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Al Tannir AH, Golestani S, Tentis M, Murphy PB, Schramm AT, Peschman J, Dodgion C, Holena D, Miranda S, Carver TW, de Moya MA, Schellenberg M, Morris RS. Early venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in traumatic brain injury requiring neurosurgical intervention: Safe and effective. Surgery 2024; 175:1439-1444. [PMID: 38388229 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury patients who require neurosurgical intervention are at the highest risk of worsening intracranial hemorrhage. This subgroup of patients has frequently been excluded from prior research regarding the timing of venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of early venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injuries requiring neurosurgical interventions. METHODS This is a single-center retrospective review (2016-2020) of traumatic brain injury patients requiring neurosurgical intervention admitted to a level I trauma center. Interventions included intracranial pressure monitoring, subdural drain, external ventricular drain, craniotomy, and craniectomy. Exclusion criteria included neurosurgical intervention after chemoprophylaxis initiation, death within 5 days of admission, and absence of chemoprophylaxis. The total population was stratified into Early (≤72 hours of intervention) versus Late (>72 hours after intervention) chemoprophylaxis initiation. RESULTS A total of 351 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 204 (58%) had early chemoprophylaxis initiation. Overall, there were no significant differences in baseline and admission characteristics between cohorts. The Early chemoprophylaxis cohort had a statistically significant lower venous thromboembolism rate (5% vs 13%, P < .001) with no increased risk of worsening intracranial hemorrhage (10% vs 13%, P = .44) or neurosurgical reintervention (8% vs 10%, P = .7). On subgroup analysis, a total of 169 patients required either a craniotomy or a craniectomy before chemoprophylaxis. The Early chemoprophylaxis cohort had statistically significant lower venous thromboembolism rates (2% vs 11%, P < .001) with no increase in intracranial hemorrhage (8% vs 11%, P = .6) or repeat neurosurgical intervention (8% vs 10%, P = .77). CONCLUSION Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis initiation within 72 hours of neurosurgical intervention is safe and effective. Further prospective research is warranted to validate the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hafiz Al Tannir
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. https://twitter.com/tannir_abed
| | - Simin Golestani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Morgan Tentis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Patrick B Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Andrew T Schramm
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jacob Peschman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Christopher Dodgion
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Daniel Holena
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Stephen Miranda
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thomas W Carver
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Marc A de Moya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Morgan Schellenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rachel S Morris
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
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Traore K, Coulibaly D, Kone AK, Guindo B, Traore S, Kouriba K, Djimde M, Thera MA. Randomized Field Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in School-Aged Children in Bandiagara, Mali. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:189-197. [PMID: 37682871 PMCID: PMC10786242 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the increased cases of malaria in older children, the World Health Organization has recently recommended extending seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) to children >5 years of age and using other effective drugs for malaria. In this study, we report the safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQ) for SMC in school-aged children in Mali. METHOD This randomized, controlled trial included 345 participants aged 6-15 years randomized to receive DHA-PQ, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine (SP-AQ), or no chemoprevention (albendazole) at a 1:1:1 ratio. Four rounds of SMC were conducted from September to December 2021. The participants were assessed 7 days after each round for safety and efficacy of the interventions. RESULTS Abdominal pain (11.8% vs 29.2%), headache (11.2% vs 19.2%), and vomiting (5.7% vs 15.2%) were frequently reported in the DHA-PQ and SP-AQ arms. On Day 120 of follow up, the incidence of clinical malaria was 0.01 episodes/person-month in the DHA-PQ and SP-AQ arms and 0.17 episodes/person-month in the control arm (P < .0001). Gametocytes were detected in 37 participants in all arms. CONCLUSIONS Children in DHA-PQ arm reported less adverse events compared to the SP-AQ arm. Both drugs were effective against clinical malaria and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye K Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boureima Guindo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Souleymane Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kindie Kouriba
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa Djimde
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou Ali Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
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Dean RS, Hamama BA, Cavinatto L, Nho SJ, Chahla J, Hinckel BB. Chemoprophylaxis for heterotopic ossification following hip arthroscopy: A systematic review. J ISAKOS 2023; 8:484-489. [PMID: 37619960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication diagnosed following hip arthroscopy. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS This study sought to review the current literature on chemoprophylaxis for HO following hip arthroscopy and to describe what agents and doses are being utilized. STUDY DESIGN Systematic Review. METHODS A systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines on the use of chemoprophylactic medications for HO prevention following hip arthroscopy. Mechanical and radiation prophylaxis were not included in the current analysis. RESULTS A total of 203 studies were identified, of which 15 were included with 6463 patients. There was one randomized control trial (RCT) and 4 additional comparative studies. The most commonly utilized chemoprophylactic agents were the following: naproxen (n = 8), celecoxib (n = 3), indomethacin (n = 3), aspirin (n = 1), etoricoxib (n = 1), and etodolac (n = 1), and non-specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (n = 1). Naproxen was either given at a dose of 500 mg once or twice daily for 2-4 weeks. RCTs and additional comparative studies showed significant HO prevention using chemoprophylactic agents following hip arthroscopy. CONCLUSIONS HO is a known and common complication following hip arthroscopy. The current systematic review found significant heterogeneity across the literature with respect to specific chemoprophylactic agents and their dosing regimens aimed to reduce the incidence and severity of HO following hip arthroscopy. Additionally, this review demonstrates that most studies that utilize chemoprophylaxis use NSAIDs with successful reduction in the incidence of HO. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV Evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Britanny A Hamama
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48073, USA
| | | | - Shane J Nho
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, 48073, USA
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Chicago, IL, 48073, USA
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Afolabi MO, Sow D, Agbla SC, Fall EHB, Sall FB, Seck A, Manga IA, Mbaye IM, Loum MA, Camara B, Niang D, Gueye B, Sene D, Kane NM, Diop B, Diouf A, Gaye NA, Diouf MP, Lo AC, Greenwood B, Ndiaye JLA. Feasibility and safety of integrating mass drug administration for helminth control with seasonal malaria chemoprevention among Senegalese children: a randomized controlled, observer-blind trial. Malar J 2023; 22:348. [PMID: 37957702 PMCID: PMC10642045 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overlap in the epidemiology of malaria and helminths has been identified as a potential area to exploit for the development of an integrated control strategy that may help to achieve elimination of malaria and helminths. A randomized, controlled, observer-blind trial was conducted to assess the feasibility and safety of combining mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STH) with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) among children living in Senegal. METHODS Female and male children aged 1-14 years were randomized 1:1:1, to receive Vitamin A and Zinc on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine) on Days 1-3 (control group); or praziquantel and Vitamin A on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 1); or albendazole and praziquantel on Day 0, followed by SMC drugs on Days 1-3 (treatment group 2). Safety assessment was performed by collecting adverse events from all children for six subsequent days following administration of the study drugs. Pre- and post-intervention, blood samples were collected for determination of haemoglobin concentration, malaria microscopy, and PCR assays. Stool samples were analyzed using Kato-Katz, Merthiolate-iodine-formalin and PCR methods. Urine filtration, PCR and circulating cathodic antigen tests were also performed. RESULTS From 9 to 22 June 2022, 627 children aged 1-14 years were randomized into the three groups described above. Mild, transient vomiting was observed in 12.6% (26/206) of children in treatment group 2, in 10.6% (22/207) in group 1, and in 4.2% (9/214) in the control group (p = 0.005). Pre-intervention, the geometric mean value of Plasmodium falciparum parasite density was highest among children who received albendazole, praziquantel with SMC drugs. Post-intervention, the parasite density was highest among children who received SMC drugs only. Children who received praziquantel and SMC drugs had a lower risk of developing severe anaemia than their counterparts who received SMC drugs alone (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.13-5.00, p = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Integration of MDA for helminths with SMC drugs was safe and feasible among Senegalese children. These findings support further evaluation of the integrated control model. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at Clinical Trial.gov NCT05354258.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doudou Sow
- Université Gaston Berger de Saint-Louis, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Schadrac C Agbla
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Babacar Gueye
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Doudou Sene
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Boubacar Diop
- Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar, Senegal
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Nakaya I, Sada KE, Harigai M, Soma J, Amano K, Dobashi H, Atsumi T, Yuzawa Y, Fujimoto S, Sugihara T, Takasaki Y, Arimura Y, Makino H. Chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in Japanese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: An observational study. Mod Rheumatol 2023; 33:1137-1144. [PMID: 36197746 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the current practice of prophylactic treatment against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) and its effectiveness in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS This study included 319 patients registered from 53 institutions in Japan and newly diagnosed with AAV. During the 2-year observation period, we examined the frequency of usage, effectiveness and safety of prophylactic drugs against PCP. RESULTS Most patients received prophylactic drugs against PCP with the initiation of immunosuppressive agents, and >50% of them remained on chemoprophylaxis against PCP at 2 years after. The initial daily dose of oral prednisolone and the proportion of cyclophosphamide administration were higher in patients who received chemoprophylaxis against PCP than in those who did not. PCP occurred in nine patients (3%) and resulted in the death of four. The incidence rate of PCP in patients who received chemoprophylaxis was 1.13/100 patient-years (95% confidence interval, 0.38-2.68) and that in those who did not was 2.74 (1.04-6.02). The incidence rate ratio was 0.41 (0.11-1.53). CONCLUSIONS The markedly low incidence of PCP may be attributed to the continuous chemoprophylaxis against PCP received by >50% of Japanese patients with AAV, although the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis against PCP was not statistically confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaya Nakaya
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ei Sada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Harigai
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Soma
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Japan
| | - Koichi Amano
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Saitama Medical Centre, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Dobashi
- Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukio Yuzawa
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shouichi Fujimoto
- Department of Hemovascular Medicine and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sugihara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Rheumatology & Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Arimura
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kichijoji Asahi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Dhillon NK, Muniz T, Fierro NM, Siletz AE, Alexander J, Ikonte C, Mason R, Ley EJ. Inadequate Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis Is Associated With Higher Venous Thromboembolism Rates Among Trauma Patients With Epidurals. J Surg Res 2023; 291:1-6. [PMID: 37329634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guidelines encourage higher doses of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for prophylaxis in trauma patients. The risks of LMWH must be considered for patients who require an epidural catheter. We compared adequate and inadequate prophylaxis to determine if venous thromboembolism (VTE) and complication rates differed among patients with epidural catheters. METHODS Trauma patients who required an epidural catheter between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed for VTE and epidural-related complications. Adequate dosing was defined as enoxaparin 30 mg or 40 mg twice daily. Inadequate dosing was defined as unfractionated heparin subcutaneously or enoxaparin once daily. RESULTS Over the 8-y study period, 113 trauma patients required an epidural catheter of which 64.6% were males with a mean age of 55.8 y and injury severity score of 14. Epidural catheters were associated with 11 (9.7%) patients developing an acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 2 (1.8%) patients with an acute pulmonary embolism. Those patients who received adequate doses of enoxaparin were less likely to have any VTE or DVT. Complications associated with epidural catheters were not dependent on the type of pharmacological prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS Given the high VTE rate observed in trauma patients who required an epidural catheter, along with the low complication rate that was observed independent of the type of pharmacological prophylaxis given, the data indicate that current efforts for higher doses of LMWH appear to be safe and associated with a lower VTE rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet K Dhillon
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tobias Muniz
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicole M Fierro
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anaar E Siletz
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Juliet Alexander
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chidinma Ikonte
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Russell Mason
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric J Ley
- Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Stettler GR, Sumislawski JJ, Debot M, Moore EE, Burlew CC. Low-Dose Heparin Infusion as Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis in Patients With Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury. J Surg Res 2023; 286:1-7. [PMID: 36709704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) can result in devastating stroke. Because of operative inaccessibility, the most common treatment for BCVI is aspirin or a low-dose systemic heparin infusion. While it is assumed that low dose heparin infusion imparts venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, this has not been evaluated in the BCVI population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate VTE rates in patients receiving low-dose heparin infusion as treatment for BCVI. METHODS Patients diagnosed with BCVI between 2014 and 2018 were reviewed for initiation of low-dose systemic heparin treatment. VTE was defined as a deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. BCVI patients without systemic heparin treatment were compared to BCVI patients with heparin treatment for overall VTE rates. Comparisons were also made to injured patients without a BCVI in our Trauma Activation Protocol (TAP) database. RESULTS During the 5-year study period, 265 patients were identified with a BCVI. The majority (61%) were men with a median injury severity score (ISS) 22 (interquartile range [IQR]:14-33). Of these patients, 146 (55.1%) received a heparin infusion to treat BCVI. VTE was identified in eight of these patients (5.5%). Compared to TAP patients (n = 1020) who received standard dosing of VTE chemoprophylaxis, there was no difference in VTE rates compared to BCVI patients who were started on a low dose heparin infusion (3% versus 5.5%, P = 0.16). Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) was used to evaluate the predictive power of time to initiation of heparin infusion (AUC = 0.64 95% CI 0.42-0.85, P = 0.2) and time to reaching PTT goal (AUC = 0.52 95% CI 0.27-0.77, P = 0.83) as a predictor VTE events. CONCLUSIONS Low dose heparin infusion is frequently used as an initial treatment of BCVI. In injured patients with BCVI, a low dose heparin infusion is associated with a low rate of VTE, comparable to injured patients without BCVI that received standard VTE chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Stettler
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Joshua J Sumislawski
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Margot Debot
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ernest E Moore
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Surgery, Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Clay Cothren Burlew
- University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Surgery, Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Denver, Colorado
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Dornbush C, Maly C, Bartschat N, Lilienthal M, Galet C, Skeete DA, Igram C. Chemoprophylaxis Timing Is Not Associated With Postoperative Bleeding After Spinal Trauma Surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 225:107590. [PMID: 36641991 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding appropriate timing for chemical venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis initiation in operative traumatic spinal injuries. We hypothesized that the incidence of post-operative bleeding leading to neurological decline or re-operation would not increase in patients who received early VTE prophylaxis (≤2 days post-surgery) as compared to those who received late VTE prophylaxis (≥ 3 days post-surgery). METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study. Spine trauma patients who underwent spinal surgery, defined as anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, posterior cervical spinal fusion, anterior or posterior thoracic/lumbar spinal fusion, or vertebral percutaneous fixation from July 2015 to July 2020 were included. Demographics, pre-injury anti-thrombotics, operative characteristics, pre- and post-operative VTE prophylaxis, and post-operative complications, including spinal bleeding, and VTE were collected. Univariate analysis was performed, comparing baseline characteristics, VTE prophylaxis timing, and complications between the early and late groups. RESULTS Two-hundred-eighty-two patients were included; 189 were in the early group (1.7 ± 0.5 days), and 93 were in the late (4.4 ± 2.1 days) group. The late group received enoxaparin more often than patients in the early group (41.9 % vs. 19 %, p < 0.001). Baseline characteristics, hospital course, and surgical management were similar between the groups. The rate of post-operative complications, including hematoma and VTE was similar between the groups. None of the patients in the early group had post-operative bleeding. CONCLUSION In this retrospective cohort study, VTE prophylaxis timing was not associated with clinically significant post-operative spinal bleeding and VTE in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Dornbush
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Connor Maly
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Michele Lilienthal
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Colette Galet
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dionne A Skeete
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Cassim Igram
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University Iowa, IA 52242, USA.
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Pang S, Zong Y, Wu YD. [Risk factors and chemoprophylaxis of ulcerative colitis-colorectal cancer]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 56:1657-1662. [PMID: 36372759 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20220411-00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis-colorectal cancer (UC-CRC) is one of the most serious complications in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), with worse prognosis and higher mortality than sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). Since most UC-CRC developed through the "inflammation-dysplasia-carcinoma" approach, early detection of dysplasia through identification of high-risk groups reasonable monitoring and active prevention are extremely important. However, there is no consensus on the risk factors of UC carcinogenesis and the drugs that can be used for chemoprevention currently. This article combined with relevant literature at home and abroad, reviewed the current risk factors and chemopreventive drugs for UC carcinogenesis, in order to provide reference for early prevention, early detection and early diagnosis of UC-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pang
- Department of General Practice, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Y Zong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050,China
| | - Y D Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050,China
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Abstract
Liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. With the global epidemic of obesity, the major HCC etiologies have been dynamically shifting from viral to metabolic liver diseases. This change has made HCC prevention difficult with increasingly elusive at-risk populations as rational target for preventive interventions. Besides ongoing efforts to reduce obesity and metabolic disorders, chemoprevention in patients who already have metabolic liver diseases may have a significant impact on the poor HCC prognosis. Hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-related HCC incidences have been substantially reduced by the new antivirals, but HCC risk can persist over a decade even after successful viral treatment, highlighting the need for HCC-preventive measures also in these patients. Experimental and retrospective studies have suggested potential utility of generic agents such as lipophilic statins and aspirin for HCC chemoprevention given their well-characterized safety profile, although anticipated efficacy may be modest. In this review, we overview recent clinical and translational studies of generic agents in the context of HCC chemoprevention under the contemporary HCC etiologies. We also discuss newly emerging approaches to overcome the challenges in clinical testing of the agents to facilitate their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Saadoun R, Bengur FB, Moroni EA, Surucu Y, Veit JA, Khan NI, Daniels K, Rothenberger SD, Kubik M, Solari MG, Sridharan S. Assessment of BMI and Venous Thromboembolism Rates in Patients on Standard Chemoprophylaxis Regimens After Undergoing Free Tissue Transfer to the Head and Neck. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:1051-1058. [PMID: 36201206 PMCID: PMC9539733 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a severe complication after free tissue transfer to the head and neck (H&N). Enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily (BID) is a common regimen for chemoprophylaxis. However, differences in enoxaparin metabolism based on body weight may influence its efficacy and safety profile. Objective To assess the association between BMI and postoperative VTE and hematoma rates in patients treated with prophylactic enoxaparin 30 mg BID. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective review of a prospectively collected cohort from 2012 to 2022. Postoperative VTE, hematoma, and free flap pedicle thrombosis were recorded within 30 days of index surgery. The setting was a tertiary academic referral center. Participants included patients undergoing H&N reconstruction with free flaps that received fixed-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin 30 mg BID postoperatively. Statistical analysis was conducted from April to May 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes include incidence of VTE, hematoma, and flap pedicle thrombosis events within 30 days of the surgery. Univariate and multivariable regression models were used to evaluate associations between BMI and other patient factors with these outcomes. Results Among the 765 patients included, 262 (34.24%) were female; mean (SD) age was 60.85 (12.64) years; and mean (SD) BMI was 26.36 (6.29). The rates of VTE and hematoma in the cohort were 3.92% (30 patients) and 5.09% (39 patients), respectively. After adjusting for patient factors, BMI was the only factor associated with VTE (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.015-1.129). Obesity (BMI >30) was associated with increased odds of VTE (OR, 2.782; 95% CI, 1.197-6.564). Hematoma was not associated with BMI (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.937-1.041). Caprini score of at least 9 was not associated with VTE (OR, 1.259; 95% CI, 0.428-3.701). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that obesity was associated with an increased risk of VTE in patients after microvascular H&N reconstruction and while on standard postoperative chemoprophylaxis regimens. This association may suggest insufficient VTE prophylaxis in this group and a potential indication for weight-based dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan Saadoun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A. Moroni
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yusuf Surucu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Johannes A. Veit
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nayel I. Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly Daniels
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott D. Rothenberger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Research on Health Care (CRHC) Data Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Kubik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mario G. Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaum Sridharan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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12
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Metcalf KB, Du JY, Ochenjele G. Does Aspirin Provide Adequate Chemoprophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolic Events in Operative Pelvic and Acetabular Fractures? Iowa Orthop J 2022; 42:83-88. [PMID: 35821945 PMCID: PMC9210404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several strategies exist to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in operative pelvic and acetabular fractures, however literature lacks consensus on the optimal thromboprophylaxis. Even more debated, and perhaps controversial, is whether aspirin provides adequate thromboprophylaxis in the setting of these injuries. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of aspirin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in operative pelvic and acetabular fractures compared to other anticoagulants. METHODS A retrospective chart review of pelvic and acetabular fractures that underwent operative fixation was completed. The incidence of VTE and hematoma formation was evaluated and compared between patients who received aspirin versus enoxaparin or heparin. Multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounding demographic, comorbidity, and injury-related variables. The outcome measurements included development of DVT and/or PE and hematoma formation. RESULTS Of patients with operative pelvic and acetabular fractures, 4.2% developed a DVT and 3.5% developed a PE, with 1.4% developing both. Of these patients 37.5% were treated with aspirin versus the 62.5% treated with heparin or enoxaparin. There was no significant difference in the incidence of DVT or PE between cohorts (p=0.498 and p=0.262). Aspirin trended toward significance as protective against post-operative hematoma (p=0.085). CONCLUSION This study suggests that aspirin is an acceptable method of VTE thromboprophylaxis with no inferior results to other common anticoagulants used in operative pelvis and acetabular fractures. As a chemoprophylactic agent, aspirin is an efficacious option in these complex injuries that shows no increase in the incidence in symptomatic VTE events. Level of Evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B. Metcalf
- Orthopaedic Trauma Department, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jerry Y. Du
- Orthopaedic Trauma Department, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - George Ochenjele
- Orthopaedic Trauma Department, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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13
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Mainville L, Smilga AS, Fortin PR. Effect of Nicotinamide in Skin Cancer and Actinic Keratoses Chemoprophylaxis, and Adverse Effects Related to Nicotinamide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cutan Med Surg 2022; 26:297-308. [PMID: 35134311 PMCID: PMC9125143 DOI: 10.1177/12034754221078201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nicotinamide is recommended in individuals with a field of cancerization or with ≥1 previous cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of nicotinamide in prevention of skin cancers. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effect of nicotinamide. We used Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science databases from their inception to October 2020 to search the following concepts: "nicotinamide"; "randomized controlled trial" (validated filters). Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for intervention and study design before searching full texts for eligibility criteria. To be eligible, ≥1 outcome had to be covered. We used a standardized collection grid to complete data extraction in duplicate. The primary outcome was skin cancers (all types). Secondary outcomes were basal cell carcinomas (BCCs); cSCCs; actinic keratoses; melanomas; digestive, cutaneous, and biochemical adverse effects (AEs). Subgroup analyses were planned a priori. RESULTS We screened 4730 citations and found 29 trials (3039 patients) meeting inclusion criteria. Nicotinamide was associated with a significant reduction in skin cancers compared to control (rate ratio 0.50 (95% CI, 0.29-0.85; I 2 = 64%; 552 patients; 5 trials); moderate strength of the evidence). Heterogeneity was explained by risk of bias. Nicotinamide was associated with a significant reduction in BCCs and cSCCs, and increased risk of digestive AEs. CONCLUSION Oral nicotinamide should be considered in healthy patients or organ transplant recipients with history of skin cancer (GRADE: weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence), in particular of BCC and cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. Fortin
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec – Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Gates RS, Lollar DI, Collier BR, Smith J, Faulks ER, Gillen JR. Enoxaparin titrated by anti-Xa levels reduces venous thromboembolism in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2022; 92:93-97. [PMID: 34561398 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma is a major risk factor for the development of a venous thromboembolism (VTE). After observing higher than expected VTE rates within our center's Trauma Quality Improvement Program data, we instituted a change in our VTE prophylaxis protocol, moving to enoxaparin dosing titrated by anti-Xa levels. We hypothesized that this intervention would lower our symptomatic VTE rates. METHODS Adult trauma patients at a single institution meeting National Trauma Data Standard criteria from April 2015 to September 2019 were examined with regards to VTE chemoprophylaxis regimen and VTE incidence. Two groups of patients were identified based on VTE protocol-those who received enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily without routine anti-Xa levels ("pre") versus those who received enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily with dose titrated by serial anti-Xa levels ("post"). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to define statistically significant differences in VTE incidence between the two cohorts. RESULTS There were 1698 patients within the "pre" group and 1406 patients within the "post" group. The two groups were essentially the same in terms of demographics and risk factors for bleeding or thrombosis. There was a statistically significant reduction in VTE rate (p = 0.01) and deep vein thrombosis rate (p = 0.01) but no significant reduction in pulmonary embolism rate (p = 0.21) after implementation of the anti-Xa titration protocol. Risk-adjusted Trauma Quality Improvement Program data showed an improvement in rate of symptomatic pulmonary embolism from fifth decile to first decile. CONCLUSION A protocol titrating prophylactic enoxaparin dose based on anti-Xa levels reduced VTE rates. Implementation of this type of protocol requires diligence from the physician and pharmacist team. Further research will investigate the impact of protocol compliance and time to appropriate anti-Xa level on incidence of VTE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Gates
- From the Carilion Clinic, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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15
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Baba E, Hamade P, Kivumbi H, Marasciulo M, Maxwell K, Moroso D, Roca-Feltrer A, Sanogo A, Stenstrom Johansson J, Tibenderana J, Abdoulaye R, Coulibaly P, Hubbard E, Jah H, Lama EK, Razafindralambo L, Van Hulle S, Jagoe G, Tchouatieu AM, Collins D, Gilmartin C, Tetteh G, Djibo Y, Ndiaye F, Kalleh M, Kandeh B, Audu B, Ntadom G, Kiba A, Savodogo Y, Boulotigam K, Sougoudi DA, Guilavogui T, Keita M, Kone D, Jackou H, Ouba I, Ouedraogo E, Messan HA, Jah F, Kaira MJ, Sano MS, Traore MC, Ngarnaye N, Elagbaje AYC, Halleux C, Merle C, Iessa N, Pal S, Sefiani H, Souleymani R, Laminou I, Doumagoum D, Kesseley H, Coldiron M, Grais R, Kana M, Ouedraogo JB, Zongo I, Eloike T, Ogboi SJ, Achan J, Bojang K, Ceesay S, Dicko A, Djimde A, Sagara I, Diallo A, NdDiaye JL, Loua KM, Beshir K, Cairns M, Fernandez Y, Lal S, Mansukhani R, Muwanguzi J, Scott S, Snell P, Sutherland C, Tuta R, Milligan P. Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention at scale in west and central Africa: an observational study. Lancet 2020; 396:1829-1840. [PMID: 33278936 PMCID: PMC7718580 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) aims to prevent malaria in children during the high malaria transmission season. The Achieving Catalytic Expansion of SMC in the Sahel (ACCESS-SMC) project sought to remove barriers to the scale-up of SMC in seven countries in 2015 and 2016. We evaluated the project, including coverage, effectiveness of the intervention, safety, feasibility, drug resistance, and cost-effectiveness. METHODS For this observational study, we collected data on the delivery, effectiveness, safety, influence on drug resistance, costs of delivery, impact on malaria incidence and mortality, and cost-effectiveness of SMC, during its administration for 4 months each year (2015 and 2016) to children younger than 5 years, in Burkina Faso, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria. SMC was administered monthly by community health workers who visited door-to-door. Drug administration was monitored via tally sheets and via household cluster-sample coverage surveys. Pharmacovigilance was based on targeted spontaneous reporting and monitoring systems were strengthened. Molecular markers of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine in the general population before and 2 years after SMC introduction was assessed from community surveys. Effectiveness of monthly SMC treatments was measured in case-control studies that compared receipt of SMC between patients with confirmed malaria and neighbourhood-matched community controls eligible to receive SMC. Impact on incidence and mortality was assessed from confirmed outpatient cases, hospital admissions, and deaths associated with malaria, as reported in national health management information systems in Burkina Faso and The Gambia, and from data from selected outpatient facilities (all countries). Provider costs of SMC were estimated from financial costs, costs of health-care staff time, and volunteer opportunity costs, and cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated as the total cost of SMC in each country divided by the predicted number of cases averted. FINDINGS 12 467 933 monthly SMC treatments were administered in 2015 to a target population of 3 650 455 children, and 25 117 480 were administered in 2016 to a target population of 7 551 491. In 2015, among eligible children, mean coverage per month was 76·4% (95% CI 74·0-78·8), and 54·5% children (95% CI 50·4-58·7) received all four treatments. Similar coverage was achieved in 2016 (74·8% [72·2-77·3] treated per month and 53·0% [48·5-57·4] treated four times). In 779 individual case safety reports over 2015-16, 36 serious adverse drug reactions were reported (one child with rash, two with fever, 31 with gastrointestinal disorders, one with extrapyramidal syndrome, and one with Quincke's oedema). No cases of severe skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson or Lyell syndrome) were reported. SMC treatment was associated with a protective effectiveness of 88·2% (95% CI 78·7-93·4) over 28 days in case-control studies (2185 cases of confirmed malaria and 4370 controls). In Burkina Faso and The Gambia, implementation of SMC was associated with reductions in the number of malaria deaths in hospital during the high transmission period, of 42·4% (95% CI 5·9 to 64·7) in Burkina Faso and 56·6% (28·9 to 73·5) in The Gambia. Over 2015-16, the estimated reduction in confirmed malaria cases at outpatient clinics during the high transmission period in the seven countries ranged from 25·5% (95% CI 6·1 to 40·9) in Nigeria to 55·2% (42·0 to 65·3) in The Gambia. Molecular markers of resistance occurred at low frequencies. In individuals aged 10-30 years without SMC, the combined mutations associated with resistance to amodiaquine (pfcrt CVIET haplotype and pfmdr1 mutations [86Tyr and 184Tyr]) had a prevalence of 0·7% (95% CI 0·4-1·2) in 2016 and 0·4% (0·1-0·8) in 2018 (prevalence ratio 0·5 [95% CI 0·2-1·2]), and the quintuple mutation associated with resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (triple mutation in pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations [437Gly and 540Glu]) had a prevalence of 0·2% (0·1-0·5) in 2016 and 1·0% (0·6-1·6) in 2018 (prevalence ratio 4·8 [1·7-13·7]). The weighted average economic cost of administering four monthly SMC treatments was US$3·63 per child. INTERPRETATION SMC at scale was effective in preventing morbidity and mortality from malaria. Serious adverse reactions were rarely reported. Coverage varied, with some areas consistently achieving high levels via door-to-door campaigns. Markers of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine remained uncommon, but with some selection for resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, and the situation needs to be carefully monitored. These findings should support efforts to ensure high levels of SMC coverage in west and central Africa. FUNDING Unitaid.
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16
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Patti G, Lio V, Cavallari I, Gragnano F, Riva L, Calabrò P, Di Pasquale G, Pengo V, Rubboli A. Questions and Answers on Practical Thrombotic Issues in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Guidance Document from the Italian Working Group on Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2020; 20:559-570. [PMID: 33145698 PMCID: PMC7609356 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-020-00446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the prevalence of pre-existing cardiovascular diseases is elevated. Moreover, various features, also including pro-thrombotic status, further predispose these patients to increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular events. Thus, the identification of optimal antithrombotic strategies in terms of the risk–benefit ratio and outcome improvement in this setting is crucial. However, debated issues on antithrombotic therapies in patients with COVID-19 are multiple and relevant. In this article, we provide ten questions and answers on risk stratification and antiplatelet/anticoagulant treatments in patients at risk of/with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection based on the scientific evidence gathered during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Patti
- Department of Translational Medicine, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17, 28 100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Veronica Lio
- Department of Translational Medicine, "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17, 28 100, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Felice Gragnano
- "Sant'Anna and San Sebastiano" Hospital of Caserta, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Calabrò
- "Sant'Anna and San Sebastiano" Hospital of Caserta, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Pengo
- Campus Biomedico "Pietro d'Abano", University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Arianna" On Anticoagulation, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Lionakis MS, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Breakthrough Invasive Mold Infections in the Hematology Patient: Current Concepts and Future Directions. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1621-1630. [PMID: 29860307 PMCID: PMC6206100 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the widespread use of mold-active agents (especially the new generation of triazoles) has resulted in reductions of documented invasive mold infections (IMIs) in patients with hematological malignancies and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), a subset of such patients still develop breakthrough IMIs (bIMIs). There are no data from prospective randomized clinical trials to guide therapeutic decisions in the different scenarios of bIMIs. In this viewpoint, we present the current status of our understanding of the clinical, diagnostic, and treatment challenges of bIMIs in high-risk adult patients with hematological cancer and/or HSCT receiving mold-active antifungals and outline common clinical scenarios. As a rule, managing bIMIs demands an individualized treatment plan that takes into account the host, including comorbidities, certainty of diagnosis and site of bIMIs, local epidemiology, considerations for fungal resistance, and antifungal pharmacological properties. Finally, we highlight areas that require future investigation in this complex area of clinical mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Russell E Lewis
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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18
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Epstein DJ, Seo SK, Brown JM, Papanicolaou GA. Echinocandin prophylaxis in patients undergoing haematopoietic cell transplantation and other treatments for haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:i60-i72. [PMID: 29304213 PMCID: PMC7189969 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal prophylaxis is the standard of care for patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancy or haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Prophylaxis with azoles reduces invasive fungal infections and may reduce mortality. However, breakthrough infections still occur, and the use of azoles is sometimes complicated by pharmacokinetic variability, drug interactions, adverse events and other issues. Echinocandins are highly active against Candida species, including some organisms resistant to azoles, and have some clinical activity against Aspergillus species as well. Although currently approved echinocandins require daily intravenous administration, the drugs have a favourable safety profile and more predictable pharmacokinetics than mould-active azoles. Clinical data support the efficacy and safety of echinocandins for antifungal prophylaxis in haematology and HCT patients, though data are less robust than for azoles. Notably, sparse evidence exists supporting the use of echinocandins as antifungal prophylaxis for patients with significant graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after HCT. Two drugs that target (1,3)-β-d-glucan are in development, including an oral glucan synthase inhibitor and an echinocandin with unique pharmacokinetics permitting subcutaneous and weekly administration. Echinocandins are a reasonable alternative to azoles and other agents for antifungal prophylaxis in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancy or those receiving HCT, excluding those with significant GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Epstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Susan K Seo
- Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janice M Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Genovefa A Papanicolaou
- Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Al-Qahtani AS. Benchmarking of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis practice with ENT.UK guidelines. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2335-2338. [PMID: 28229295 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to benchmark our guidelines of prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in ENT surgical population against ENT.UK guidelines, and also to encourage healthcare providers to utilize benchmarking as an effective method of improving performance. The study design is prospective descriptive analysis. The setting of this study is tertiary referral centre (Assir Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia). In this study, we are benchmarking our practice guidelines of the prevention of VTE in the ENT surgical population against that of ENT.UK guidelines to mitigate any gaps. ENT guidelines 2010 were downloaded from the ENT.UK Website. Our guidelines were compared with the possibilities that either our performance meets or fall short of ENT.UK guidelines. Immediate corrective actions will take place if there is quality chasm between the two guidelines. ENT.UK guidelines are evidence-based and updated which may serve as role-model for adoption and benchmarking. Our guidelines were accordingly amended to contain all factors required in providing a quality service to ENT surgical patients. While not given appropriate attention, benchmarking is a useful tool in improving quality of health care. It allows learning from others' practices and experiences, and works towards closing any quality gaps. In addition, benchmarking clinical outcomes is critical for quality improvement and informing decisions concerning service provision. It is recommended to be included on the list of quality improvement methods of healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Al-Qahtani
- Department of Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P. O. Box 3877, Abha, 61481, Saudi Arabia.
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Matangila JR, Doua JY, Mitashi P, da Luz RI, Lutumba P, Van Geertruyden JP. Efficacy and safety of intermittent preventive treatment in schoolchildren with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) and SP plus piperaquine in Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 49:339-347. [PMID: 28108368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In endemic areas, malaria and its adverse effects in schoolchildren may be prevented by intermittent preventive treatment (IPTsc). However, the most appropriate drug regimen for IPTsc remains to be identified. A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Kinshasa, DRC. Enrolled schoolchildren were assigned to a passive control arm (n = 212), sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) (n = 202) or SP plus piperaquine (SP/PQ) (n = 202). The primary endpoint was haemoglobin (Hb) change. Secondary endpoints were anaemia, parasitaemia prevalence and clinical malaria incidence. Data were analysed by modified intention-to-treat (mITT) and per-protocol. A linear mixed mode was used due to repeated measurements. Of 616 enrolled children, 410 (66.6%) were eligible for mITT analysis. The control arm was used as reference. After 12 months, the Hb level increased by 0.20 g/dL (95% CI -0.61 to 0.47; P = 0.168) and 0.39 g/dL (0.12-0.66; P <0.01) in the SP and SP/PQ arms, respectively. SP treatment reduced anaemia, malaria parasitaemia and clinical malaria by 10% (0-20%; P = 0.06), 19% (2-33%; P = 0.042) and 25% (-32 to 57%; P = 0.37), respectively. The corresponding values for SP/PQ were 28% (19-37%; P <0.001), 40% (26-52%; P <0.001) and 58% (17-79%; P <0.01). No deaths or severe adverse events (SAEs) were observed. SP/PQ offered substantial protection against anaemia, malaria parasitaemia and clinical malaria and showed no SAEs. SP/PQ, a combination of two long-acting non-artemisinin-based antimalarials, may be a valuable option for IPTsc in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junior R Matangila
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo; Epidemiology for Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joachim Y Doua
- Epidemiology for Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mitashi
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
| | | | - Pascal Lutumba
- Tropical Medicine Department, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
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Abstract
Quinine, a bitter-tasting, short-acting alkaloid drug extracted from cinchona bark, was the first drug used widely for malaria chemoprophylaxis from the 19th century. Compliance was difficult to enforce even in organized groups such as the military, and its prophylaxis potential was often questioned. Severe adverse events such as blackwater fever occurred rarely, but its relationship to quinine remains uncertain. Quinine prophylaxis was often counterproductive from a public health viewpoint as it left large numbers of persons with suppressed infections producing gametocytes infective for mosquitoes. Quinine was supplied by the first global pharmaceutical cartel which discouraged competition resulting in a near monopoly of cinchona plantations on the island of Java which were closed to Allied use when the Japanese Imperial Army captured Indonesia in 1942. The problems with quinine as a chemoprophylactic drug illustrate the difficulties with medications used for prevention and the acute need for improved compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dennis Shanks
- Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Australia. School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O’Reilly KR, Koechlin FM, Rodolph M, Hodges-Mameletzis I, Grant RM. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS 2016; 30:1973-83. [PMID: 27149090 PMCID: PMC4949005 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) offers a promising new approach to HIV prevention. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the evidence for use of oral PrEP containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as an additional HIV prevention strategy in populations at substantial risk for HIV based on HIV acquisition, adverse events, drug resistance, sexual behavior, and reproductive health outcomes. DESIGN Rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy reviewed three electronic databases and conference abstracts through April 2015. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included, comprising data from 39 articles and six conference abstracts. Across populations and PrEP regimens, PrEP significantly reduced the risk of HIV acquisition compared with placebo. Trials with PrEP use more than 70% demonstrated the highest PrEP effectiveness (risk ratio = 0.30, 95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.45, P < 0.001) compared with placebo. Trials with low PrEP use did not show a significantly protective effect. Adverse events were similar between PrEP and placebo groups. More cases of drug-resistant HIV infection were found among PrEP users who initiated PrEP while acutely HIV-infected, but incidence of acquiring drug-resistant HIV during PrEP use was low. Studies consistently found no association between PrEP use and changes in sexual risk behavior. PrEP was not associated with increased pregnancy-related adverse events or hormonal contraception effectiveness. CONCLUSION PrEP is protective against HIV infection across populations, presents few significant safety risks, and there is no evidence of behavioral risk compensation. The effective and cost-effective use of PrEP will require development of best practices for fostering uptake and adherence among people at substantial HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Dalglish
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Kennedy
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Baggaley
- HIV Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin R. O’Reilly
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert M. Grant
- HIV Department, World Health Organization, Switzerland; Gladstone Institutes and the University of California; San Francisco AIDS Foundation, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Taïeb D, Bournaud C, Eberle MC, Catargi B, Schvartz C, Cavarec MB, Faugeron I, Toubert ME, Benisvy D, Archange C, Mundler O, Caron P, Abdullah AE, Baumstarck K. Quality of life, clinical outcomes and safety of early prophylactic levothyroxine administration in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism undergoing radioiodine therapy: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:491-502. [PMID: 26772985 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While radioiodine therapy is commonly used for treating Graves' disease, a prolonged and clinical hypothyroidism may result in disabling symptoms leading to deterioration of quality of life (QoL) of patients. Introducing levothyroxine (LT4) treatment in the early post-therapeutic period may be an interesting approach to limit this phenomenon. METHODS A multicenter, prospective, open-label randomized controlled trial enrolled 94 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=46) (group A: early prophylactic LT4 treatment) or the control group (n=48) (group B: standard follow-up). The primary endpoint was the 6-month QoL. The secondary endpoints were other QoL scores such as Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) outcomes, thyroid function tests and safety. RESULTS The primary endpoint at 6 months was achieved: the mental composite score (MCS) of Short Form 36 (SF-36) was significantly higher in group A compared to group B (P=0.009). Four other dimension scores of the SF-36 and four dimension scores of the thyroid-specific patient-reported outcome (ThyPRO) significantly differed between the two groups, indicating better QoL in group A. After adjustment for variables, the early LT4 administration strategy was found as an independent factor for only two scores of SF-36: the MCS and the general health (GH) score. There were no differences in GO, final thyroid status and changes in the anti-TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) levels between the two groups. No adverse cardiovascular event was reported. CONCLUSION Early LT4 administration post-radioactive iodine (RAI) could represent a safe potential benefit for patients with regard to QoL. The optimal strategy taking into account administered RAI activities and LT4 treatment dosage and timing remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Taïeb
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology an
| | - Claire Bournaud
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Claude Eberle
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bogdan Catargi
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Schvartz
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Béatrice Cavarec
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Faugeron
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Toubert
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Danielle Benisvy
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Cendrine Archange
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Mundler
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Caron
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ahmad Esmaeel Abdullah
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Department of Nuclear MedicineLa Timone University Hospital, European and Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, 264 rue Saint-Pierre 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, FranceInserm UMR1068 Marseille Cancerology Research CenterInstitut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Nuclear MedicineGHE-Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineLapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, FranceUniversity Hospital of BordeauxBordeaux, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineJean Godinot Institute, Reims, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineBrest University Hospital, Brest, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineSaint-Louis Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of Nice, Nice, FranceDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseasesCHU Larrey, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, FranceDepartment of Public HealthEA3279 Self-perceived Health Assessment Research Unit, La Timone University, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Smith SG, Sestak I, Forster A, Partridge A, Side L, Wolf MS, Horne R, Wardle J, Cuzick J. Factors affecting uptake and adherence to breast cancer chemoprevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:575-90. [PMID: 26646754 PMCID: PMC4803450 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive therapy is a risk reduction option for women who have an increased risk of breast cancer. The effectiveness of preventive therapy to reduce breast cancer incidence depends on adequate levels of uptake and adherence to therapy. We aimed to systematically review articles reporting uptake and adherence to therapeutic agents to prevent breast cancer among women at increased risk, and identify the psychological, clinical and demographic factors affecting these outcomes. DESIGN Searches were carried out in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsychInfo, yielding 3851 unique articles. Title, abstract and full text screening left 53 articles, and a further 4 studies were identified from reference lists, giving a total of 57. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42014014957). RESULTS Twenty-four articles reporting 26 studies of uptake in 21 423 women were included in a meta-analysis. The pooled uptake estimate was 16.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.6-19.0], with high heterogeneity (I(2) = 98.9%, P < 0.001). Uptake was unaffected by study location or agent, but was significantly higher in trials [25.2% (95% CI 18.3-32.2)] than in non-trial settings [8.7% (95% CI 6.8-10.9)] (P < 0.001). Factors associated with higher uptake included having an abnormal biopsy, a physician recommendation, higher objective risk, fewer side-effect or trial concerns, and older age. Adherence (day-to-day use or persistence) over the first year was adequate. However, only one study reported a persistence of ≥ 80% by 5 years. Factors associated with lower adherence included allocation to tamoxifen (versus placebo or raloxifene), depression, smoking and older age. Risk of breast cancer was discussed in all qualitative studies. CONCLUSION Uptake of therapeutic agents for the prevention of breast cancer is low, and long-term persistence is often insufficient for women to experience the full preventive effect. Uptake is higher in trials, suggesting further work should focus on implementing preventive therapy within routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Smith
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - I Sestak
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London
| | - A Forster
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Partridge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - L Side
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M S Wolf
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - R Horne
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Cuzick
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London
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25
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Ivy W, Nesheim SR, Paul SM, Ibrahim AR, Chan M, Niu X, Lampe MA. Cancer Among Children With Perinatal Exposure to HIV and Antiretroviral Medications--New Jersey, 1995-2010. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:62-6. [PMID: 26017660 PMCID: PMC5057387 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns remain regarding the cancer risk associated with perinatal antiretroviral (ARV) exposure among infants. No excessive cancer risk has been found in short-term studies. METHODS Children born to HIV-infected women (HIV-exposed) in New Jersey from 1995 to 2008 were identified through the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System and cross-referenced with data from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry to identify new cases of cancer among children who were perinatally exposed to ARV. Matching of individuals in the Enhanced HIV/AIDS Reporting System to the New Jersey State Cancer Registry was conducted based on name, birth date, Social Security number, residential address, and sex using AutoMatch. Age- and sex-standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and exact 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using New Jersey (1979-2005) and US (1999-2009) cancer rates. RESULTS Among 3087 children (29,099 person-years; median follow-up: 9.8 years), 4 were diagnosed with cancer. Cancer incidence among HIV-exposed children who were not exposed to ARV prophylaxis (22.5 per 100,000 person-years) did not differ significantly from the incidence among children who were exposed to any perinatal ARV prophylaxis (14.3 per 100,000 person-years). Furthermore, the number of cases observed among individuals exposed to ARV did not differ significantly from cases expected based on state (SIR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.25 to 3.54) and national (SIR = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.26 to 3.70) reference rates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are reassuring that current use of ARV for perinatal HIV prophylaxis does not increase cancer risk. We found no evidence to alter the current federal guidelines of 2014 that recommend ARV prophylaxis of HIV-exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Ivy
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Steve R. Nesheim
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | - Margaret A. Lampe
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Wang JF, Xue Y, Zhu XB, Fan H. Efficacy and safety of echinocandins versus triazoles for the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections: a meta-analysis of RCTs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:651-9. [PMID: 25502737 PMCID: PMC4365286 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Echinocandins and triazoles were proven to be effective antifungal drugs against invasive fungal infections (IFI), which may cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety between echinocandins and triazoles for the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to July 2014. The quality of trials was assessed with the Jadad scoring system. The primary outcomes of interest were treatment success, microbiological success, breakthrough infection, drug-related adverse events (AEs), withdrawals due to AEs, and all-cause mortality. Ten RCTs, involving 2,837 patients, were included, as follows: caspofungin versus fluconazole (n = 1), caspofungin versus itraconazole (n = 1), anidulafungin versus fluconazole (n = 1), micafungin versus fluconazole (n = 4), micafungin versus voriconazole (n = 2), and micafungin versus itraconazole (n = 1). Echinocandins and triazoles showed similar effects in terms of favorable treatment success rate [relative risk (RR) = 1.02, 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.97–1.08], microbiological success rate (RR = 0.98, 95 % CI, 0.90–1.15), breakthrough infection (RR = 1.09; 95 % CI, 0.59–2.01), drug-related AEs (RR = 0.94; 95 % CI, 0.71–1.15), and all-cause mortality (RR = 0.85; 95 % CI, 0.66–1.10) in the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections. Additionally, echinocandins were more effective than triazoles for prophylaxis in patients undergoing hematologic malignancies or those who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; RR = 1.08; 95 % CI, 1.02–1.15). Echinocandins significantly decreased the AE-related withdrawals rate compared with triazoles (RR = 0.47; 95 % CI, 0.33–0.67). This meta-analysis revealed that echinocandins are as effective and safe as triazoles for the prophylaxis and treatment of patients with fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-F. Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - X.-B. Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - H. Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Fourcade L, Camus O, Roche N, Chenilleau MC, Gil JM, Massoure PL. [Exercise-induced left bundle branch block with chest pain related to antimalarial prophylaxis with chloroquine]. Med Sante Trop 2014; 24:320-322. [PMID: 24919211 DOI: 10.1684/mst.2014.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Left bundle branch block (LBBB) during exercise can be associated with chest pain. Though this association is mostly correlated with an underlying coronary artery disease, painful LBBB has been described in patients with normal coronary arteries. We report a case of exercise-induced LBBB with typical angina pectoris related to antimalarial prophylaxis with chloroquine in a 66-year old woman with normal coronary arteries, which was reversed after treatment discontinuation. The effect of chloroquine on the electrophysiological properties of nodal cardiac tissue is responsible for this rate-dependent LBBB. Precautions for future antimalarial prophylaxis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fourcade
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
| | - O Camus
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
| | - N Roche
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
| | - M C Chenilleau
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
| | - J M Gil
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
| | - P L Massoure
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Laveran, service de cardiologie, Marseille
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Abstract
Chemoprevention refers to the use of pharmacologic interventions to delay, prevent, or reverse carcinogenesis with the ultimate goal of reducing cancer incidence. Two large, population-based, phase 3 prostate cancer prevention trials reported that 5-alpha reductase inhibitors significantly reduce prostate cancer risk. However, this class of agents were also associated with increased detection of high-grade prostate cancer. Another large, phase 3 prostate cancer prevention clinical trial showed no benefit for long-term supplementation with the trace element Se, given in the form of selenomethionine, or vitamin E, either individually or in combination. Paradoxically, a significant increase in prostate cancer was observed among men randomized to receive vitamin E alone. A great deal of progress had been made in the field of prostate cancer prevention over the past decade. Future studies will focus on prevention of disease progression in men on Active Surveillance, immunotherapy, mechanistically based drug combinations, and novel biomarkers of risk and benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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Garba A, Lamine MS, Djibo A, Tahirou A, Aouami MA, Alfari A, Phillips AE, Fenwick A, Utzinger J. Safety and efficacy of praziquantel syrup (Epiquantel®) against Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in preschool-aged children in Niger. Acta Trop 2013; 128:318-25. [PMID: 23237719 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Given the characteristic age-prevalence curve of Schistosoma infection, preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is primarily targeted at school-aged children, whilst, in highly endemic areas, other high-risk groups might be included for regular treatment. Nevertheless, schistosomiasis can affect children well before they reach school-age, but this population group is usually excluded from preventive chemotherapy. We assessed the safety and efficacy of praziquantel syrup (Epiquantel®) in preschool-aged children in three villages of Niger. Children aged ≤72 months provided multiple urine and stool samples that were microscopically examined using standard protocols. Schistosoma-positive children were treated with praziquantel syrup at a dose of 40 mg/kg after a meal of millet porridge. Children remained under medical supervision for 4h and adverse events were recorded. Additionally, a questionnaire was administrated to the mothers/guardians 24h post-treatment for further probing of adverse events. Treatment efficacy was evaluated 3 and 6 weeks post-treatment using multiple stool and urine samples. A third of the 243 treated children reported adverse events within 4h, whilst a further 6.2% reported adverse events upon probing 24h post-treatment. Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea and sleepiness were the most common adverse events, but these were transient and self-limiting. Praziquantel syrup showed moderate-to-high efficacy against Schistosoma haematobium with egg reduction rates of 69.4% and 71.2% 3 and 6 weeks post-treatment and cure rates of 85.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.7-90.5%) and 94.9% (95% CI 90.5-97.6%), respectively. Considerably lower cure and egg reduction rates were observed against Schistosoma mansoni (e.g. cure rate at 6-week post-treatment follow-up was only 50.6% (95% CI 39.9-61.2%). Concluding, praziquantel syrup is well tolerated in preschool-aged children with moderate-to-high efficacy against S. haematobium, but considerably lower efficacy against S. mansoni in Niger. A larger study is warranted to investigate the observed differences in species-specific susceptibilities and to assess operational issues and community-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Garba
- Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagement et Lutte (RISEAL-Niger), 1448, Bd de l'Indépendance, B.P. 13724, Niamey, Niger; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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Coulibaly YI, Dicko I, Keita M, Keita MM, Doumbia M, Daou A, Haidara FC, Sankare MH, Horton J, Whately-Smith C, Sow SO. A cluster randomized study of the safety of integrated treatment of trachoma and lymphatic filariasis in children and adults in Sikasso, Mali. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2221. [PMID: 23675549 PMCID: PMC3649960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases are co-endemic in many areas of the world, including sub Saharan Africa. Currently lymphatic filariasis (albendazole/ivermectin) and trachoma (azithromycin) are treated separately. Consequently, financial and logistical benefit can be gained from integration of preventive chemotherapy programs in such areas. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS 4 villages in two co-endemic districts (Kolondièba and Bougouni) of Sikasso, Mali, were randomly assigned to coadministered treatment (ivermectin/albendazole/azithromycin) or standard therapy (ivermectin/albendazole with azithromycin 1 week later). These villages had previously undergone 4 annual MDA campaigns with ivermectin/albendazole and 2 with azithromycin. One village was randomly assigned to each treatment arm in each district. There were 7515 eligible individuals in the 4 villages, 3011(40.1%) of whom participated in the study. No serious adverse events occurred, and the majority of adverse events were mild in intensity (mainly headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and "other signs/symptoms"). The median time to the onset of the first event, of any type, was later (8 days) in the two standard treatment villages than in the co-administration villages. Overall the number of subjects reporting any event was similar in the co-administration group compared to the standard treatment group [18.7% (281/1501) vs. 15.8% (239/1510)]. However, the event frequency was higher in the coadministration group (30.4%) than in the standard treatment group (11.0%) in Kolondièba, while the opposite was observed in Bougouni (7.1% and 20.9% respectively). Additionally, the overall frequency of adverse events in the co-administration group (18.7%) was comparable to or lower than published frequencies for ivermectin+albendazole alone. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that co-administration of ivermectin+albendazole and azithromycin is safe; however the small number of villages studied and the large differences between them resulted in an inability to calculate a meaningful overall estimate of the difference in adverse event rates between the regimens. Further work is therefore needed before co-administration can be definitively recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01586169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Ibrahim Coulibaly
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte contre la Maladie, Bamako, Mali
- Filariasis Unit at MRTC, Faculty of Medicine of Bamako, Mali
| | - Ilo Dicko
- Filariasis Unit at MRTC, Faculty of Medicine of Bamako, Mali
| | - Modibo Keita
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte contre la Maladie, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Moussa Doumbia
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte contre la Maladie, Bamako, Mali
| | - Adama Daou
- Centre National d'Appui à la Lutte contre la Maladie, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - John Horton
- Tropical Projects, Hitchin, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Earnshaw SR, Brogan AP, McDade CL. Model-based cost-effectiveness analyses for prostate cancer chemoprevention : a review and summary of challenges. Pharmacoeconomics 2013; 31:289-304. [PMID: 23519744 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-013-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Decision-analytic modelling is often used to examine the economics associated with using a specific treatment. As a result, it is important to understand structural and methodological approaches used in published decision-analytic models for examining the cost effectiveness of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) for prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention. This understanding allows us to provide recommendations for using decision modelling in future economic evaluations of chemoprevention for PCa. METHODS A review of the published literature was performed using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library to identify studies involving mathematical decision models that evaluated 5ARIs for PCa chemoprevention. Published articles were reviewed and key modelling components were extracted and summarized. Recommendations for developing future decision models to examine the economic consequences of PCa chemoprevention were presented. RESULTS We identified seven published models of PCa chemoprevention. All the models identified used a Markov framework with time horizons ranging from 4 years to lifetime. Due to the wide range of patient risk groups examined, PCa risk data were taken from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) and other databases or estimates published in relevant clinical trials. Treatment effects included change in the incidence of high- and low-grade PCa and impacts on benign prostate hyperplasia. Adverse events were considered to affect compliance, discontinuation and quality of life. Quality-of-life impacts were similar among studies. Examination of modelling parameter sensitivities was comprehensive. CONCLUSIONS Published models have examined the cost effectiveness of PCa chemoprevention; however, limitations exist. Decision models should take into account the full PCa clinical pathway when compiling health states. The time horizon should be long enough to consider the full benefit of chemoprevention while allowing actual time receiving the drug to occur from the start of the model until a man's life expectancy is less than 10 years. Baseline PCa risk should be specific to the population of concern. Models should examine the impact on both low- and high-grade tumours and account for the impact of 5ARIs on benign prostatic hyperplasia. Because chemoprevention has an upfront effect, the structure of the model should be constructed so that the downstream effect of avoiding or delaying recurrence can be considered. Adverse events due to chemoprevention should be considered through compliance, discontinuation or quality-of-life impact, and understanding the impact of avoiding PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia events are important model properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Earnshaw
- RTI Health Solutions, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA.
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Anekthananon T, Pukrittayakamee S, Pukritayakamee S, Ratanasuwan W, Jittamala P, Werarak P, Charunwatthana P, Suwanagool S, Lawpoolsri S, Stepniewska K, Sapchookul P, Puthavathana P, Fukuda C, Lindegardh N, Tarning J, White NJ, Day N, Taylor WRJ. Oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir as influenza prophylaxis in Thai health workers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety trial over 16 weeks. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:697-707. [PMID: 23143901 PMCID: PMC3566665 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-term chemoprophylaxis using neuraminidase inhibitors may be needed during influenza epidemics but safety data are limited to several weeks. We sought to assess the tolerability of oseltamivir and zanamivir as primary prophylaxis over 16 weeks. METHODS We conducted a parallel group, double blind, 2 (active drug) :1 (placebo) randomized trial of oral oseltamivir/placebo or inhaled zanamivir/placebo over 16 weeks in healthy, Thai hospital professionals at two Bangkok hospitals. The primary endpoint was study withdrawal due to drug-related (possibly, probably, definitely) serious or adverse events (AEs) graded ≥ 2. RESULTS Recruited subjects numbered 129 oseltamivir/65 placebo and 131 zanamivir/65 placebo. A total of 102 grade ≥ 2 AEs were reported or detected in 69 subjects: 23/129 (17.8%) versus 15/65 (23.1%) (P=0.26), and 23/131 (17.6%) versus 8/65 (12.3%) (P=0.28). Intercurrent infections/fevers [26/102 (25.5%)], abnormal biochemistry [25/102 (24.5%)] and gastrointestinal symptoms [18/102 (17.6%)] were the most frequently reported AEs. There were no drug-related study withdrawals. Eight serious AEs were all due to intercurrent illnesses. Laboratory, lung function and ECG parameters were similar between drugs and placebos. CONCLUSIONS Oseltamivir and zanamivir were well tolerated in healthy hospital professionals. Both drugs can be recommended for primary influenza prophylaxis for up to 16 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Anekthananon
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Baxi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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Gutman J, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, Nzila A, Mutabingwa T. Combination of probenecid-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy. Malar J 2012; 11:39. [PMID: 22321288 PMCID: PMC3295670 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifolate sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been used in the intermittent prevention of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp). SP is an ideal choice for IPTp, however, as resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to SP increases, data are accumulating that SP may no longer provide benefit in areas of high-level resistance. Probenecid was initially used as an adjunctive therapy to increase the blood concentration of penicillin; it has since been used to augment concentrations of other drugs, including antifolates. The addition of probenecid has been shown to increase the treatment efficacy of SP against malaria, suggesting that the combination of probenecid plus SP may prolong the useful lifespan of SP as an effective agent for IPTp. Here, the literature on the pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, interactions and available data on the use of these drugs in pregnancy is reviewed, and the possible utility of an SP-probenecid combination is discussed. This article concludes by calling for further research into this potentially useful combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gutman
- Division of Parasitic Diseases & Malaria, Malaria Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop A06, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - S Patrick Kachur
- Division of Parasitic Diseases & Malaria, Malaria Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop A06, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop D-69, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA
| | - Alexis Nzila
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, PO Box 468, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Theonest Mutabingwa
- Department of Community Medicine, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
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Thachil J, Pillai A, Martlew V. Spondylodiscitis from infection of central venous line inserted for haemophilia prophylaxis. Ann Hematol 2011; 91:1151-2. [PMID: 22109799 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fernando SD, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S. Chemoprophylaxis in malaria: drugs, evidence of efficacy and costs. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:330-6. [PMID: 21771482 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review concentrates on different aspects of malaria chemoprophylaxis, namely drug combinations, resistance, impact of malaria prevention in pregnancy and cost effectiveness. A MEDLINE search was performed for all articles with the key word 'Malaria' in the title field and 'Prophylaxis' in any field. The search was restricted to articles published in English within the last decade (1999-2009). Data sources included review articles published in core clinical journals, cohort studies, interventional studies, case control studies and cross sectional analyses. The mechanism of action, trial evidence of efficacy, side effects and geographical distribution of resistance is discussed for each prophylactic drug regimen. Impact of prophylaxis in pregnancy and the cost considerations are discussed under two separate sub topics.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprophylaxis for travellers' malaria is problematic. Decision modeling may help determine optimal prevention strategies for travellers' malaria. Such models can fully assess effect of drug use and disease on quality of life, and help travellers make informed values based decisions. Such models require utility values reflecting societal preferences over different health states of relevance. To date, there are no published utility values relating to clinical malaria or chemoprophylaxis adverse events. METHODS Utility estimates for health states related to falciparum malaria, sequelae and drug-related adverse events were obtained using a self-administered visual analogue scale in 20 individuals. Utility values for health states related to clinical malaria were obtained from a survey of 11 malaria experts questioned about length of hospital stay or equivalent disability with simple and severe travellers' malaria. RESULTS The general public (potential travellers), were more tolerant of taking prophylaxis if associated with no or mild AEs and least tolerant of mild sequelae from malaria and severe drug related events. The rating value reported for taking no prophylaxis was quite variable. Tropical medicine specialists estimated a mean hospital stay 3.23 days (range 0.5-4.5 days) for simple and 6.36 days (range 4.5-7 days) for severe malaria. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a benchmark for important utility value estimates for modeling malaria and drug-related outcomes in non-immune travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E McCarthy
- Tropical Medicine and International Health Clinic, Division of Infectious Diseases Ottawa Hospital General Campus, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Doug Coyle
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Starzyńka T, Wasilewicz MP. [Colorectal cancer chemoprevention]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2007; 23:70-73. [PMID: 18051834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy in the world and a leading cause of cancer death. Prevention can lead to decreased incidence of this neoplasm. Chemoprevention may be one option. The article presents a summary of the main information on CRC chemoprevention based on internet database MEDLINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Starzyńka
- Departmnet of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Poland.
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Luque A, Hulse S, Wang D, Shahzad U, Tanzman E, Antenozzi S, Smith B. Assessment of adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for postexposure prophylaxis for occupational and nonoccupational exposures to prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28:695-701. [PMID: 17520543 DOI: 10.1086/518349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess adverse events associated with antiretroviral regimens for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), with a particular focus on the treatment combination of zidovudine, lamivudine, and tenofovir (ZDV-3TC-TDF). METHODS Retrospective chart review for individuals who received HIV PEP for occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for noncompletion of PEP and adverse events associated with PEP. SETTING University of Rochester Health Service Occupational Health Program and University of Rochester AIDS Center. PARTICIPANTS Healthcare workers who received HIV PEP for occupational exposure from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2004, and individuals who received HIV PEP for nonoccupational exposure from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004.Results. We found increased rates of nausea among subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF and subjects who received treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir (ZDV-3TC-IDV). Analyses showed that female sex was a risk factor for nausea. Compared with subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-TDF, subjects who received treatment with ZDV-3TC-IDV were less likely to not complete the HIV PEP for occupational exposure. CONCLUSION Preventive treatment of adverse events may be necessary to ensure completion of HIV PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Hupert N, Wattson D, Cuomo J, Benson S. Anticipating demand for emergency health services due to medication-related adverse events after rapid mass prophylaxis campaigns. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14:268-74. [PMID: 17192445 DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mass prophylaxis against infectious disease outbreaks carries the risk of medication-related adverse events (MRAEs). The authors sought to define the relationship between the rapidity of mass prophylaxis dispensing and the subsequent demand for emergency health services due to predictable MRAEs. METHODS The authors created a spreadsheet-based computer model that calculates scenario-specific predicted daily MRAE rates from user inputs by applying a probability distribution to the reported timing of MRAEs. A hypothetical two- to ten-day prophylaxis campaign for one million people using recent data from both smallpox vaccination and anthrax chemoprophylaxis campaigns was modeled. RESULTS The length of a mass prophylaxis campaign plays an important role in determining the subsequent intensity in emergency services utilization due to real or suspected adverse events. A two-day smallpox vaccination scenario would produce an estimated 32,000 medical encounters and 1,960 hospitalizations, peaking at 5,246 health care encounters six days after the start of the campaign; in contrast, a ten-day campaign would lead to 41% lower peak surge, with a maximum of 3,106 encounters on the busiest day, ten days after initiation of the campaign. MRAEs with longer lead times, such as those associated with anthrax chemoprophylaxis, exhibit less variability based on campaign length (e.g., 124 out of an estimated 1,400 hospitalizations on day 20 after a two-day campaign versus 103 on day 24 after a ten-day campaign). CONCLUSIONS The duration of a mass prophylaxis campaign may have a substantial impact on the timing and peak number of clinically significant MRAEs, with very short campaigns overwhelming existing emergency department (ED) capacity to treat real or suspected medication-related injuries. While better reporting of both incidence and timing of MRAEs in future prophylaxis campaigns should improve the application of this model to community-based emergency preparedness planning, these results highlight the need for coordination between public health and emergency medicine planning for infectious disease outbreaks to avoid preventable surges in ED utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Hupert
- Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Doppalapudi RS, Riccio ES, Rausch LL, Shimon JA, Lee PS, Mortelmans KE, Kapetanovic IM, Crowell JA, Mirsalis JC. Evaluation of chemopreventive agents for genotoxic activity. Mutat Res 2007; 629:148-60. [PMID: 17387038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We conducted genetic toxicity evaluations of 11 candidate chemopreventive agents with the potential for inhibiting carcinogenesis in humans at increased risk of cancer. The compounds were evaluated for bacterial mutagenesis in the Salmonella-E. coli assay, for mammalian mutagenesis in mouse lymphoma cells, for chromosome aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and for micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow. Tested agents were indole 3-carbinol (I3C), bowman-birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), black tea polyphenols (BTP), farnesol, geraniol, l-Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMC), 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[1,2]-dithiol-3-thione(DC-D3T), 4'-bromoflavone, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-(2R-[4R,8R,12-trimethyltridecyl] chroman-6-yloxy) acetic acid (alpha-TEA), SR13668 (2,10-dicarbethoxy-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b] carbazole and SR16157 (3-O-sulfamoyloxy-7alpha-methyl-21-(2-N,N-diethylaminoethoxy)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)-triene). All these agents, except I3C and BTP, were negative in the Salmonella-E. coli assay in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9). I3C and BTP induced a weak mutagenic response in the presence and absence of S9 with strains TA100 and TA98, respectively. Of the three compounds tested in the mouse lymphoma assay (I3C, BBIC, and BTP), only BTP was mutagenic in the presence of S9. In the chromosomal aberration assay, of the 8 compounds that were tested, 4'-bromoflavone elicited a positive response in the absence of S9 only, while SR16157 was positive in the presence of S9. The results with geraniol remain inconclusive. I3C, BBIC and BTP were not tested in the chromosomal aberration assay. None of the 11 agents induced micronuclei in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes.
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Scolastici C, Ong TP, Moreno FS. Squalene does not exhibit a chemopreventive activity and increases plasma cholesterol in a Wistar rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. Nutr Cancer 2005; 50:101-9. [PMID: 15572303 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5001_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The eventual chemopreventive effect of squalene (SQ), a triterpene present in olive oil, was evaluated when administered to Wistar rats during a period comprising the initiation and selection/promotion of the "resistant hepatocyte" (RH) model of hepatocarcinogenesis. During 8 consecutive wk, animals received by gavage SQ (100 or 150 mg/100 g body weight) dissolved in corn oil (CO) daily. Animals treated with only CO and submitted to the RH model were used as controls. Treatments with SQ did not result in inhibition of macroscopically visible hepatocyte nodules (P > 0.05) or of hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase- positive preneoplastic lesions (PNL; P > 0.05). Hepatic cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes were not different (P > 0.05) among the different experimental groups, both regarding PNL and surrounding normal tissue areas. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among comets presented by rats treated with the two SQ doses or with CO. On the other hand, SQ increased total plasma cholesterol levels when administered at both doses (P < 0.05). This indicates that the isoprenoid was absorbed. Thus, SQ did not present chemopreventive activity during hepatocarcinogenesis and had a hypercholesterolemic effect, suggesting caution when considering its use in chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Scolastici
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Martin SW, Tierney BC, Aranas A, Rosenstein NE, Franzke LH, Apicella L, Marano N, McNeil MM. An overview of adverse events reported by participants in CDC's anthrax vaccine and antimicrobial availability program. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14:393-401. [PMID: 15717323 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The CDC's Anthrax Vaccine and Antibiotic Availability Program was implemented under an Investigational New Drug (IND) application to provide additional post-exposure prophylaxis for individuals potentially exposed to Bacillus anthracis in the fall of 2001. Participants were provided with two options: (1) 40 additional days of antimicrobial prophylaxis (i.e., ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, or amoxicillin); or (2) 40 additional days of antimicrobial prophylaxis plus three doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA). METHODS Participants were monitored for adverse events (AEs). Participants were asked to complete 2-week AE diaries for 6 weeks post-enrollment, and approximately 2 months after enrollment, active surveillance was conducted through telephone interviews with 1113 (64%) participants. RESULTS A total of 1727 of approximately 10 000 previously prophylaxed persons enrolled to receive 40 additional days of antibiotics. Of these, 199 opted at enrollment to receive three doses of AVA in addition to the additional 40 days of antibiotic. Overall, 28% of participants reported at least one AE on their diaries. Results varied by surveillance mechanism, the diary data indicated differences in the proportion reporting AEs between participants receiving antibiotic only and participants receiving antibiotic and AVA. However, during the active 2-month telephone follow-up, the rates of AEs reported for both the antibiotic only and antibiotic plus AVA treatment regimens were similar. Additionally, ciprofloxacin and doxycycline had similar AE profiles, with only rigors reported significantly more often among ciprofloxacin recipients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the rates of AEs experienced by all participants were acceptable given the seriousness of potential B. anthracis exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey W Martin
- Anthrax Vaccine Safety Team, Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Kelsall HL, Sim MR, Forbes AB, Glass DC, McKenzie DP, Ikin JF, Abramson MJ, Blizzard L, Ittak P. Symptoms and medical conditions in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: relation to immunisations and other Gulf War exposures. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61:1006-13. [PMID: 15550607 PMCID: PMC1740679 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2003.009258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether Australian Gulf War veterans have a higher than expected prevalence of recent symptoms and medical conditions that were first diagnosed in the period following the 1991 Gulf War; and if so, whether these effects were associated with exposures and experiences that occurred in the Gulf War. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 1456 Australian Gulf War veterans and a comparison group who were in operational units at the time of the Gulf War, but were not deployed to that conflict (n = 1588). A postal questionnaire was administered and the likelihood of the diagnosis of self-reported medical conditions was assessed and rated by a medical practitioner. RESULTS Gulf War veterans had a higher prevalence of all self-reported health symptoms than the comparison group, and more of the Gulf War veterans had severe symptoms. Increased symptom reporting was associated with several exposures, including having more than 10 immunisations, pyridostigmine bromide tablets, anti-biological warfare tablets, pesticides, insect repellents, reportedly being in a chemical weapons area, and stressful military service experiences in a strong dose-response relation. Gulf War veterans reported psychological (particularly post-traumatic stress disorder), skin, eye, and sinus conditions first diagnosed in 1991 or later more commonly than the comparison group. Over 90% of medical conditions reported by both study groups were rated by a medical practitioner as having a high likelihood of diagnosis. CONCLUSION More than 10 years after the 1991 Gulf War, Australian veterans self-report all symptoms and some medical conditions more commonly than the comparison group. Further analysis of the severity of symptoms and likelihood of the diagnosis of medical conditions suggested that these findings are not due to over-reporting or to participation bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Kelsall
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University-Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Colombet I, Bura-Rivière A, Chatila R, Chatellier G, Durieux P. Personalized versus non-personalized computerized decision support system to increase therapeutic quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy: an alternating time series analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2004; 4:27. [PMID: 15456515 PMCID: PMC526261 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quality control of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) during the initiation and maintenance treatment is generally poor. Physicians' ordering of OAT (especially fluindione and warfarin) can be improved by dose adjustment algorithms, taking into account the results of International Normalized Ratio (INR). Reminders at the point of care, computerized or not, have been demonstrated to be effective in changing physicians prescription behavior. However, few studies have addressed the benefit of personalized reminders versus non personalized reminders, whereas the personalized reminders require more development to access patient record data and integrate with the computerized physician order entry system. The Hospital Information System of George Pompidou European Hospital integrates an electronic medical record, lab test and drugs order entry system. This system allows to evaluate such reminders and to consider their implementation for routine use as well as the continuous evaluation of their impact on medical practice quality indicators. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of two types of reminders on overtreatment by oral anticoagulant: a simple reminder of text formatted dose adjustment table and a personalized recommendation for oral anticoagulant dose and next date of INR control, adapted to patient data. Both types of reminders appear to the physician at the moment of drug ordering. Methods The study is an alternating time series experiment with three 6 months periods, each one including every 2 months according to a Latin square scheme: a control period without any reminder, a period with the simple non personalized reminder, a period with personalized reminder. All patients hospitalized in departments using the computerized physician order entry system and ordered fluindione or warfarin, will be included in the study between November 2004 and May 2006. Main outcome will be the proportion of overcoagulation, as expressed by the proportion of observation time with INR over 4.5, assuming INR change linearly. Secondary outcome is the incidence of major haemorrhagic events. Data will be collected thanks to Hospital Information Systems databases. Data will be analyzed taking into account patient and physician clustering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Colombet
- Public Health and Medical Informatics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémy Chatila
- Public Health and Medical Informatics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Chatellier
- Public Health and Medical Informatics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Durieux
- Public Health and Medical Informatics, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
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Lao CD, Backoff P, Shotland LI, McCarty D, Eaton T, Ondrey FG, Viner JL, Spechler SJ, Hawk ET, Brenner DE. Irreversible ototoxicity associated with difluoromethylornithine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:1250-2. [PMID: 15247138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of polyamines that promote cellular proliferation. DFMO has been tested as a potential cancer therapeutic and chemopreventive agent in clinical trials. Reversible hearing loss is a recognized toxicity of DFMO that usually occurs at doses above 2 g/m(2)/d, and generally when the cumulative dose exceeds 250 g/m(2). In a recently completed Barrett's esophagus chemoprevention trial, a participant developed a 15-dB decrease in hearing at frequencies of 250, 2,000, and 3,000 Hz in the right ear and a > or =20-dB decrease in hearing at 4,000 to 6,000 Hz in the left ear after taking 0.5 g/m(2)/d DFMO for approximately 13 weeks (cumulative dose of 45 g/m(2)). The threshold shifts persisted 7 months after DFMO was discontinued. There was no obvious impact on the participant's clinical hearing, but these findings were consistent with irreversible hearing loss. This is the first case reported of irreversible ototoxicity in a clinical trial participant receiving DFMO and, thus, trial participants should be made aware of this small but important risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Lao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by S-allylcysteine. Pol J Pharmacol 2003; 55:793-8. [PMID: 14704476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2002] [Revised: 05/20/2003] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), a water-soluble garlic constituent, on cytokeratin expression, a sensitive and specific marker for differentiation status during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis in male Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were divided into four groups of six animals each. Animals in group 1 were painted with a 0.5% solution of DMBA in liquid paraffin on the right buccal pouches three times a week for 14 weeks. Group 2 animals were painted with DMBA as in group I, and in addition they received orally 200 mg/kg of SAC on days alternate to DMBA application. Group 3 animals received SAC as in group 2. Group 4 animals received neither DMBA nor SAC and served as the control. The hamsters were killed after an experimental period of 14 weeks. Cytokeratin expression was detected by Western blot analysis using monoclonal antibodies AE1 and AE3. In DMBA-induced HBP tumors, the decreased expression of high molecular weight cytokeratins of molecular mass between 55-70 kDa was observed. Administration of SAC (200 mg/kg) to animals painted with DMBA suppressed the incidence of DMBA-induced carcinomas and was associated with restoration of normal cytokeratin expression. The results of the present study suggest that inhibition of HBP tumorigenesis by SAC may be due to its regulatory effects on differentiation, tumor invasiveness, and its ability to migrate and form metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Balasenthil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Razonable RR, Litzow MR, Khaliq Y, Piper KE, Rouse MS, Patel R. Bacteremia due to viridans group Streptococci with diminished susceptibility to Levofloxacin among neutropenic patients receiving levofloxacin prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:1469-74. [PMID: 12015693 DOI: 10.1086/340352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of levofloxacin prophylaxis during the neutropenic period after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, viridans group (VG) streptococcal bacteremia developed in 6 (16.2%) of 37 patients who underwent transplantation between 1 January and 25 February 2001 at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. All 6 patients presented with fever and mucositis after a mean of 4.5 days of neutropenia, and 3 developed septic shock. All 6 VG streptococcal isolates from these patients exhibited distinct patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All isolates had diminished susceptibility to levofloxacin, 5 to gatifloxacin, and 4 to moxifloxacin. Quinolone resistance was associated with mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of GyrA and (for 1 isolate) of ParC. The use of levofloxacin may select VG streptococci with diminished susceptibility to levofloxacin and other quinolones with enhanced activity against gram-positive organisms and, therefore, may not be optimal for preventing VG streptococcal bacteremia in neutropenic patients.
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