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Zheng LY, Duan Y, He PY, Wu MY, Wei ST, Du XH, Yao RQ, Yao YM. Dysregulated dendritic cells in sepsis: functional impairment and regulated cell death. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:81. [PMID: 38816685 PMCID: PMC11140885 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Studies have indicated that immune dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the emergence of immune dysfunction in sepsis. The major manifestations of DCs in the septic state are abnormal functions and depletion in numbers, which are linked to higher mortality and vulnerability to secondary infections in sepsis. Apoptosis is the most widely studied pathway of number reduction in DCs. In the past few years, there has been a surge in studies focusing on regulated cell death (RCD). This emerging field encompasses various forms of cell death, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). Regulation of DC's RCD can serve as a possible therapeutic focus for the treatment of sepsis. Throughout time, numerous tactics have been devised and effectively implemented to improve abnormal immune response during sepsis progression, including modifying the functions of DCs and inhibiting DC cell death. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional impairment and RCD of DCs in septic states. Also, we highlight recent advances in targeting DCs to regulate host immune response following septic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Peng-Yi He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wei
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Du
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Zhang K, Hu Y, Li R, Li T. Single-cell atlas of murine adrenal glands reveals immune-adrenal crosstalk during systemic <i>Candida albicans</i> infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:966814. [PMID: 36389688 PMCID: PMC9664004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.966814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal sepsis remains a major health threat with high mortality, where the adrenal gland stress response has been rarely reported. <i>Candida albicans</i> (<i>C.albicans</i>) is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen of life-threatening disseminated candidiasis and fungal sepsis. In the present study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) using the 10x Genomics platform to analyze the changes in murine adrenal transcriptome following systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection. A total of 16 021 cells were categorized into 18 transcriptionally distinct clusters, representing adrenocortical cells, endothelial cells, various immune cells, mesenchymal cells, smooth muscle cells, adrenal capsule, chromaffin cells, neurons and glials. As the main cell component in the adrenal gland responsible for steroidogenesis, the adrenocortical cells dramatically diminished and were further grouped into 10 subclusters, which differently distributed in the infected and uninfected samples. Pseudo-time analysis revealed transitions of the adrenocortical cells from the initial normal states to active or dysfunctional states following systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection <i>via</i> two trajectory paths. Endothelial cells in the highly vascularized organ of adrenal gland further proliferated following infection, with the upregulation of genes positively regulating angiogenesis and downregulation of protective genes of endothelial cells. Immune cells were also excessively infiltrated in adrenal glands of <i>C.albicans</i>-infected mice. Macrophages dominated the immune microenvironments in murine adrenal glands both before and after <i>C.albicans</i> infection, mediating the crosstalk among the steroid-producing cells, endothelial cells and immune cells within the adrenal gland. NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3, encoded by <i>Nlrp3</i>) and complement receptor 3 (CR3, encoded by <i>Itgam</i>) were found to be significantly upregulated on the adrenal macrophages upon systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection and might play critical roles in mediating the myeloid response. Meanwhile, the number and strength of the interactions between the infiltrating immune cells and adrenal resident cells were unveiled by cell-cell communication analysis to be dramatically increased after systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection, indicating that the immune-adrenal crosstalk might contribute to the compromised functions of adrenal cells. Overall, our comprehensive picture of the murine adrenal gland microenvironment in systemic <i>C.albicans</i> infection provides deeper insights into the immune-adrenal cell communications during fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhe Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China,Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Li, ; Ruoyu Li,
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China,Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Ting Li, ; Ruoyu Li,
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Complement Activation in Human Sepsis is Related to Sepsis-Induced Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Shock 2021; 54:198-204. [PMID: 31917735 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In human sepsis, little is known about the relationships between complement activation and the clinical characteristics of sepsis, including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), interventions, and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Adult patients with sepsis admitted from November 2016 to December 2018 were included. We used the plasma levels of soluble C5b-9 (SC5b-9) as a marker of complement activation. We compared the clinical characteristics and complement components between patients with and without DIC. We also compared the clinical characteristics and each DIC parameter across quartile groups for the SC5b-9 value. RESULTS Forty-nine sepsis patients were eligible. Thirty-four patients developed DIC, and eight patients died. The median (interquartile range) SC5b-9 value was 342 (261-501) ng/mL. Compared with patients without DIC, patients with DIC showed lower C3 levels (mean, 95.7 vs. 70.4 mg/dL, P < 0.01) and higher SC5b-9 levels (median, 287 vs. 400 ng/mL, P = 0.01). Patients were stratified by SC5b-9 quartile (ng/mL: low: < 260, moderate: 260-342, high: 343-501, highest: > 501). The mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score varied across these groups (P = 0.02). In the high and highest groups, many more patients received vasopressors and developed DIC. In the highest group, the coagulation parameters were severe, and thrombocytopenia was prolonged. In-hospital mortality tended to be high (33%) in the highest group. CONCLUSIONS The degree of complement activation is related to DIC, severity, intensive interventions, and mortality. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of SC5b-9 for stratifying sepsis patients.
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Silawal S, Kohl B, Shi J, Schulze-Tanzil G. Complement Regulation in Human Tenocytes under the Influence of Anaphylatoxin C5a. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063105. [PMID: 33803624 PMCID: PMC8003014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A central part of the complement system, the anaphylatoxin C5a was investigated in this study to learn its effects on tenocytes in respect to understanding the potential expression of other crucial complement factors and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in tendinopathy. Human hamstring tendon-derived tenocytes were treated with recombinant C5a protein in concentrations of 25 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL for 0.5 h (early phase), 4 h (intermediate phase), and 24 h (late phase). Tenocytes survival was assessed after 24 h stimulation by live-dead assay. The gene expression of complement-related factors C5aR, the complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) CD46, CD55, CD59, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 was monitored using qPCR. Tenocytes were immunolabeled for C5aR and CD55 proteins. TNFα production was monitored by ELISA. Tenocyte survival was not impaired through C5a stimulation. Interestingly, the gene expression of C5aR and that of the CRPs CD46 and CD59 was significantly reduced in the intermediate and late phase, and that of TNFα only in an early phase, compared to the control group. ELISA analysis indicated a concomitant not significant trend of impaired TNFα protein synthesis at 4 h. However, there was also an early significant induction of CD55 and CD59 mediated by 25 ng/mL anaphylatoxin C5a. Hence, exposure of tenocytes to C5a obviously evokes a time and concentration-dependent response in their expression of complement and pro-inflammatory factors. C5a, released in damaged tendons, might directly contribute to tenocyte activation and thereby be involved in tendon healing and tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Silawal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (S.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Benjamin Kohl
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Berlin Institute of Health, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jingjian Shi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (S.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg and Salzburg, General Hospital Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (S.S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-911-398-11-6772
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Li M, Zhang Y, Wang J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates cell injury in lipopolysaccharide-induced nerve cells. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520949762. [PMID: 32910707 PMCID: PMC7488914 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520949762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication of sepsis, and excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is closely correlated with the cell injury caused by sepsis. This study aimed to analyze the possible role of ER stress in SAE cell models. METHODS PC12 and MES23.5 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect cell viability and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to assess cell apoptosis. In addition, the protein expression levels of ER stress markers [GRP78, CHOP, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)] and apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3) were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS LPS treatment activated ER stress markers in both the PC12 and MES23.5 cells. The overexpression of GRP78 significantly reduced cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. An ER stress inhibitor, 4-PBA, significantly enhanced cell viability and inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by LPS. Therefore, an enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR) and UPR suppression may regulate cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS UPR was shown to be involved in regulating LPS-induced neuron injury. UPR could be a potential therapeutic target in SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Gaotang County, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Gaotang County, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Jixing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Ningbo, China
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Karasu E, Demmelmaier J, Kellermann S, Holzmann K, Köhl J, Schmidt CQ, Kalbitz M, Gebhard F, Huber-Lang MS, Halbgebauer R. Complement C5a Induces Pro-inflammatory Microvesicle Shedding in Severely Injured Patients. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1789. [PMID: 32983087 PMCID: PMC7492592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially underestimated as platelet dust, extracellular vesicles are continuously gaining interest in the field of inflammation. Various studies addressing inflammatory diseases have shown that microvesicles (MVs) originating from different cell types are systemic transport vehicles carrying distinct cargoes to modulate immune responses. In this study, we focused on the clinical setting of multiple trauma, which is characterized by activation and dysfunction of both, the fluid-phase and the cellular component of innate immunity. Given the sensitivity of neutrophils for the complement anaphylatoxin C5a, we hypothesized that increased C5a production induces alterations in MV shedding of neutrophils resulting in neutrophil dysfunction that fuels posttraumatic inflammation. In a mono-centered prospective clinical study with polytraumatized patients, we found significantly increased granulocyte-derived MVs containing the C5a receptor (C5aR1, CD88) on their surface. This finding was accompanied by a concomitant loss of C5aR1 on granulocytes indicative of an impaired cellular chemotactic and pro-inflammatory neutrophil functions. Furthermore, in vitro exposure of human neutrophils (from healthy volunteers) to C5a significantly increased MV shedding and C5aR1 loss on neutrophils, which could be blocked using the C5aR1 antagonist PMX53. Mechanistic analyses revealed that the interaction between C5aR1 signaling and the small GTPase Arf6 acts as a molecular switch for MV shedding. When neutrophil derived, C5a-induced MV were exposed to a complex ex vivo whole blood model significant pro-inflammatory properties (NADPH activity, ROS and MPO generation) of the MVs became evident. C5a-induced MVs activated resting neutrophils and significantly induced IL-6 secretion. These data suggest a novel role of the C5a-C5aR1 axis: C5a-induced MV shedding from neutrophils results in decreased C5aR1 surface expression on the one hand, on the other hand it leads to profound inflammatory signals which likely are both key drivers of the neutrophil dysfunction which is regularly observed in patients suffering from multiple traumatic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karasu
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Demmelmaier
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kellermann
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Holzmann
- Center for Biomedical Research, Genomics-Core Facility, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus S Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Halbgebauer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Fattahi F, Grailer JJ, Parlett M, Lu H, Malan EA, Abe E, Russell MW, Frydrych LM, Delano MJ, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Requirement of Complement C6 for Intact Innate Immune Responses in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:251-260. [PMID: 32444389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the first days of polymicrobial sepsis, there is robust activation of the innate immune system, causing the appearance of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, along with the appearance of extracellular histones, which are highly proinflammatory and prothrombotic. In the current study, we studied different innate immune responses in mice with knockout (KO) of complement protein 6 (C6). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from these KO mice had defective innate immune responses, including defective expression of surface adhesion molecules, generation of superoxide anion, and appearance of reactive oxygen species and histone release after activation of PMNs, along with defective phagocytosis. In addition, in C6-/- mice, the NLRP3 inflammasome was defective both in PMNs and in macrophages. When these KO mice were subjected to polymicrobial sepsis, their survival was improved, associated with reduced levels in the plasma of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and lower levels of histones in plasma. In addition, sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction was attenuated in these KO mice. In a model of acute lung injury induced by LPS, C6-/- mice showed reduced PMN buildup and less lung epithelial/endothelial cell dysfunction (edema and hemorrhage). These data indicate that C6-/- mice have reduced innate immune responses that result in less organ injury and improved survival after polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fattahi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jamison J Grailer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michella Parlett
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hope Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elizabeth A Malan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elizabeth Abe
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark W Russell
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Lynn M Frydrych
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Matthew J Delano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Firas S Zetoune
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Immune Modulatory Agents against Sepsis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030323. [PMID: 32197507 PMCID: PMC7140865 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the immune system which sense pathogens and present their antigens to prime the adaptive immune responses. As the progression of sepsis occurs, DCs are capable of orchestrating the aberrant innate immune response by sustaining the Th1/Th2 responses that are essential for host survival. Hence, an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of DCs would have a beneficial effect in overcoming the obstacle occurring in sepsis. This paper focuses on the role of DCs in the progression of sepsis and we also discuss the reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression through manipulating the DC function. In addition, we highlight some potent immunotherapies that could be used as a novel strategy in the early treatment of sepsis.
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9
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Karasu E, Nilsson B, Köhl J, Lambris JD, Huber-Lang M. Targeting Complement Pathways in Polytrauma- and Sepsis-Induced Multiple-Organ Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:543. [PMID: 30949180 PMCID: PMC6437067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic or infectious insults results in a rapid activation of the complement cascade as major fluid defense system of innate immunity. The complement system acts as a master alarm system during the molecular danger response after trauma and significantly contributes to the clearance of DAMPs and PAMPs. However, depending on the origin and extent of the damaged macro- and micro -milieu, the complement system can also be either excessively activated or inhibited. In both cases, this can lead to a maladaptive immune response and subsequent multiple cellular and organ dysfunction. The arsenal of complement-specific drugs offers promising strategies for various critical conditions after trauma, hemorrhagic shock, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. The imbalanced immune response needs to be detected in a rational and real-time manner before the translational therapeutic potential of these drugs can be fully utilized. Overall, the temporal-spatial complement response after tissue trauma and during sepsis remains somewhat enigmatic and demands a clinical triad: reliable tissue damage assessment, complement activation monitoring, and potent complement targeting to highly specific rebalance the fluid phase innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Karasu
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research (ISEF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Jung S, Kim MJ, Nam BH, Lee J. Identification and characterization of a carboxypeptidase N1 from red lip mullet (Liza haematocheila); revealing its immune relevance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:223-232. [PMID: 30300741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement system orchestrates the innate and adaptive immunity via the activation, recruitment, and regulation of immune molecules to destroy pathogens. However, regulation of the complement is essential to avoid injuries to the autologous tissues. The present study unveils the characteristic features of an important complement component, anaphylatoxin inactivator from red lip mullet at its molecular and functional level. Mullet carboxypeptidase N1 (MuCPN1) cDNA sequence possessed an open reading frame of 1347 bp, which encoded a protein of 449 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 51 kDa. In silico analysis discovered two domains of PM14-Zn carboxypeptidase and a C-terminal domain of M14 N/E carboxypeptidase, two zinc-binding signature motifs, and an N-glycosylation site in the MuCPN1 sequence. Homology analysis revealed that most of the residues in the sequence are conserved among the other selected homologs. Phylogeny analysis showed that MuCPN1 closely cladded with the Maylandia zebra CPN1 and clustered together with the teleostean counterparts. A challenge experiment showed modulated expression of MuCPN1 upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and Lactococcus garviae in head kidney, spleen, gill, and liver tissues. The highest upregulation of MuCPN1 was observed 24 h post infection against poly I:C in each tissue. Moreover, the highest relative expressions upon L. garviae challenge were observed at 24 h post infection in head kidney tissue and 48 h post infection in spleen, gill, and liver tissues. MuCPN1 transfected cells triggered a 2.2-fold increase of nitric oxide (NO) production upon LPS stimulation compared to the un-transfected controls suggesting that MuCPN1 is an active protease which releases arginine from complement C3a, C4a, and C5a. These results have driven certain way towards enhancing the understanding of immune role of MuCPN1 in the complement defense mechanism of red lip mullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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11
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The role of complement activation in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192361. [PMID: 29466390 PMCID: PMC5821337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (RM) may cause kidney damage and results primarily in acute kidney injury (AKI). Complement is implicated in the pathogenesis of renal diseases and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), but the role of complement, especially its activation pathway(s) and its effect in RM-induced AKI, is not clear. This study established a rat model of AKI induced by RM via intramuscular treatment with glycerol. Cobra venom factor (CVF) was administered via tail vein injection to deplete complement 12 h prior to intramuscular injection of glycerol. We found that the complement components, including complement 3 (C3), C1q, MBL-A, factor B(fB), C5a, C5b-9, and CD59, were significantly increased in rat kidneys after intramuscular glycerol administration. However, the levels of serum BUN and Cr, renal tubular injury scores, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells decreased significantly in the CVF+AKI group. These results suggest that complement plays an important role in RM-induced AKI and that complement depletion may improve renal function and decrease renal tissue damage by reducing the inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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12
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13
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Zhu M, He X, Wang XH, Qiu W, Xing W, Guo W, An TC, Ao LQ, Hu XT, Li Z, Liu XP, Xiao N, Yu J, Huang H, Xu X. Complement C5a induces mesenchymal stem cell apoptosis during the progression of chronic diabetic complications. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1822-1833. [PMID: 28577176 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Regeneration and repair mediated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are key self-protection mechanisms against diabetic complications, a reflection of diabetes-related cell/tissue damage and dysfunction. MSC abnormalities have been reported during the progression of diabetic complications, but little is known about whether a deficiency in these cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In addition to MSC resident sites, peripheral circulation is a major source of MSCs that participate in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. Therefore, we investigated whether there is a deficiency of circulating MSC-like cells in people with diabetes and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The abundance of MSC-like cells in peripheral blood was evaluated by FACS. Selected diabetic and non-diabetic serum (DS and NDS, respectively) samples were used to mimic diabetic and non-diabetic microenvironments, respectively. The proliferation and survival of MSCs under different serum conditions were analysed using several detection methods. The survival of MSCs in diabetic microenvironments was also investigated in vivo using leptin receptor mutant (Lepr db/db ) mice. RESULTS Our data showed a significant decrease in the abundance of circulating MSC-like cells, which was correlated with complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes. DS strongly impaired the proliferation and survival of culture-expanded MSCs through the complement system but not through exposure to high glucose levels. DS-induced MSC apoptosis was mediated, at least in part, by the complement C5a-dependent upregulation of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) and the Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)/B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) ratio, which was significantly inhibited by neutralising C5a or by the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the C5a receptor (C5aR) on MSCs. Moreover, blockade of the C5a/C5aR pathway significantly inhibited the apoptosis of transplanted MSCs in Lepr db/db recipient mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION C5a-dependent apoptotic death is probably involved in MSC deficiency and in the progression of complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, anticomplement therapy may be a novel intervention for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao He
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wang
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qiu
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xing
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Chen An
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Quan Ao
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ting Hu
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Li
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Ninth Department, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Huang
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- First Department, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, No. 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping Street, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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15
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Pinoli M, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic Regulation of Innate Immunity: a Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:602-623. [PMID: 28578466 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral tissues. Emerging evidence however points to DA also as a key transmitter between the nervous system and the immune system as well as a mediator produced and released by immune cells themselves. Dopaminergic pathways have received so far extensive attention in the adaptive branch of the immune system, where they play a role in health and disease such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and Parkinson's disease. Comparatively little is known about DA and the innate immune response, although DA may affect innate immune system cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, microglia, and neutrophils. The present review aims at providing a complete and exhaustive summary of currently available evidence about DA and innate immunity, and to become a reference for anyone potentially interested in the fields of immunology, neurosciences and pharmacology. A wide array of dopaminergic drugs is used in therapeutics for non-immune indications, such as Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinemia, shock, hypertension, with a usually favorable therapeutic index, and they might be relatively easily repurposed for immune-mediated disease, thus leading to innovative treatments at low price, with benefit for patients as well as for the healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pinoli
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
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16
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Esen F, Orhun G, Ozcan PE, Senturk E, Kucukerden M, Giris M, Akcan U, Yilmaz CU, Orhan N, Arican N, Kaya M, Gazioglu SB, Tuzun E. Neuroprotective effects of intravenous immunoglobulin are mediated through inhibition of complement activation and apoptosis in a rat model of sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:1. [PMID: 28058672 PMCID: PMC5215999 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-016-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin (Ig) treatment is known to alleviate behavioral deficits and increase survival in the experimentally induced model of sepsis. To delineate the mechanisms by which IVIg treatment prevents neuronal dysfunction, an array of immunological and apoptosis markers was investigated. Methods Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation perforation (CLP) in rats. The animals were divided into five groups: sham, control, CLP + saline, CLP + immunoglobulin G (IgG) (250 mg/kg, iv), and CLP + immunoglobulins enriched with immunoglobulin M (IgGAM) (250 mg/kg, iv). Blood and brain samples were taken in two sets of experiments to see the early (24 h) and late (10 days) effects of treatment. Total complement activity, complement 3 (C3), and soluble complement C5b-9 levels were measured in the sera of rats using ELISA-based methods. Cerebral complement, complement receptor, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl-2 expressions were analyzed by western blot and/or RT-PCR methods. Immune cell infiltration and gliosis were examined by immunohistochemistry using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD19, and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. Apoptotic neuronal death was investigated by TUNEL staining. Results IVIgG and IgGAM administration significantly reduced systemic complement activity and cerebral C5a and C5a receptor expression. Likewise, both treatment methods reduced proapoptotic NF-κB and Bax expressions in the brain. IVIgG and IgGAM treatment induced considerable amelioration in glial cell proliferation and neuronal apoptosis which were increased in non-treated septic rats. Conclusions We suggest that IVIgG and IgGAM administration ameliorates neuronal dysfunction and behavioral deficits by reducing apoptotic cell death and glial cell proliferation. In both treatment methods, these beneficial effects might be mediated through reduction of anaphylatoxic C5a activity and subsequent inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-016-0114-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Esen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34039, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunseli Orhun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34039, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ergin Ozcan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34039, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Evren Senturk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa-Fatih, 34039, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Kucukerden
- Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Giris
- Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Akcan
- Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ugur Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Orhan
- Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nadir Arican
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Bilgic Gazioglu
- Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Stolk RF, van der Poll T, Angus DC, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Kox M. Potentially Inadvertent Immunomodulation: Norepinephrine Use in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194:550-8. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0862cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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18
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Kalbitz M, Fattahi F, Herron TJ, Grailer JJ, Jajou L, Lu H, Huber-Lang M, Zetoune FS, Sarma JV, Day SM, Russell MW, Jalife J, Ward PA. Complement Destabilizes Cardiomyocyte Function In Vivo after Polymicrobial Sepsis and In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2353-61. [PMID: 27521340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence during sepsis that cardiomyocyte (CM) homeostasis is compromised, resulting in cardiac dysfunction. An important role for complement in these outcomes is now demonstrated. Addition of C5a to electrically paced CMs caused prolonged elevations of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations during diastole, together with the appearance of spontaneous Ca(2+) transients. In polymicrobial sepsis in mice, we found that three key homeostasis-regulating proteins in CMs were reduced: Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, which is vital for effective action potentials in CMs, and two intracellular Ca(2+) concentration regulatory proteins, that is, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 and the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. Sepsis caused reduced mRNA levels and reductions in protein concentrations in CMs for all three proteins. The absence of either C5a receptor mitigated sepsis-induced reductions in the three regulatory proteins. Absence of either C5a receptor (C5aR1 or C5aR2) diminished development of defective systolic and diastolic echocardiographic/Doppler parameters developing in the heart (cardiac output, left ventricular stroke volume, isovolumic relaxation, E' septal annulus, E/E' septal annulus, left ventricular diastolic volume). We also found in CMs from septic mice the presence of defective current densities for Ik1, l-type calcium channel, and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. These defects were accentuated in the copresence of C5a. These data suggest complement-related mechanisms responsible for development of cardiac dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Fattahi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Todd J Herron
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jamison J Grailer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lawrence Jajou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Hope Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Firas S Zetoune
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - J Vidya Sarma
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mark W Russell
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - José Jalife
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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19
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Mahajan SD, Tutino VM, Redae Y, Meng H, Siddiqui A, Woodruff TM, Jarvis JN, Hennon T, Schwartz S, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. C5a induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in brain vascular endothelial cells in experimental lupus. Immunology 2016; 148:407-19. [PMID: 27213693 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction complicates central nervous system lupus, an important aspect of systemic lupus erythematosus. To gain insight into the underlying mechanism, vascular corrosion casts of brain were generated from the lupus mouse model, MRL/lpr mice and the MRL/MpJ congenic controls. Scanning electron microscopy of the casts showed loss of vascular endothelial cells in lupus mice compared with controls. Immunostaining revealed a significant increase in caspase 3 expression in the brain vascular endothelial cells, which suggests that apoptosis could be an important mechanism causing cell loss, and thereby loss of BBB integrity. Complement activation occurs in lupus resulting in increased generation of circulating C5a, which caused the endothelial layer to become 'leaky'. In this study, we show that C5a and lupus serum induced apoptosis in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs), whereas selective C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) antagonist reduced apoptosis in these cells, demonstrating C5a/C5aR1-dependence. Gene expression of initiator caspases, caspase 1 and caspase 8, and pro-apoptotic proteins death-associated protein kinase 1, Fas-associated protein (FADD), cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45 000 MW subunit A-like effector B (CIDEB) and BCL2-associated X protein were increased in HBMVECs treated with lupus serum or C5a, indicating that both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways could be critical mediators of brain endothelial cell apoptosis in this setting. Overall, our findings suggest that C5a/C5aR1 signalling induces apoptosis through activation of FADD, caspase 8/3 and CIDEB in brain endothelial cells in lupus. Further elucidation of the underlying apoptotic mechanisms mediating the reduced endothelial cell number is important in establishing the potential therapeutic effectiveness of C5aR1 inhibition that could prevent and/or reduce BBB alterations and preserve the physiological function of BBB in central nervous system lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent M Tutino
- Toshiba Vascular Stroke Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yonas Redae
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hui Meng
- Toshiba Vascular Stroke Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Adnan Siddiqui
- Toshiba Vascular Stroke Center, Biomedical Engineering Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James N Jarvis
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Hennon
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Richard J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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20
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van der Maten E, van Selm S, Langereis JD, Bootsma HJ, van Opzeeland FJH, de Groot R, de Jonge MI, van der Flier M. Alternative Pathway Inhibition by Exogenous Factor H Fails to Attenuate Inflammation and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Pneumococcal Sepsis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149307. [PMID: 26872035 PMCID: PMC4752313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of sepsis. Effective complement activation is an important component of host defence against invading pathogens, whilst excessive complement activation has been associated with endothelial dysfunction and organ damage. The alternative pathway amplification loop is important for the enhancement of complement activation. Factor H is a key negative regulator of the alternative pathway amplification loop and contributes to tight control of complement activation. We assessed the effect of inhibition of the alternative pathway on sepsis associated inflammation and disease severity using human factor H treatment in a clinically relevant mice model of pneumococcal sepsis. Mice were infected intravenously with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. At the first clinical signs of infection, 17 hours post-infection, mice were treated with ceftriaxone antibiotic. At the same time purified human factor H or in controls PBS was administered. Treatment with human factor H did not attenuate disease scores, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, or vascular permeability and did not significantly affect C3 and C3a production at 26 h post-infection. Therefore, we conclude that inhibition of the alternative complement pathway by exogenous human factor H fails to attenuate inflammation and vascular leakage at a clinically relevant intervention time point in pneumococcal sepsis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika van der Maten
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Selm
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. Langereis
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hester J. Bootsma
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred J. H. van Opzeeland
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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Scanzano A, Cosentino M. Adrenergic regulation of innate immunity: a review. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26321956 PMCID: PMC4534859 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system has a major role in the brain-immune cross-talk, but few information exist on the sympathoadrenergic regulation of innate immune system. The aim of this review is to summarize available knowledge regarding the sympathetic modulation of the innate immune response, providing a rational background for the possible repurposing of adrenergic drugs as immunomodulating agents. The cells of immune system express adrenoceptors (AR), which represent the target for noradrenaline and adrenaline. In human neutrophils, adrenaline and noradrenaline inhibit migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and oxidative metabolism, possibly through β-AR, although the role of α1- and α2-AR requires further investigation. Natural Killer express β-AR, which are usually inhibitory. Monocytes express β-AR and their activation is usually antiinflammatory. On murine Dentritic cells (DC), β-AR mediate sympathetic influence on DC-T cells interactions. In human DC β2-AR may affect Th1/2 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. In microglia and in astrocytes, β2-AR dysregulation may contribute to neuroinflammation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease. In conclusion, extensive evidence supports a critical role for adrenergic mechanisms in the regulation of innate immunity, in peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS. Sympathoadrenergic pathways in the innate immune system may represent novel antiinflammatory and immunomodulating targets with significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scanzano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria Varese, Italy
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22
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Kanczkowski W, Sue M, Zacharowski K, Reincke M, Bornstein SR. The role of adrenal gland microenvironment in the HPA axis function and dysfunction during sepsis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:241-8. [PMID: 25543020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock in response to bacterial or viral infections remain the major health problem worldwide. Despite decades of intensive research and improvements in medical care, severe sepsis is associated with high mortality. Rapid activation of the adrenal gland glucocorticoid and catecholamine production is a fundamental component of the stress response and is essential for survival of the host. However, in many critically ill patients this homeostatic function of the adrenal gland is often impaired. In these patients, plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol are often dissociated. This has been attributed to the stimulatory action of non-ACTH factors within the adrenal gland such as cytokines, and recently with decreased cortisol metabolism and suppressed ACTH synthesis. Regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function during sepsis is a complex process which involves various immune and neuroendocrine interactions occurring at the levels of the central nervous system (CNS) and the adrenal gland. A coordinated interaction of numerous cell types and systems within the adrenal gland is involved in the sustained adrenal glucocorticoid production. This review article describes and discusses recent experimental findings regarding the role of adrenal gland microenvironment including the adrenal vasculature and the immune-adrenal crosstalk in the disregulated HPA axis during sepsis conditions. In summary, in addition to the reduced cortisol breakdown and related ACTH suppression, sepsis-mediated chronic activation of the immune-adrenal crosstalk and vascular dysfunction may contribute to the HPA axis dysregulation found in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mariko Sue
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, 60595 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Wezel A, de Vries MR, Lagraauw HM, Foks AC, Kuiper J, Quax PHA, Bot I. Complement factor C5a induces atherosclerotic plaque disruptions. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2020-30. [PMID: 25124749 PMCID: PMC4244017 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor C5a and its receptor C5aR are expressed in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques; however, a causal relation between C5a and plaque rupture has not been established yet. Accelerated atherosclerosis was induced by placing vein grafts in male apoE(-/-) mice. After 24 days, when advanced plaques had developed, C5a or PBS was applied locally at the lesion site in a pluronic gel. Three days later mice were killed to examine the acute effect of C5a on late stage atherosclerosis. A significant increase in C5aR in the plaque was detectable in mice treated with C5a. Lesion size and plaque morphology did not differ between treatment groups, but interestingly, local treatment with C5a resulted in a striking increase in the amount of plaque disruptions with concomitant intraplaque haemorrhage. To identify the potential underlying mechanisms, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were treated in vitro with C5a. Both cell types revealed a marked increase in apoptosis after stimulation with C5a, which may contribute to lesion instability in vivo. Indeed, apoptosis within the plaque was seen to be significantly increased after C5a treatment. We here demonstrate a causal role for C5a in atherosclerotic plaque disruptions, probably by inducing apoptosis. Therefore, intervention in complement factor C5a signalling may be a promising target in the prevention of acute atherosclerotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jiang X, Sung YK, Tian W, Qian J, Semenza GL, Nicolls MR. Graft microvascular disease in solid organ transplantation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:797-810. [PMID: 24880953 PMCID: PMC4118041 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alloimmune inflammation damages the microvasculature of solid organ transplants during acute rejection. Although immunosuppressive drugs diminish the inflammatory response, they do not directly promote vascular repair. Repetitive microvascular injury with insufficient regeneration results in prolonged tissue hypoxia and fibrotic remodeling. While clinical studies show that a loss of the microvascular circulation precedes and may act as an initiating factor for the development of chronic rejection, preclinical studies demonstrate that improved microvascular perfusion during acute rejection delays and attenuates tissue fibrosis. Therefore, preservation of a functional microvasculature may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for preventing chronic rejection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of the microvasculature in the long-term survival of transplanted solid organs. We also highlight microvessel-centered therapeutic strategies for prolonging the survival of solid organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA,
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Kanczkowski W, Chatzigeorgiou A, Samus M, Tran N, Zacharowski K, Chavakis T, Bornstein SR. Characterization of the LPS-induced inflammation of the adrenal gland in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371:228-35. [PMID: 23295830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic administration of endotoxin, which closely mimics the bacteria-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can ultimately lead to organ failure. Adrenal gland insufficiency is frequently diagnosed in critically ill patients; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we studied comprehensively the characteristics of adrenal gland dysregulation, including inflammation, leukocyte infiltration and cell death in the adrenal glands in the course of LPS-induced systemic inflammation in mice. LPS enhanced expression of many proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, which resulted in rapid recruitment of leukocytes into the adrenal gland. Furthermore, LPS-mediated inflammation was associated with increased apoptosis of adrenocortical and chromaffin cells. Our results performed in mice, suggest that LPS-induced adrenal gland inflammation and cell death might be mechanisms potentially involved in the adrenal gland dysfunction in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kanczkowski
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Li R, Coulthard LG, Wu MCL, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM. C5L2: a controversial receptor of complement anaphylatoxin, C5a. FASEB J 2012; 27:855-64. [PMID: 23239822 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C5a is the paramount proinflammatory mediator of the complement cascade, and has been previously thought to act only through a single, G-protein-coupled, C5a receptor (C5aR; also termed CD88). In 2000, a second C5a receptor, C5L2 (previously known as GPR77), was discovered; yet, despite 12 yr of intensive research, its biological, or pathophysiological, function is both enigmatic and controversial. Unlike C5aR, this receptor does not couple to G proteins, and early studies promoted the hypothesis that C5L2 functions as a decoy receptor. However, recent data have provided other evidence for more complicated and conflicting interactions between C5L2 and other inflammatory mediators. C5L2 has been recently demonstrated to physically interact with both C5aR and β-arrestin to negatively regulate C5aR signaling toward an anti-inflammatory manner, and to reduce pathology, in several disease models in vivo. In direct contrast, other groups have demonstrated that C5L2 stimulation caused release of HMGB1 both in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced pathology in sepsis models, suggesting a clear proinflammatory signaling role. These astoundingly contradictory data challenge our precepts and complicate the foundational bases for the possible targeting of C5L2 as a therapeutic option in inflammatory disease. C5L2 may be the great masquerader in complement biology; its function dependent on the cell type, species, and disease context. Because of these unusual and unforeseen complexities, we present the current state of knowledge on C5L2 structure, expression and, most controversially, its putative functions.-Li, R., Coulthard, L.G., Wu, M. C. L., Taylor, S. M., Woodruff, T. M. C5L2: a controversial receptor of complement anaphylatoxin, C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Yan C, Gao H. New insights for C5a and C5a receptors in sepsis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:368. [PMID: 23233853 PMCID: PMC3518060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a central role in inflammation and immunity. Among the complement activation products, C5a is one of the most potent inflammatory peptides with a broad spectrum of functions. There is strong evidence for complement activation including elevated plasma level of C5a in humans and animals with sepsis. C5a exerts its effects through the C5a receptors. Of the two receptors that bind C5a, the C5aR (CD88) is known to mediate signaling activity, whereas the function of another C5a binding receptor, C5L2, remains largely unknown. Here, we review the critical role of C5a in sepsis and summarize evidence indicating that both C5aR and C5L2 act as regulating receptors for C5a during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
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The role of complement system in septic shock. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:407324. [PMID: 23049598 PMCID: PMC3459296 DOI: 10.1155/2012/407324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Septic shock is a critical clinical condition with a high mortality rate. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms is important to develop effective therapies. Basic and clinical studies suggest that activation of complements in the common cascade, for example, complement component 3 (C3) and C5, is involved in the development of septic shock. The involvement of three upstream complement pathways in septic shock is more complicated. Both the classical and alternative pathways appear to be activated in septic shock, but the alternative pathway may be activated earlier than the classical pathway. Activation of these two pathways is essential to clear endotoxin. Recent investigations have shed light on the role of lectin complement pathway in septic shock. Published reports suggest a protective role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) against sepsis. Our preliminary study of MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) in septic shock patients indicated that acute decrease of MASP-2 in the early phase of septic shock might correlate with in-hospital mortality. It is unknown whether excessive activation of these three upstream complement pathways may contribute to the detrimental effects in septic shock. This paper also discusses additional complement-related pathogenic mechanisms and intervention strategies for septic shock.
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Neher MD, Weckbach S, Flierl MA, Huber-Lang MS, Stahel PF. Molecular mechanisms of inflammation and tissue injury after major trauma--is complement the "bad guy"? J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:90. [PMID: 22129197 PMCID: PMC3247859 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma represents the leading cause of death among young people in industrialized countries. Recent clinical and experimental studies have brought increasing evidence for activation of the innate immune system in contributing to the pathogenesis of trauma-induced sequelae and adverse outcome. As the "first line of defense", the complement system represents a potent effector arm of innate immunity, and has been implicated in mediating the early posttraumatic inflammatory response. Despite its generic beneficial functions, including pathogen elimination and immediate response to danger signals, complement activation may exert detrimental effects after trauma, in terms of mounting an "innocent bystander" attack on host tissue. Posttraumatic ischemia/reperfusion injuries represent the classic entity of complement-mediated tissue damage, adding to the "antigenic load" by exacerbation of local and systemic inflammation and release of toxic mediators. These pathophysiological sequelae have been shown to sustain the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after major trauma, and can ultimately contribute to remote organ injury and death. Numerous experimental models have been designed in recent years with the aim of mimicking the inflammatory reaction after trauma and to allow the testing of new pharmacological approaches, including the emergent concept of site-targeted complement inhibition. The present review provides an overview on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of complement activation after major trauma, with an emphasis of emerging therapeutic concepts which may provide the rationale for a "bench-to-bedside" approach in the design of future pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam D Neher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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31
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Jacob A, Hack B, Chen P, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. C5a/CD88 signaling alters blood-brain barrier integrity in lupus through nuclear factor-κB. J Neurochem 2011; 119:1041-51. [PMID: 21929539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key factor in a number of neurodegenerative diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. The complement system is an important mechanism in initiating and amplifying inflammation. Our recent studies demonstrate that C5a, a protein fragment generated during complement activation could alter the blood-brain barrier integrity, and thereby disturb the brain microenvironment. To understand the mechanism by which this occurs, we examined the effects of C5a on apoptosis, translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κb) and the expression of Iκbα, MAPK, CREB and TJ protein, zona occludens (ZO-1) in mouse brain endothelial cells. Apoptosis was examined by DNA laddering and caspase 3 activity and the distribution of the ZO-1 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB were determined by immunofluorescence. Inhibition of CD88 reduced translocation of NF-κb into the nucleus, altered ZO-1 at the interfaces of neighboring cells, decreased caspase 3 activity and prevented apoptosis in these cells. Our results indicate that signaling through CD88 regulates the blood-brain barrier in a NF-κb-dependent manner. These studies suggest that the C5a receptor, CD88 is a promising therapeutic target that will reduce NF-κb-signaling cascades in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gao X, Liu H, Ding G, Wang Z, Fu H, Ni Z, Ma J, Liu F, Fu Z. Complement C3 deficiency prevent against the onset of streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes involving expansion of regulatory T cells. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:236-43. [PMID: 21767994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that complement contributes to the development of autoimmune diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, using a model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, we found the presence of immune tolerance to self islet in complement C3-deficient mice after STZ. Higher number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) with characteristics of expressing Foxp3 was observed in C3-/- mice. These C3-/- Tregs exhibited enhanced suppressive capacity to effector cell proliferation. The central role of Tregs was further evidenced by that depleting these cells using anti-CD25 antibody dramatically abrogated the preventive effects of C3 deficiency on STZ-induced diabetes. Importantly, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was a key factor for Treg-mediated immune suppression as blocking TGF-β activity reversed suppressive capacity of Tregs in vitro and diabetes-resistant effects of C3 deficiency in vivo. These findings suggest that resistance to overt diabetes in STZ-treated C3-/- mice involves a population of Tregs in TGF-β-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Gao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, PR China
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33
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Chen XH, Yin YJ, Zhang JX. Sepsis and immune response. World J Emerg Med 2011; 2:88-92. [PMID: 25214990 PMCID: PMC4129694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and secondary multiple organ failure in critically ill patients are the major cause of death, but the pathogenesis of sepsis is not clear, especially the dysfunction of the immune system. In this paper, we review the response and regulation of the immune system and the functions of a variety of inflammatory mediators in sepsis. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed for articles using the keywords "sepsis", "immune response", and "inflammatory mediator" up to October 2010. Additional papers were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles. RESULTS THIS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED OF: 1) the immune response; 2) immune regulation; 3) inflammatory mediators; 4) high-mobility group box 1 protein; 5) the complement system; and 6) the autonomic nervous system. There are no therapeutic approaches available for sepsis that target inflammatory response; the mortality of sepsis has not been significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis is complex and dynamic, and it has a group of heterogeneous syndromes. Since different patients with sepsis have different etiology, susceptibility, and responses, treatment should be prescribed individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-hai Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yong-jie Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jing-xiao Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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Abstract
Complement activation products are known to be generated in the setting of both experimental and human sepsis. C5 activation products (C5a anaphylatoxin and the membrane attack complex [MAC] C5b-9) are generated during sepsis following infusion of endotoxin, or after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), which produces polymicrobial sepsis. C5a reacts with its receptors C5aR and C5L2 in a manner that creates the “cytokine storm”, and is associated with development of multiorgan failure (MOF). A number of other complications arising from the interaction of C5a with its receptors include apoptosis of lymphoid cells, loss of innate immune functions of neutrophils (PMNs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes), cardiomyopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and complications associated with MOF. Neutralization of C5a in vivo or absence/blockade of C5a receptors greatly reduces the adverse events in the setting of sepsis, markedly attenuates MOF, and greatly improves survival. Regarding the possible role of C5b-9 in sepsis, the literature is conflicting. Some studies suggest that C5b-9 is protective, while other studies suggest the contrary. Clearly, in human sepsis, C5a and its receptors may be logical targets for interception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abstract
Sepsis in human beings is a major problem involving many individuals and with a high death rate. Except for a single drug (recombinant activated protein C) that has been approved for treatment of septic patients, supportive measures represent the main clinical approach. There are many models of experimental sepsis, mostly in rodents. A commonly used model is cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In this model, robust activation of complement occurs together with up-regulation of C5a receptors (C5aR, C5L2) in a variety of different organs (lungs, kidneys, liver, heart). In septic human beings there is abundant evidence for complement activation. Interception of C5a or its receptors in the CLP model greatly improves survival in septic rodents. There is compelling evidence that CLP causes an intense pro-inflammatory state and that C5a interaction with its receptors can be linked to apoptosis of the lymphoid system and cells of the adrenal medulla, loss of innate immune functions of blood neutrophils, consumptive coagulopathy and cardiac dysfunction. These findings may have implications for therapeutic interventions in human beings with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Ward
- The University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5602, USA.
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Klos A, Tenner AJ, Johswich KO, Ager RR, Reis ES, Köhl J. The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2753-66. [PMID: 19477527 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The anaphylatoxin (AT) C3a, C5a and C5a-desArg are generally considered pro-inflammatory polypeptides generated after proteolytic cleavage of C3 and C5 in response to complement activation. Their well-appreciated effector functions include chemotaxis and activation of granulocytes, mast cells and macrophages. Recent evidence suggests that ATs are also generated locally within tissues by pathogen-, cell-, or contact system-derived proteases. This local generation of ATs is important for their pleiotropic biologic effects beyond inflammation. The ATs exert most of the biologic activities through ligation of three cognate receptors, i.e. the C3a receptor, the C5a receptor and the C5a receptor-like, C5L2. Here, we will discuss recent findings suggesting that ATs regulate cell apoptosis, lipid metabolism as well as innate and adaptive immune responses through their impact on antigen-presenting cells and T cells. As we will outline, such regulatory functions of ATs and their receptors play important roles in the pathogenesis of allergy, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and infections with intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical School Hannover, MHH, Germany
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Albrecht EA, Sarma JV, Ward PA. Activation by C5a of endothelial cell caspase 8 and cFLIP. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:30-7. [PMID: 19115040 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-008-8156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN In this study, we examine the relationship between C5a and activation of cysteine aspartic acid protease 8 (caspase 8) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). MATERIALS OR SUBJECTS Primary cultures of HUVEC were used. TREATMENTS Recombinant human C5a (50 ng/ml) was used in the presence or absence of 10 microg/ml cycloheximide (CHX). METHODS HUVEC were treated with C5a alone and in the presence of CHX, then monitored for cell viability, poly- ADP-ribose 1 (PARP-1) and caspase 8 activities. Gene and protein expressions were assessed for caspase 8 and the caspase 8 homologue, FLICE -inhibitory protein (cFLIP). RESULTS We found a 43.1 +/- 6.9 percent reduction in viability of HUVEC stimulated for 18 h with 50 ng/ml C5a in the presence of 10 microg/ml CHX (p < 0.05). In contrast, the cell viability of cells stimulated for 18 h with 50 ng/ml C5a or 10 microg/ml CHX alone was not significantly different compared to the non-stimulated control. Treatment of HUVEC with C5a induced an increase in caspase 8 activity but did not significantly affect cFLIP levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest caspase 8 activation induced by C5a leads to cell death if protein synthesis of antiapoptotic protein(s) is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Albrecht
- Department of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
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40
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Flierl MA, Stahel PF, Rittirsch D, Huber-Lang M, Niederbichler AD, Hoesel LM, Touban BM, Morgan SJ, Smith WR, Ward PA, Ipaktchi K. Inhibition of complement C5a prevents breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and pituitary dysfunction in experimental sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R12. [PMID: 19196477 PMCID: PMC2688129 DOI: 10.1186/cc7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Septic encephalopathy secondary to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a known complication of sepsis. However, its pathophysiology remains unclear. The present study investigated the effect of complement C5a blockade in preventing BBB damage and pituitary dysfunction during experimental sepsis. Methods Using the standardised caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either neutralising anti-C5a antibody or pre-immune immunoglobulin (Ig) G as a placebo. Sham-operated animals served as internal controls. Results Placebo-treated septic rats showed severe BBB dysfunction within 24 hours, accompanied by a significant upregulation of pituitary C5a receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, although gene levels of growth hormone were significantly attenuated. The pathophysiological changes in placebo-treated septic rats were restored by administration of neutralising anti-C5a antibody to the normal levels of BBB and pituitary function seen in the sham-operated group. Conclusions Collectively, the neutralisation of C5a greatly ameliorated pathophysiological changes associated with septic encephalopathy, implying a further rationale for the concept of pharmacological C5a inhibition in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Flierl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
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Abstract
Sepsis and sepsis-associated multi-organ failure are major challenges for scientists and clinicians and are a tremendous burden for health-care systems. Despite extensive basic research and clinical studies, the pathophysiology of sepsis is still poorly understood. We are now beginning to understand that sepsis is a heterogeneous, dynamic syndrome caused by imbalances in the 'inflammatory network'. In this Review, we highlight recent insights into the molecular interactions that occur during sepsis and attempt to unravel the nature of the dysregulated immune response during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rittirsch
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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42
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Ward PA. Sepsis, apoptosis and complement. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:1383-8. [PMID: 18848819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a prominent feature in human and experimental sepsis, especially as it involves the lymphoid system with resulting immunoparalysis. In addition, sepsis is associated with strong activation of the complement system, resulting in generation of the powerful anaphylatoxin, C5a, as well as the upregulation of the C5a receptor (C5aR) in a variety of different organs. The consequences of C5a interactions with C5aR can be directly linked to apoptosis of thymocytes and adrenal medullary cells after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rodents, as well as with other accompanying complications of CLP: cardiac dysfunction, consumptive coagulopathy, organ dysfunction, and lethality. This communication reviews the evidence for the adverse roles of C5a and C5aR in the setting of experimental sepsis and linkages to the various complications of sepsis, especially apoptosis as well as the roles of the two C5a receptors (C5aR and C5L2) in experimental sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ward
- The University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, 1301 Catherine Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5602, USA.
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