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Teklu SW, Meshesha AA, Ullah S. Analysis of optimal control strategies on the fungal Tinea capitis infection fractional order model with cost-effective analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1508. [PMID: 38233520 PMCID: PMC10794199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have formulated and analyzed the Tinea capitis infection Caputo fractional order model by implementing three time-dependent control measures. In the qualitative analysis part, we investigated the following: by using the well-known Picard-Lindelöf criteria we have proved the model solutions' existence and uniqueness, using the next generation matrix approach we calculated the model basic reproduction number, we computed the model equilibrium points and investigated their stabilities, using the three time-dependent control variables (prevention measure, non-inflammatory infection treatment measure, and inflammatory infection treatment measure) and from the formulated fractional order model we re-formulated the fractional order optimal control problem. The necessary optimality conditions for the Tinea capitis fractional order optimal control problem and the existence of optimal control strategies are derived and presented by using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Also, the study carried out the sensitivity and numerical analysis to investigate the most sensitive parameters and to verify the qualitative analysis results. Finally, we performed the cost-effective analysis to investigate the most cost-effective measures from the possible proposed control measures, and from the findings we can suggest that implementing prevention measures only is the most cost-effective control measure that stakeholders should consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shewafera Wondimagegnhu Teklu
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Berhan University, 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Addise Meshesha
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Science, Debre Berhan University, 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Emanghe UE, Imalele EE, Ogban GI, Owai PA, Abraka BA. Awareness and knowledge of scabies and ringworm among parents of school-age children in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria: Implications for prevention of superficial skin infestations. Ann Afr Med 2024; 23:62-69. [PMID: 38358173 PMCID: PMC10922176 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_82_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Risk factors for the persistence of superficial skin infestations are prevalent in humid tropical environments, which are favorable for breeding of the causative vector mite Sarcoptes scabiei (ectoparasite) and dermatophyte fungi. Aim This study aimed at assessing the awareness and knowledge of childhood scabies and ringworm infestations among parents in Calabar, a highly humid rainforest tropical environment. Settings and Design Cross-sectional study design and systematic random sampling were used to recruit school-age children in selected primary schools in Calabar. Materials and Methods Researcher-driven administration of a structured questionnaire was conducted to obtain quantitative data from parents of recruited children. Statistical Analysis Used : Chi-square was used to assess factors associated with ever hearing or seeing scabies and ringworm infestations. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results One hundred and eighty-two (56.7%) and 218 (67.9%) of the respondents had heard of or seen scabies and ringworm infestation. Among respondents that were aware of scabies, 53.3% knew of the cause, 50.5% were aware of the risk factors while 68.1% and 78.0% knew their treatment and prevention, respectively; 98.6%, 60.6%, 76.6%, and 80.7% of respondents knew the cause, risk factors, treatment, and prevention of ringworm infestation, respectively. Fathers with at least secondary school literacy level and sharing beds were significantly associated with awareness of scabies. Conclusion There is a suboptimal level of awareness and knowledge of two of the most common superficial skin infestations among parents of primary school children in the study setting. There is a need to redouble our effort at sensitization of parents toward improved awareness of these common infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubleni Ettah Emanghe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Edema Enogiomwan Imalele
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Ibitham Ogban
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Promise Akugom Owai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Bode Akashie Abraka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
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Ayele A, Adane M, Adane B, Berihun G, Gebrehiwot M, Woretaw L, Berhanu L, Atanaw G, Feleke H, Moges M, Tegegne E, Azanaw J, Malede A. Living in a large family and low daily water consumption substantially expose for human scabies in rural Ethiopia: a matched analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:134. [PMID: 38017554 PMCID: PMC10685524 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies has been added to the neglected tropical diseases portfolio for large-scale disease control action since 2017 and is part of the WHO roadmap for NTDs 2021-2030, targeted at ending the neglect to achieve the sustainable development goals. Previous studies have not fitted matched analysis to identify predictors of scabies infestation in Ethiopia. Information is also scarce about predictors of scabies infestation in this area. Therefore, this study aimed to identify predictors of scabies infestation in rural Aneded District, northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based matched case-control study involving 183 cases and 549 controls was undertaken from March 1 to May 31, 2021, in rural Aneded District. A two-stage sampling technique with a house-to-house census for the screening of scabies cases was employed. A structured questionnaire with questions on sociodemographics, behavior, water supply, sanitation, and hygiene, and delivery of scabies-specific interventions was used. Pretesting, training of data collectors and supervisors, and supervision were applied to keep the data quality. A multivariable conditional logistic regression model was fitted to identify predictors of scabies. RESULTS Unmarried individuals or those in separated families (adjusted matched odds ratio (AmOR = 2.71; 95% CI 1.30-5.65); those unable to read and write or in illiterate families (AmOR = 5.10; 95% CI 1.81-14.36); those in large families (AmOR = 6.67; 95% CI 2.83-15.73); households that had longer travel times for water collection (AmOR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.08-4.76); those that had low daily water consumption (AmOR = 6.69; 95% CI 2.91-15.37); households that disposed of solid wastes in open fields (AmOR = 5.60; 95% CI 2.53-12.40); and households that did not receive scabies-specific interventions (AmOR = 2.98; 95% CI 1.39-6.39) had increased odds of scabies. CONCLUSIONS Being unmarried, illiteracy, large family, long travel time for water collection, low daily water consumption, open dumping of solid wastes, and inaccessibility of scabies-specific interventions are predictors of scabies. This information is instrumental for redesigning improved scabies-specific interventions that consider educational status, marital status, family size, water collection time, daily water consumption, solid waste disposal, and equity and optimization in delivering existing interventions in rural Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agernesh Ayele
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Metadel Adane
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Balew Adane
- Department of Environmental Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Gete Berihun
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Gebrehiwot
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Lebasie Woretaw
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Leykun Berhanu
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Atanaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Feleke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mekonnen Moges
- Department of Environmental Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Eniyew Tegegne
- Department of Environmental Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Malede
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Melese F, Malede A, Sisay T, Geremew A, Gebrehiwot M, Woretaw L, Atanaw G, Azanaw J, Melese M, Feleke H. Cloth sharing with a scabies case considerably explains human scabies among children in a low socioeconomic rural community of Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:52. [PMID: 37710350 PMCID: PMC10502969 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, scabies were integrated into the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases, aimed at ending the negligence to realize the SDGs. Ethiopia has also introduced scabies as a notifiable disease in drought-prone localities since 2015. Many of the previous studies employed study designs that might be subject to bias. Moreover, there is no scientific evidence about scabies in this area. Hence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of scabies among children aged below 15 years in rural Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 942 children in rural kebeles of Lay Gayent District from March through May 15, 2021. A two-stage sampling technique was applied. Data on sociodemographics, housing, water supply and sanitation, children's personal hygiene, and caregivers' knowledge about scabies were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data quality was maintained through pretesting, training of data collectors and supervisors, and supervision. An adjusted binary logistic regression was modelled to identify factors associated with scabies. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was run to check the model fitness. RESULTS The prevalence of scabies was 21.5% (95% CI 19.0-24.3). Maternal illiteracy (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.61; 95% CI 1.07-2.43); low household wealth (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.25-3.33); unimproved water source (AOR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.05-2.40); not cleaning a house daily (AOR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.63-3.62); not trimming nails (AOR = 2.21; 95% CI 1.50-3.25); cloth sharing with a scabies case (AOR = 11.77; 95% CI 6.94-19.97); and low caregiver knowledge about scabies (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.64-3.63) were factors associated with scabies. CONCLUSIONS Scabies remains a significant public health issue among children aged below 15 years in the district. Maternal illiteracy, low household wealth, unimproved water source, not cleaning a house daily, not trimming nails, cloth sharing with a scabies case, and low caregiver knowledge about scabies were factors associated with scabies. Community-wide interventions with prime emphasis on improving maternal education and caregivers' knowledge about scabies, upgrading household wealth, ensuring a safe water supply, providing healthy housing, and ensuring adequate personal hygiene are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadie Melese
- Hospital Quality Unit and Public Health Emergency Management Office, Nefas Mewcha Primary Hospital, Nefas Mewcha, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Malede
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesse Sisay
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Geremew
- Department of Environmental Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Gebrehiwot
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Lebasie Woretaw
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Atanaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Melese
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Feleke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Birhanu MY, Temesgen H, ketema DB, Desta M, Getaneh T, Bekele GM, Zeleke B, Jemberie SS. Tinea capitis among schoolchildren in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280948. [PMID: 36763601 PMCID: PMC9916598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea capitis accounts for25 to 30% of all fungal infections, but it is often ignored because it is not life threatening in nature. It is more common among schoolchildren particularly in developing countries. Due to the presence of significant variability among the previous studies, this study was conducted to provide a pooled prevalence and associated factors of tinea capitis in Ethiopian schoolchildren. METHOD We conducted a systematic search in five major databases for articles similar to our topic. This review included school-based cross-sectional studies that were reported in English and conducted from 2006 through 2022. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and further analysis was done using StataTM Version 17.0 statistical software. Forest plots were used to assess the presence of heterogeneity with 95% confidence intervals. A random effects meta- analysis model was used to pool primary estimates. To declare the presence or absence of association, 95% confidence interval with odds ratio was used. RESULTS Fourteen studies with a total of 9465 schoolchildren were included. The pooled prevalence was 29.03% (95%CI: 15.37-42.71). There was observed heterogeneity, which could be explained by publication bias (P = 0.04). Family history of tinea capitis (OR: 9.18, 95%CI: 3.5-24.02), under the age of 10 years (OR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.17-2.33) were factors increasing the development of tinea capitis among schoolchildren and schoolchildren who had hair wash at least once a week (OR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.24-0.42) was significantly associated with reduced risk for tinea capitis. CONCLUSION One of the most prevalent childhood health condition in Ethiopia is tinea capitis, which affects over one in every four schoolchildren. Schoolchildren who had family history of tinea capitis and under the age of 10 years were the identified risk factors but they had hair wash at least once a week was the protective factor of tinea capitis among schoolchildren. Clinical and public engagement activities are needed to overcome the burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla Yigzaw Birhanu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Habtamu Temesgen
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Bekele ketema
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Desta
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Getaneh
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getamesay Molla Bekele
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, School of Medicine, Debre Markos university, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Balew Zeleke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Selamawit Shita Jemberie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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