1
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Saritas Erdogan S, Yilmaz AE, Kumbasar A. PIN1 is a novel interaction partner and a negative upstream regulator of the transcription factor NFIB. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 39245791 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
NFIB is a transcription factor of the Nuclear Factor One (NFI) family that is essential for embryonic development. Post-translational control of NFIB or its upstream regulators have not been well characterized. Here, we show that PIN1 binds NFIB in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, via its WW domain. PIN1 interacts with the well-conserved N-terminal domains of all NFIs. Moreover, PIN1 attenuates the transcriptional activity of NFIB; this attenuation requires substrate binding by PIN1 but not its isomerase activity. Paradoxically, we found stabilization of NFIB by PIN1. We propose that PIN1 represses NFIB function not by regulating its abundance but by inducing a conformational change. These results identify NFIB as a novel PIN1 target and posit a role for PIN1 in post-translational regulation of NFIB and other NFIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Erdal Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Asli Kumbasar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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2
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Shim SM, Koh YH, Kim JH, Jeon JP. A combination of multiple autoantibodies is associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1312. [PMID: 35079008 PMCID: PMC8789802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAutoantibodies are self-antigen reactive antibodies that play diverse roles in the normal immune system, tissue homeostasis, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-neuronal autoantibodies have been detected in neurodegenerative disease serum, with unclear significance. To identify diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we analyzed serum autoantibody profiles of the HuProt proteome microarray using the discovery set of cognitively normal control (NC, n = 5) and AD (n = 5) subjects. Approximately 1.5-fold higher numbers of autoantibodies were detected in the AD group (98.0 ± 39.9/person) than the NC group (66.0 ± 39.6/person). Of the autoantigen candidates detected in the HuProt microarray, five autoantigens were finally selected for the ELISA-based validation experiment using the validation set including age- and gender-matched normal (NC, n = 44), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 44) and AD (n = 44) subjects. The serum levels of four autoantibodies including anti-ATCAY, HIST1H3F, NME7 and PAIP2 IgG were significantly different among NC, MCI and/or AD groups. Specifically, the anti-ATCAY autoantibody level was significantly higher in the AD (p = 0.003) and MCI (p = 0.015) groups compared to the NC group. The anti-ATCAY autoantibody level was also significantly correlated with neuropsychological scores of MMSE (rs = − 0.229, p = 0.012), K-MoCA (rs = − 0.270, p = 0.003), and CDR scores (rs = 0.218, p = 0.016). In addition, a single or combined occurrence frequency of anti-ATCAY and anti-PAIP2 autoantibodies was significantly associated with the risk of MCI and AD. This study indicates that anti-ATCAY and anti-PAIP2 autoantibodies could be a potential diagnostic biomarker of AD.
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3
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Wang S, Chen K, Yu J, Wang X, Li Q, Lv F, Shen H, Pei L. Presynaptic Caytaxin prevents apoptosis via deactivating DAPK1 in the acute phase of cerebral ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113303. [PMID: 32277960 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a key protein that mediates neuronal death in ischemic stroke. Although the substrates of DAPK1 and molecular signal in stroke have been gradually discovered, the modulation of DAPK1 itself is still unclear. Here we first reveal that Caytaxin, a brain-specific member of BCL2/adenovirus E1B -interacting protein (BNIP-2), increases and interacts with DAPK1 as early as 2 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the penumbra area of mouse brain. Furthermore, Caytaxin binds to DAPK1 at the presynaptic site and inhibits DAPK1 catalytic activity. Silencing Caytaxin by Caytaxin shRNA (Sh-Caytaxin) enhances DAPK1 activity, deteriorates neuronal apoptosis and brain injuries both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, elevating presynaptic Caytaxin could prevent neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting DAPK1 activation in the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Caytaxin may physiologically protect neuronal cells and represent a potential prevention and therapeutic target in the early phase of cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shen Zhen 518033, China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Exchange, Development & Service Center for Science & Technology Talents, The Ministry of Science and Technology (Most), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- Exchange, Development & Service Center for Science & Technology Talents, The Ministry of Science and Technology (Most), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Exchange, Development & Service Center for Science & Technology Talents, The Ministry of Science and Technology (Most), Beijing 100045, China
| | - Fei Lv
- Department of Emergency, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Biotherapy Center, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shen Zhen 518033, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China.
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research (IBR), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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4
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Guo Y, Li H, Ke X, Deng M, Wu Z, Cai Y, Afewerky HK, Zhang X, Pei L, Lu Y. Degradation of Caytaxin Causes Learning and Memory Deficits via Activation of DAPK1 in Aging. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3368-3379. [PMID: 30120735 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of memory is an inevitable clinic sign in aging, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that death-associated protein kinase (DAPK1) is involved in the decays of learning and memory in aging via degradation of Caytaxin, a brain-specific member of BNIP-2. DAPK1 becomes activated in the hippocampus of mice during aging. Activation of DAPK1 is closely associated with degradation of Caytaxin protein. Silencing Caytaxin by the expression of small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets specifically to Caytaxin in the hippocampus of adult mice impairs the learning and memory. Genetic inactivation of DAPK1 by deletion of DAPK1 kinase domain prevents the degradation of Caytaxin and protects against learning and memory declines. Thus, activation of DAPK1 impairs learning and memory by degrading Caytaxin during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuoze Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - You Cai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Henok Kessete Afewerky
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Pei
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China.
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 4030030, China. .,The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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LeDoux MS. Murine Models of Caytaxin Deficiency. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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6
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Yang HC, Chuang JY, Jeng WY, Liu CI, Wang AHJ, Lu PJ, Chang WC, Hung JJ. Pin1-mediated Sp1 phosphorylation by CDK1 increases Sp1 stability and decreases its DNA-binding activity during mitosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13573-87. [PMID: 25398907 PMCID: PMC4267622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that Sp1 phosphorylation at Thr739 decreases its DNA-binding activity. In this study, we found that phosphorylation of Sp1 at Thr739 alone is necessary, but not sufficient for the inhibition of its DNA-binding activity during mitosis. We demonstrated that Pin1 could be recruited to the Thr739(p)-Pro motif of Sp1 to modulate the interaction between phospho-Sp1 and CDK1, thereby facilitating CDK1-mediated phosphorylation of Sp1 at Ser720, Thr723 and Thr737 during mitosis. Loss of the C-terminal end of Sp1 (amino acids 741-785) significantly increased Sp1 phosphorylation, implying that the C-terminus inhibits CDK1-mediated Sp1 phosphorylation. Binding analysis of Sp1 peptides to Pin1 by isothermal titration calorimetry indicated that Pin1 interacts with Thr739(p)-Sp1 peptide but not with Thr739-Sp1 peptide. X-ray crystallography data showed that the Thr739(p)-Sp1 peptide occupies the active site of Pin1. Increased Sp1 phosphorylation by CDK1 during mitosis not only stabilized Sp1 levels by decreasing interaction with ubiquitin E3-ligase RNF4 but also caused Sp1 to move out of the chromosomes completely by decreasing its DNA-binding activity, thereby facilitating cell cycle progression. Thus, Pin1-mediated conformational changes in the C-terminal region of Sp1 are critical for increased CDK1-mediated Sp1 phosphorylation to facilitate cell cycle progression during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Che Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Jeng
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Liu
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan Center for Infectious Disease and Signal Transduction Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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7
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Akamatsu R, Ishida-Kitagawa N, Aoyama T, Oka C, Kawaichi M. BNIP-2 binds phosphatidylserine, localizes to vesicles, and is transported by kinesin-1. Genes Cells 2014; 20:135-52. [PMID: 25472445 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BNIP-2 shows high homology with the Cayman ataxia protein, caytaxin, which functions as a kinesin-1 adapter bridging cargos and kinesin light chains (KLCs). BNIP-2 is known to induce cell shape changes when over-expressed in culture cells, but its physiological functions are mostly unknown. BNIP-2 interacts with KLC through the conserved WED motif in the N-terminal region of BNIP-2. Interaction with KLC and transportation by kinesin-1 are essential for over-expressed BNIP-2 to elongate cells and induce cellular processes. Endogenous BNIP-2 localizes to the Golgi apparatus, early and recycling endosomes and mitochondria, aligned with microtubules, and moves at a speed compatible with kinesin-1 transportation. The CRAL-TRIO domain of BNIP-2 specifically interacts with phosphatidylserine, and the vesicular localization of BNIP-2 requires interaction with this phospholipid. BNIP-2 mutants which do not bind phosphatidylserine do not induce morphological changes in cells. These data show that similar to caytaxin, BNIP-2 is a kinesin-1 adapter involved in vesicular transportation in the cytoplasm and that association with cargos depends on interaction of the CRAL-TRIO domain with membrane phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 9816-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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8
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Luna-Cancalon K, Sikora KM, Pappas SS, Singh V, Wulff H, Paulson HL, Burmeister M, Shakkottai VG. Alterations in cerebellar physiology are associated with a stiff-legged gait in Atcay(ji-hes) mice. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 67:140-8. [PMID: 24727095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that dystonia, a movement disorder characterized by sustained involuntary muscle contractions, can be associated with cerebellar abnormalities. The basis for how functional changes in the cerebellum can cause dystonia is poorly understood. Here we identify alterations in physiology in Atcay(ji-hes) mice which in addition to ataxia, have an abnormal gait with hind limb extension and toe walking, reminiscent of human dystonic gait. No morphological abnormalities in the brain accompany the dystonia, but partial cerebellectomy causes resolution of the stiff-legged gait, suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction contributes to the dystonic gait of Atcay(ji-hes) mice. Recordings from Purkinje and deep cerebellar nuclear (DCN) neurons in acute brain slices were used to determine the physiological correlates of dystonia in the Atcay(ji-hes) mice. Approximately 50% of cerebellar Purkinje neurons fail to display the normal repetitive firing characteristic of these cells. In addition, DCN neurons exhibit increased intrinsic firing frequencies with a subset of neurons displaying bursts of action potentials. This increased intrinsic excitability of DCN neurons is accompanied by a reduction in after-hyperpolarization currents mediated by small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. An activator of SK channels reduces DCN neuron firing frequency in acute cerebellar slices and improves the dystonic gait of Atcay(ji-hes) mice. These results suggest that a combination of reduced Purkinje neuron activity and increased DCN intrinsic excitability can result in a combination of ataxia and a dystonia-like gait in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine M Sikora
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Psychiatry, Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Li S, Hayakawa-Yano Y, Itoh M, Ueda M, Ohta K, Suzuki Y, Mizuno A, Ohta E, Hida Y, Wang MX, Nakagawa T. Olfaxin as a novel Prune2 isoform predominantly expressed in olfactory system. Brain Res 2012; 1488:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Sikora KM, Nosavanh LM, Kantheti P, Burmeister M, Hortsch M. Expression of Caytaxin protein in Cayman Ataxia mouse models correlates with phenotype severity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50570. [PMID: 23226316 PMCID: PMC3511541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caytaxin is a highly-conserved protein, which is encoded by the Atcay/ATCAY gene. Mutations in Atcay/ATCAY have been identified as causative of cerebellar disorders such as the rare hereditary disease Cayman ataxia in humans, generalized dystonia in the dystonic (dt) rat, and marked motor defects in three ataxic mouse lines. While several lines of evidence suggest that Caytaxin plays a critical role in maintaining nervous system processes, the physiological function of Caytaxin has not been fully characterized. In the study presented here, we generated novel specific monoclonal antibodies against full-length Caytaxin to examine endogenous Caytaxin expression in wild type and Atcay mutant mouse lines. Caytaxin protein is absent from brain tissues in the two severely ataxic Atcayjit (jittery) and Atcayswd (sidewinder) mutant lines, and markedly decreased in the mildly ataxic/dystonic Atcayji-hes (hesitant) line, indicating a correlation between Caytaxin expression and disease severity. As the expression of wild type human Caytaxin in mutant sidewinder and jittery mice rescues the ataxic phenotype, Caytaxin’s physiological function appears to be conserved between the human and mouse orthologs. Across multiple species and in several neuronal cell lines Caytaxin is expressed as several protein isoforms, the two largest of which are caused by the usage of conserved methionine translation start sites. The work described in this manuscript presents an initial characterization of the Caytaxin protein and its expression in wild type and several mutant mouse models. Utilizing these animal models of human Cayman Ataxia will now allow an in-depth analysis to elucidate Caytaxin’s role in maintaining normal neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Sikora
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - LaGina M. Nosavanh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Prameela Kantheti
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Margit Burmeister
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Hortsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Pan CQ, Sudol M, Sheetz M, Low BC. Modularity and functional plasticity of scaffold proteins as p(l)acemakers in cell signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2143-65. [PMID: 22743133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells coordinate and integrate various functional modules that control their dynamics, intracellular trafficking, metabolism and gene expression. Such capacity is mediated by specific scaffold proteins that tether multiple components of signaling pathways at plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and in more specialized subcellular structures such as focal adhesions, cell-cell junctions, endosomes, vesicles and synapses. Scaffold proteins act as "pacemakers" as well as "placemakers" that regulate the temporal, spatial and kinetic aspects of protein complex assembly by modulating the local concentrations, proximity, subcellular dispositions and biochemical properties of the target proteins through the intricate use of their modular protein domains. These regulatory mechanisms allow them to gate the specificity, integration and crosstalk of different signaling modules. In addition to acting as physical platforms for protein assembly, many professional scaffold proteins can also directly modify the properties of their targets while they themselves can be regulated by post-translational modifications and/or mechanical forces. Furthermore, multiple scaffold proteins can form alliances of higher-order regulatory networks. Here, we highlight the emerging themes of scaffold proteins by analyzing their common and distinctive mechanisms of action and regulation, which underlie their functional plasticity in cell signaling. Understanding these mechanisms in the context of space, time and force should have ramifications for human physiology and for developing new therapeutic approaches to control pathological states and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Qiurong Pan
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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12
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Pan CQ, Low BC. Functional plasticity of the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP Homology (BCH) domain in cell signaling and cell dynamics. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2674-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Arama J, Boulay AC, Bosc C, Delphin C, Loew D, Rostaing P, Amigou E, Ezan P, Wingertsmann L, Guillaud L, Andrieux A, Giaume C, Cohen-Salmon M. Bmcc1s, a novel brain-isoform of Bmcc1, affects cell morphology by regulating MAP6/STOP functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35488. [PMID: 22523599 PMCID: PMC3327665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCH (BNIP2 and Cdc42GAP Homology) domain-containing protein Bmcc1/Prune2 is highly enriched in the brain and is involved in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics and cell survival. However, the molecular mechanisms accounting for these functions are poorly defined. Here, we have identified Bmcc1s, a novel isoform of Bmcc1 predominantly expressed in the mouse brain. In primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons, Bmcc1s localized on intermediate filaments and microtubules and interacted directly with MAP6/STOP, a microtubule-binding protein responsible for microtubule cold stability. Bmcc1s overexpression inhibited MAP6-induced microtubule cold stability by displacing MAP6 away from microtubules. It also resulted in the formation of membrane protrusions for which MAP6 was a necessary cofactor of Bmcc1s. This study identifies Bmcc1s as a new MAP6 interacting protein able to modulate MAP6-induced microtubule cold stability. Moreover, it illustrates a novel mechanism by which Bmcc1 regulates cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Arama
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Boulay
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Equipe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
| | - Christian Delphin
- Equipe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Laboratory of Proteomic Mass Spectrometry, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rostaing
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Paris, France
| | - Edwige Amigou
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
| | - Laure Wingertsmann
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Guillaud
- Cell and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Equipe Physiopathologie du Cytosquelette, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U836, Institut des Neurosciences, Université Joseph Fourier, Faculté de Médecine, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche, France
| | - Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, ED, N°158, Paris, France
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Gupta AB, Wee LE, Zhou YT, Hortsch M, Low BC. Cross-species analyses identify the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain as a distinct functional subclass of the CRAL_TRIO/Sec14 superfamily. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33863. [PMID: 22479462 PMCID: PMC3313917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CRAL_TRIO protein domain, which is unique to the Sec14 protein superfamily, binds to a diverse set of small lipophilic ligands. Similar domains are found in a range of different proteins including neurofibromatosis type-1, a Ras GTPase-activating Protein (RasGAP) and Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). Proteins containing this structural protein domain exhibit a low sequence similarity and ligand specificity while maintaining an overall characteristic three-dimensional structure. We have previously demonstrated that the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP Homology (BCH) protein domain, which shares a low sequence homology with the CRAL_TRIO domain, can serve as a regulatory scaffold that binds to Rho, RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs to control various cell signalling processes. In this work, we investigate 175 BCH domain-containing proteins from a wide range of different organisms. A phylogenetic analysis with ∼100 CRAL_TRIO and similar domains from eight representative species indicates a clear distinction of BCH-containing proteins as a novel subclass within the CRAL_TRIO/Sec14 superfamily. BCH-containing proteins contain a hallmark sequence motif R(R/K)h(R/K)(R/K)NL(R/K)xhhhhHPs (‘h’ is large and hydrophobic residue and ‘s’ is small and weekly polar residue) and can be further subdivided into three unique subtypes associated with BNIP-2-N, macro- and RhoGAP-type protein domains. A previously unknown group of genes encoding ‘BCH-only’ domains is also identified in plants and arthropod species. Based on an analysis of their gene-structure and their protein domain context we hypothesize that BCH domain-containing genes evolved through gene duplication, intron insertions and domain swapping events. Furthermore, we explore the point of divergence between BCH and CRAL-TRIO proteins in relation to their ability to bind small GTPases, GAPs and GEFs and lipid ligands. Our study suggests a need for a more extensive analysis of previously uncharacterized BCH, ‘BCH-like’ and CRAL_TRIO-containing proteins and their significance in regulating signaling events involving small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Bansal Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang En Wee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Ting Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Hortsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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15
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Li S, Itoh M, Ohta K, Ueda M, Mizuno A, Ohta E, Hida Y, Wang MX, Takeuchi K, Nakagawa T. The expression and localization of Prune2 mRNA in the central nervous system. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:208-14. [PMID: 21893162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A family of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa-interacting proteins (BNIPs) plays critical roles in several cellular processes such as cellular transformation, apoptosis, neuronal differentiation, and synaptic function, which are mediated by the BNIP2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain. Prune homolog 2 (Drosophila) (PRUNE2) and its isoforms -C9orf65, BCH motif-containing molecule at the carboxyl terminal region 1 (BMCC1), and BNIP2 Extra Long (BNIPXL) - have been shown to be a susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease, a biomarker for leiomyosarcomas, a proapoptotic protein in neuronal cells, and an antagonist of cellular transformation, respectively. However, precise localization of PRUNE2 in the brain remains unclear. Here, we identified the distribution of Prune2 mRNA in the adult mouse brain. Prune2 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the neurons of the cranial nerve motor nuclei and the motor neurons of the spinal cord. The expression in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is consistent with the previously described reports. In addition, we observed the expression in another sensory neuron in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. These results suggest that Prune2 may be functional in these restricted brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimo Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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16
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Cayman Ataxia-Related Protein is a Presynapse-Specific Caspase-3 Substrate. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1304-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Nile AH, Bankaitis VA, Grabon A. Mammalian diseases of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and their homologs. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:867-897. [PMID: 21603057 PMCID: PMC3097519 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inositol and phosphoinositide signaling pathways represent major regulatory systems in eukaryotes. The physiological importance of these pathways is amply demonstrated by the variety of diseases that involve derangements in individual steps in inositide and phosphoinositide production and degradation. These diseases include numerous cancers, lipodystrophies and neurological syndromes. Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are emerging as fascinating regulators of phosphoinositide metabolism. Recent advances identify PITPs (and PITP-like proteins) to be coincidence detectors, which spatially and temporally coordinate the activities of diverse aspects of the cellular lipid metabolome with phosphoinositide signaling. These insights are providing new ideas regarding mechanisms of inherited mammalian diseases associated with derangements in the activities of PITPs and PITP-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Nile
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-27090, USA
| | - Vytas A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-27090, USA
| | - Aby Grabon
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-27090, USA
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18
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LeDoux MS. Animal models of dystonia: Lessons from a mutant rat. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 42:152-61. [PMID: 21081162 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a motor sign characterized by involuntary muscle contractions which produce abnormal postures. Genetic factors contribute significantly to primary dystonia. In comparison, secondary dystonia can be caused by a wide variety of metabolic, structural, infectious, toxic and inflammatory insults to the nervous system. Although classically ascribed to dysfunction of the basal ganglia, studies of diverse animal models have pointed out that dystonia is a network disorder with important contributions from abnormal olivocerebellar signaling. In particular, work with the dystonic (dt) rat has engendered dramatic paradigm shifts in dystonia research. The dt rat manifests generalized dystonia caused by deficiency of the neuronally restricted protein caytaxin. Electrophysiological and biochemical studies have shown that defects at the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapse in the dt rat lead to abnormal bursting firing patterns in the cerebellar nuclei, which increases linearly with postnatal age. In a general sense, the dt rat has shown the scientific and clinical communities that dystonia can arise from dysfunctional cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, work with the dt rat has provided evidence that dystonia (1) is a neurodevelopmental network disorder and (2) can be driven by abnormal cerebellar output. In large part, work with other animal models has expanded upon studies in the dt rat and shown that primary dystonia is a multi-nodal network disorder associated with defective sensorimotor integration. In addition, experiments in genetically engineered models have been used to examine the underlying cellular pathologies that drive primary dystonia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Advances in dystonia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S LeDoux
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Neurology, 855 Monroe Avenue, Link Building, Suite 415, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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19
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Zhou YT, Chew LL, Lin SC, Low BC. The BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain of p50RhoGAP/Cdc42GAP sequesters RhoA from inactivation by the adjacent GTPase-activating protein domain. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3232-46. [PMID: 20660160 PMCID: PMC2938388 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-05-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP Homology (BCH) domain from p50RhoGAP sequesters RhoA from inactivation by the adjacent GAP domain and it confers unique Rho-binding profile from that of GAP domain. This suppression is further augmented by an intramolecular interaction, adding to a new paradigm for regulating p50RhoGAP signaling. The BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP homology (BCH) domain is a novel regulator for Rho GTPases, but its impact on p50-Rho GTPase-activating protein (p50RhoGAP or Cdc42GAP) in cells remains elusive. Here we show that deletion of the BCH domain from p50RhoGAP enhanced its GAP activity and caused drastic cell rounding. Introducing constitutively active RhoA or inactivating GAP domain blocked such effect, whereas replacing the BCH domain with endosome-targeting SNX3 excluded requirement of endosomal localization in regulating the GAP activity. Substitution with homologous BCH domain from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which does not bind mammalian RhoA, also led to complete loss of suppression. Interestingly, the p50RhoGAP BCH domain only targeted RhoA, but not Cdc42 or Rac1, and it was unable to distinguish between GDP and the GTP-bound form of RhoA. Further mutagenesis revealed a RhoA-binding motif (residues 85-120), which when deleted, significantly reduced BCH inhibition on GAP-mediated cell rounding, whereas its full suppression also required an intramolecular interaction motif (residues 169-197). Therefore, BCH domain serves as a local modulator in cis to sequester RhoA from inactivation by the adjacent GAP domain, adding to a new paradigm for regulating p50RhoGAP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ting Zhou
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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20
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Pan CQ, Liou YC, Low BC. Active Mek2 as a regulatory scaffold that promotes Pin1 binding to BPGAP1 to suppress BPGAP1-induced acute Erk activation and cell migration. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:903-16. [PMID: 20179103 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BPGAP1 is a multidomain Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) that promotes Erk activation and cell motility. However, the molecular mechanism of how these two processes are linked and regulated remains unclear. Here, we show that the RhoGAP domain of BPGAP1 interacts with the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPI) Pin1, leading to enhanced GAP activity towards RhoA. BPGAP1 also interacted with wild-type and constitutively active Mek2, but not with its kinase-dead mutant. However, only active Mek2 could bind Pin1, acting as a scaffold to bridge Pin1 and BPGAP1 in a manner that involves the release of an autoinhibited proline-rich motif, 186-PPLP-189, proximal to the RhoGAP domain. This allows the non-canonical 186-PPLP-189 and 256-DDYGD-260 motifs of the proline-rich region and RhoGAP domain of BPGAP1 to become accessible to concerted binding by the WW and PPI domains of Pin1, respectively. Interestingly, Pin1 knockdown led to 'super-induction' of BPGAP1-induced acute, but not chronic, Erk activation upon epidermal growth factor stimulation, in a process independent of GAP modulation. Reintroducing Pin1, but not its catalytic or non-binding mutants, reversed the effect and inhibited cell migration induced by coexpression of BPGAP1 and active Mek2. Thus, Pin1 regulates BPGAP1 function in Rho and Erk signalling, with active Mek2 serving as a novel regulatory scaffold that promotes crosstalk between RhoGAP, Pin1 and Erk in the regulation of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Qiurong Pan
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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21
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Aoyama T, Hata S, Nakao T, Tanigawa Y, Oka C, Kawaichi M. Cayman ataxia protein caytaxin is transported by kinesin along neurites through binding to kinesin light chains. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:4177-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.048579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of caytaxin results in hereditary ataxia or dystonia in humans, mice and rats. Our yeast two-hybrid screen identified kinesin light chains (KLCs) as caytaxin-binding proteins. The tetratricopeptide-repeat region of KLC1 recognizes the ELEWED sequence (amino acids 115-120) of caytaxin. This motif is conserved among BNIP-2 family members and other KLC-interacting kinesin cargo proteins such as calsyntenins. Caytaxin associates with kinesin heavy chains (KHCs) indirectly by binding to KLCs, suggesting that caytaxin binds to the tetrameric kinesin molecule. In cultured hippocampal neurons, we found that caytaxin is distributed in both axons and dendrites in punctate patterns, and it colocalizes with microtubules and KHC. GFP-caytaxin expressed in hippocampal neurons is transported at a speed (∼1 μm/second) compatible with kinesin movement. Inhibition of kinesin-1 by dominant-negative KHC decreases the accumulation of caytaxin in the growth cone. Caytaxin puncta do not coincide with vesicles containing known kinesin cargos such as APP or JIP-1. A part of caytaxin, however, colocalizes with mitochondria and suppression of caytaxin expression by RNAi redistributes mitochondria away from the distal ends of neurites. These data indicate that caytaxin binds to kinesin-1 and functions as an adaptor that mediates intracellular transport of specific cargos, one of which is the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takane Aoyama
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Suguru Hata
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakao
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanigawa
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Chio Oka
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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