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Tumelty L, Fa JE, Coad L, Friant S, Mbane J, Kamogne CT, Tata CY, Ickowitz A. A systematic mapping review of links between handling wild meat and zoonotic diseases. One Health 2023; 17:100637. [PMID: 38024256 PMCID: PMC10665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1.Hunting, trade, and consumption of wildlife present a serious threat to global public health as it places humans in close contact with zoonotic pathogens.2.We systematically mapped the literature on wild meat handling and zoonotic disease transmission (1996-2022) using the online database Web of Science and Google search engine and identified 6229 articles out of which 253 were finally selected for use in our mapping review; 51 of these provided specific information regarding transmission risks.3.The reviewed studies reported 43 zoonotic pathogens (17 bacteria, 15 viruses, and 11 parasites) that could pose a potential risk to human health.4.Sixteen hygienic and sanitary behaviours were described in the reviewed studies. Disease surveillance was the most frequent. Most of the surveillance studies were carried out in Europe and were less common in the tropics.5.To inform policy and practical actions effectively, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of how various mitigation behaviours can be employed to minimize the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tumelty
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Julia E. Fa
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lauren Coad
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CIFOR Headquarters, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Joseph Mbane
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Cedric Thibaut Kamogne
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Amy Ickowitz
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)-World Agroforestry Center, Beit Zayit, Israel
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Halbrook M, Gadoth A, Shankar A, Zheng H, Campbell EM, Hoff NA, Muyembe JJ, Wemakoy EO, Rimoin AW, Switzer WM. Correction: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission dynamics in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with high nonhuman primate exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011046. [PMID: 36607890 PMCID: PMC9821508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008923.].
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Gessain A, Ramassamy JL, Afonso PV, Cassar O. Geographic distribution, clinical epidemiology and genetic diversity of the human oncogenic retrovirus HTLV-1 in Africa, the world's largest endemic area. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043600. [PMID: 36817417 PMCID: PMC9935834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The African continent is considered the largest high endemic area for the oncogenic retrovirus HTLV-1 with an estimated two to five million infected individuals. However, data on epidemiological aspects, in particular prevalence, risk factors and geographical distribution, are still very limited for many regions: on the one hand, few large-scale and representative studies have been performed and, on the other hand, many studies do not include confirmatory tests, resulting in indeterminate serological results, and a likely overestimation of HTLV-1 seroprevalence. For this review, we included the most robust studies published since 1984 on the prevalence of HTLV-1 and the two major diseases associated with this infection in people living in Africa and the Indian Ocean islands: adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP). We also considered most of the book chapters and abstracts published at the 20 international conferences on HTLV and related viruses held since 1985, as well as the results of recent meta-analyses regarding the status of HTLV-1 in West and sub-Saharan Africa. Based on this bibliography, it appears that HTLV-1 distribution is very heterogeneous in Africa: The highest prevalences of HTLV-1 are reported in western, central and southern Africa, while eastern and northern Africa show lower prevalences. In highly endemic areas, the HTLV-1 prevalence in the adult population ranges from 0.3 to 3%, increases with age, and is highest among women. In rural areas of Gabon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), HTLV-1 prevalence can reach up to 10-25% in elder women. HTLV-1-associated diseases in African patients have rarely been reported in situ on hospital wards, by local physicians. With the exception of the Republic of South Africa, DRC and Senegal, most reports on ATL and HAM/TSP in African patients have been published by European and American clinicians and involve immigrants or medical returnees to Europe (France and the UK) and the United States. There is clearly a huge underreporting of these diseases on the African continent. The genetic diversity of HTLV-1 is greatest in Africa, where six distinct genotypes (a, b, d, e, f, g) have been identified. The most frequent genotype in central Africa is genotype b. The other genotypes found in central Africa (d, e, f and g) are very rare. The vast majority of HTLV-1 strains from West and North Africa belong to genotype a, the so-called 'Cosmopolitan' genotype. These strains form five clades roughly reflecting the geographic origin of the infected individuals. We have recently shown that some of these clades are the result of recombination between a-WA and a-NA strains. Almost all sequences from southern Africa belong to Transcontinental a-genotype subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Jill-Léa Ramassamy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe V Afonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité d'Épidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
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Ramassamy JL, Ndongo CB, Nnuka P, Antunes M, Mener ML, A Betsem EB, Njouom R, Cassar O, Fontanet A, Gessain A. Epidemiological evidence of nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of HTLV-1 in a large survey in rural population of central Africa. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:752-760. [PMID: 35867855 PMCID: PMC10043981 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central Africa is one of the largest areas of high endemicity for human T-cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1). However, no preventive measures are yet implemented to reduce its transmission, which can be sexual, from mother-to-child, or through contaminated blood products. Rare zoonotic transmissions from non-human primates (NHPs) have also been reported in this region. Here, we investigated the HTLV-1 prevalence and associated risk factors in a rural population in Cameroon. METHODS From 2019 to 2021, we performed a cross-sectional survey in the Eastern region of Cameroon. HTLV-1 infection was first screened by ELISA, then tested by Western blot and envelope gene targeted polymerase chain reaction. Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 infection were identified by logistic regression on univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Among 3,400 participants, HTLV-1 prevalence was 1.1% (95%CI 0.7-1.5). Factors independently associated with HTLV-1 infection were: Pygmy ethnicity (adjusted odd ratio ORa, 2.9, 95%CI 1.3-6.2), history of surgery (ORa 6.3, 95%CI 2.2-17.8) and NHP bite (ORa 6.6, 95%CI 2.2-19.8). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest both iatrogenic and zoonotic transmission of HTLV-1 in Cameroon. Further studies are needed to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of HTLV-1, to guide public health authorities in implementing preventive measures to control HTLV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Léa Ramassamy
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chanceline Bilounga Ndongo
- Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, les Epidémies et les Pandémies. Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun.,Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l'Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroun
| | - Patrick Nnuka
- Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, les Epidémies et les Pandémies. Ministère de la Santé Publique, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Maëlle Antunes
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Margot Le Mener
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Unité de Virologie, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.,Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Unité PACRI, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Melo Bandeira L, Moreira Puga MA, Croda J, Pompílio MA, Amianti C, Rocha de Rezende G, Coimbra Motta-Castro AR. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-1/2 Infection in Central Brazil Prisons: A Multicenter Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:740245. [PMID: 35126323 PMCID: PMC8815966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection is endemic in some group populations. Prisoners are at high risk of acquiring HTLV infection mainly due to the environment of closed penal institutions, socioeconomic conditions, and risk behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, the occurrence of new cases of HTLV infection after a 1-year follow-up, and circulating subtypes of HTLV-1 among prisoners from twelve closed prisons in Mato Grosso do Sul state, Central Brazil. A total of 1,507 prisoners were randomly enrolled in the cross-sectional study. Out of the 1,507 participants, 1,000 prisoners, susceptible to HTLV infection, were included in the prospective cohort study. In the cross-sectional study, serological evidence of HTLV infection was 0.4% (CI 95%: 0.1-0.7), tested for anti-HTLV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three samples were positive for HTLV-1, two samples were positive for HTLV-2, and 1 sample was indeterminate by the Western blot method. The presence of HTLV proviral DNA was detected in all positive samples by amplification of the HTLV tax gene through nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HTLV-1 samples belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype Transcontinental subgroup. From a cohort of 1,000 individuals, no new case of HTLV infection was detected. Although the prevalence rate of HTLV infection found in this study was similar to that observed in the Brazilian general population, the lack of access to preventive interventions and harm reduction measures all contribute to increasing the risk of HTLV transmission and acquisition among this key and vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Melo Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Larissa Melo Bandeira,
| | | | - Julio Croda
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Campo Grande, Brazil
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Abstract
HTLV-1 is a global infection with 5-20 million infected individuals. Although only a minority of infected individuals develop myelopathy, lymphoproliferative malignancy, or inflammatory disorders, infection is associated with immunosuppression and shorter survival. Transmission of HTLV-1 is through contaminated blood or needles, mother-to-child exposure through breast-feeding, and sexual intercourse. HTLV-1 is a delta retrovirus that expresses immunogenic Gag, Envelope, TAX, and Hbz proteins. Neutralizing antibodies have been identified directed against the surface envelope protein, and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes within TAX have been characterized. Thus far, there have been few investigations of vaccines directed against each of these proteins, with limited responses, thus far. However, with new technologies developed in the last few years, a renewed investigation is warranted in search for a safe and effective HTLV-1 vaccine.
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Stufano A, Jahantigh HR, Cagnazzo F, Centrone F, Loconsole D, Chironna M, Lovreglio P. Work-Related Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) Infection: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1753. [PMID: 34578335 PMCID: PMC8472817 DOI: 10.3390/v13091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) belong to the delta group of retroviruses which may cause a life-long infection in humans, HTLV-1 leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and other diseases. Different transmission modes have been described, such as breastfeeding, and, as for other blood-borne pathogens, unsafe sexual activity, intravenous drug usage, and blood transfusion and transplantation. The present systematic review was conducted to identify all peer-reviewed studies concerning the work-related infection by HTLV-1/2. A literature search was conducted from January to May 2021, according to the PRISMA methodology, selecting 29 studies: seven related to health care workers (HCWs), five to non-HCWs, and 17 to sex workers (SWs). The findings showed no clear evidence as to the possibility of HTLV-1/2 occupational transmission in HCWs, according to the limited number and quality of the papers. Moreover, non-HCWs showed a higher prevalence in jobs consistent with a lower socioeconomic status or that could represent a familial cluster, and an increased risk of zoonotic transmission from STLV-1-infected non-human primates has been observed in African hunters. Finally, a general increase of HTLV-1 infection was observed in SWs, whereas only one paper described an increased prevalence for HTLV-2, supporting the urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HTLV-1/2, to be offered routinely as part of a comprehensive approach to decrease the impact of sexually transmitted diseases in SWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Cagnazzo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Centrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
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