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Taylor AE, Hering M, Elsegood MRJ, Teat SJ, Weaver GW, Arroo RRJ, Kaiser M, Maeser P, Bhambra AS. Novel 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidine derivatives and their antitrypanosomal activities against T.brucei. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024:129825. [PMID: 38823730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and is invariably fatal unless treated. Current therapies present limitations in their application, parasite resistance, or require further clinical investigation for wider use. Our work, informed by previous findings, presents novel 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidine derivatives with promising antitrypanosomal activity. In particular, 32 exhibits an in vitro EC50 value of 0.5 µM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and analogues 29, 30 and 33 show antitrypanosomal activities in the <1 µM range. We have demonstrated that substituted 4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-arylpyrimidines present promising antitrypanosomal hit molecules with potential for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie E Taylor
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Moritz Hering
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, 1 Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720-8229, United States
| | - George W Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Randolph R J Arroo
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Maeser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
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Saha A, Pushpa, Moitra S, Basak D, Brahma S, Mondal D, Molla SH, Samadder A, Nandi S. Targeting Cysteine Proteases and their Inhibitors to Combat Trypanosomiasis. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2135-2169. [PMID: 37340748 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230619160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus, remains a significant health burden in several regions of the world. Cysteine proteases play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma parasites and have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. INTRODUCTION This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of cysteine proteases in trypanosomiasis and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the biological significance of cysteine proteases in Trypanosoma parasites and their involvement in essential processes, such as host immune evasion, cell invasion, and nutrient acquisition. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies and research articles on the role of cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in trypanosomiasis. The selected studies were critically analyzed to extract key findings and provide a comprehensive overview of the topic. RESULTS Cysteine proteases, such as cruzipain, TbCatB and TbCatL, have been identified as promising therapeutic targets due to their essential roles in Trypanosoma pathogenesis. Several small molecule inhibitors and peptidomimetics have been developed to target these proteases and have shown promising activity in preclinical studies. CONCLUSION Targeting cysteine proteases and their inhibitors holds great potential for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs against trypanosomiasis. The identification of potent and selective cysteine protease inhibitors could significantly contribute to the combat against trypanosomiasis and improve the prospects for the treatment of this neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloke Saha
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Pushpa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Susmita Moitra
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Deblina Basak
- Endocrinology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sayandeep Brahma
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Dipu Mondal
- Cell and Developmental Biology Special, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sabir Hossen Molla
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur, 244713, India
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Meisner J, Kato A, Lemerani M, Mwamba Miaka E, Ismail Taban A, Wakefield J, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Pigott DM, Mayer J, Rabinowitz PM. Livestock, pathogens, vectors, and their environment: A causal inference-based approach to estimating the pathway-specific effect of livestock on human African trypanosomiasis risk. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002543. [PMID: 37967087 PMCID: PMC10651035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Livestock are important reservoirs for many zoonotic diseases, however the effects of livestock on human and environmental health extend well beyond direct disease transmission. In this retrospective ecological cohort study we use pre-existing data and the parametric g-formula, which imputes potential outcomes to quantify mediation, to estimate three hypothesized mechanisms by which livestock can influence human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) risk: the reservoir effect, where infected cattle and pigs are a source of infection to humans; the zooprophylactic effect, where preference for livestock hosts exhibited by the tsetse fly vector of HAT means that their presence protects humans from infection; and the environmental change effect, where livestock keeping activities modify the environment in such a way that habitat suitability for tsetse flies, and in turn human infection risk, is reduced. We conducted this study in four high burden countries: at the point level in Uganda, Malawi, and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and at the county level in South Sudan. Our results indicate cattle and pigs play a reservoir role for the rhodesiense form (rHAT) in Uganda (rate ratio (RR) 1.68, 95% CI 0.84, 2.82 for cattle; RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.18, 3.05 for pigs), however zooprophylaxis outweighs this effect for rHAT in Malawi (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68, 1.00 for cattle, RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21, 0.69 for pigs). For the gambiense form (gHAT) we found evidence that pigs may be a competent reservoir (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.92, 1.72 in Uganda; RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.11, 1.42 in DRC). Statistical significance was reached for rHAT in Malawi (pigs and cattle) and Uganda (pigs only) and for gHAT in DRC (pigs and cattle). We did not find compelling evidence of an environmental change effect (all effect sizes close to 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Meisner
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Marshall Lemerani
- Trypanosomiasis Control Program, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jonathan Wakefield
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Pigott
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Mayer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Rabinowitz
- Center for One Health Research, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Augustin MO, Barthélémy N, Nzassi PM, Moukodoum ND, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Diversity in Domestic Animals Reveals the Presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Historical Foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Gabon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090992. [PMID: 36145424 PMCID: PMC9502807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Trypanosoma genus. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a significant threat as many people are at risk of infection. Despite this, HAT is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Over the last few years, several studies have reported the existence of a wide diversity of trypanosome species circulating in African animals. Thus, domestic and wild animals could be reservoirs of potentially dangerous trypanosomes for human populations. However, very little is known about the role of domestic animals in maintaining the transmission cycle of human trypanosomes in central Africa, especially in Gabon, where serious cases of infection are recorded each year, sometimes leading to hospitalization or death of patients. Komo-Mondah, located within Estuaries (Gabonese province), stays the most active HAT disease focus in Gabon, with a mean of 20 cases per year. In this study, we evaluated the diversity and prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. We found that 19.34% (53/274) of the domestic animals we studied were infected with trypanosomes. The infection rates varied among taxa, with 23.21% (13/56) of dogs, 16.10% (19/118) of goats, and 21.00% (21/100) of sheep infected. In addition, we have observed a global mixed rate of infections of 20.75% (11/53) among infected individuals. Molecular analyses revealed that at least six Trypanosome species circulate in domestic animals in Gabon (T. congolense, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, T. theileri, T. vivax, T. brucei (including T. brucei brucei, and T. brucei gambiense)). In conclusion, our study showed that domestic animals constitute important potential reservoirs for trypanosome parasites, including T. brucei gambiense, which is responsible for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +241-62521281
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | | | - Ngoubangoye Barthélémy
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrice Makouloutou Nzassi
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon
| | - Nancy D. Moukodoum
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
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