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Klepac P, Hsieh JL, Ducker CL, Assoum M, Booth M, Byrne I, Dodson S, Martin DL, Turner CMR, van Daalen KR, Abela B, Akamboe J, Alves F, Brooker SJ, Ciceri-Reynolds K, Cole J, Desjardins A, Drakeley C, Ediriweera DS, Ferguson NM, Gabrielli AF, Gahir J, Jain S, John MR, Juma E, Kanayson P, Deribe K, King JD, Kipingu AM, Kiware S, Kolaczinski J, Kulei WJ, Laizer TL, Lal V, Lowe R, Maige JS, Mayer S, McIver L, Mosser JF, Nicholls RS, Nunes-Alves C, Panjwani J, Parameswaran N, Polson K, Radoykova HS, Ramani A, Reimer LJ, Reynolds ZM, Ribeiro I, Robb A, Sanikullah KH, Smith DRM, Shirima GG, Shott JP, Tidman R, Tribe L, Turner J, Vaz Nery S, Velayudhan R, Warusavithana S, Wheeler HS, Yajima A, Abdilleh AR, Hounkpatin B, Wangmo D, Whitty CJM, Campbell-Lendrum D, Hollingsworth TD, Solomon AW, Fall IS. Climate change, malaria and neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:561-579. [PMID: 38724044 PMCID: PMC11367761 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of climate change on malaria and 20 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and potential effect amelioration through mitigation and adaptation, we searched for papers published from January 2010 to October 2023. We descriptively synthesised extracted data. We analysed numbers of papers meeting our inclusion criteria by country and national disease burden, healthcare access and quality index (HAQI), as well as by climate vulnerability score. From 42 693 retrieved records, 1543 full-text papers were assessed. Of 511 papers meeting the inclusion criteria, 185 studied malaria, 181 dengue and chikungunya and 53 leishmaniasis; other NTDs were relatively understudied. Mitigation was considered in 174 papers (34%) and adaption strategies in 24 (5%). Amplitude and direction of effects of climate change on malaria and NTDs are likely to vary by disease and location, be non-linear and evolve over time. Available analyses do not allow confident prediction of the overall global impact of climate change on these diseases. For dengue and chikungunya and the group of non-vector-borne NTDs, the literature privileged consideration of current low-burden countries with a high HAQI. No leishmaniasis papers considered outcomes in East Africa. Comprehensive, collaborative and standardised modelling efforts are needed to better understand how climate change will directly and indirectly affect malaria and NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Klepac
- Big Data Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer L Hsieh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Camilla L Ducker
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad Assoum
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Booth
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Isabel Byrne
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Michael R Turner
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kim R van Daalen
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernadette Abela
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Akamboe
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon J Brooker
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Ciceri-Reynolds
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Aidan Desjardins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dileepa S Ediriweera
- CHICAS, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Joshua Gahir
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mbaraka R John
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth Juma
- Expanded Special Project for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Priya Kanayson
- Global Institute for Disease Elimination, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jonathan D King
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M Kipingu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Samson Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Research and Knowledge Management, Pan-African Mosquito Control Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jan Kolaczinski
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Winnie J Kulei
- Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Tajiri L Laizer
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Vivek Lal
- Global Leprosy Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre on Climate Change & Planetary Health and Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Janice S Maige
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Sam Mayer
- Global Strategic Partnerships, The END Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lachlan McIver
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Centre Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan F Mosser
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ruben Santiago Nicholls
- Department of Communicable Diseases Prevention, Control and Elimination, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Polson
- Department of Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Equity, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Aditya Ramani
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lisa J Reimer
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alastair Robb
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kazim Hizbullah Sanikullah
- Integrated Communicable Disease Unit, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World Health Organization, Manilla, Philippines
| | - David R M Smith
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - GloriaSalome G Shirima
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Computational and Communication Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph P Shott
- Division of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Global Health Bureau, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Rachel Tidman
- Science Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Louisa Tribe
- Department of Communications, Uniting to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, London, UK
| | | | - Susana Vaz Nery
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raman Velayudhan
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Supriya Warusavithana
- Neglected Tropical Disease Control, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Holly S Wheeler
- Office of Development Affairs, Presidential Court, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya Yajima
- Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases Control, Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahima Socé Fall
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Asemahegn G, Hailu T, Ayehu A. Prevalence of Plasmodium and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Coinfection and Associated Factors among Malaria-Suspected Patients Attending Shewa Robit Health Center, North-Central Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:333-340. [PMID: 38889734 PMCID: PMC11310633 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.24-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) coinfection is a major public health problem in developing countries. Its prevalence and associated factors are poorly addressed in the available research. Therefore, this study aimed to assess Plasmodium-STH coinfection prevalence and associated factors among malaria-suspected patients attending Shewa Robit Health Center, north-central Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 379 malaria-suspected patients attending Shewa Robit Health Center from April to May 2023. Stool and blood samples were collected from each participant. Plasmodium and STHs were detected from blood and stool samples by using blood film and the Kato-Katz method, respectively. Data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were used to compute Plasmodium-STH coinfection. Logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. Variables with a P-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Among the study participants, 27.9%, 20.3%, and 13.4% were positive for Plasmodium, STHs, and Plasmodium-STH coinfection, respectively. The prevalence of Plasmodium-Ascaris lumbricoides coinfection was high (7.6%). Unavailability of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), improper use of ITNs, absence of indoor residual spraying, presence of stagnant water, and previous malaria infection were significantly associated (P <0.01) with Plasmodium infection. Being illiterate, using an unimproved latrine, having an untrimmed fingernail, and practicing open defecation were also significantly associated (P <0.03), with STH infection. Being male, illiterate, and living in rural areas were significantly associated (P <0.03) with Plasmodium-STH coinfection. The prevalence of Plasmodium-STH coinfection was high in malaria-endemic areas. Therefore, malaria-suspected cases should be checked for STH infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geletaw Asemahegn
- Mehal Meda General Hospital, North Shewa Zone, Amhara National Regional Health Bureau, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Hailu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Animen Ayehu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Salim Masoud N, Knopp S, Lenz N, Lweno O, Abdul Kibondo U, Mohamed A, Schindler T, Rothen J, Masimba J, S. Mohammed A, Althaus F, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Daubenberger C, Genton B. The impact of soil transmitted helminth on malaria clinical presentation and treatment outcome: A case control study among children in Bagamoyo district, coastal region of Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012412. [PMID: 39133750 PMCID: PMC11341094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infectious agents rarely occur in isolation. Epidemiological evidence is mostly lacking, and little is known on how the two common parasites Plasmodium and soil transmitted helminths (STH) interact. There are contradictory findings in different studies. Synergism, antagonism and neutral effect have been documented between Plasmodium and STH. This study investigated the impact of STH on clinical malaria presentation and treatment outcome. METHODS A matched case control study with a semi longitudinal follow up according to World Health Organization (WHO) antimalarial surveillance guideline was done among children aged 2 months to 9 years inclusively living in western rural areas of Bagamoyo, coastal region of Tanzania. Cases were children with uncomplicated and severe malaria enrolled from the health facilities while controls were children with asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitemia enrolled from the same community. RESULTS In simple conditional regression analysis there was a tendency for a protective effect of STH on the development of clinical malaria [OR = 0.6, 95% CI of 0.3-1.3] which was more marked for Enterobius vermicularis species [OR = 0.2, 95% CI of 0.0-0.9]. On the contrary, hookworm species tended to be associated with increased risk of clinical malaria [OR = 3.0, 95% CI of 0.9-9.5]. In multiple conditional regression analysis, the overall protective effect was lower for all helminth infection [OR = 0.8, 95% CI of 0.3-1.9] but remained significantly protective for E. vermicularis species [OR = 0.1, 95% CI of 0.0-1.0] and borderline significant for hookworm species [OR = 3.6, 95% CI of 0.9-14.3]. Using ordinal logistic regression which better reflects the progression of asymptomatic Plasmodium parasitemia to severe malaria, there was a 50% significant protective effect with overall helminths [OR = 0.5, 95% CI of 0.3-0.9]. On the contrary, hookworm species was highly predictive of uncomplicated and severe malaria [OR = 7.8, 95% (CI of 1.8-33.9) and 49.7 (95% CI of 1.9-1298.9) respectively]. Generally, children infected with STH had higher geometric mean time to first clearance of parasitemia. CONCLUSION The findings of a protective effect of E. vermicularis and an enhancing effect of hookworms may explain the contradictory results found in the literature about impact of helminths on clinical malaria. More insight should be gained on possible mechanisms for these opposite effects. These results should not deter at this stage deworming programs but rather foster implementation of integrated control program for these two common parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahya Salim Masoud
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Lenz
- Food Microbial Systems, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Group, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Omar Lweno
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ummi Abdul Kibondo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ali Mohamed
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Rothen
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Masimba
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Alisa S. Mohammed
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Fabrice Althaus
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Health Unit, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Genton
- Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Meñe GR, Dejon-Agobé JC, Angue BMA, Meñe MF, Echube JME, Abdulla S, Adegnika AA. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to soil-transmitted helminth infections among residents of Bata district, Equatorial Guinea; a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1962. [PMID: 39044267 PMCID: PMC11264363 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection control remains a priority in endemic regions where local epidemiological data are needed for sustainable control strategies, particularly regarding population knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Our work assessed KAP toward STH infection and associated factors among residents of Bata district, Equatorial Guinea. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 14 randomly selected communities in the Bata district. Eligible participants were interviewed face-to-face using a standardized questionnaire. Participants aged under 18 years were interviewed in the presence of their parents or legal guardians. For participants aged less than ten, a simplified version of the main questionnaire was developed focusing on children's practices toward STH and was administered to their parents or legal guardians. RESULTS A total of 399 participants were included in the present analysis. Among them, 58% responded to the main questionnaire. The mean (± SD) age of participants aged 10 and over was 37.5 (± 22.2) years, and 60% of them were females, while the mean (± SD) age of those aged less than ten was 5.0 (± 2.5) years. The respondents' overall knowledge, attitudes, and practices to STH were rated as bad (33%), very good (77%), and good (55%), respectively. Knowledge was significantly associated with education level (p = 0.04) with the knowledge level lower for participants with no formal education than for those with secondary/university education (β = -0.56, 95% CI: -1.00 - -0.12, p = 0.01); Appropriate attitudes level was significantly associated with occupation (p = 0.02) and education levels (p = 0.049) with the appropriate attitude level lower for students than for farmers/fishers (β = -1.24, 95% CI: -2.17--0.32, p = 0.01) and for primary-level participants than for those with secondary/university education (β = -0.68, 95% CI: -1.23--0.13, p = 0.02); while appropriate practice level were significantly associated with age (p = 0.01), occupation (p = 0.01), and education (p = 0.02), with the appropriate practices level increasing with age (β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.005 - 0.05, p = 0.01) and lower in participants with no formal education than in those with secondary/university education (β = -1.19, -2.05 - -0.32, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The present study revealed a lack of knowledge about STH in the study population, particularly regarding disease causes and transmission ways, highlighting the need for the implementation of integrated health education strategies, both at the community and school levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrudis Ribado Meñe
- National University of Equatorial Guinea/Environmental Faculty, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.
- Ecole Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon.
- Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | - Jean Claude Dejon-Agobé
- Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | | | - Maximiliano Fero Meñe
- National University of Equatorial Guinea/Environmental Faculty, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Department of Intervention, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ayôla Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherche Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- German Center for Infection Research, Tubingen, Germany
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Oyibo P, Agbana T, van Lieshout L, Oyibo W, Diehl JC, Vdovine G. An automated slide scanning system for membrane filter imaging in diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis. J Microsc 2024; 294:52-61. [PMID: 38291833 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Traditionally, automated slide scanning involves capturing a rectangular grid of field-of-view (FoV) images which can be stitched together to create whole slide images, while the autofocusing algorithm captures a focal stack of images to determine the best in-focus image. However, these methods can be time-consuming due to the need for X-, Y- and Z-axis movements of the digital microscope while capturing multiple FoV images. In this paper, we propose a solution to minimise these redundancies by presenting an optimal procedure for automated slide scanning of circular membrane filters on a glass slide. We achieve this by following an optimal path in the sample plane, ensuring that only FoVs overlapping the filter membrane are captured. To capture the best in-focus FoV image, we utilise a hill-climbing approach that tracks the peak of the mean of Gaussian gradient of the captured FoVs images along the Z-axis. We implemented this procedure to optimise the efficiency of the Schistoscope, an automated digital microscope developed to diagnose urogenital schistosomiasis by imaging Schistosoma haematobium eggs on 13 or 25 mm membrane filters. Our improved method reduces the automated slide scanning time by 63.18% and 72.52% for the respective filter sizes. This advancement greatly supports the practicality of the Schistoscope in large-scale schistosomiasis monitoring and evaluation programs in endemic regions. This will save time, resources and also accelerate generation of data that is critical in achieving the targets for schistosomiasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Oyibo
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tope Agbana
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wellington Oyibo
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research for Malaria & Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Jan-Carel Diehl
- Department of Sustainable Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gleb Vdovine
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Afolabi MO, Sow D, Agbla SC, Fall EHB, Sall FB, Seck A, Manga IA, Mbaye IM, Loum MA, Camara B, Niang D, Gueye B, Sene D, Kane NM, Diop B, Diouf A, Gaye NA, Diouf MP, Lo AC, Greenwood B, Ndiaye JLA. Feasibility and safety of integrating mass drug administration for helminth control with seasonal malaria chemoprevention among Senegalese children: a randomized controlled, observer-blind trial. Malar J 2023; 22:348. [PMID: 37957702 PMCID: PMC10642045 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overlap in the epidemiology of malaria and helminths has been identified as a potential area to exploit for the development of an integrated control strategy that may help to achieve elimination of malaria and helminths. A randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial was conducted to assess the feasibility and safety of combining mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) among children living in Senegal. METHODS Female and male children aged 1-14 years were randomized 1:1:1, to receive Vitamin A and Zinc on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine) on Days 1-3 (control group); or praziquantel and Vitamin A on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 1); or albendazole and praziquantel on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 2). Safety assessment was performed by collecting adverse events from all children for six subsequent days following administration of the study drugs. Pre- and post-intervention, blood samples were collected for determination of haemoglobin concentration, malaria microscopy, and PCR assays. Stool samples were analyzed using Kato-Katz, Merthiolate-iodine-formalin and PCR methods. Urine filtration, PCR and circulating cathodic antigen tests were also performed. RESULTS From 9 to 22 June 2022, 627 children aged 1-14 years were randomized into the three groups described above. Mild, transient vomiting was observed in 12.6% (26/206) of children in treatment group 2, in 10.6% (22/207) in group 1, and in 4.2% (9/214) in the control group (p = 0.005). Pre-intervention, the geometric mean value of Plasmodium falciparum parasite density was highest among children who received albendazole, praziquantel with SMC drugs. Post-intervention, the parasite density was highest among children who received SMC drugs only. Children who received praziquantel and SMC drugs had a lower risk of developing severe anaemia than their counterparts who received SMC drugs alone (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.13-5.00, p = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Integration of MDA for helminths with SMC drugs was safe and feasible among Senegalese children. These findings support further evaluation of the integrated control model. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at Clinical Trial.gov NCT05354258.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doudou Sow
- Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Schadrac C Agbla
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Babacar Gueye
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Doudou Sene
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Boubacar Diop
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
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Afolabi MO, Diaw A, Fall EHB, Sall FB, Diédhiou A, Seck A, Camara B, Niang D, Manga IA, Mbaye I, Sougou NM, Sow D, Greenwood B, Ndiaye JLA. Provider and User Acceptability of Integrated Treatment for the Control of Malaria and Helminths in Saraya, South-Eastern Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1047-1056. [PMID: 37722662 PMCID: PMC10622492 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of vertical programs for the control of malaria, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis has been recommended to achieve elimination of malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD) by 2030. This qualitative study was conducted within the context of a randomized controlled trial to explore the perceptions and views of parents/caregivers of at-risk children and healthcare providers to determine their acceptability of the integrated malaria-helminth treatment approach. Randomly selected parents/caregivers of children enrolled in the trial, healthcare providers, trial staff, malaria, and NTD program managers were interviewed using purpose-designed topic guides. Transcripts obtained from the interviews were coded and common themes identified using content analysis were triangulated. Fifty-seven study participants comprising 26 parents/caregivers, 10 study children aged ≥ 10 years, 15 trial staff, four healthcare providers, and two managers from the Senegal Ministry of Health were interviewed. Thirty-eight of the participants (66.7%) were males, and their ages ranged from 10 to 65 years. Overall, the integrated malaria-helminth treatment approach was considered acceptable, but the study participants expressed concerns about the taste, smell, and side effects associated with amodiaquine and praziquantel in the combination package. Reluctance to accept the medications was also observed among children aged 10 to 14 years due to peer influence and gender-sensitive cultural beliefs. Addressing concerns about the taste and smell of amodiaquine and praziquantel is needed to optimize the uptake of the integrated treatment program. Also, culturally appropriate strategies need to be put in place to cater for the inclusion of children aged 10 to 14 years in this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed O. Afolabi
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aminata Diaw
- Faculté de Medecine Pharmacie d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Adams Diédhiou
- Faculté de Medecine Pharmacie d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Seck
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Université de Thies, Thies, Senegal
| | - Baba Camara
- Hospital Administration, Saraya Health Centre, Saraya, Senegal
| | - Diatou Niang
- Hospital Administration, Saraya Health Centre, Saraya, Senegal
| | - Isaac A. Manga
- Faculté de Medecine Pharmacie d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Mbaye
- Hospital Administration, Saraya Health Centre, Saraya, Senegal
| | - Ndèye Mareme Sougou
- Faculté de Medecine Pharmacie d’Odonto-Stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Doudou Sow
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Brian Greenwood
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Effects of Age, Gender and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection on Prevalence of Plasmodium Infection among Population Living in Bata District, Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030149. [PMID: 36977150 PMCID: PMC10059851 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) co-infection is an important parasitic infection affecting populations in co-endemic countries including Equatorial Guinea. To date, the health impact of STH and malaria co-infection is inconclusive. The current study aimed to report the malaria and STH infection epidemiology in the continental region of Equatorial Guinea. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study between October 2020 and January 2021 in the Bata district of Equatorial Guinea. Participants aged 1–9 years, 10–17 years and above 18 were recruited. Fresh venous blood was collected for malaria testing via mRDTs and light microscopy. Stool specimens were collected, and the Kato–Katz technique was used to detect the presence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm spp. and intestinal Schistosoma eggs. Results: A total of 402 participants were included in this study. An amount of 44.3% of them lived in urban areas, and only 51.9% of them reported having bed nets. Malaria infections were detected in 34.8% of the participants, while 50% of malaria infections were reported in children aged 10–17 years. Females had a lower prevalence of malaria (28.8%) compared with males (41.7%). Children of 1–9 years carried more gametocytes compared with other age groups. An amount of 49.3% of the participants infected with T. trichiura had malaria parasites compared with those infected with A. lumbricoides (39.6%) or both (46.8%). Conclusions: The overlapping problem of STH and malaria is neglected in Bata. The current study forces the government and other stakeholders involved in the fight against malaria and STH to consider a combined control program strategy for both parasitic infections in Equatorial Guinea.
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