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Mombo IM, Rieu O, Fritz M, Boundenga L, Mebaley TN, Mbou-Boutambe C, Lenguiya LH, Maganga GD, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F, Thomas F, Leroy EM. Absence of Coronavirus RNA in Faecal Samples from Wild Primates in Gabon, Central Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1272. [PMID: 37887788 PMCID: PMC10610257 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs, Coronaviridae) are a diverse group of viruses that infect mammals, birds, and fish. Seven CoVs infect humans, among which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoVs-1 and -2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoVs have shown how they can impact global health and the economy. Their spillover from bats-the natural reservoir-to humans has required intermediary hosts. Prevention requires that active surveillance be conducted on animals. Today, there is no data concerning the genetic diversity of CoVs naturally circulating in wild primates. This study aimed to screen wild great apes and mandrills in Gabon for CoVs. A total of 229 faecal samples of great apes and mandrills collected from 2009 to 2012 in forests and national parks were used for the detection of CoVs by nested PCR using primers targeting a conserved region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. While all samples were negative, this lack of detection could be related to sample size, the transient nature of the infection, or because faecal samples are not suitable for detecting CoVs in primates. A longitudinal study should be performed and other non-invasive methods used to collect respiratory samples to better evaluate the circulation of CoVs in these primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illich Manfred Mombo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.); (C.M.-B.); (G.D.M.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Océane Rieu
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Matthieu Fritz
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.); (C.M.-B.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Telstar Ndong Mebaley
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Clark Mbou-Boutambe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.); (C.M.-B.); (G.D.M.)
| | | | - Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (L.B.); (C.M.-B.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- International Research Laboratory-REHABS, CNRS-Université Lyon 1-Nelson Mandela University, Nelson Mandela University George Campus, George 6531, South Africa; (V.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- International Research Laboratory-REHABS, CNRS-Université Lyon 1-Nelson Mandela University, Nelson Mandela University George Campus, George 6531, South Africa; (V.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Fredéric Thomas
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier-IRD 224-CNRS 5290, 34394 Montpellier, France; (O.R.); (M.F.); (T.N.M.); (F.T.); (E.M.L.)
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Imboumy-Limoukou RK, Biteghe-Bi-Essone JC, Lendongo Wombo JB, Lekana-Douki SE, Rougeron V, Ontoua SS, Oyegue-Liabagui LS, Mbani Mpega Ntigui CN, Kouna LC, Lekana-Douki JB. Detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Saliva and Stool Samples from Children Living in Franceville, a Highly Endemic Region of Gabon. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3271. [PMID: 37892092 PMCID: PMC10606300 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the difficulty of obtaining blood samples, which is the invasive method that is currently used for the detection of Plasmodium spp., alternative diagnostic sampling methods that are effective and non-invasive are needed, particularly for long-term studies. Saliva and stool samples from malaria-infected individuals contain trace amounts of Plasmodium DNA and therefore could be used as alternatives. Malaria was screened using rapid diagnosis tests and confirmed via microscopy. Nested PCR tests targeting the Plasmodium falciparum-specific STEVOR gene were performed for blood, saliva and stool samples that were positive for malaria. Three hundred sixty-seven (367) children were enrolled and eighty (22.22%) were confirmed to be positive for malaria. Matched blood, saliva and stool samples were available for 35 children. By using blood smears as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, our study indicates that Plasmodium DNA was more detectable in blood (100%) than in saliva (22.86%) and stools (14.29%). Applying qPCR to the STEVOR gene to detect Plasmodium falciparum DNA in saliva and stool samples cannot be considered as an alternative to the current malaria detection processes using blood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo Karl Imboumy-Limoukou
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
| | - Jean-Claude Biteghe-Bi-Essone
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
| | - Judicael Boris Lendongo Wombo
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville BP 943, Gabon
| | - Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki
- Unité des Maladies Virales Emergentes (UMVE), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon;
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34900 Montpellier, France;
| | - Steede-Seinnat Ontoua
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
- Ecole Doctoral Régional en Infectiologie Tropical, Franceville BP 876, Gabon
| | - Lydie Sandrine Oyegue-Liabagui
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
- Ecole Doctoral Régional en Infectiologie Tropical, Franceville BP 876, Gabon
| | - Cherone Nancy Mbani Mpega Ntigui
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
- Ecole Doctoral Régional en Infectiologie Tropical, Franceville BP 876, Gabon
| | - Lady Charlène Kouna
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
| | - Jean-Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistance Parasitaire (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (J.-C.B.-B.-E.); (J.B.L.W.); (S.-S.O.); (L.S.O.-L.); (C.N.M.M.N.); (L.C.K.); (J.-B.L.-D.)
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville BP 4008, Gabon
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Lefebvre MJM, Daron J, Legrand E, Fontaine MC, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. Population genomic evidence of adaptive response during the invasion history of Plasmodium falciparum in the Americas. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:7111314. [PMID: 37030000 PMCID: PMC10162688 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, spread from Africa to all continents following the out-of-Africa human migrations. During the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, it was introduced twice independently to the Americas where it adapted to new environmental conditions (new human populations and mosquito species). Here, we analyzed the genome-wide polymorphisms of 2,635 isolates across the current P. falciparum distribution range in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas to investigate its genetic structure, invasion history, and selective pressures associated with its adaptation to the American environment. We confirmed that American populations originated from Africa with at least two independent introductions that led to two genetically distinct clusters, one in the North (Haiti and Colombia) and one in the South (French Guiana and Brazil), and the admixed Peruvian group. Genome scans revealed recent and more ancient signals of positive selection in the American populations. Particularly, we detected positive selection signals in genes involved in interactions with hosts (human and mosquito) cells and in genes involved in resistance to malaria drugs in both clusters. We found that some genes were under selection in both clusters. Analyses suggested that for five genes, adaptive introgression between clusters or selection on standing variation was at the origin of this repeated evolution. This study provides new genetic evidence on P. falciparum colonization history and on its local adaptation in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josquin Daron
- MiVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Legrand
- Malaria Biology and Vaccine Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- MiVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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Mwakasungula S, Rougeron V, Arnathau C, Boundenga L, Miguel E, Boissière A, Jiolle D, Durand P, Msigwa A, Mswata S, Olotu A, Sterkers Y, Roche B, Killeen G, Cerqueira F, Bitome‐Essono PY, Bretagnolle F, Masanja H, Paupy C, Sumaye R, Prugnolle F. Using haematophagous fly blood meals to study the diversity of blood-borne pathogens infecting wild mammals. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2915-2927. [PMID: 35730337 PMCID: PMC9796008 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many emerging infectious diseases originate from wild animals, so there is a profound need for surveillance and monitoring of their pathogens. However, the practical difficulty of sample acquisition from wild animals tends to limit the feasibility and effectiveness of such surveys. Xenosurveillance, using blood-feeding invertebrates to obtain tissue samples from wild animals and then detect their pathogens, is a promising method to do so. Here, we describe the use of tsetse fly blood meals to determine (directly through molecular diagnostic and indirectly through serology), the diversity of circulating blood-borne pathogens (including bacteria, viruses and protozoa) in a natural mammalian community of Tanzania. Molecular analyses of captured tsetse flies (182 pools of flies totalizing 1728 flies) revealed that the blood meals obtained came from 18 different vertebrate species including 16 non-human mammals, representing approximately 25% of the large mammal species present in the study area. Molecular diagnostic demonstrated the presence of different protozoa parasites and bacteria of medical and/or veterinary interest. None of the six virus species searched for by molecular methods were detected but an ELISA test detected antibodies against African swine fever virus among warthogs, indicating that the virus had been circulating in the area. Sampling of blood-feeding insects represents an efficient and practical approach to tracking a diversity of pathogens from multiple mammalian species, directly through molecular diagnostic or indirectly through serology, which could readily expand and enhance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious agents and their interactions with their hosts in wild animal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Mwakasungula
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches de FrancevilleFrancevilleGabon,Department of AnthropologyDurham UniversityDurhamUK
| | - Eve Miguel
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Anne Boissière
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,UMR CIRAD‐INRA ASTRECIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Davy Jiolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
| | - Alphonce Msigwa
- Tanzania National ParksBurigi‐Chato National ParkBiharamuloTanzania
| | - Sarah Mswata
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Ally Olotu
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Gerard Killeen
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania,School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Frédérique Cerqueira
- Plateforme Génotypage – SéquençageInstitut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHEMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | - Honorati Masanja
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance
| | - Robert Sumaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Ecological SciencesIfakara Health InstituteIfakaraTanzania
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier‐CNRS‐IRD)MontpellierFrance,IRL REHABSNelson Mandela UniversityGeorgeSouth Africa
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Boundenga L, Mombo IM, Augustin MO, Barthélémy N, Nzassi PM, Moukodoum ND, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Diversity in Domestic Animals Reveals the Presence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Historical Foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Gabon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090992. [PMID: 36145424 PMCID: PMC9502807 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the Trypanosoma genus. In sub-Saharan Africa, there is a significant threat as many people are at risk of infection. Despite this, HAT is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Over the last few years, several studies have reported the existence of a wide diversity of trypanosome species circulating in African animals. Thus, domestic and wild animals could be reservoirs of potentially dangerous trypanosomes for human populations. However, very little is known about the role of domestic animals in maintaining the transmission cycle of human trypanosomes in central Africa, especially in Gabon, where serious cases of infection are recorded each year, sometimes leading to hospitalization or death of patients. Komo-Mondah, located within Estuaries (Gabonese province), stays the most active HAT disease focus in Gabon, with a mean of 20 cases per year. In this study, we evaluated the diversity and prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in domestic animals using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. We found that 19.34% (53/274) of the domestic animals we studied were infected with trypanosomes. The infection rates varied among taxa, with 23.21% (13/56) of dogs, 16.10% (19/118) of goats, and 21.00% (21/100) of sheep infected. In addition, we have observed a global mixed rate of infections of 20.75% (11/53) among infected individuals. Molecular analyses revealed that at least six Trypanosome species circulate in domestic animals in Gabon (T. congolense, T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, T. theileri, T. vivax, T. brucei (including T. brucei brucei, and T. brucei gambiense)). In conclusion, our study showed that domestic animals constitute important potential reservoirs for trypanosome parasites, including T. brucei gambiense, which is responsible for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +241-62521281
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | | | - Ngoubangoye Barthélémy
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrice Makouloutou Nzassi
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, Tropical Ecology Research Institute (IRET-CENAREST), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon
| | - Nancy D. Moukodoum
- International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George 6529, South Africa
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Rougeron V, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Correction: a population genetic perspective on the origin, spread and adaptation of the human malaria agents Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6620860. [PMID: 35767867 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Rougeron V, Daron J, Fontaine MC, Prugnolle F. Evolutionary history of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium simium in the Americas. Malar J 2022; 21:141. [PMID: 35505431 PMCID: PMC9066938 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human-infecting species in the Americas. However, the origins of this parasite in this continent are still debated. Similarly, it is now accepted that the existence of Plasmodium simium is explained by a P. vivax transfer from humans to monkey in America. However, many uncertainties still exist concerning the origin of the transfer and whether several transfers occurred. In this review, the most recent studies that addressed these questions using genetic and genomic approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa.
| | - Josquin Daron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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Rougeron V, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. A population genetic perspective on the origin, spread and adaptation of the human malaria agents Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6373923. [PMID: 34550355 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is considered one of the most important scourges that humanity has faced during its history, being responsible every year for numerous deaths worldwide. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites, among which two species are responsible of the majority of the burden, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. For these two parasite species, the questions of their origin (how and when they appeared in humans), of their spread throughout the world, as well as how they have adapted to humans have long been of interest to the scientific community. Here, we review the current knowledge that has accumulated on these different questions, thanks in particular to the analysis of the genetic and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other host species (like non-human primates). In this paper we review the existing body of knowledge, including current research dealing with these questions, focusing particularly on genetic analysis and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other species of host (such as non-human primates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- CIRMF, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
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9
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Daron J, Boissière A, Boundenga L, Ngoubangoye B, Houze S, Arnathau C, Sidobre C, Trape JF, Durand P, Renaud F, Fontaine MC, Prugnolle F, Rougeron V. Population genomic evidence of Plasmodium vivax Southeast Asian origin. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/18/eabc3713. [PMID: 33910900 PMCID: PMC8081369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most common and widespread human malaria parasite. It was recently proposed that P. vivax originates from sub-Saharan Africa based on the circulation of its closest genetic relatives (P. vivax-like) among African great apes. However, the limited number of genetic markers and samples investigated questions the robustness of this hypothesis. Here, we extensively characterized the genomic variations of 447 human P. vivax strains and 19 ape P. vivax-like strains collected worldwide. Phylogenetic relationships between human and ape Plasmodium strains revealed that P. vivax is a sister clade of P. vivax-like, not included within the radiation of P. vivax-like By investigating various aspects of P. vivax genetic variation, we identified several notable geographical patterns in summary statistics in function of the increasing geographic distance from Southeast Asia, suggesting that P. vivax may have derived from a single area in Asia through serial founder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josquin Daron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne Boissière
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Sandrine Houze
- Service de Parasitologie-mycologie CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Celine Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Sidobre
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103 CC, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
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10
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Tonkin-Hill G, Ruybal-Pesántez S, Tiedje KE, Rougeron V, Duffy MF, Zakeri S, Pumpaibool T, Harnyuttanakorn P, Branch OH, Ruiz-Mesía L, Rask TS, Prugnolle F, Papenfuss AT, Chan YB, Day KP. Evolutionary analyses of the major variant surface antigen-encoding genes reveal population structure of Plasmodium falciparum within and between continents. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009269. [PMID: 33630855 PMCID: PMC7906310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem in many countries. Unlike influenza and HIV, where diversity in immunodominant surface antigens is understood geographically to inform disease surveillance, relatively little is known about the global population structure of PfEMP1, the major variant surface antigen of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The complexity of the var multigene family that encodes PfEMP1 and that diversifies by recombination, has so far precluded its use in malaria surveillance. Recent studies have demonstrated that cost-effective deep sequencing of the region of var genes encoding the PfEMP1 DBLα domain and subsequent classification of within host sequences at 96% identity to define unique DBLα types, can reveal structure and strain dynamics within countries. However, to date there has not been a comprehensive comparison of these DBLα types between countries. By leveraging a bioinformatic approach (jumping hidden Markov model) designed specifically for the analysis of recombination within var genes and applying it to a dataset of DBLα types from 10 countries, we are able to describe population structure of DBLα types at the global scale. The sensitivity of the approach allows for the comparison of the global dataset to ape samples of Plasmodium Laverania species. Our analyses show that the evolution of the parasite population emerging out of Africa underlies current patterns of DBLα type diversity. Most importantly, we can distinguish geographic population structure within Africa between Gabon and Ghana in West Africa and Uganda in East Africa. Our evolutionary findings have translational implications in the context of globalization. Firstly, DBLα type diversity can provide a simple diagnostic framework for geographic surveillance of the rapidly evolving transmission dynamics of P. falciparum. It can also inform efforts to understand the presence or absence of global, regional and local population immunity to major surface antigen variants. Additionally, we identify a number of highly conserved DBLα types that are present globally that may be of biological significance and warrant further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Tonkin-Hill
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Shazia Ruybal-Pesántez
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael F. Duffy
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tepanata Pumpaibool
- Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - OraLee H. Branch
- Concordia University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Perú
| | | | - Thomas S. Rask
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony T. Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yao-ban Chan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bio21 Institute and Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Mombo IM, Boundenga L, Suquet E, Ngoubangoye B, Maganga GD, Leroy EM, Charpentier MJ, Rougeron V. Natural infection of free-ranging mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by enteroviruses and astroviruses in southern Gabon. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104659. [PMID: 33249166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (Picornaviridae) and astroviruses (Astroviridae) cause various diseases in humans and animals, including in non-human primates (NHPs). Some enteroviruses and astroviruses detected in NHPs are genetically related to those infecting humans, indicating the occurrence of interspecies transmissions. In this study, we screened 200 fecal samples of 56 free-ranging mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) by nested reverse transcription-PCR with primers targeting the VP1 and RdRp genes, to evaluate the diversity of enterovirus and astrovirus infection, respectively, and the associated zoonotic risk. Overall, ten samples from six mandrills were enterovirus-positive (5%), and three samples from three mandrills were astrovirus-positive (1.5%). This is the first evidence of astrovirus infection in mandrills. Phylogenetic analyses based on the VP1 sequences revealed that all ten enterovirus sequences were part of the species Enterovirus J, suggesting low zoonotic risk. Phylogenetic analysis of the three astrovirus sequences showed that they all belonged to the Mamastrovirus genus. Two astrovirus sequences were highly divergent from all human astrovirus sequences (63.4-73% nucleotide identity), while one sequence (AstV-5) suggested cross-species transmission from humans to mandrills. Additional studies are needed to better characterize the identified astroviruses and to confirm whether mandrills are host of astroviruses than can be transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illich M Mombo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eloise Suquet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Gaël D Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR5290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie J Charpentier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon (cc065), 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR5290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, 34394, Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé (CREES), 34000, Montpellier, France
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12
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Otto TD, Gilabert A, Crellen T, Böhme U, Arnathau C, Sanders M, Oyola SO, Okouga AP, Boundenga L, Willaume E, Ngoubangoye B, Moukodoum ND, Paupy C, Durand P, Rougeron V, Ollomo B, Renaud F, Newbold C, Berriman M, Prugnolle F. Author Correction: Genomes of all known members of a Plasmodium subgenus reveal paths to virulent human malaria. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1306. [PMID: 32796922 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. .,Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Aude Gilabert
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Samuel O Oyola
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alain Prince Okouga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Chris Newbold
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 5290-224 CNRS 5290-IRD224-UM, Montpellier, France. .,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
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13
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Rougeron V, Elguero E, Arnathau C, Acuña Hidalgo B, Durand P, Houze S, Berry A, Zakeri S, Haque R, Shafiul Alam M, Nosten F, Severini C, Gebru Woldearegai T, Mordmüller B, Kremsner PG, González-Cerón L, Fontecha G, Gamboa D, Musset L, Legrand E, Noya O, Pumpaibool T, Harnyuttanakorn P, Lekweiry KM, Mohamad Albsheer M, Mahdi Abdel Hamid M, Boukary AOMS, Trape JF, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Human Plasmodium vivax diversity, population structure and evolutionary origin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008072. [PMID: 32150544 PMCID: PMC7082039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 million malaria clinical cases are reported each year due to Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread Plasmodium species in the world. This species has been neglected and understudied for a long time, due to its lower mortality in comparison with Plasmodium falciparum. A renewed interest has emerged in the past decade with the discovery of antimalarial drug resistance and of severe and even fatal human cases. Nonetheless, today there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the population genetics and evolutionary history of P. vivax, particularly because of a lack of genetic data from Africa. To address these gaps, we genotyped 14 microsatellite loci in 834 samples obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and diversity and the evolutionary origin of P. vivax in the world and its introduction into the Americas. This study demonstrates the importance of conducting genome-wide analyses of P. vivax in order to unravel its complex evolutionary history. Among the five Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. vivax is the most prevalent parasite outside Africa. To date, there has been less research on this species than for Plasmodium falciparum, a more lethal species, principally because of the lack of an in vitro culture system and also because P. vivax is considered relatively benign. Nevertheless, P. vivax is responsible for severe and incapacitating clinical symptoms with significant effects on human health. The emergence of new drug resistance and the discovery of severe and even fatal cases due to P. vivax question the benign status of P. vivax malaria. In recent years, there has been increased interest in characterizing the distribution of genetic variation in P. vivax. However, these studies either generated genetic information from a regional geographic scale or combine genetic datasets generated in different molecular platforms, which is known to generate biased results. In this study, we used a single genotyping platform to genotype 14 microsatellite markers in 834 samples of P. vivax obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world, including several populations from East and West Africa. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and the evolutionary origins of P. vivax, as well as its introduction into the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Eric Elguero
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatriz Acuña Hidalgo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Houze
- Service de Parasitologie-mycologie CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Berry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infections & Parasitology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Emerging Infections & Parasitology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health,Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Carlo Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Regional Centre of Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, AP, Lima, Peru
| | - Lise Musset
- Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, BP6010, French Guiana
| | - Eric Legrand
- Malaria Genetic and Resistance Group, Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Oscar Noya
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud and Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tepanata Pumpaibool
- Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pingchai Harnyuttanakorn
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- UR-Génomes et milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Mauritania
| | - Musab Mohamad Albsheer
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Medical Campus, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukary
- UR-Génomes et milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Mauritania
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
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14
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Abstract
The absence of the Duffy protein at the surface of erythrocytes was considered for decades to confer full protection against Plasmodium vivax as this blood group is the receptor for the key parasite ligand P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP). However, it is now clear that the parasite is able to break through this protection and induce clinical malaria in Duffy-negative people, although the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. Here, we briefly review the evidence of Duffy-negative infections by P. vivax and summarize the current hypothesis at the basis of this invasion process. We discuss those in the perspective of malaria-elimination challenges, notably in African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Popovici
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), Montpellier, France
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15
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Charpentier MJE, Boundenga L, Beaulieu M, Dibakou SE, Arnathau C, Sidobre C, Willaume E, Mercier-Delarue S, Simon F, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. A longitudinal molecular study of the ecology of malaria infections in free-ranging mandrills. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 10:241-251. [PMID: 31667087 PMCID: PMC6812016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the determinants of host variation in susceptibility and exposure to parasite infections, infection dynamics and the consequences of parasitism on host health is of paramount interest to understand the evolution of complex host-parasite interactions. In this study, we evaluated the determinants, temporal changes and physiological correlates of Plasmodium infections in a large natural population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). Over six consecutive years, we obtained detailed parasitological and physiological data from 100 male and female mandrills of all ages. The probability of infection by Plasmodium gonderi and P. mandrilli was elevated (ca. 40%) but most infections were chronical and dynamic, with several cases of parasite switching and clearance. Positive co-infections also occurred between both parasites. Individual age and sex influenced the probability of infections with some differences between parasites: while P. mandrilli appeared to infect its hosts rather randomly, P. gonderi particularly infected middle-aged mandrills. Males were also more susceptible to P. gonderi than females and were more likely to be infected by this parasite at the beginning of an infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus. P. gonderi, and to a lesser extent P. mandrilli, influenced mandrills’ physiology: skin temperatures and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were both impacted, generally depending on individual age and sex. These results highlight the ecological complexity of Plasmodium infections in nonhuman primates and the efforts that need to be done to decipher the epidemiology of such parasites. Longitudinal epidemiological and physiological data on Plasmodium infection obtained from a wild primate population. Elevated chronical infections by two species of Plasmodium. Contrasted dynamics of infection and physiological effects of P. gonderi and P. mandrilli. Elevated parasitaemia (P. gonderi) in male mandrills in primo-infection by the simian immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J E Charpentier
- Institut des Sciences de L'Evolution de Montpellier UMR 5554, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - L Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - M Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Oceanographic Museum, Stralsund, Germany
| | - S E Dibakou
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | - C Arnathau
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle UMR, 224-5290, Montpellier, France
| | - C Sidobre
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle UMR, 224-5290, Montpellier, France
| | - E Willaume
- Société D'Exploitation Du Parc de La Lékédi, Bakoumba, Gabon
| | - S Mercier-Delarue
- Département des Agents Infectieux, Hôpital Saint Louis, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - F Simon
- Département des Agents Infectieux, Hôpital Saint Louis, Faculté de Médecine Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - V Rougeron
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle UMR, 224-5290, Montpellier, France
| | - F Prugnolle
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle UMR, 224-5290, Montpellier, France
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16
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Boundenga L, Ngoubangoye B, Mombo IM, Tsoubmou TA, Renaud F, Rougeron V, Prugnolle F. Extensive diversity of malaria parasites circulating in Central African bats and monkeys. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10578-10586. [PMID: 30464829 PMCID: PMC6238140 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Haemosporidia gathers many protozoan parasites which are known to infect many host species and groups. Until recently, the studies on haemosporidian parasites primarily focused on the genus Plasmodium among a wide range of hosts. Genera, like the genus Hepatocystis, have received far less attention. In the present study, we present results of a survey of the diversity of Hepatocystis infecting bats and monkeys living in a same area in Gabon (Central Africa). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a large diversity of Hepatocystis lineages circulating among bats and monkeys, among which certain were previously observed in other African areas. Both groups of hosts harbor parasites belonging to distinct genetic clades and no transfers of parasites were observed between bats and monkeys. Finally, within each host group, no host specificity or geographical clustering was observed for the bat or the primate Hepatocystis lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | | | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF)FrancevilleGabon
| | | | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224‐5290 CNRS‐IRD‐UM1‐UM2Centre Hospitalier Régional UniversitaireMontpellierFrance
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224‐5290 CNRS‐IRD‐UM1‐UM2Centre Hospitalier Régional UniversitaireMontpellierFrance
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224‐5290 CNRS‐IRD‐UM1‐UM2Centre Hospitalier Régional UniversitaireMontpellierFrance
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17
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Gilabert A, Otto TD, Rutledge GG, Franzon B, Ollomo B, Arnathau C, Durand P, Moukodoum ND, Okouga AP, Ngoubangoye B, Makanga B, Boundenga L, Paupy C, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Rougeron V. Plasmodium vivax-like genome sequences shed new insights into Plasmodium vivax biology and evolution. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006035. [PMID: 30142149 PMCID: PMC6130868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria infections outside Africa, little is known about its evolution and pathway to humans. Its closest genetic relative, P. vivax-like, was discovered in African great apes and is hypothesized to have given rise to P. vivax in humans. To unravel the evolutionary history and adaptation of P. vivax to different host environments, we generated using long- and short-read sequence technologies 2 new P. vivax-like reference genomes and 9 additional P. vivax-like genotypes. Analyses show that the genomes of P. vivax and P. vivax-like are highly similar and colinear within the core regions. Phylogenetic analyses clearly show that P. vivax-like parasites form a genetically distinct clade from P. vivax. Concerning the relative divergence dating, we show that the evolution of P. vivax in humans did not occur at the same time as the other agents of human malaria, thus suggesting that the transfer of Plasmodium parasites to humans happened several times independently over the history of the Homo genus. We further identify several key genes that exhibit signatures of positive selection exclusively in the human P. vivax parasites. Two of these genes have been identified to also be under positive selection in the other main human malaria agent, P. falciparum, thus suggesting their key role in the evolution of the ability of these parasites to infect humans or their anthropophilic vectors. Finally, we demonstrate that some gene families important for red blood cell (RBC) invasion (a key step of the life cycle of these parasites) have undergone lineage-specific evolution in the human parasite (e.g., reticulocyte-binding proteins [RBPs]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Gilabert
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin G. Rutledge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Blaise Franzon
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy D. Moukodoum
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain-Prince Okouga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Boris Makanga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
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18
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Rougeron V, Tiedje KE, Chen DS, Rask TS, Gamboa D, Maestre A, Musset L, Legrand E, Noya O, Yalcindag E, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Day KP. Evolutionary structure of Plasmodium falciparum major variant surface antigen genes in South America: Implications for epidemic transmission and surveillance. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9376-9390. [PMID: 29187975 PMCID: PMC5696401 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong founder effects resulting from human migration out of Africa have led to geographic variation in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and microsatellites (MS) of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This is particularly striking in South America where two major founder populations of P. falciparum have been identified that are presumed to have arisen from the transatlantic slave trade. Given the importance of the major variant surface antigen of the blood stages of P. falciparum as both a virulence factor and target of immunity, we decided to investigate the population genetics of the genes encoding “Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1” (PfEMP1) among several countries in South America, in order to evaluate the transmission patterns of malaria in this continent. Deep sequencing of the DBLα domain of var genes from 128 P. falciparum isolates from five locations in South America was completed using a 454 high throughput sequencing protocol. Striking geographic variation in var DBLα sequences, similar to that seen for SNPs and MS markers, was observed. Colombia and French Guiana had distinct var DBLα sequences, whereas Peru and Venezuela showed an admixture. The importance of such geographic variation to herd immunity and malaria vaccination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Kathryn E Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Donald S Chen
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Thomas S Rask
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt and Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Peru
| | - Amanda Maestre
- Grupo Salud y Comunidad Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Antioquía Medellín Colombia
| | - Lise Musset
- Parasitology UnitInstitut Pasteur de Guyane Cayenne Cedex French Guiana
| | - Eric Legrand
- Parasitology UnitInstitut Pasteur de Guyane Cayenne Cedex French Guiana.,Unit of Genetics and Genomics on Insect Vectors Institut Pasteur Paris France
| | - Oscar Noya
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud "Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón" Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas Venezuela
| | - Erhan Yalcindag
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224 Université Montpellier 1 Université Montpellier 2 Montpellier France
| | - Karen P Day
- Department of Microbiology Division of Parasitology New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA.,School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute/University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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19
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Makanga B, Costantini C, Rahola N, Yangari P, Rougeron V, Ayala D, Prugnolle F, Paupy C. "Show me which parasites you carry and I will tell you what you eat", or how to infer the trophic behavior of hematophagous arthropods feeding on wildlife. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7578-7584. [PMID: 29043015 PMCID: PMC5632637 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses originating from wildlife among which vector‐borne diseases constitute a major risk for global human health. Understanding the transmission routes of mosquito‐borne pathogens in wildlife crucially depends on recording mosquito blood‐feeding patterns. During an extensive longitudinal survey to study sylvatic anophelines in two wildlife reserves in Gabon, we collected 2,415 mosquitoes of which only 0.3% were blood‐fed. The molecular analysis of the blood meals contained in guts indicated that all the engorged mosquitoes fed on wild ungulates. This direct approach gave only limited insights into the trophic behavior of the captured mosquitoes. Therefore, we developed a complementary indirect approach that exploits the occurrence of natural infections by host‐specific haemosporidian parasites to infer Anopheles trophic behavior. This method showed that 74 infected individuals carried parasites of great apes (58%), ungulates (30%), rodents (11%) and bats (1%). Accordingly, on the basis of haemosporidian host specificity, we could infer different feeding patterns. Some mosquito species had a restricted host range (An. nili only fed on rodents, whereas An. carnevalei, An. coustani, An. obscurus, and An. paludis only fed on wild ungulates). Other species had a wider host range (An. gabonensis could feed on rodents and wild ungulates, whereas An. moucheti and An. vinckei bit rodents, wild ungulates and great apes). An. marshallii was the species with the largest host range (rodents, wild ungulates, great apes, and bats). The indirect method substantially increased the information that could be extracted from the sample by providing details about host‐feeding patterns of all the mosquito species collected (both fed and unfed). Molecular sequences of hematophagous arthropods and their parasites will be increasingly available in the future; exploitation of such data with the approach we propose here should provide key insights into the feeding patterns of vectors and the ecology of vector‐borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Makanga
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon.,Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET) Libreville Gabon
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France
| | - Nil Rahola
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
| | - Patrick Yangari
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
| | - Diego Ayala
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC UMR 224-5290 CNRS-IRD-UM, IRD Montpellier France.,Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF) Franceville Gabon
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20
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Rougeron V, Suquet E, Maganga GD, Jiolle D, Mombo IM, Bourgarel M, Motsch P, Arnathau C, Durand P, Drexler F, Drosten C, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Leroy EM. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of new bat astroviruses detected in Gabon, Central Africa. Acta Virol 2017; 60:386-392. [PMID: 27928918 DOI: 10.4149/av_2016_04_386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are emerging RNA viruses that cause enteropathogenic infections in humans and in other mammals. The identification of astroviruses in a wide range of animals highlights the zoonotic importance of these viruses. Bats can harbor many different viruses, among which some are highly pathogenic for humans (for instance, Nipah, Ebola and SARS coronavirus), and also several astroviruses. As some RNA viruses can be directly transmitted from bats to humans, it is crucial to collect data about their frequency, genetic diversity and phylogenetic characterization. In this study, we report the molecular identification of 44 new astroviruses (with a detection rate of 4.5%) in 962 apparently healthy bats that belong to five different species and that were captured in different caves in North-East Gabon, Central Africa. Our results show that bat astroviruses form a group that is genetically distinct from astroviruses infecting other mammals. Moreover, these astroviruses showed an important genetic diversity and low host restriction in bat species.
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21
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Rougeron V, De Meeûs T, Bañuls AL. Reproduction in Leishmania: A focus on genetic exchange. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 50:128-132. [PMID: 27769896 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One key process of the life cycle of pathogens is their mode of reproduction. Indeed, this fundamental biological process conditions the multiplication and the transmission of genes and thus the propagation of diseases in the environment. Reproductive strategies of protozoan parasites have been a subject of debate for many years, principally due to the difficulty in making direct observations of sexual reproduction (i.e. genetic recombination). Traditionally, these parasites were considered as characterized by a preeminent clonal structure. Nevertheless, with the development of elaborate culture experiments, population genetics and evolutionary and population genomics, several studies suggested that most of these pathogens were also characterized by constitutive genetic recombination events. In this opinion, we focused on Leishmania parasites, pathogens responsible of leishmaniases, a major public health issue. We first discuss the evolutionary advantages of a mixed mating reproductive strategy, then we review the evidence of genetic exchange, and finally we detail available tools to detect naturally occurring genetic recombination in Leishmania parasites and more generally in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rougeron
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - T De Meeûs
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 177 INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - A-L Bañuls
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Boundenga L, Perkins SL, Ollomo B, Rougeron V, Leroy EM, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Haemosporidian Parasites of Reptiles and Birds from Gabon, Central Africa. J Parasitol 2017; 103:330-337. [PMID: 28509658 DOI: 10.1645/16-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemosporidian parasites are protozoans that infect many different vertebrate hosts. Re-examination of the diversity of haemosporidian parasites, using molecular tools, has generally led to rearrangements of traditional classifications. In this study, we explored the diversity of haemosporidian parasites infecting some species of reptile and birds living in the forests of Gabon, Central Africa, by analyzing a collection of 128 samples of reptiles and birds. We found that samples from 2 tortoise species (Pelusios castaneus and Kinixys erosa) and 3 bird species (Turtur afer, Ceratogymna atrata, and Agelastes niger) were infected by Haemocystidium spp. and Parahaemoproteus spp., respectively. From an ecological point of view, these lineages of parasites do not show host specificity because we have found them in several host species (2 tortoise and 3 bird species) that come from different areas of Gabon forest which are infected with these parasites. Also, our phylogenetic analyses revealed that the obtained lineages are related to isolates from other continents found in the same groups of vertebrates. Thus, our results show that haemosporidian parasites are also infecting central African vertebrates and that new lineages of these parasites are circulating in wild animals of the Gabon forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Susan L Perkins
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - François Renaud
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherche de Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP: 769 Franceville, Gabon
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23
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Day KP, Artzy-Randrup Y, Tiedje KE, Rougeron V, Chen DS, Rask TS, Rorick MM, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Luty AJF, Pascual M. Evidence of strain structure in Plasmodium falciparum var gene repertoires in children from Gabon, West Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4103-E4111. [PMID: 28461509 PMCID: PMC5441825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613018114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing theory on competition for hosts between pathogen strains has proposed that immune selection can lead to the maintenance of strain structure consisting of discrete, weakly overlapping antigenic repertoires. This prediction of strain theory has conceptual overlap with fundamental ideas in ecology on niche partitioning and limiting similarity between coexisting species in an ecosystem, which oppose the hypothesis of neutral coexistence. For Plasmodium falciparum, strain theory has been specifically proposed in relation to the major surface antigen of the blood stage, known as PfEMP1 and encoded by the multicopy multigene family known as the var genes. Deep sampling of the DBLα domain of var genes in the local population of Bakoumba, West Africa, was completed to define whether patterns of repertoire overlap support a role of immune selection under the opposing force of high outcrossing, a characteristic of areas of intense malaria transmission. Using a 454 high-throughput sequencing protocol, we report extremely high diversity of the DBLα domain and a large parasite population with DBLα repertoires structured into nonrandom patterns of overlap. Such population structure, significant for the high diversity of var genes that compose it at a local level, supports the existence of "strains" characterized by distinct var gene repertoires. Nonneutral, frequency-dependent competition would be at play and could underlie these patterns. With a computational experiment that simulates an intervention similar to mass drug administration, we argue that the observed repertoire structure matters for the antigenic var diversity of the parasite population remaining after intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Day
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Yael Artzy-Randrup
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kathryn E Tiedje
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR 224-5290 CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Université de Montpellier, Centre Institut de Recherche pour le Développement de Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Donald S Chen
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Thomas S Rask
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Mary M Rorick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, 75006 Paris, France
- Communautés d'Universités et Établissements, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, 75006 Paris, France
- Communautés d'Universités et Établissements, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Adrian J F Luty
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 216 Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales, 75006 Paris, France
- Communautés d'Universités et Établissements, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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Bitome-Essono PY, Ollomo B, Arnathau C, Durand P, Mokoudoum ND, Yacka-Mouele L, Okouga AP, Boundenga L, Mve-Ondo B, Obame-Nkoghe J, Mbehang-Nguema P, Njiokou F, Makanga B, Wattier R, Ayala D, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, Rougeron V, Bretagnolle F, Prugnolle F, Paupy C. Tracking zoonotic pathogens using blood-sucking flies as 'flying syringes'. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28347401 PMCID: PMC5426900 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About 60% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin. Their increasing number requires the development of new methods for early detection and monitoring of infectious agents in wildlife. Here, we investigated whether blood meals from hematophagous flies could be used to identify the infectious agents circulating in wild vertebrates. To this aim, 1230 blood-engorged flies were caught in the forests of Gabon. Identified blood meals (30%) were from 20 vertebrate species including mammals, birds and reptiles. Among them, 9% were infected by different extant malaria parasites among which some belonged to known parasite species, others to new parasite species or to parasite lineages for which only the vector was known. This study demonstrates that using hematophagous flies as ‘flying syringes’ constitutes an interesting approach to investigate blood-borne pathogen diversity in wild vertebrates and could be used as an early detection tool of zoonotic pathogens. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22069.001 About 60% of new infectious diseases in humans come from animals. Their increasing number and rapid spread are linked to increasing levels of contact between humans and wildlife, as recently highlighted by the epidemics of Zika in Brazil or Ebola in West Africa. To anticipate and prevent similar outbreaks in the future, it would be ideal to develop new methods for the early detection and monitoring of infectious diseases in wild animals. Currently, three methods are mainly used to screen wild animals for infectious disease, but these all have limitations. Analyses of bushmeat and game meat only investigate those animals that are eaten by humans. Testing the organs and tissues of trapped animals can be difficult and harmful for both the humans and animals involved. Collecting and examining samples of feces, urine or saliva cannot detect all diseases and can be difficult to do for some species. Bitome-Essono et al. now demonstrate a new method for assessing the diseases carried by wild animals: using blood-sucking flies as 'flying syringes' to collect their blood. During several weeks of sampling in Gabon, Central Africa, Bitome-Essono et al. trapped thousands of these flies, about a third of which were engorged with blood. Analyses of these blood samples revealed that they had come from 20 different species, including birds, mammals and reptiles. Different malaria parasites could also be detected in the blood. Although the study performed by Bitome-Essono et al. only focused on malaria parasites, in the future the technique could be extended to analyze a number of disease-causing microbes – including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and macroparasites – that are found in the blood of wild animals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22069.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Yannick Bitome-Essono
- Biogéosciences Unit, Équipe Écologie-Évolutive, UMR 6282 CNRS-université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté-EPHE-AgroSup, Dijon, France.,Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie et Écologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy Diamella Mokoudoum
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Lauriane Yacka-Mouele
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain-Prince Okouga
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bertrand Mve-Ondo
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Philippe Mbehang-Nguema
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie et Écologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Département de Biologie Animale et Physiologie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Écologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Boris Makanga
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie et Écologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Rémi Wattier
- Biogéosciences Unit, Équipe Écologie-Évolutive, UMR 6282 CNRS-université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté-EPHE-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Diego Ayala
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, United States
| | - Francois Renaud
- MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francois Bretagnolle
- Biogéosciences Unit, Équipe Écologie-Évolutive, UMR 6282 CNRS-université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté-EPHE-AgroSup, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Équipes UBEEP-ESV, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.,MIVEGEC Unit, UMR 224-5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Roche B, Rougeron V, Quintana-Murci L, Renaud F, Abbate JL, Prugnolle F. Might Interspecific Interactions between Pathogens Drive Host Evolution? The Case of Plasmodium Species and Duffy-Negativity in Human Populations. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ngoubangoye B, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Mombo IM, Durand P, Tsoumbou TA, Otoro BV, Sana R, Okouga AP, Moukodoum N, Willaume E, Herbert A, Fouchet D, Rougeron V, Bâ CT, Ollomo B, Paupy C, Leroy EM, Renaud F, Pontier D, Prugnolle F. The host specificity of ape malaria parasites can be broken in confined environments. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:737-44. [PMID: 27486075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a large diversity of Plasmodium spp. among African great apes. Some of these species are related to Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria (subgenus Laverania), and others to Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax (subgenus Plasmodium), three other human malaria agents. Laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity in their natural environment. Plasmodium reichenowi, Plasmodium billcollinsi, Plasmodium billbrayi and Plasmodium gaboni infect only chimpanzees, while Plasmodium praefalciparum, Plasmodium blacklocki and Plasmodium adleri are restricted to gorillas and Plasmodium falciparum is pandemic in humans. This host specificity may be due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Infrastructures hosting captive primates, such as sanctuaries and health centres, usually concentrate different primate species, thus favouring pathogen exchanges. Using molecular tools, we analysed blood samples from captive non-human primates living in Gabon to evaluate the risk of Plasmodium spp. transfers between host species. We also included blood samples from workers taking care of primates to assess whether primate-human parasite transfers occurred. We detected four transfers of Plasmodium from gorillas towards chimpanzees, one from chimpanzees to gorillas, three from humans towards chimpanzees and one from humans to mandrills. No simian Plasmodium was found in the blood samples from humans working with primates. These findings demonstrate that the genetic barrier that determines the apparent host specificity of Laverania is not completely impermeable and that parasite exchanges between gorillas and chimpanzees are possible in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie Evolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP5005, Senegal.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France; Département de Zoonoses et maladies émergentes, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Rick Sana
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain-Prince Okouga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nancy Moukodoum
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Willaume
- Parc de La Lékédi, Société d'Exploitation du Parc de La Lékédi/Entreprise de Recherche et d'Activités Métallurgiques/Compagnie Minière de l'Ogooué, BP 52, Bakoumba, Gabon
| | - Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - David Fouchet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Bâ
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie Evolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP5005, Senegal
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
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Boundenga L, Makanga B, Ollomo B, Gilabert A, Rougeron V, Mve-Ondo B, Arnathau C, Durand P, Moukodoum ND, Okouga AP, Delicat-Loembet L, Yacka-Mouele L, Rahola N, Leroy E, BA CT, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Paupy C. Haemosporidian Parasites of Antelopes and Other Vertebrates from Gabon, Central Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148958. [PMID: 26863304 PMCID: PMC4749209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-examination, using molecular tools, of the diversity of haemosporidian parasites (among which the agents of human malaria are the best known) has generally led to rearrangements of traditional classifications. In this study, we explored the diversity of haemosporidian parasites infecting vertebrate species (particularly mammals, birds and reptiles) living in the forests of Gabon (Central Africa), by analyzing a collection of 492 bushmeat samples. We found that samples from five mammalian species (four duiker and one pangolin species), one bird and one turtle species were infected by haemosporidian parasites. In duikers (from which most of the infected specimens were obtained), we demonstrated the existence of at least two distinct parasite lineages related to Polychromophilus species (i.e., bat haemosporidian parasites) and to sauropsid Plasmodium (from birds and lizards). Molecular screening of sylvatic mosquitoes captured during a longitudinal survey revealed the presence of these haemosporidian parasite lineages also in several Anopheles species, suggesting a potential role in their transmission. Our results show that, differently from what was previously thought, several independent clades of haemosporidian parasites (family Plasmodiidae) infect mammals and are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Management of Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (LB); (FP)
| | - Boris Makanga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Aude Gilabert
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Mve-Ondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy Diamella Moukodoum
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain-Prince Okouga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Lucresse Delicat-Loembet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Lauriane Yacka-Mouele
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nil Rahola
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Cheikh Tidiane BA
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Management of Ecosystems, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Francois Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (LB); (FP)
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224–5290 IRD-CNRS-UM, Centre IRD de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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Mvé-Ondo B, Nkoghe D, Arnathau C, Rougeron V, Bisvigou U, Mouele LY, Boundenga L, Durand P, Elguero E, Lemmers S, Délicat-Loembet LM, Diamella-Moukodoum N, Paupy C, Renaud F, Prugnolle F, Ollomo B. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Baka Pygmies and their Bantu neighbours in the north of Gabon. Malar J 2015; 14:395. [PMID: 26450086 PMCID: PMC4599724 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been many reports on the population genetic structure of Plasmodium falciparum from different endemic regions especially sub-Saharan Africa. However, few studies have been performed on neglected populations, such as the Pygmy populations. In this study, the population genetic structure of P. falciparum was investigated in the Baka Pygmies of Gabon and compared to that observed in neighboring villages composed mostly of Bantu farmers. Methods A total of 342 blood samples were collected from 170 Baka Pygmies and 172 Bantus in the north of Gabon (Woleu Ntem Province). Plasmodium infections were characterized by sequencing a portion of the parasite cytochrome b gene. Population genetic structure of P. falciparum in the different villages was analysed using microsatellite markers and genes coding for antigenic proteins (MSP1, MSP2, GLURP, and EBA-175). Results Overall, prevalence of P. falciparum was around 57 % and no significant difference of prevalence was observed between Pygmies and Bantus. No significant differences of population genetic structure of P. falciparum was found between Pygmy and Bantu people except for one antigen-coding gene, glurp, for which genetic data suggested the existence of a potentially disruptive selection acting on this gene in the two types of populations. The genetic structure of P. falciparum followed a pattern of isolation by distance at the scale of the study. Conclusion The prevalence and genetic diversity of P. falciparum observed in Baka demonstrates a significant transmission of the parasite in this population, and some exchanges of parasites with Bantu neighbours. Despite that, some antigen-coding genes seem to have had a particular evolutionary trajectory in certain Pygmy populations due to specific local human and/or mosquito characteristics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0862-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Mvé-Ondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, BP 876, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Ministry of Health, BP 50, Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Lauriane Yacka Mouele
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Fac de Médecine, UMR-BIOMED, BP 8507, Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Université Cheikh AntaDiop de Dakar, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Eric Elguero
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Simone Lemmers
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, England, UK.
| | | | - Nancy Diamella-Moukodoum
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224, Université Montpellier, CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France.
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Fac de Médecine, UMR-BIOMED, BP 8507, Libreville, Gabon.
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Rougeron V, De Meeûs T, Bañuls AL. Response to Tibayrenc et al.: can recombination in Leishmania parasites be so rare? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:280-1. [PMID: 26142922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Délicat-Loembet L, Rougeron V, Ollomo B, Arnathau C, Roche B, Elguero E, Moukodoum ND, Okougha AP, Mve Ondo B, Boundenga L, Houzé S, Galan M, Nkoghé D, Leroy EM, Durand P, Paupy C, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. No evidence for ape Plasmodium infections in humans in Gabon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126933. [PMID: 26039338 PMCID: PMC4454650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African great apes are naturally infected by a multitude of Plasmodium species most of them recently discovered, among which several are closely related to human malaria agents. However, it is still unknown whether these animals can serve as source of infections for humans living in their vicinity. To evaluate this possibility, we analysed the nature of Plasmodium infections from a bank of 4281 human blood samples collected in 210 villages of Gabon, Central Africa. Among them, 2255 were detected positive to Plasmodium using molecular methods (Plasmodium Cytochrome b amplification). A high throughput sequencing technology (454 GS-FLX Titanium technology, Roche) was then used to identify the Plasmodium species present within each positive sample. Overall, we identified with confidence only three species infecting humans in Gabon: P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale. None of the species known to infect non-human primates in Central Africa was found. Our study shows that ape Plasmodium parasites of the subgenus Laverania do not constitute a frequent source of infection for humans. It also suggests that some strong host genetic barriers must exist to prevent the cross species transmission of ape Plasmodium in a context of ever increasing contacts between humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucresse Délicat-Loembet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
- * E-mail: (LDL); (VR); (FP)
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- * E-mail: (LDL); (VR); (FP)
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Unité de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes (UMI IRD/UPMC 209), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 32 avenue Henr1 Varagnat, 93140, Bondy, France
| | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Alain-Prince Okougha
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Bertrand Mve Ondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 216 IRD, Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l’Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34980, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghé
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Paupy
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- CHRU de Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, CIRMF, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS/IRD/UM 5290), 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- * E-mail: (LDL); (VR); (FP)
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Herbert A, Boundenga L, Meyer A, Moukodoum DN, Okouga AP, Arnathau C, Durand P, Magnus J, Ngoubangoye B, Willaume E, Ba CT, Rougeron V, Renaud F, Ollomo B, Prugnolle F. Malaria-like symptoms associated with a natural Plasmodium reichenowi infection in a chimpanzee. Malar J 2015; 14:220. [PMID: 26032157 PMCID: PMC4502519 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Plasmodium infections have never been clearly associated with symptoms in non-human primates, the question of the pathogenicity of Plasmodium parasites in non-human primates still remains unanswered. A young chimpanzee, followed before and after release to a sanctuary, in a semi-free ranging enclosure located in an equatorial forest, showed fever and strong anaemia associated with a high Plasmodium reichenowi infection, shortly after release. The animal recovered from anaemia after several months despite recurrent infection with other Plasmodium species. This may be the first description of malaria-like symptoms in a chimpanzee infected with Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Anne Meyer
- Société d'Exploitation du Parc de la Lékédi, Bakoumba, Gabon.
| | - Diamella Nancy Moukodoum
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Alain Prince Okouga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Julie Magnus
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Eric Willaume
- Société d'Exploitation du Parc de la Lékédi, Bakoumba, Gabon.
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Ba
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites (UBEEP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Boundenga L, Ollomo B, Rougeron V, Mouele LY, Mve-Ondo B, Delicat-Loembet LM, Moukodoum ND, Okouga AP, Arnathau C, Elguero E, Durand P, Liégeois F, Boué V, Motsch P, Le Flohic G, Ndoungouet A, Paupy C, Ba CT, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Diversity of malaria parasites in great apes in Gabon. Malar J 2015; 14:111. [PMID: 25889049 PMCID: PMC4364493 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Until 2009, the Laverania subgenus counted only two representatives: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium reichenowi. The recent development of non-invasive methods allowed re-exploration of plasmodial diversity in African apes. Although a large number of great ape populations have now been studied regarding Plasmodium infections in Africa, there are still vast areas of their distribution that remained unexplored. Gabon constitutes an important part of the range of western central African great ape subspecies (Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla), but has not been studied so far. In the present study, the diversity of Plasmodium species circulating in great apes in Gabon was analysed. Methods The analysis of 1,261 faecal samples from 791 chimpanzees and 470 gorillas collected from 24 sites all over Gabon was performed. Plasmodium infections were characterized by amplification and sequencing of a portion of the Plasmodium cytochrome b gene. Results The analysis of the 1,261 samples revealed that at least six Plasmodium species circulate in great apes in Gabon (Plasmodium praefalciparum, Plasmodium gorA (syn Plasmodium adleri), Plasmodium gorB (syn Plasmodium blacklocki) in gorillas and Plasmodium gaboni, P. reichenowi and Plasmodium billcollinsi in chimpanzees). No new phylogenetic lineages were discovered. The average infection rate was 21.3% for gorillas and 15.4% for chimpanzees. A logistic regression showed that the probability of infection was significantly dependent on the freshness of the droppings but not of the host species or of the average pluviometry of the months of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon. .,Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, BP5005, Sénégal.
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon. .,MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Lauriane Yacka Mouele
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Bertrand Mve-Ondo
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | | | | | - Alain Prince Okouga
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Florian Liégeois
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon. .,TransVIHMI (Recherche Translationnelle sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses), UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Vanina Boué
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Peggy Motsch
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Guillaume Le Flohic
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Alphonse Ndoungouet
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon. .,MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Ba
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie évolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, BP5005, Sénégal.
| | - Francois Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Centre International de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville-Gabon, Gabon. .,MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR CNRS 5290 / IRD 224, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
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Rougeron V, Feldmann H, Grard G, Becker S, Leroy EM. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever. J Clin Virol 2015; 64:111-9. [PMID: 25660265 PMCID: PMC11080958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses and Marburgviruses (family Filoviridae) are among the most virulent pathogens for humans and great apes causing severe haemorrhagic fever and death within a matter of days. This group of viruses is characterized by a linear, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA genome of negative polarity. The overall burden of filovirus infections is minimal and negligible compared to the devastation caused by malnutrition and other infectious diseases prevalent in Africa such as malaria, dengue or tuberculosis. In this paper, we review the knowledge gained on the eco/epidemiology, the pathogenesis and the disease control measures for Marburg and Ebola viruses developed over the last 15 years. The overall progress is promising given the little attention that these pathogen have achieved in the past; however, more is to come over the next decade given the more recent interest in these pathogens as potential public and animal health concerns. Licensing of therapeutic and prophylactic options may be achievable over the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rougeron
- Laboratoire MiVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UMI, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; International Center for Medical Research of Franceville, BP769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - H Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - G Grard
- International Center for Medical Research of Franceville, BP769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - S Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - E M Leroy
- Laboratoire MiVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UMI, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; International Center for Medical Research of Franceville, BP769, Franceville, Gabon
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Rougeron V, De Meeûs T, Bañuls AL. A primer for Leishmania population genetic studies. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:52-9. [PMID: 25592839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem. Despite the development of elaborate experimental techniques and sophisticated statistical tools, how these parasites evolve, adapt themselves to new environmental compartments and hosts, and develop resistance to new drugs remains unclear. Leishmania parasites constitute a complex model from a biological, ecological, and epidemiological point of view but also with respect to their genetics and phylogenetics. With this in view, we seek to outline the criteria, caveats, and confounding factors to be considered for Leishmania population genetic studies. We examine how the taxonomic complexity, heterozygosity, intraspecific and interspecific recombination, aneuploidy, and ameiotic recombination of Leishmania intersect with population genetic studies of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rougeron
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5290 - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 224 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Montpellier, France; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - T De Meeûs
- IRD/Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), UMR 177, INTERTRYP IRD-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), CIRDES 01, BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - A-L Bañuls
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5290 - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 224 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Montpellier, France
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Rougeron V, Sam IC, Caron M, Nkoghe D, Leroy E, Roques P. Chikungunya, a paradigm of neglected tropical disease that emerged to be a new health global risk. J Clin Virol 2014; 64:144-52. [PMID: 25453326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family that causes chronic and incapacitating arthralgia in human populations. Since its discovery in 1952, CHIKV was responsible for sporadic and infrequent outbreaks. However, since 2005, global Chikungunya outbreaks have occurred, inducing some fatalities and associated with severe and chronic morbidity. Chikungunya is thus considered as an important re-emerging public health problem in both tropical and temperate countries, where the distribution of the Aedes mosquito vectors continues to expand. This review highlights the most recent advances in our knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, biology, treatment and vaccination strategies of CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Unité Mixte de Recherche Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mélanie Caron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Unité Mixte de Recherche Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Division of Immuno-Virology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR E1, Orsay, France.
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Yalcindag E, Rougeron V, Elguero E, Arnathau C, Durand P, Brisse S, Diancourt L, Aubouy A, Becquart P, D'Alessandro U, Fontenille D, Gamboa D, Maestre A, Ménard D, Musset L, Noya O, Veron V, Wide A, Carme B, Legrand E, Chevillon C, Ayala FJ, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Patterns of selection onPlasmodium falciparumerythrocyte-binding antigens after the colonization of the New World. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1979-93. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yalcindag
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF); BP 769 Franceville Gabon
| | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Céline Arnathau
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Patrick Durand
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur; Plate-forme Génotypage des Pathogènes et Santé Publique; 28 Rue du docteur Roux 75724 Paris France
| | - Laure Diancourt
- Institut Pasteur; Plate-forme Génotypage des Pathogènes et Santé Publique; 28 Rue du docteur Roux 75724 Paris France
| | - Agnes Aubouy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD); UMR152; Université Paul Sabatier; 35 Chemin des Maraîchers 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Becquart
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | | | - Didier Fontenille
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; AP 4314 Lima 100 Peru
| | - Amanda Maestre
- Grupo Salud y Comunidad; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Antioquía; Medellín Colombia
| | - Didier Ménard
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit; Pasteur Institute of Cambodia; 5 Boulevard Monivong - PO Box 983 Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Lise Musset
- Parasitology laboratory; Institut Pasteur de Guyane; BP6010 97306 Cayenne Cedex French Guiana
| | - Oscar Noya
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria; Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”-INH; Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud; Instituto de Medicina Tropical; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
| | | | - Albina Wide
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria; Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”-INH; Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud; Instituto de Medicina Tropical; Universidad Central de Venezuela; Caracas Venezuela
| | - Bernard Carme
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles; Guyane CIC-EC 802; Cayenne General Hospital; Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Eric Legrand
- Parasitology laboratory; Institut Pasteur de Guyane; BP6010 97306 Cayenne Cedex French Guiana
| | - Christine Chevillon
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Francisco J. Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - François Renaud
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle); UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224; Université Montpellier 1; Université Montpellier 2; CHRU de Montpellier; 39 Avenue Charles Flahault 34295 Montpellier France
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF); BP 769 Franceville Gabon
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Rougeron V, Woods CM, Tiedje KE, Bodeau-Livinec F, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Luty AJF, Fowkes FJI, Day KP. Epistatic Interactions between apolipoprotein E and hemoglobin S Genes in regulation of malaria parasitemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76924. [PMID: 24116184 PMCID: PMC3792892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is a monomeric protein secreted by the liver and responsible for the transport of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. The APOE gene encodes 3 isoforms Ɛ4, Ɛ3 and Ɛ2 with APOE Ɛ4 associated with higher plasma cholesterol levels and increased pathogenesis in several infectious diseases (HIV, HSV). Given that cholesterol is an important nutrient for malaria parasites, we examined whether APOE Ɛ4 was a risk factor for Plasmodium infection, in terms of prevalence or parasite density. A cross sectional survey was performed in 508 children aged 1 to 12 years in Gabon during the wet season. Children were screened for Plasmodium spp. infection, APOE and hemoglobin S (HbS) polymorphisms. Median parasite densities were significantly higher in APOE Ɛ4 children for Plasmodium spp. densities compared to non-APOE Ɛ4 children. When stratified for HbS polymorphisms, median Plasmodium spp. densities were significantly higher in HbAA children if they had an APOE Ɛ4 allele compared to those without an APOE Ɛ4 allele. When considering non-APOE Ɛ4 children, there was no quantitative reduction of Plasmodium spp. parasite densities for HbAS compared to HbAA phenotypes. No influence of APOE Ɛ4 on successful Plasmodium liver cell invasion was detected by multiplicity of infection. These results show that the APOE Ɛ4 allele is associated with higher median malaria parasite densities in children likely due to the importance of cholesterol availability to parasite growth and replication. Results suggest an epistatic interaction between APOE and HbS genes such that sickle cell trait only had an effect on parasite density in APOE Ɛ4 children. This suggests a linked pathway of regulation of parasite density involving expression of these genes. These findings have significance for understanding host determinants of regulation of malaria parasite density, the design of clinical trials as well as studies of co-infection with Plasmodium and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Caira M. Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- UMR216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Deloron
- UMR216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France
- PRES, Paris Sorbonne Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Freya J. I. Fowkes
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Centre for Population Health, Macfarlane Burnet Institute of Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rougeron V, Bañuls AL, Carme B, Simon S, Couppié P, Nacher M, Hide M, De Meeûs T. Reproductive strategies and population structure in Leishmania: substantial amount of sex in Leishmania Viannia guyanensis. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3116-27. [PMID: 21722225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia and especially Leishmania Viannia guyanensis are responsible for a large proportion of New World leishmaniasis cases. Since a recent publication on Leishmania Viannia braziliensis, the debate on the mode of reproduction of Leishmania parasites has been reopened. A predominant endogamic reproductive mode (mating with relatives), together with strong Wahlund effects (sampling of strains from heterogeneous subpopulations), was indeed evidenced. To determine whether this hypothesis can be generalized to other Leishmania Viannia species, we performed a population genetic study on 153 human strains of L. (V.) guyanensis from French Guiana based on 12 microsatellite loci. The results revealed important homozygosity and very modest linkage disequilibrium, which is in agreement with a high level of sexual recombination and substantial endogamy. These results also revealed a significant isolation by distance with relatively small neighbourhoods and hence substantial viscosity of Leishmania populations in French Guiana. These results are of epidemiological relevance and suggest a major role for natural hosts and/or vectors in parasite strain diffusion across the country as compared to human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université Montpellier 1) Montpellier, France.
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