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Singh PS, Chaturvedi HK. Socio-ecological predictors of dengue in high incidence area of Delhi, India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17005. [PMID: 39043792 PMCID: PMC11266699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the amplified vector-control measures, sporadic-epidemic outbreaks of dengue incidence occurred in Delhi, intermittently. This study aimed to identify the major individual, household, and community level predictors of dengue cases in the hot-spots of Delhi. Primary survey data was collected from the selected sample of 347 households, at the South- West district of Delhi. This survey has interviewed the head of the household to collect the information of dengue incidences within last one year and household information related to socio-economic, demographic, environmental factors, such as housing pattern, density, water storage containers, drainage and garbage collection site and method, mosquito protection measures and awareness. Among 347 households, 54 households had reported dengue cases, and 69 individuals had reported dengue cases in last one year. Garbage and water collection site and methods, drainage and household type, household monthly income, indoor bamboo plants, construction site (within 500 m), presence of tertiary care hospital, were the significant predictors of dengue incidences in Delhi. In conclusion, strategic control measures and intense social interventions such as household and community awareness, promotion of healthy practices should be promoted to control the dengue incidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Suryanath Singh
- University School of Medicine & Paramedical Health Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, 110075, India
| | - Himanshu K Chaturvedi
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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Machange JJ, Maasayi MS, Mundi J, Moore J, Muganga JB, Odufuwa OG, Moore SJ, Tenywa FC. Comparison of the Trapping Efficacy of Locally Modified Gravid Aedes Trap and Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap for the Monitoring and Surveillance of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Tanzania. INSECTS 2024; 15:401. [PMID: 38921116 PMCID: PMC11204168 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The study assessed the trapping efficacy of locally modified (1) Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) lined with insecticide-treated net (ITN) as a killing agent and (2) Autocidal Gravid Ovitrap (AGO) with sticky board in the semi-field system (SFS) and field setting. Fully balanced Latin square experiments were conducted to compare GAT lined with ITN vs. AGO, both with either yeast or grass infusion. Biogent-Sentinel (BGS) with BG-Lure and no CO2 was used as a standard trap for Aedes mosquitoes. In the SFS, GAT outperformed AGO in collecting both nulliparous (65% vs. 49%, OR = 2.22, [95% CI: 1.89-2.60], p < 0.001) and gravid mosquitoes (73% vs. 64%, OR = 1.67, [95% CI: 1.41-1.97], p < 0.001). Similar differences were observed in the field. Yeast and grass infusion did not significantly differ in trapping gravid mosquitoes (OR = 0.91, [95% CI: 0.77-1.07], p = 0.250). The use of ITN improved mosquito recapture from 11% to 70% in the SFS. The same trend was observed in the field. Yeast was chosen for further evaluation in the optimized GAT due to its convenience and bifenthrin net for its resistance management properties. Mosquito density was collected when using 4× GATs relative to BGS-captured gravid mosquitoes 64 vs. 58 (IRR = 0.82, [95% CI: 0.35-1.95], p = 0.658) and showed no density dependence. Deployment of multiple yeast-baited GAT lined with bifenthrin net is cost-effective (single GAT < $8) compared to other traps such as BGS ($160).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Johnson Machange
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Masudi Suleiman Maasayi
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - John Mundi
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Jason Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Barnabas Muganga
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
| | - Olukayode G. Odufuwa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (M.S.M.); (S.J.M.)
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Chelestino Tenywa
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Science Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania; (J.M.); (J.M.); (J.B.M.); (O.G.O.); (F.C.T.)
- Vector Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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Chiu MC, Neoh KB, Hwang SY. The effect of attractive toxic sugar bait on the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in community farms in Northern Taiwan. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107102. [PMID: 38104884 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) lure mosquitoes to feed on the baits and subsequently killed them. We investigated the effects of a boric acid-containing ATSB on the population of Aedes albopictus at 48 h exposure and assessed the field effectiveness on this ATSB on two types of community farms in New Taipei City, Taiwan, including isolated ATSB farms and nonisolated ATSB farms. The result showed that mosquitoes exposed to the ATSB solution for 48 h were killed within 7 d under laboratory conditions. Exposure of female and male mosquitoes to ATSB resulted in mean survival times ranging from 52 to 62 h and 30 to 48 h, respectively. For field efficacy test, on isolated ATSB farms, a significant reduction of ovitrap density index (ODI) up to 24 % was noted after the replacement frequency was increased to every 2 weeks. However, the intervention efficacy on nonisolated ATSB farms had mixed results. The ODI significantly reduced by 21.4 % and 6.9 % on the nonisolated ATSB Chongmin and Nanjing farms, respectively, when bait replacement was done every 2 weeks instead of every 3 weeks. By contrast, the ODI on the nonisolated ATSB Yongchang farms increased significantly, irrespectively of the bait replacement frequency. Nevertheless, the total number of eggs trapped on all ATSB farms exhibited a concave curve pattern; while the mosquito population on non-ATSB control farms continued to increase over time. In conclusion, deploying simple ATSB stations containing boric acid is a practical approach for integrated vector management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Shaw-Yhi Hwang
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Gunara NP, Joelianto E, Ahmad I. Identification of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs based on image processing and elliptic fourier analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17395. [PMID: 37833335 PMCID: PMC10576056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a worldwide epidemic caused by dengue virus and spread by infected female mosquitoes. The two main mosquito species vectors of the dengue virus are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Conventionally, the identification of these two species' egg is time-consuming which makes vector control more difficult. However, although attempts on efficiency improvements by providing automatic identification have been conducted, the earliest stage is at the larval stage. In addition, there are currently no studies on classifying to distinguish the two vectors during the egg stage based on their digital image. A total of 140 egg images of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were collected and validated by rearing them individually to become adult mosquitoes. Image processing and elliptic Fourier analysis were carried out to extract and describe the shape difference of the two vectors' eggs. Machine learning algorithms were then used to classify the shape signatures. Morphometrically, the two species' eggs were significantly different, which Aedes albopictus were smaller in size. Egg-shape contour reconstructions of principal components and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed that there is a significant difference (p value [Formula: see text]) in shape between two species' eggs at the posterior end. Based on Wilk's lambda of the MANOVA results, the classification could be done using only the first 3 principal components. Classification of the test data yielded an accuracy of 85.00% and F1 score 84.21% with Linear Discriminant Analysis applying default hyperparameter. Alternatively, k-Nearest Neighbors with optimal hyperparameter yielded a higher classification result with 87.50% and 87.18% of accuracy and F1 score, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to classify Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs based on their digital image. This method provides a foundation for improving the identification and surveillance of the two vectors and decision making in developing vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikko Prayudi Gunara
- Instrumentation and Control Master Program, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Endra Joelianto
- Instrumentation and Control Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Intan Ahmad
- Biological Resource Management Research Group, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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Ridha MR, Marlinae L, Zubaidah T, Fadillah NA, Widjaja J, Rosadi D, Rahayu N, Ningsih M, Desimal I, Sofyandi A. Control methods for invasive mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:1952-1963. [PMID: 37859959 PMCID: PMC10583872 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1952-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The two invasive mosquito species in Indonesia are Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. These mosquitoes are a serious nuisance to humans and are also the primary vectors of several foreign pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Efforts must be made to reduce the possibility of mosquito bites and the potential for disease transmission. Given the invasion of these two Aedes species, this approach should be considered as part of an integrated strategy to manage them. This review discusses existing and developing control techniques for invasive Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, with an emphasis on those that have been and are being used in Indonesia. Environmental, mechanical, biological (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis and Wolbachia), and chemical (e.g., insect growth regulators and pyrethroids) approaches are discussed in this review, considering their effectiveness, sustainability, and control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rasyid Ridha
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM.46, Bogor, West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Lenie Marlinae
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health Study Program, Medical Faculty, Universitas Labung Mangkurat, Jl. A. Yani, Km. 36 Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Tien Zubaidah
- Environmental Health Program, Banjarmasin Health Polytechnic, Jl. H. Mistar Cokrokusumo No.1A, Kemuning, Banjar Baru, South Kalimantan, 70714, Indonesia
| | - Noor Ahda Fadillah
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Study Program, Medical Faculty, Universitas Labung Mangkurat, Jl. A. Yani, Km. 36 Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Junus Widjaja
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM.46, Bogor, West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Dian Rosadi
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Study Program, Medical Faculty, Universitas Labung Mangkurat, Jl. A. Yani, Km. 36 Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Nita Rahayu
- Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases Research Group, Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM.46, Bogor, West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Murtiana Ningsih
- Public Health Study Program, Sports Sciences and Public Health Faculty, Universitas Pendidikan Mataram, Jl. Pemuda No. 59 A Mataram West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Desimal
- Public Health Study Program, Sports Sciences and Public Health Faculty, Universitas Pendidikan Mataram, Jl. Pemuda No. 59 A Mataram West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
| | - Arif Sofyandi
- Public Health Study Program, Sports Sciences and Public Health Faculty, Universitas Pendidikan Mataram, Jl. Pemuda No. 59 A Mataram West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Olagunju EA. Is the presence of mosquitoes an indicator of poor environmental sanitation? JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:385-401. [PMID: 37338318 PMCID: wh_2023_280 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has designated mosquitoes as the most lethal animal since they are known to spread pathogen-transmitting organisms. Understanding the many environmental elements that contribute to the spread of these vectors is one of the many strategies used to stop them. If there are mosquitoes around people, it may indicate that there is not an appropriate environmental sanitation program in place in the community or region. Environmental sanitation involves improving any elements of the physical environment that could have a negative impact on a person's survival, health, or physical environment. Keywords containing 'Aedes,' 'Culex,' 'Anopheles,' 'dengue,' 'malaria,' 'yellow fever,' 'Zika,' 'West Nile,' 'chikungunya,' 'resident,' 'environment,' 'sanitation,' 'mosquito control,' and 'breeding sites' of published articles on PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were reviewed. It was discovered that the general population should be involved in mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. Collaboration between health professionals and the general population is essential. The purpose of this paper is to increase public awareness of environmental health issues related to diseases carried by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ajibola Olagunju
- Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria E-mail:
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Dataset of vector mosquito images. Data Brief 2022; 45:108573. [PMID: 36164301 PMCID: PMC9508436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Buchori D, Mawan A, Nurhayati I, Aryati A, Kusnanto H, Hadi UK. Risk Assessment on the Release of Wolbachia-Infected Aedes aegypti in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. INSECTS 2022; 13:924. [PMID: 36292872 PMCID: PMC9604481 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti is the latest technology that was developed to eliminate dengue fever. The Ministry of Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenristekdikti) established an expert group to identify future potential risks that may occur over a period of 30 years associated with the release of Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti. The risk assessment consisted of identifying different hazards that may have impacts on humans and the environment. From the consensus among the experts, there were 56 hazards identified and categorized into 4 components, namely, ecological matters, efficacy in mosquito management, economic and sociocultural issues, and public health standards. There were 19 hazards in the ecological group. The overall likelihood in the ecology of the mosquito is very low (0.05), with moderate consequence (0.74), which resulted in negligible risk. For the efficacy in mosquito management group, there were 12 hazards that resulted in very low likelihood (0.11) with high consequence (0.85). The overall risk for mosquito management efficacy was very low (0.09). There were 14 hazards identified in the public health standard with very low likelihood (0.07), moderate consequence (0.50) and negligible risk (0.04). Lastly, 13 hazards were identified in the economic and sociocultural group with low likelihood (0.01) but of moderate consequence (0.5), which resulted in a very low risk (0.09). The risk severity level of the four components leading to the endpoint risk of "cause more harm" due to releasing Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti is negligible (0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
- Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Science, Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, IPB University, Bogor 16153, Indonesia
| | - Amanda Mawan
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Animal Ecology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Indah Nurhayati
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Aryati Aryati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Hari Kusnanto
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Upik Kesumawati Hadi
- Division of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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Silalahi CN, Tu WC, Chang NT, Singham GV, Ahmad I, Neoh KB. Insecticide Resistance Profiles and Synergism of Field Aedes aegypti from Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010501. [PMID: 35666774 PMCID: PMC9203003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Information on the insecticide resistance profiles of Aedes aegypti in Indonesia is fragmentary because of the lack of wide-area insecticide resistance surveillance. We collected Ae. aegypti from 32 districts and regencies in 27 Indonesian provinces and used WHO bioassays to evaluate their resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, bendiocarb, and pirimiphos-methyl. To determine the possible resistance mechanisms of Ae. aegypti, synergism tests were conducted using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioates (DEF). The Ae. aegypti from all locations exhibited various levels of resistance to pyrethroids. Their resistance ratio (RR50) to permethrin and deltamethrin ranged from 4.08× to 127× and from 4.37× to 72.20×, respectively. In contrast with the findings of other studies, most strains from the highly urbanized cities on the island of Java (i.e., Banten, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya) exhibited low to moderate resistance to pyrethroids. By contrast, the strains collected from the less populated Kalimantan region exhibited very high resistance to pyrethroids. The possible reasons are discussed herein. Low levels of resistance to bendiocarb (RR50, 1.24–6.46×) and pirimiphos-methyl (RR50, 1.01–2.70×) were observed in all tested strains, regardless of locality. PBO and DEF synergists significantly increased the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to permethrin and deltamethrin and reduced their resistance ratio to less than 16×. The synergism tests suggested the major involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases in conferring pyrethroid resistance. On the basis of our results, we proposed a 6-month rotation of insecticides (deltamethrin + synergists ➝ bendiocarb ➝ permethrin + synergists ➝ pirimiphos-methyl) and the use of an insecticide mixture containing pyrethroid and pyrimiphos-methyl to control Ae. aegypti populations and overcome the challenge of widespread Ae. aegypti resistance to pyrethroid in Indonesia. Insecticide resistance is a major impediment to the successful management of vector-transmitted diseases because it increases the vector’s chances of surviving under insecticide treatment. In Indonesia, the implementation of insecticide resistance management at the national level is particularly challenging due to the vast area and regional disparities in terms of population, health, and socioeconomic status. Previous studies on determining insecticide resistance of Aedes mosquito only focused on several cities in some provinces of Indonesia, making resistance monitoring results difficult to interpret and arguably reflect the generality in Indonesia. To complicate the matter, data released by the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia in 2022 showed that approximately 82% of insecticides registered to control Ae. aegypti in Indonesia are pyrethroid-based products. Principally, we found that the synergists PBO and DEF significantly reduce the resistance of field Ae. aegypti from Indonesia toward permethrin and deltamethrin. Bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl remain highly toxic to the field strains of Ae. aegypti. We suggest the feasible choice of insecticide group for Ae. aegypti vector management based on the currently registered insecticide inventory. The finding also underscores the urgent need to approve other non-pyrethroid-based insecticides as alternative tools for reducing the risk of resistance development during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Niann-Tai Chang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Intan Ahmad
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- * E-mail: (IA); (KBN)
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (IA); (KBN)
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