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Lee CH, Kang GM, Kim MS. Mechanisms of Weight Control by Primary Cilia. Mol Cells 2022; 45:169-176. [PMID: 35387896 PMCID: PMC9001153 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary cilium, a hair-like protrusion of the plasma membrane, is a pivotal organelle for sensing external environmental signals and transducing intracellular signaling. An interesting linkage between cilia and obesity has been revealed by studies of the human genetic ciliopathies Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, in which obesity is a principal manifestation. Mouse models of cell type-specific cilia dysgenesis have subsequently demonstrated that ciliary defects restricted to specific hypothalamic neurons are sufficient to induce obesity and hyperphagia. A potential mechanism underlying hypothalamic neuron cilia-related obesity is impaired ciliary localization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in the regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. A well-studied example of this is melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), mutations in which are the most common cause of human monogenic obesity. In the paraventricular hypothalamus neurons, a blockade of ciliary trafficking of MC4R as well as its downstream ciliary signaling leads to hyperphagia and weight gain. Another potential mechanism is reduced leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons with defective cilia. Leptin receptors traffic to the periciliary area upon leptin stimulation. Moreover, defects in cilia formation hamper leptin signaling and actions in both developing and differentiated hypothalamic neurons. The list of obesity-linked ciliary proteins is expending and this supports a tight association between cilia and obesity. This article provides a brief review on the mechanism of how ciliary defects in hypothalamic neurons facilitate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
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2
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Farias-Pereira R, Park CS, Park Y. Kahweol Reduces Food Intake of Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9683-9689. [PMID: 32786849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coffee diterpene kahweol may contribute to the anti-obesity effects of coffee but its physiological effects have yet to be elucidated. Caenorhabditis elegans is used as an animal model in obesity research because its lipid metabolism is conserved in humans. The goal was to investigate kahweol's effects on lipid metabolism in C. elegans. Kahweol at 120 μM reduced fat accumulation by 17% compared to the control, which was associated with a reduced food intake. Kahweol did not reduce fat in eat-2 mutants, which have a disrupted pharynx contraction rate, suggesting that the fat-lowering effects of kahweol were dependent on food intake. Lipid metabolism-related gene homologues of tubby protein (tub-1), enoyl-CoA hydratase (ech-1.1), adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl-1), insulin/insulin-like growth receptor (daf-2), and forkhead box O transcription factor (daf-16) were also associated with changes in food intake by kahweol. Therefore, kahweol's fat-lowering effects are due to a reduction of food intake in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renalison Farias-Pereira
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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3
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Wang M, Xu Z, Kong Y. The tubby-like proteins kingdom in animals and plants. Gene 2018; 642:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Stark AL, Madian AG, Williams SW, Chen V, Wing C, Hause RJ, To LA, Gill AL, Myers JL, Gorsic LK, Ciaccio MF, White KP, Jones RB, Dolan ME. Identification of Novel Protein Expression Changes Following Cisplatin Treatment and Application to Combination Therapy. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:4227-4236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Stark
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ashraf G. Madian
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Sawyer W. Williams
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Vincent Chen
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Claudia Wing
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hause
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lida Anita To
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Amy L. Gill
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jamie L. Myers
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lidija K. Gorsic
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark F. Ciaccio
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Kevin P. White
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Richard B. Jones
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - M. Eileen Dolan
- Department of Medicine, ‡Committee on Clinical Pharmacology
and Pharmacogenomics, ∥Ben May Department
for Cancer Research; ⊥Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology; #The Institute for Genomics and Systems
Biology; ∇Committee on Cancer Biology; and □Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- College of Arts and
Letters, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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5
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Nies VJM, Struik D, Wolfs MGM, Rensen SS, Szalowska E, Unmehopa UA, Fluiter K, van der Meer TP, Hajmousa G, Buurman WA, Greve JW, Rezaee F, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Vonk RJ, Swaab DF, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Jonker JW, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV. TUB gene expression in hypothalamus and adipose tissue and its association with obesity in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:376-383. [PMID: 28852204 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Mutations in the Tubby gene (TUB) cause late-onset obesity and insulin resistance in mice and syndromic obesity in humans. Although TUB gene function has not yet been fully elucidated, studies in rodents indicate that TUB is involved in the hypothalamic pathways regulating food intake and adiposity. Aside from the function in central nervous system, TUB has also been implicated in energy metabolism in adipose tissue in rodents. We aimed to determine the expression and distribution patterns of TUB in man as well as its potential association with obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS In situ hybridization was used to localize the hypothalamic regions and cells expressing TUB mRNA. Using RT-PCR, we determined the mRNA expression level of the two TUB gene alternative splicing isoforms, the short and the long transcript variants, in the hypothalami of 12 obese and 12 normal-weight subjects, and in biopsies from visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from 53 severely obese and 24 non-obese control subjects, and correlated TUB expression with parameters of obesity and metabolic health. RESULTS Expression of both TUB transcripts was detected in the hypothalamus, whereas only the short TUB isoform was found in both VAT and SAT. TUB mRNA was detected in several hypothalamic regions involved in body weight regulation, including the nucleus basalis of Meynert and the paraventricular, supraoptic and tuberomammillary nuclei. We found no difference in the hypothalamic TUB expression between obese and control groups, whereas the level of TUB mRNA was significantly lower in adipose tissue of obese subjects as compared to controls. Also, TUB expression was negatively correlated with indices of body weight and obesity in a fat-depot-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate high expression of TUB in the hypothalamus, especially in areas involved in body weight regulation, and the correlation between TUB expression in adipose tissue and obesity. These findings suggest a role for TUB in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J M Nies
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M G M Wolfs
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Rensen
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Szalowska
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U A Unmehopa
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Fluiter
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T P van der Meer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hajmousa
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W A Buurman
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Greve
- Department of Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center Heerlen; Dutch Obesity Clinic South, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - F Rezaee
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Shiri-Sverdlov
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R J Vonk
- Centre for Medical Biomics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Brenseke B, Bahamonde J, Talanian M, Kornfeind E, Daly J, Cobb G, Zhang J, Prater MR, Davis GC, Good DJ. Mitigating or exacerbating effects of maternal-fetal programming of female mice through the food choice environment. Endocrinology 2015; 156:182-92. [PMID: 25386832 PMCID: PMC4272389 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans live, eat, and become overweight/obese in complex surroundings where there are many available food choices. Prenatal exposure to poor food choices predisposes offspring to increased negative health risks, including obesity. Many animal experiments have analyzed intergenerational body weight parameters in an environment without food choices, which may not be directly translatable to the human food environment. In this study, offspring from mothers with a defined high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) were arbitrarily assigned to either an exclusively LFD or HFD or to a diet where they have a choice between LFD and HFD (choice diet). Offspring displayed negative outcomes of increased body weight, body fat, serum leptin, and blood glucose levels when given the choice diet compared with offspring on the LFD. Conversely, improved energy expenditure was found for offspring given the choice diet compared with offspring from HFD dams given LFD. In addition, maternal diet-specific influences on offspring metabolic parameters were identified, especially in offspring from HFD dams, including positive outcomes of reduced leptin in LFD offspring, reduced corticosterone and cholesterol levels in HFD offspring, and increased exercise levels in choice offspring, as well as the negative outcome of increased calorie intake in LFD offspring from HFD dams. This defined model can now be used as the basis for future studies to characterize the cycle of inter- and intragenerational obesity and whether more realistic diet environments, especially those including choice, can mitigate phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Brenseke
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology (B.B., J.B., E.K., M.R.P.), Agricultural and Applied Economics (G.C.D.), and Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise (M.T., J.D., G.C., J.Z., D.J.G.),Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.R.P.), Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060
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7
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Wang Y, Wang A, Donovan SM, Teran-Garcia M. Individual genetic variations related to satiety and appetite control increase risk of obesity in preschool-age children in the STRONG kids program. Hum Hered 2013; 75:152-9. [PMID: 24081231 DOI: 10.1159/000353880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The burden of the childhood obesity epidemic is well recognized; nevertheless, the genetic markers and gene-environment interactions associated with the development of common obesity are still unknown. In this study, candidate genes associated to satiety and appetite control pathways with obesity-related traits were tested in Caucasian preschoolers from the STRONG Kids project. METHODS Eight genetic variants in genes related to obesity (BDNF, LEPR, FTO, PCSK1, POMC, TUB, LEP, and MC4R) were genotyped in 128 children from the STRONG Kids project (mean age 39.7 months). Data were analyzed for individual associations and to test for genetic predisposition scores (GPSs) with body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric traits (Z-scores, e.g. height-for-age Z-score, HAZ). Covariates included age, sex, and breastfeeding (BF) duration. RESULTS Obesity and overweight prevalence was 6.3 and 19.5%, respectively, according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles. Individual genetic associations of MC4R and LEPR markers with HAZ were strengthened when BF duration was included as a covariate. Our GPSs show that, as the number of risk alleles increased, the risk of higher BMI and HAZ also increased. Overall, the GPSs assembled were able to explain 2-3% of the variability in BMI and HAZ phenotypes. CONCLUSION Genetic associations with common obesity-related phenotypes were found in the STRONG Kids project. GPSs assembled for specific candidate genes were associated with BMI and HAZ phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., USA
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8
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Musselman LP, Fink JL, Ramachandran PV, Patterson BW, Okunade AL, Maier E, Brent MR, Turk J, Baranski TJ. Role of fat body lipogenesis in protection against the effects of caloric overload in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8028-8042. [PMID: 23355467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.371047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila fat body is a liver- and adipose-like tissue that stores fat and serves as a detoxifying and immune responsive organ. We have previously shown that a high sugar diet leads to elevated hemolymph glucose and systemic insulin resistance in developing larvae and adults. Here, we used stable isotope tracer feeding to demonstrate that rearing larvae on high sugar diets impaired the synthesis of esterified fatty acids from dietary glucose. Fat body lipid profiling revealed changes in both carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation of fatty acid substituents, particularly in stored triglycerides. We tested the role of the fat body in larval tolerance of caloric excess. Our experiments demonstrated that lipogenesis was necessary for animals to tolerate high sugar feeding as tissue-specific loss of orthologs of carbohydrate response element-binding protein or stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 resulted in lethality on high sugar diets. By contrast, increasing the fat content of the fat body by knockdown of king-tubby was associated with reduced hyperglycemia and improved growth and tolerance of high sugar diets. Our work supports a critical role for the fat body and the Drosophila carbohydrate response element-binding protein ortholog in metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palanker Musselman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jill L Fink
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Prasanna Venkatesh Ramachandran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Adewole L Okunade
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ezekiel Maier
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Michael R Brent
- Department of Computer Science and Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - John Turk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Thomas J Baranski
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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9
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Prada PO, Quaresma PG, Caricilli AM, Santos AC, Guadagnini D, Morari J, Weissmann L, Ropelle ER, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJ. Tub has a key role in insulin and leptin signaling and action in vivo in hypothalamic nuclei. Diabetes 2013; 62:137-48. [PMID: 22966070 PMCID: PMC3526052 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of tub gene in mice induces obesity, suggesting that tub could be an important regulator of energy balance. In the current study, we investigated whether insulin, leptin, and obesity can modulate Tub in vivo in hypothalamic nuclei, and we investigated possible consequences on energy balance, neuropeptide expression, and hepatic glucose metabolism. Food intake, metabolic characteristics, signaling proteins, and neuropeptide expression were measured in response to fasting and refeeding, intracerebroventricular insulin and leptin, and Tub antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). Tub tyrosine phosphorylation (Tub-p-tyr) is modulated by nutritional status. Tub is a substrate of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK) and leptin receptor (LEPR)-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in hypothalamic nuclei. After leptin or insulin stimulation, Tub translocates to the nucleus. Inhibition of Tub expression in hypothalamus by ASO increased food intake, fasting blood glucose, and hepatic glucose output, decreased O(2) consumption, and blunted the effect of insulin or leptin on proopiomelanocortin, thyroid-releasing hormone, melanin-concentrating hormone, and orexin expression. In hypothalamus of mice administered a high-fat diet, there is a reduction in leptin and insulin-induced Tub-p-tyr and nuclear translocation, which is reversed by reducing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression. These results indicate that Tub has a key role in the control of insulin and leptin effects on food intake, and the modulation of Tub may contribute to insulin and leptin resistance in DIO mice.
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10
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Liu J, Tuvblad C, Raine A, Baker L. Genetic and environmental influences on nutrient intake. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:241-52. [PMID: 23055091 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between genetic and the environment represents a pathway to better understand individual variations in nutrition intake and food preferences. However, the present literature is weakened somewhat by methodological flaws (e.g., overreliance on self-report questionnaires), discrepancies in statistical approaches, and inconsistent findings. Little research on this topic to date has included examination of micronutrient intake. The purpose of this study is to improve the existing literature on genetic and environmental influences on energy and nutrient intake by addressing these gaps. Twin pairs (N = 358; age 11-13 years) provided 3-day food intake diaries, which were assessed for intake of total energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Structural equation modeling revealed that genetic influences accounted for a significant portion of the total variance in total energy (48 %), macronutrients (35-45 %), minerals (45 %), and vitamins (21 %). Consistent with previous studies, the shared environment appeared to contribute little to nutritional intake. Findings on vitamin and mineral intake are novel and are particularly beneficial for further research on the contribution of micronutrients to individual physical health status. Better understanding of the linkage between genes, environment, and nutritional intake and deficiencies can clarify behavioral and physical outcomes, potentially informing risk reduction, primary prevention, and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- Faculty, School of Nursing and School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd., Room 426, Claire M. Fagin Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6096, USA,
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11
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Koldemir M, Kahveci C, Bayer H, Cagatay P, Yildiz S, Bagriacik N, Susleyici-Duman B. Relationship of RIC-3 gene rs1528133 polymorphism with varying degrees of body weight and eating behavior. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2012; 6:90-95. [PMID: 23153976 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the allele frequencies of resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 3 homologue (RIC-3) gene rs1528133 polymorphism in overweight+obese+morbid obese and non-obese (non-OB) subjects. The effects of rs1528133 genotypes on anthropometric, diabetes and obesity related parameters, self-reported macronutrient intake and drugs were also evaluated. The study was performed on overweight+obese+morbid obese and non-obese subjects. METHODS RIC-3 gene rs1528133 genotypes were determined with qPCR. RESULTS The RIC-3 rs1528133 genotype frequencies were respectively as 89.4% for homozygous wild type (A/A), 10.6% for heterozygous (A/C) genotypes in overweight+obese+morbid obese patients and 92.7% for A/A, 7.3% for A/C genotypes in non-OB subjects. The homozygous mutant genotype (C/C) was not detected in our study population. Genotype frequencies were not significantly different among study groups. Heterozygous genotype carriers for the rs1528133 polymorphism were found to prefer higher glycemic load, fat and protein diet content compared to homozygous wild type genotype carriers (p=0.0001). The frequency of rs1528133 heterozygous individuals (16.7%) using antihypertensive drugs was lower (p=0.045) in comparison to wild type genotype carriers (46.9%) in the whole study population. CONCLUSIONS RIC-3 gene rs1528133 variation was not found to be effective over any analyzed obesity related parameter, but associated with higher glycemic load, protein and fat eating behavior and antihypertensive drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Koldemir
- Marmara University, Department of Biology, Goztepe-Istanbul, Turkey
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Leturque A, Brot-Laroche E, Le Gall M. Carbohydrate intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 108:113-27. [PMID: 22656375 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398397-8.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates represent more than 50% of the energy sources present in most human diets. Sugar intake is regulated by metabolic, neuronal, and hedonic factors, and gene polymorphisms are involved in determining sugar preference. Nutrigenomic adaptations to carbohydrate availability have been evidenced in metabolic diseases, in the persistence of lactose digestion, and in amylase gene copy number. Furthermore, dietary oligosaccharides, fermentable by gut flora, can modulate the microbiotal diversity to the benefit of the host. Genetic diseases linked to mutations in the disaccharidase genes (sucrase-isomaltase, lactase) and in sugar transporter genes (sodium/glucose cotransporter 1, glucose transporters 1 and 2) severely impact carbohydrate intake. These diseases are revealed upon exposure to food containing the offending sugar, and withdrawal of this sugar from the diet prevents disease symptoms, failure to thrive, and premature death. Tailoring the sugar composition of diets to optimize wellness and to prevent the chronic occurrence of metabolic diseases is a future goal that may yet be realized through continued development of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Leturque
- Department of Physiology, Metabolism, Differentiation, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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13
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Abstract
The tubby mouse shows a tripartite syndrome characterized by maturity-onset obesity, blindness and deafness. The causative gene Tub is the founding member of a family of related proteins present throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, each characterized by a signature carboxy-terminal tubby domain. This domain consists of a β barrel enclosing a central α helix and binds selectively to specific membrane phosphoinositides. The vertebrate family of tubby-like proteins (TULPs) includes the founding member TUB and the related TULPs, TULP1 to TULP4. Tulp1 is expressed in the retina and mutations in TULP1 cause retinitis pigmentosa in humans; Tulp3 is expressed ubiquitously in the mouse embryo and is important in sonic hedgehog (Shh)-mediated dorso-ventral patterning of the spinal cord. The amino terminus of these proteins is diverse and directs distinct functions. In the best-characterized example, the TULP3 amino terminus binds to the IFT-A complex, a complex important in intraflagellar transport in the primary cilia, through a short conserved domain. Thus, the tubby family proteins seem to serve as bipartite bridges through their phosphoinositide-binding tubby and unique amino-terminal functional domains, coordinating multiple signaling pathways, including ciliary G-protein-coupled receptor trafficking and Shh signaling. Molecular studies on this functionally diverse protein family are beginning to provide us with remarkable insights into the tubby-mouse syndrome and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cell Regulation, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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14
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van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Hofker MH, van der Schouw YT, Wijmenga C, Onland-Moret NC. Genetic variation in the hypothalamic pathways and its role on obesity. Obes Rev 2009; 10:593-609. [PMID: 19712437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically worldwide. Although this epidemic is mainly attributable to modern (western) lifestyle, multiple twin and adoption studies indicate the significant role of genes in the individual's predisposition to becoming obese. As the hypothalamus plays a central role in controlling body weight, its regulatory circuits may represent a crucial system in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Genetic variations in genes in the hypothalamic pathways may therefore contribute to the susceptibility for obesity in humans and animals. We summarize current knowledge on the physiological role of the hypothalamus in body-weight regulation and review genetic studies on the hypothalamic candidate genes in relation to obesity. Together, data from functional and genetic studies as well as the new, common, obesity loci identified in genome-wide association scans support an important role for the hypothalamic genes in predisposing to obesity. However, findings are still inconclusive for many candidate genes. To improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of common obesity, we suggest that specific obesity phenotypes should be considered and different analytical approaches used. Such studies should consider multiple genes from the same physiological pathways, together with environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Molecular Genetics, Medical Biology Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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15
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Bauer F, Elbers CC, Adan RA, Loos RJ, Onland-Moret NC, Grobbee DE, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wijmenga C, van der Schouw YT. Obesity genes identified in genome-wide association studies are associated with adiposity measures and potentially with nutrient-specific food preference. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:951-9. [PMID: 19692490 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New genetic loci, most of which are expressed in the brain, have recently been reported to contribute to the development of obesity. The brain, especially the hypothalamus, is strongly involved in regulating weight and food intake. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the recently reported obesity loci are associated with measures of abdominal adiposity and whether these variants affect dietary energy or macronutrient intake. DESIGN We studied 1700 female Dutch participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Their anthropometric measurements and intake of macronutrients were available. Genotyping was performed by using KASPar chemistry. A linear regression model, with an assumption of an additive effect, was used to analyze the association between genotypes of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and adiposity measures and dietary intake. RESULTS Seven SNPs were associated (P < 0.05) with weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (unadjusted for BMI). They were in or near to 6 loci: FTO, MC4R, KCTD15, MTCH2, NEGR1, and BDNF. Five SNPs were associated with dietary intake (P < 0.05) and were in or near 5 loci: SH2B1 (particularly with increased fat), KCTD15 (particularly with carbohydrate intake), MTCH2, NEGR1, and BDNF. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed some of the findings for the newly identified obesity loci that are associated with general adiposity in a healthy Dutch female population. Our results suggest that these loci are not specifically associated with abdominal adiposity but more generally with obesity. We also found that some of the SNPs were associated with macronutrient-specific food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florianne Bauer
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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de Krom M, Bauer F, Collier D, Adan RAH, la Fleur SE. Genetic variation and effects on human eating behavior. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:283-304. [PMID: 19400703 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Feeding is a physiological process, influenced by genetic factors and the environment. In recent years, many studies have been performed to unravel the involvement of genetics in both eating behavior and its pathological forms: eating disorders and obesity. In this review, we provide a condensed introduction on the neurological aspects of eating and we describe the current status of research into the genetics of eating behavior, primarily focused on specific traits such as taste, satiation, and hunger. This is followed by an overview on the genetic studies done to unravel the heritable background of obesity and eating disorders. We examine the discussion currently taking place in the field of genetics of complex disorders and phenotypes on how to perform good and powerful studies, with the use of large-scale whole-genome association studies as one of the possible solutions. In the final part of this review, we give our view on the latest developments, including endophenotype approaches and animal studies. Studies of endophenotypes of eating behavior may help to identify core traits that are genetically influenced. Such studies would yield important knowledge on the underlying biological scaffold on which diagnostic criteria for eating disorders could be based and would provide information to influence eating behavior toward healthier living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariken de Krom
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience & Pharmacology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Variants in neuropeptide Y receptor 1 and 5 are associated with nutrient-specific food intake and are under recent selection in Europeans. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7070. [PMID: 19759915 PMCID: PMC2740870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large variation in caloric intake and macronutrient preference between individuals and between ethnic groups, and these food intake patterns show a strong heritability. The transition to new food sources during the agriculture revolution around 11,000 years ago probably created selective pressure and shaped the genome of modern humans. One major player in energy homeostasis is the appetite-stimulating hormone neuropeptide Y, in which the stimulatory capacity may be mediated by the neuropeptide Y receptors 1, 2 and 5 (NPY1R, NPY2R and NPY5R). We assess association between variants in the NPY1R, NPY2R and NPY5R genes and nutrient intake in a cross-sectional, single-center study of 400 men aged 40 to 80 years, and we examine whether genomic regions containing these genes show signatures of recent selection in 270 HapMap individuals (90 Africans, 90 Asians, and 90 Caucasians) and in 846 Dutch bloodbank controls. Our results show that derived alleles in NPY1R and NPY5R are associated with lower carbohydrate intake, mainly because of a lower consumption of mono- and disaccharides. We also show that carriers of these derived alleles, on average, consume meals with a lower glycemic index and glycemic load and have higher alcohol consumption. One of these variants shows the hallmark of recent selection in Europe. Our data suggest that lower carbohydrate intake, consuming meals with a low glycemic index and glycemic load, and/or higher alcohol consumption, gave a survival advantage in Europeans since the agricultural revolution. This advantage could lie in overall health benefits, because lower carbohydrate intake, consuming meals with a low GI and GL, and/or higher alcohol consumption, are known to be associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases.
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