable areas in coastal regions of the Atlantic and surrounding locations in higher and lower latitudes. Paleoclimate models indicate general suitability in coastal regions and change in suitability in the interior region through time.DiscussionOur revision and ENMs indicate two main points: Despite the fact that R. domesticus records are spatial and time concentrated in some coastal regions of the Atlantic Forest, species could have a broader distribution area, including regions outside the biome delimitations in northeast and southwest areas of South America. Paleodistribution models indicate species broader distribution in Atlantic Forest-related areas in LGM and northern interior regions of South America from late Pleistocene to the current times. In glaciation scenarios, continental shelf distribution was relevant and species' different connectivity routes with other biomes may be developed after LGM.
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Vásconez-González J, Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Fernandez-Naranjo R, Gamez-Rivera E, Tello-De-la-Torre A, Guerrero-Castillo GS, Ruiz-Sosa C, Ortiz-Prado E. Severe Chagas disease in Ecuador: a countrywide geodemographic epidemiological analysis from 2011 to 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1172955. [PMID: 37143984 PMCID: PMC10151800 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1172955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a neglected and often forgotten tropical disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite can be transmitted through the direct contact of human skin with feces and urine of the triatomine insect. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 6-7 million people are infected worldwide, killing at least 14,000 every year. The disease has been reported in 20 of the 24 provinces of Ecuador, with El Oro, Guayas, and Loja being the most affected. Methodology We analyzed the morbidity and mortality rates of severe Chagas disease in Ecuador on a nationwide, population-based level. Hospitalization cases and deaths were also examined based on altitude, including low (< 2,500 m) and high (> 2,500 m) altitudes, according to the International Society. Data was retrieved from the National Institute of Statistics and Census hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality databases from 2011 to 2021. Results A total of 118 patients have been hospitalized in Ecuador since 2011 due to Chagas disease. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 69.4% (N = 82). Men have a higher incidence rate (4.8/1,000,000) than women, although women have a significantly higher mortality rate than men (6.9/1,000,000). Conclusion Chagas disease is a severe parasitic condition that primarily affects rural and poorer areas of Ecuador. Men are more likely to be infected due to differences in work and sociocultural activities. Using average elevation data, we conducted a geodemographic analysis to assess incidence rates by altitude. Our findings indicate that the disease is more common at low and moderate altitudes, but recent increases in cases at higher altitudes suggest that environmental changes, such as global warming, could be driving the proliferation of disease-carrying vectors in previously unaffected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vásconez-González
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Raul Fernandez-Naranjo
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Gamez-Rivera
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Tello-De-la-Torre
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Carlos Ruiz-Sosa
- Postgraduate in Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Esteban Ortiz-Prado,
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Carbajal-de-la-Fuente AL, Sánchez-Casaccia P, Piccinali RV, Provecho Y, Salvá L, Meli S, Cano F, Hernández R, Nattero J. Urban vectors of Chagas disease in the American continent: A systematic review of epidemiological surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0011003. [PMID: 36516183 PMCID: PMC9797073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas is a complex and multidimensional socio-environmental health phenomenon, in which different components converge and interact. Historically, this disease was associated with insect vectors found in the rural environment. However, in the Americas, we are currently facing a new paradigm, in which different scenarios allow maintaining the vectorial transmission of the parasite through triatomine populations that either occasionally enter the dwellings or colonize urban environments. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Records of scientific reports available in the PubMed and LILACS search engines were retrieved, using three criteria according to the main triatomine genera of epidemiological importance and to the general scientific production on Chagas disease in urban contexts. Results showed that records on the occurrence of vectors in urban dwellings began to increase in the last three decades. Results also showed that the main species of triatomines collected inside dwellings (18 in total) belong mainly to the genera Triatoma and Panstrongylus, with most species (16/18, 88.8%) infected with the parasite, and that infestation of triatomine species occurs in all types of cities (small, medium and large, including megalopolises), from Argentina to the USA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Urban Chagas represents a new challenge that adds a different dimension to the problem of Chagas disease due to the particular characteristics of the lifestyle in urban agglomerates. The new scenario will require adaptations of the programs of control of vector to this shift from rural to urban settlements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Carbajal-de-la-Fuente
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE)-Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paz Sánchez-Casaccia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE)-Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos Malbrán" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Valeria Piccinali
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Universitaria—Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria—Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yael Provecho
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Salvá
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, Programa de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Sergio Meli
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, Programa de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Florencia Cano
- Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, Programa de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Hernández
- Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Dirección de Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Ciudad Universitaria—Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (IEGEBA), Ciudad Universitaria—Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ferrari A, Janisch Alvares D, Buratto PM, Ribeiro Barão K. Distribution patterns of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Americas: an analysis based on networks and endemicity. Cladistics 2022; 38:563-581. [PMID: 35148437 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Triatominae, commonly known as kissing bugs, are a group of approximately 150 species of hematophagous reduviids, some of which are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the Chagas disease. Distributional patterns of triatomines have been studied based on macroecological and historical biogeographic approaches, but the definition of distributional patterns and areas of endemism are yet to be defined based on objective criteria. We used two methods to identify biogeographic units in the Triatominae: the endemicity analysis based on an optimality criterion (NDM/VNDM software) and a network approach aimed to simplify and highlight the underlying structure in species distributions (Infomap Bioregions). Information on species distributions was obtained from a data paper, comprising 21 815 records for 135 triatomine species occurring in the Americas. The resulting areas of each method were clustered using a meta consensus criterion based on dissimilarities and interpreted as recurrent areas. The NDM areas show a nested structure, presenting greater restrictions to the inclusion of species in a given area, requiring broad sympatry. In contrast, bioregions emphasize spatial patterns with better-delimited areas and species occurrences do not need to be highly congruent. When areas were clustered based on their species composition two clear patterns arose from both methods: (i) areas within the southern Amazon and southeast South America, especially in the Chacoan subregion, formed a cluster, and (ii) areas north of the Amazon, Pacific, Mesoamerica, Mexican transition zone and Nearctic formed another cluster. Moreover, within each of these two clusters, there was a latitudinal gradient of the areas in the Americas showing spatial similarity between the areas found in both methods. Results of both methods show well-bound areas separating the triatomine fauna in the Brazilian subregions, resulting in the recognition of areas corresponding to the biomes Chaco, Pampa, Cerrado, and Caatinga, and, to a lesser extent, the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Ferrari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal - PPG-BAN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Sistemática e Biogeografia - LESB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Janisch Alvares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal - PPG-BAN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sul, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil.,Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Aquáticos do Rio Grande do Sul (GEMARS), Rua Bento Gonçalves, 165/1002, Torres, 95560-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Buratto
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Sistemática e Biogeografia - LESB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Kim Ribeiro Barão
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Diversidade de Artrópodes, Unidade Educacional Penedo, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Beira Rio, s/n, Penedo, 57200-00, Brazil
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Synanthropic triatomines in Hidalgo state, Mexico: Spatial-temporal distribution, domestic transmission cycle, and natural infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106618. [PMID: 35907500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Triatomine vectors are responsible for the main route of transmission of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This illness is potentially life-threatening and highly disabling and represents a major public health concern in the endemic countries in Latin America. The analysis of the spatial and temporal occurrence of triatomine insects is critical, since control strategies strongly depend on the vector species found within each area. Such knowledge is non-existent in Hidalgo state, an endemic region of Chagas disease in Mexico. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze broad-scale spatial and temporal patterns of synanthropic triatomines collected in Hidalgo. Data was taken from the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) of Mexico and the state program of Vector Control of the Secretary of Health, covering the period of 1997-2019. Our analyses demonstrate a differential distribution of Triatoma dimidiata, T. mexicana, T. gerstaeckeri and T. barberi, which are the four predominant species, and that climate, temperature, and precipitation are some of the drivers of their distribution pattern. Notably, we report the presence of T. nitida, T. pallidipennis and T. phyllosoma for the first time in the state. In addition, we found seasonal variations of the populations of T. mexicana and T. gerstaeckeri, but not for T. dimidiata, whose population remains constant throughout the year. The insects were found mainly intradomicile (81.79 %), followed by peridomicile (17.56 %) and non-domestic areas (0.65%), with an average T. cruzi infection of 16.4%. Based on this evidence, priority sites for vector control intervention were identified. Our findings are very valuable for understanding the epidemiology of Chagas disease, the generation of future potential risk maps and for the development and implementation of effective and targeted vector control programs in Hidalgo state.
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Lázari Cacini G, de Oliveira J, Belintani T, Dos Santos Souza É, Olaia N, Pinto MC, da Rosa JA. Immature instars of three species of Rhodnius Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae): morphology, morphometry, and taxonomic implications. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:91. [PMID: 35303937 PMCID: PMC8932165 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among the 18 genera of the Triatominae subfamily, three stand out for their diversity and epidemiological importance: Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Rhodnius. Rhodnius includes 21 species that can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi (the etiological agent of Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis) and Trypanosoma rangeli. The Rhodnius prolixus complex comprises seven species, including Rhodnius marabaensis, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius robustus, which occur in the northern region of Brazil. Since both adults and immatures can carry T. cruzi, in this study the five nymphal instars of the three species mentioned were dorsally characterized. Methods Using microscopy, morphometrics, and geometric morphometrics, the present work measures and describes the morphological characters of the five nymphal instars of R. marabaensis, R. prolixus, and R. robustus. Results The study enabled the characterization of all five nymphal instars, as well as the distinction between the three species in each of their instars. Conclusions The morphological, morphometrics of the head, thorax, and abdomen and geometric morphometrics studies of the head enabled the specific distinction of these three species in all five instars. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05200-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Lázari Cacini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Belintani
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Éder Dos Santos Souza
- Departamento de Entomologia, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Nicoly Olaia
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Mara Cristina Pinto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
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Souza RDCMD, Gorla DE, Chame M, Jaramillo N, Monroy C, Diotaiuti L. Chagas disease in the context of the 2030 agenda: global warming and vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e200479. [PMID: 35649048 PMCID: PMC9150778 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines’ dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.
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Rabinovich JE, Alvarez Costa A, Muñoz IJ, Schilman PE, Fountain-Jones NM. Machine-learning model led design to experimentally test species thermal limits: The case of kissing bugs (Triatominae). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008822. [PMID: 33684127 PMCID: PMC7971882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) determines habitat suitability of a species across geographic areas using macro-climatic variables; however, micro-habitats can buffer or exacerbate the influence of macro-climatic variables, requiring links between physiology and species persistence. Experimental approaches linking species physiology to micro-climate are complex, time consuming and expensive. E.g., what combination of exposure time and temperature is important for a species thermal tolerance is difficult to judge a priori. We tackled this problem using an active learning approach that utilized machine learning methods to guide thermal tolerance experimental design for three kissing-bug species: Triatoma infestans, Rhodnius prolixus, and Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), vectors of the parasite causing Chagas disease. As with other pathogen vectors, triatomines are well known to utilize micro-habitats and the associated shift in microclimate to enhance survival. Using a limited literature-collected dataset, our approach showed that temperature followed by exposure time were the strongest predictors of mortality; species played a minor role, and life stage was the least important. Further, we identified complex but biologically plausible nonlinear interactions between temperature and exposure time in shaping mortality, together setting the potential thermal limits of triatomines. The results from this data led to the design of new experiments with laboratory results that produced novel insights of the effects of temperature and exposure for the triatomines. These results, in turn, can be used to better model micro-climatic envelope for the species. Here we demonstrate the power of an active learning approach to explore experimental space to design laboratory studies testing species thermal limits. Our analytical pipeline can be easily adapted to other systems and we provide code to allow practitioners to perform similar analyses. Not only does our approach have the potential to save time and money: it can also increase our understanding of the links between species physiology and climate, a topic of increasing ecological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Rabinovich
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE CONICET-CCT La Plata, UNLP), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustín Alvarez Costa
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio J. Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E. Schilman
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Insectos, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET–Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Vivas RJ, García JE, Guhl F, Hernández C, Velásquez N, Ramírez JD, Carranza JC, Vallejo GA. Systematic review on the biology, ecology, genetic diversity and parasite transmission potential of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille 1811) in Latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200528. [PMID: 33656141 PMCID: PMC7919531 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Panstrongylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) is the triatomine with the largest geographic distribution in Latin America. It has been reported in 18 countries from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, including the Caribbean islands. Although most reports indicate that P. geniculatus has wild habitats, this species has intrusive habits regarding human dwellings mainly located in intermediate deforested areas. It is attracted by artificial light from urban and rural buildings, raising the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. Despite the wide body of published information on P. geniculatus, many knowledge gaps exist about its biology and epidemiological potential. For this reason, we analysed the literature for P. geniculatus in Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and the BibTriv3.0 databases to update existing knowledge and provide better information on its geographic distribution, life cycle, genetic diversity, evidence of intrusion and domiciliation, vector-related circulating discrete taxonomic units, possible role in oral T. cruzi transmission, and the effect of climate change on its biology and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo José Vivas
- Universidad del Tolima, Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Jorge Enrique García
- Universidad de Ibagué, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Felipe Guhl
- Universidad de los Andes, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Velásquez
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Universidad del Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Departamento de Biología, Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julio César Carranza
- Universidad del Tolima, Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Vallejo
- Universidad del Tolima, Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Ibagué, Colombia
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