1
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Lin YY, Christiansen BA. Non-Invasive Compression-Induced Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury and In Vivo Imaging of Protease Activity in Mice. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/65249. [PMID: 37843296 PMCID: PMC10680551 DOI: 10.3791/65249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic joint injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture or meniscus tears commonly lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) within 10-20 years following injury. Understanding the early biological processes initiated by joint injuries (e.g., inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cathepsin proteases, bone resorption) is crucial for understanding the etiology of PTOA. However, there are few options for in vivo measurement of these biological processes, and the early biological responses may be confounded if invasive surgical techniques or injections are used to initiate OA. In our studies of PTOA, we have used commercially available near-infrared protease activatable probes combined with fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) to quantify protease activity in vivo following non-invasive compression-induced ACL injury in mice. This non-invasive ACL injury method closely recapitulates clinically relevant injury conditions and is completely aseptic since it does not involve disrupting the skin or the joint capsule. The combination of these injury and imaging methods allows us to study the time course of protease activity at multiple time points following a traumatic joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Lin
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health
| | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health;
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2
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Barreira MA, Campelo MWS, Rebouças CDSM, Campelo APBS, de Vasconcelos PRL. The role of TNF-α and NFkβ in an experimental model of intestinal carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethyhydrazine. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 38:e383623. [PMID: 37729351 PMCID: PMC10508195 DOI: 10.1590/acb383623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the potential of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) as colorectal cancer (CRC) biomarkers in an experimental model of intestinal carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (1,2-DMH). METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: sham and 1,2-DMH. First, 1,2-DMH (20 mg/kg/week) was administered for 15 consecutive weeks. In the 25th week, proctocolectomy was conducted. Histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of TNF-α and NF-κB were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism. The location of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis' test. For analyses with two groups with parametric data, the t-test was used; for non-parametric data, the Mann-Whitney's test was used. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The number of ACF and macroscopic lesions was significantly higher (p < 0.5) in the 1,2-DMH group compared to the sham group, and most ACF were concentrated in the distal segment of the colon. There was a statistically significant increase (p < 0.5) in protein and gene expression of TNF-α and NF-κB in the 1,2-DMH group compared to the sham group. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide supportive evidence that TNF-α and NF-κB pathways are strongly involved in CRC development in rats and might be used as early biomarkers of CRC pathogenesis in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Alencar Barreira
- Universidade Federal do Ceará – Walter Cantídio University Hospital – Fortaleza (Ceará) – Brazil
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3
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Ma K, Chen X, Liu W, Chen S, Yang C, Yang J. CTSB is a negative prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target associated with immune cells infiltration and immunosuppression in gliomas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4295. [PMID: 35277559 PMCID: PMC8917123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches have demonstrated the meaning of CTSB for the progress of several tumors, whereas few clues about its immunological characteristic in gliomas. Here we systematically explored its biologic features and clinical significance for gliomas. 699 glioma cases of TCGA and 325 glioma cases of CGGA were respectively included as training and validating cohorts. R software was used for data analysis and mapping. We found that CTSB was remarkably highly-expressed for HGG, IDH wild type, 1p19q non-codeletion type, MGMT promoter unmethylation type and mesenchymal gliomas. CTSB could specifically and sensitively indicate mesenchymal glioma. Upregulated CTSB was an independent hazard correlated with poor survival. CTSB-related biological processes in gliomas chiefly concentrated on immunoreaction and inflammation response. Then we proved that CTSB positively related to most inflammatory metagenes except IgG, including HCK, LCK, MHC II, STAT1 and IFN. More importantly, the levels of glioma-infiltrating immune cells were positively associated with the expression of CTSB, especially for TAMs, MDSCs and Tregs. In conclusion, CTSB is closely related to the malignant pathological subtypes, worse prognosis, immune cells infiltration and immunosuppression of gliomas, which make it a promising biomarker and potential target in the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weihai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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4
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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5
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Abstract
The intimate involvement of pathogens with the heightened risk for developing certain cancers is an area of research that has captured a great deal of attention over the last 10 years. One firmly established paradigm that highlights this aspect of disease progression is in the instance of Helicobacter pylori infection and the contribution it makes in elevating the risk for developing gastric cancer. Whilst the molecular mechanisms that pinpoint the contribution that this microorganism inflicts towards host cells during gastric cancer initiation have come into greater focus, another picture that has also emerged is one that implicates the host's immune system, and the chronic inflammation that can arise therefrom, as being a central contributory factor in disease progression. Consequently, when taken with the underlying role that the extracellular matrix plays in the development of most cancers, and how this dynamic can be modulated by proteases expressed from the tumor or inflammatory cells, a complex and detailed relationship shared between the individual cellular components and their surroundings is coming into focus. In this review article, we draw attention to the emerging role played by the cathepsin proteases in modulating the stage-specific progression of Helicobacter pylori-initiated gastric cancer and the underlying immune response, while highlighting the therapeutic significance of this dynamic and how it may be amenable for novel intervention strategies within a basic research or clinical setting.
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6
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TCF-1 controls T reg cell functions that regulate inflammation, CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity and severity of colon cancer. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1152-1162. [PMID: 34385712 PMCID: PMC8428683 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor TCF-1 is essential for the development and function of regulatory T (Treg) cells; however, its function is poorly understood. Here, we show that TCF-1 primarily suppresses transcription of genes that are co-bound by Foxp3. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified effector memory T cells and central memory Treg cells with differential expression of Klf2 and memory and activation markers. TCF-1 deficiency did not change the core Treg cell transcriptional signature, but promoted alternative signaling pathways whereby Treg cells became activated and gained gut-homing properties and characteristics of the TH17 subset of helper T cells. TCF-1-deficient Treg cells strongly suppressed T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, but were compromised in controlling CD4+ T cell polarization and inflammation. In mice with polyposis, Treg cell-specific TCF-1 deficiency promoted tumor growth. Consistently, tumor-infiltrating Treg cells of patients with colorectal cancer showed lower TCF-1 expression and increased TH17 expression signatures compared to adjacent normal tissue and circulating T cells. Thus, Treg cell-specific TCF-1 expression differentially regulates TH17-mediated inflammation and T cell cytotoxicity, and can determine colorectal cancer outcome.
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7
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Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteases critical in physiopathological processes and show potential as targets or biomarkers for diseases and medical conditions. The 11 members of the cathepsin family are redundant in some cases but remarkably independent of others, demanding the development of both pan-cathepsin targeting tools as well as probes that are selective for specific cathepsins with little off-target activity. This review addresses the diverse design strategies that have been employed to accomplish this tailored selectivity among cysteine cathepsin targets and the imaging modalities incorporated. The power of these diverse tools is contextualized by briefly highlighting the nature of a few prominent cysteine cathepsins, their involvement in select diseases, and the application of cathepsin imaging probes in research spanning basic biochemical studies to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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8
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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9
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Li Y, Mei T, Han S, Han T, Sun Y, Zhang H, An F. Cathepsin B-responsive nanodrug delivery systems for precise diagnosis and targeted therapy of malignant tumors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Bupleuri Radix Prevents the Recurrences of Resected Colonic Polyps by Affecting Angiogenin-2-Induced Protein Kinase B/Akt Signaling. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:3531652. [PMID: 33204262 PMCID: PMC7657685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3531652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim We aimed to explore the effects of Bupleuri Radix (BR) on the recurrence of resected colonic polyp (CP) by measuring angiogenin-2-induced protein kinase B (Ang PKB)/Akt signaling. Method The main ingredients of BR were extracted by using ethanol and measured by HPLC. One hundred twenty patients with CP >10 mm who underwent resected surgery were randomly allocated to an aspirin (AG) or a BR medicine (BG) group. The allocation ratio was 1 : 1 and the intervention duration was one year. The recurrence rate of resected CP was investigated and the plasma levels of Ang PKB/Akt and inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA kits. After one-year surgery, side effects were recorded. The relationship between the serum levels of the main compounds of BR and plasma levels of Ang PKB/Akt was analyzed. Results The main ingredients of CP are paeoniflorin, baicalin, saikosaponin A, and bupleurum saponin B2. Recurrence of resected CP was found in 17 patients from the AG group and eight patients from the BG group after one-year follow-up (p < 0.05). The levels of angiogenin-2 II and PKB/Akt in the AG group were higher than those in the BG group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, BR treatment reduced the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increased the level of IL-10(p < 0.05). Inflammatory cytokines are important factors that affect the recurrence of resected CP. Serum paeoniflorin, baicalin, saikosaponin A, and bupleurum saponin B2 in BR had a strong negative relationship with the plasma levels of Ang PKB/Akt. Conclusion BR significantly reduces the recurrence risk of resected CP by affecting Ang PKB/Akt signaling.
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11
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Fuchs N, Meta M, Schuppan D, Nuhn L, Schirmeister T. Novel Opportunities for Cathepsin S Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy by Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery. Cells 2020; 9:E2021. [PMID: 32887380 PMCID: PMC7565055 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is a secreted cysteine protease that cleaves certain extracellular matrix proteins, regulates antigen presentation in antigen-presenting cells (APC), and promotes M2-type macrophage and dendritic cell polarization. CatS is overexpressed in many solid cancers, and overall, it appears to promote an immune-suppressive and tumor-promoting microenvironment. While most data suggest that CatS inhibition or knockdown promotes anti-cancer immunity, cell-specific inhibition, especially in myeloid cells, appears to be important for therapeutic efficacy. This makes the design of CatS selective inhibitors and their targeting to tumor-associated M2-type macrophages (TAM) and DC an attractive therapeutic strategy compared to the use of non-selective immunosuppressive compounds or untargeted approaches. The selective inhibition of CatS can be achieved through optimized small molecule inhibitors that show good pharmacokinetic profiles and are orally bioavailable. The targeting of these inhibitors to TAM is now more feasible using nanocarriers that are functionalized for a directed delivery. This review discusses the role of CatS in the immunological tumor microenvironment and upcoming possibilities for a nanocarrier-mediated delivery of potent and selective CatS inhibitors to TAM and related APC to promote anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Mergim Meta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
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12
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Jakoš T, Pišlar A, Pečar Fonović U, Švajger U, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins L and X differentially modulate interactions between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1869-1880. [PMID: 32372139 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased proteolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins has long been known to facilitate malignant progression, and it has also been associated with tumor-promoting roles of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Consequently, cysteine cathepsins have gained much attention as potential targets for cancer therapies. However, cross-talk between tumor cells and MDSCs needs to be taken into account when studying the efficacy of cathepsin inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Here, we demonstrate the potential of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line to generate functional MDSCs from CD14+ cells of healthy human donors. During this transition to MDSCs, the overall levels of cysteine cathepsins increased, with the largest responses for cathepsins L and X. We used small-molecule inhibitors of cathepsins L and X (i.e., CLIK-148, Z9, respectively) to investigate their functional impact on tumor cells and immune cells in this co-culture system. Interactions with peripheral blood mononuclear cells reduced MDA-MB-231 cell invasion, while inhibition of cathepsin X activity by Z9 restored invasion. Inhibition of cathepsin L activity using CLIK-148 resulted in significantly increased CD8+ cytotoxicity. Of note, inhibition of cathepsins L and X in separate immune or tumor cells did not promote these functional changes. Together, our findings underlie the importance of tumor cell-immune cell interactions in the evaluation of the anti-cancer potential of cysteine cathepsin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jakoš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Pečar Fonović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Švajger
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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Hämälistö S, Stahl JL, Favaro E, Yang Q, Liu B, Christoffersen L, Loos B, Guasch Boldú C, Joyce JA, Reinheckel T, Barisic M, Jäättelä M. Spatially and temporally defined lysosomal leakage facilitates mitotic chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:229. [PMID: 31932607 PMCID: PMC6957743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-surrounded cytoplasmic organelles filled with a powerful cocktail of hydrolases. Besides degrading cellular constituents inside the lysosomal lumen, lysosomal hydrolases promote tissue remodeling when delivered to the extracellular space and cell death when released to the cytosol. Here, we show that spatially and temporally controlled lysosomal leakage contributes to the accurate chromosome segregation in normal mammalian cell division. One or more chromatin-proximal lysosomes leak in the majority of prometaphases, after which active cathepsin B (CTSB) localizes to the metaphase chromatin and cleaves a small subset of histone H3. Stabilization of lysosomal membranes or inhibition of CTSB activity during mitotic entry results in a significant increase in telomere-related chromosome segregation defects, whereas cells and tissues lacking CTSB and cells expressing CTSB-resistant histone H3 accumulate micronuclei and other nuclear defects. These data suggest that lysosomal leakage and chromatin-associated CTSB contribute to proper chromosome segregation and maintenance of genomic integrity. Lysosomes are intracellular organelles containing degradative enzymes, and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cell is thought to trigger cell death. Here, the authors report that leaky lysosomes may facilitate chromosome separation during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Hämälistö
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Lucien Stahl
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Favaro
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qing Yang
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Christoffersen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Claudia Guasch Boldú
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, partner site Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lysosomal peptidases in innate immune cells: implications for cancer immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 69:275-283. [PMID: 31813053 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved in intracellular protein catabolism as well as in various other physiological and pathological processes. Several members of the family, most notably cathepsins B, S, K and L, are frequently overexpressed in cancer and have been associated with remodeling of the proteins of the extracellular matrix, a process leading to tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. In addition, lysosomal cathepsins play a role in innate and adaptive immunity, regulation of antigen presentation, Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, migration and cytotoxicity. In cancer, the cells of innate immunity, such as myeloid cells, are often subverted to the regulatory immunosuppressive phenotype. Most studies indicate that lysosomal cathepsins reinforce the pro-tumoral activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages as well as of neutrophils. On the other hand, in cytotoxic natural killer cells, tumor cells suppress lysosomal peptidases in their activation of perforin and granzymes, thus diminishing their killing ability. With multifaceted actions, lysosomal peptidases constitute an important regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning the anti-tumor immune response.
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15
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Esfahani SA, Heidari P, Kucherlapati MH, Ferrer JM, Kucherlapati RS, Mahmood U. Optical imaging with a novel cathepsin-activatable probe for enhanced detection of colorectal cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 9:230-242. [PMID: 31772821 PMCID: PMC6872479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a cysteine cathepsin-activatable optical imaging probe (LUM015) with improved kinetics relative to larger macromolecules for detection and characterization of colorectal cancer (CRC), and thereby assessed its potential use in fluorescence-guided colonoscopy. We showed that LUM015 is stable in plasma. In-vitro studies demonstrated selectivity of LUM015 for targeting cathepsins; there was robust increase in emitted fluorescence signal from the cathepsin overexpressing HT-29 CRC cells within 1-5 minutes after incubation with LUM015 compared to the cells incubated with combination of LUM015 and a pan-protease inhibitor (as negative control). Biodistribution, differential accumulation of the probe in the tumor and tumor-to-background fluorescence signal ratio of LUM015 were compared to ProSense680, a commercially available protease-activatable optical imaging probe, over 24 hours after intravenous injection of the probes in nude mice with subcutaneously implanted HT-29 tumors. LUM015 showed distinct kinetics compared to ProSense680 with time to peak signal for subcutaneous tumor-to-colon ratio of 3.3±0.3 (mean ± SD) at 4-8 hours compared to 2.9±0.2 at 24 hours, respectively (n=8 for each group). Near-infrared fluorescence imaging and dual channel colonoscopy of the mice with orthotopic colon tumors showed tumor-to-colon ratio of 3.7±0.2 in HT-29 tumors (n=4), 2.8±0.1 in genetically engineered mice with APCKOKrasLSL-G12Dp53flox/flox mutation (n=4), and 4.1±0.1 in mice with APCLoxP/LoxPMsh2LoxP/LoxP mutation (n=4) at 6 hours after LUM015 administration. Immunohistochemistry and laser confocal microscopy of the extracted tumors confirmed high expression of cysteine cathepsins in all colon tumor types tested. Optical imaging with cathepsin-activatable LUM015 in multiple models of CRC highlights its potential for increasing the efficacy of CRC screening and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi A Esfahani
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Melanie H Kucherlapati
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | | | - Raju S Kucherlapati
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, USA
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16
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Jakoš T, Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine Cathepsins in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2037. [PMID: 31555270 PMCID: PMC6724555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are key regulators of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Their expression, activity, and subcellular localization are associated with the distinct development and differentiation stages of immune cells. They promote the activation of innate myeloid immune cells since they contribute to toll-like receptor signaling and to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, they control lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux, thus affecting innate immune cell survival and polarization. They also regulate bidirectional communication between the cell exterior and the cytoskeleton, thus influencing cell interactions, morphology, and motility. Importantly, cysteine cathepsins contribute to the priming of adaptive immune cells by controlling antigen presentation and are involved in cytotoxic granule mediated killing in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cathepins'aberrant activity can be prevented by their endogenous inhibitors, cystatins. However, dysregulated proteolysis contributes significantly to tumor progression also by modulation of the antitumor immune response. Especially tumor-associated myeloid cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive functions, constitute the major source of excessive cysteine cathepsin activity in cancer. Since they are enriched in the tumor microenvironment, cysteine cathepsins represent exciting targets for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Kopansky-Groisman E, Kogan-Zviagin I, Sella-Tavor O, Oron-Herman M, David A. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Activated Polymeric Probe for Imaging Intraluminal Colorectal Cancer Tumors. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3547-3556. [PMID: 31381303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Detection and removal of preneoplastic tumors is crucial for successful colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Here we describe the design of a Cathepsin B (CB)-activated polymeric probe, P-(GGFLGK-IR783), for imaging CRC tumors established by intrarectal or subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of human colon cancer cells (SW-480 and HT-29) in mice. Multiple copies of the near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye IR783 were attached to a single HPMA copolymer backbone via a CB-cleavable linker (GFLG), and the influence of the dye loading on the fluorescence quenching and activation by CB was assessed in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. The optimal dose and dosing regimen of P-(GGFLGK-IR783) for colonic tumor detection was determined. Increasing the IR783 loading in the copolymer from 2.5 to 20 mol % resulted in quenching of the fluorescence signal that was activated in vitro by the action of CB from different origins. Following intravenous administration, P-(GGFLGK-IR783)7.5% preferentially accumulated in intrarectal and s.c. implanted tumors, allowing tumor visualization after 4 h and even 48 h postadministration. Activation of P-(GGFLGK-IR783)7.5% by CB was clearly detected in s.c. implanted tumors, revealing about a 4-fold increase in the fluorescence signal in tumors vs healthy colon tissue. The probe containing the CB-cleavable linker produced higher fluorescence signal intensity in tumors, relative to the noncleavable probe. These results indicate that P-(GGFLGK-IR783)7.5% may aid in detecting CRC tumors and can help to guide selective removal of polyps during colonoscopic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kopansky-Groisman
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105 , Israel
| | - Inga Kogan-Zviagin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105 , Israel
| | | | - Mor Oron-Herman
- Advanced Technology Center, Sheba Medical Center , Tel-Hashomer 52621 , Israel
| | - Ayelet David
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105 , Israel
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18
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Cianni L, Feldmann CW, Gilberg E, Gütschow M, Juliano L, Leitão A, Bajorath J, Montanari CA. Can Cysteine Protease Cross-Class Inhibitors Achieve Selectivity? J Med Chem 2019; 62:10497-10525. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cianni
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfgang Feldmann
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erik Gilberg
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luiz Juliano
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center and São Paulo Medical School of Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Professor Antônio Prudente, 211, 01509-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Endenicher Allee 19c, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos A. Montanari
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Avenue Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400, 23566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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19
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Cho N, Shokeen M. Changing landscape of optical imaging in skeletal metastases. J Bone Oncol 2019; 17:100249. [PMID: 31316892 PMCID: PMC6611980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging is an emerging strategy for in vitro and in vivo visualization of the molecular mechanisms of cancer over time. An increasing number of optical imaging contrast agents and techniques have been developed in recent years specifically for bone research and skeletal metastases. Visualizing molecular processes in relation to bone remodeling in metastasized cancers provides valuable information for understanding disease mechanisms and monitoring expression of primary molecular targets and therapeutic efficacy. This review is intended to provide an overview of tumor-specific and non-specific contrast agents in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I) window from 650 nm to 950 nm that can be used to study functional and structural aspects of skeletal remodeling of cancer in preclinical animal models. Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging techniques, specifically NIR spectroscopy and photoacoustic imaging, and their use in skeletal metastases will also be discussed. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this exciting field are then given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cho
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
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20
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Gournaris E, Park W, Cho S, Bentrem DJ, Larson AC, Kim DH. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Endoscopic Image-Guided Photothermal Ablation Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Using Dual-Modal Gold Nanorods Targeting Tumor-Infiltrating Innate Immune Cells in a Transgenic TS4 CRE/APC loxΔ468 Mouse Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21353-21359. [PMID: 31117445 PMCID: PMC7233689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is diagnosed with colonoscopy and treated with focal therapies. CRC is a good candidate for nanoparticle-mediated photothermal ablation (PTA) therapy. Herein, we developed a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) endoscopic image-guided PTA approach using a nanoparticle capable of simultaneously diagnosing and treating CRC. Dual-modal NIR heating and fluorescent gold nanorods (dual-modal GNRs) were synthesized by conjugation of GNRs to an NIRF probe. To validate the translational potential of our approach, a well-characterized transgenic TS4 CRE/APC loxΔ468 colon cancer mouse model was used to carry out NIRF image-guided PTA using our dual-modal GNRs under clinically relevant conditions. Intravenously infused dual-modal GNRs were effectively targeted at colon polyps by immunogenic capturing of the GNRs within tumor-infiltrating innate immune cells. NIRF endoscopic image-guided PTA using the GNRs permitted successful detection and ablation of inflammatory colon polyps. NIRF endoscopy image-guided PTA using dual-modal GNRs can be utilized for diagnosis and treatment of CRC and various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Gournaris
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Wooram Park
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Soojeong Cho
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - David J. Bentrem
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Andrew C. Larson
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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21
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Li S, Bian H, Cao Y, Juan C, Cao Q, Zhou G, Fang Y. Identification of novel lncRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2081-2090. [PMID: 30675275 PMCID: PMC6341812 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore novel long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the underlying mechanisms involved in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL). The GSE67684 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs (DELs) between Days 0, 8, 15 and 33 were isolated using random variance model corrective analysis of variance. Overlapping DEGs and DELs were clustered using Cluster 3.0. Bio-functional enrichment analysis was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Interactions between lncRNAs and mRNAs were calculated using dynamic simulations, and interactions among mRNAs were predicted using the STRING database. lncRNA-mRNA and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were visualized using Cytoscape. Subsequently, the expression levels of lncRNAs in biological samples from children with or without cALL were validated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 593 overlapping DEGs and 21 DELs were identified. After clustering, Profile 26 exhibited a continuously increasing temporal trend, whereas Profile 1 exhibited a continuous decreasing trend. Upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 1,825 GO terms and 166 KEGG pathways, whereas downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 196 GO terms and 90 KEGG pathways. The lncRNAs NONHSAT027612.2 and NONHSAT134556.2 were the top two regulators in the lncRNA-mRNA network. Toll-like receptor 4, cathepsin G, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 and cathepsin S may be considered the hub genes of the PPI network. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression levels of the lncRNAs NONHSAT027612.2 and NONHSAT134556.2 were significantly elevated in the blood and bone marrow of patients with cALL compared with the controls. In conclusion, the lncRNAs NONHSAT027612.2 and NONHSAT134556.2 may serve important roles in the pathogenesis of cALL via regulating immune response-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Bian
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Cao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Chenxia Juan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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22
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Validation of near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probes in vivo with dual laser NIRF endoscope. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206568. [PMID: 30388158 PMCID: PMC6214553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The development of NIRF cathepsin activity probes offered the ability to visualize tumor associated tumor reaction and act as a surrogate marker to delineate the dysplastic lesions. One major type is a NIRF substrate of cathepsins (SBP), which is involved in catalytic way to produce high levels of fluorescence emission. The other major type (ABP) reacts with active cathepsins in stoichiometric manner since they bind covalently with their active center. Little is known about the sensitivity and the specificity of the NIRF probes to detect autochthonous developed dysplastic lesions. Dual laser NIRF endoscope provides a good tool to determine the efficiency of various NIRF probes in vivo in the same lesions. Experimental design In the current study, we validated both types of NIRF probes by using the dual laser NIRF endoscope to detect lesions colon cancer mouse model (TS4Cre/cAPC +/lox). Results The dual laser NIRF endoscope is emitting equal power with both lasers. It can detect with the same efficiency in 680 mode, as well as, 750 mode when NIFR probes of the same scaffold in vivo. When SBP and ABP were used, our results showed both probes are efficient enough to detect large polyps but small dysplastic lesions could not efficiently imaged with the ABP. Conclusions The dual laser NIRF endoscope is a powerful tool to validate probes. The probes that react catalytically with the active center of cathepsins are more efficient than the ones that react stoichiometrically in detecting small lesions.
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23
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Mangifesta M, Mancabelli L, Milani C, Gaiani F, de'Angelis N, de'Angelis GL, van Sinderen D, Ventura M, Turroni F. Mucosal microbiota of intestinal polyps reveals putative biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13974. [PMID: 30228361 PMCID: PMC6143603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestine retains a complex microbial ecosystem, which performs crucial functions that impact on host health. Several studies have indicated that intestinal dysbiosis may impact on the establishment of life-threatening intestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer. An adenomatous polyp is the result of abnormal tissue growth, which is benign but is considered to be associated with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer, based on its grade of dysplasia. Development of diagnostic tools that are based on surveying the gut microbiota and are aimed at early detection of colorectal cancer represent highly desirable target. For this purpose, we performed a pilot study in which we applied a metataxonomic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach to unveil the composition of microbial communities of intestinal polyps. Moreover, we performed a meta-analysis involving the reconstructed microbiota composition of adenomatous polyps and publicly available metagenomics datasets of colorectal cancer. These analyses allowed the identification of microbial taxa such as Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides and Romboutsia, which appear to be depleted in cancerogenic mucosa as well as in adenomatous polyps, thus representing novel microbial biomarkers associated with early tumor formation. Furthermore, an absolute quantification of Fusubacterium nucleatum in polyps further compounded the important role of this microorganism as a valuable putative microbial biomarker for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mangifesta
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Gaiani
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola de'Angelis
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Henri-Mondor Hospital, Université Paris Est-UPEC, Créteil, France
| | | | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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24
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Monitoring disease activity noninvasively in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7741-7746. [PMID: 29987034 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802425115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, muscle degenerative disease resulting from the absence of the dystrophin protein. DMD is characterized by progressive loss of muscle fibers, muscle weakness, and eventually loss of ambulation and premature death. Currently, there is no cure for DMD and improved methods of disease monitoring are crucial for the development of novel treatments. In this study, we describe a new method of assessing disease progression noninvasively in the mdx model of DMD. The reporter mice, which we term the dystrophic Degeneration Reporter strains, contain an inducible CRE-responsive luciferase reporter active in mature myofibers. In these mice, muscle degeneration is reflected in changes in the level of luciferase expression, which can be monitored using noninvasive, bioluminescence imaging. We monitored the natural history and disease progression in these dystrophic report mice and found that decreases in luciferase signals directly correlated with muscle degeneration. We further demonstrated that this reporter strain, as well as a previously reported Regeneration Reporter strain, successfully reveals the effectiveness of a gene therapy treatment following systemic administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus-6 (rAAV-6) encoding a microdystrophin construct. Our data demonstrate the value of these noninvasive imaging modalities for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy in mouse models of muscular dystrophy.
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25
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Helfen A, Roth J, Ng T, Eisenblaetter M. In Vivo Imaging of Pro- and Antitumoral Cellular Components of the Tumor Microenvironment. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:183-188. [PMID: 29217734 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.198952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and growth, as well as metastatic spread, are strongly influenced by various, mostly innate, immune cells, which are recruited to the tumor site and driven to establish a specific tumor-supportive microenvironment. The contents of this microenvironment, such as myeloid cells, are a major factor in the overall prognosis of malignant disease, addressed by a constantly growing armament of therapeutic interventions targeting tumor-supportive immune cells. Current clinical imaging has long ignored the growing need for diagnostic approaches addressing these microenvironmental contents-approaches enabling a sensitive and specific classification of tumor immune crosstalk and the resulting tumor-associated immune cell activity. In this focus article we review the present status of, and promising developments in, the in vivo molecular imaging of tumor immune components designed to allow for inferences to be made on the cross-talk between tumor cells and the immune system. Current imaging modalities based on the infiltrating cell types are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Helfen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Department of Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michel Eisenblaetter
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Sigloch FC, Tholen M, Gomez-Auli A, Biniossek ML, Reinheckel T, Schilling O. Proteomic analysis of lung metastases in a murine breast cancer model reveals divergent influence of CTSB and CTSL overexpression. J Cancer 2017; 8:4065-4074. [PMID: 29187882 PMCID: PMC5706009 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the MMTV-PyMT (PyMT) breast cancer mouse model have shown a strong influence of the lysosomal cysteine cathepsins B or L on lung metastasis formation. Transgenic expression of human CTSB (tgCTSB) or CTSL (tgCTSL) both led to similar metastatic phenotypes with increased metastatic burden in the PyMT mice. However, recent studies in other tumor models proved marked differences in effects of either cathepsin on the proteome composition. We sought to analyze and compare proteome changes in the metastatic proteome of PyMT mice expressing either tgCTSB or tgCTSL to evaluate similarities and differences in those models. Performing an explorative, quantitative proteome comparison based on LC-MS/MS, we identified up to 3,000 proteins from murine lung metastases in three independent biological replicates per genotype. In both cases, when compared to wild-type (WT) mice, we noticed a pronounced impact of transgene cathepsin expression on the metastasis proteome. Highlights include increased moesin, integrin beta 1 and vinexin levels in the tgCTSB dataset and increased saposin and granulin levels in the tgCTSL dataset. Importantly, non-supervised hierarchical clustering clearly separated tgCTSB vs. tgCTSL induced proteome changes. In summary, tgCTSB and tgCTSL both display a strong and distinct impact on proteome composition of lung macrometastases in the PyMT model. Our observations suggest that they impact malignant behavior in distinct ways, thus further emphasizing interest into their tumor-contextual functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Christoph Sigloch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Tholen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Present address: Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lothar Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Miller MA, Weissleder R. Imaging the pharmacology of nanomaterials by intravital microscopy: Toward understanding their biological behavior. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:61-86. [PMID: 27266447 PMCID: PMC5136524 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic nanoparticles (NPs) can deliver cytotoxic chemotherapeutics and other drugs more safely and efficiently to patients; furthermore, selective delivery to target tissues can theoretically be accomplished actively through coating NPs with molecular ligands, and passively through exploiting physiological "enhanced permeability and retention" features. However, clinical trial results have been mixed in showing improved efficacy with drug nanoencapsulation, largely due to heterogeneous NP accumulation at target sites across patients. Thus, a clear need exists to better understand why many NP strategies fail in vivo and not result in significantly improved tumor uptake or therapeutic response. Multicolor in vivo confocal fluorescence imaging (intravital microscopy; IVM) enables integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) measurement at the single-cell level, and has helped answer key questions regarding the biological mechanisms of in vivo NP behavior. This review summarizes progress to date and also describes useful technical strategies for successful IVM experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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28
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Live Cell Imaging and Profiling of Cysteine Cathepsin Activity Using a Quenched Activity-Based Probe. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1491:145-159. [PMID: 27778287 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6439-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since protease activity is highly regulated by structural and environmental influences, the abundance of a protease often does not directly correlate with its activity. Because in most of the cases it is the activity of a protease that gives rise to its biological relevance, tools to report on this activity are of great value to the research community. Activity-based probes (ABPs) are small molecule tools that allow for the monitoring and profiling of protease activities in complex biological systems. The class of fluorescent quenched ABPs (qABPs), being intrinsically "dark" and only emitting fluorescence after reaction with the target protease, are ideally suited for imaging techniques such as small animal noninvasive fluorescence imaging and live cell fluorescence microscopy. An additional powerful characteristic of qABPs is their covalent and irreversible modification of the labeled protease, enabling in-depth target characterization. Here we describe the synthesis of a pan-cysteine cathepsin qABP BMV109 and the application of this probe to live cell fluorescence imaging and fluorescent SDS-PAGE cysteine cathepsin activity profiling.
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Thompson PA, Ashbeck EL, Roe DJ, Fales L, Buckmeier J, Wang F, Bhattacharyya A, Hsu CH, Chow SHH, Ahnen DJ, Boland CR, Heigh RI, Fay DE, Hamilton SR, Jacobs ET, Martinez EM, Alberts DS, Lance P. Celecoxib for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomas: Results of a Suspended Randomized Controlled Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw151. [PMID: 27530656 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib were designed to preserve anti-inflammatory activity without inhibiting COX-1. Downregulation of COX-2 inhibits colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS The Selenium and Celecoxib Trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of once-daily selenium 200 µg and celecoxib 400 mg, alone or together, for colorectal adenoma prevention. Men and women between age 40 and 80 years were eligible following colonoscopic removal of adenomas. The primary outcome was development of new adenomas. Celecoxib was suspended early because of cardiovascular toxicity in other trials. Accrual to selenium or placebo continued. Before suspension, 824 participants were randomly assigned to celecoxib or placebo, of whom 712 (86.4%) were available for analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In the placebo and celecoxib arms of 356 participants each, adenoma detection was 47.5% and 49.7% (relative risk [RR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 1.21, P = .58), respectively, after median periods of 13.6 and 14.2 months on intervention. Among participants colonoscoped within 12 months of discontinuing intervention (n = 244), overall adenoma recurrence (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.98, P = .04) and recurrence with advanced adenomas (RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.80, P = .02) were reduced with celecoxib. Reduction of adenoma recurrence was greatest in participants with previous advanced adenomas. Celecoxib increased risk of hypertension in participants with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors compared with placebo (hazard ratio = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.07 to 4.50, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Limited-duration celecoxib prevents adenoma recurrence in patients with prior high-risk adenomas, in whom strategies to minimize cardiovascular toxicity might be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Thompson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Erin L Ashbeck
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Denise J Roe
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Liane Fales
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Julie Buckmeier
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Fang Wang
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Achyut Bhattacharyya
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Chiu-Hsieh Hsu
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Sherry H H Chow
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - C Richard Boland
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Russell I Heigh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - David E Fay
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Stanley R Hamilton
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Elizabeth T Jacobs
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Elena Maria Martinez
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - David S Alberts
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT)
| | - Peter Lance
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (PAT, ELA, DJR, LF, JB, FW, CHH, HHSC, ETJ, DSA, PL); Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (AB); Denver Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Colorado, Denver, CO (DJA); GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX (CRB); Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (RIH); Endoscopy Center of Western New York, Buffalo, NY (DEF); Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX (SRH); Moores UCSD Cancer Center, San Diego, CA (MEM). Current affiliation: Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY (PAT).
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Martelli C, Dico AL, Diceglie C, Lucignani G, Ottobrini L. Optical imaging probes in oncology. Oncotarget 2016; 7:48753-48787. [PMID: 27145373 PMCID: PMC5217050 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, characterized by alteration of different physiological molecular processes and cellular features. Keeping this in mind, the possibility of early identification and detection of specific tumor biomarkers by non-invasive approaches could improve early diagnosis and patient management.Different molecular imaging procedures provide powerful tools for detection and non-invasive characterization of oncological lesions. Clinical studies are mainly based on the use of computed tomography, nuclear-based imaging techniques and magnetic resonance imaging. Preclinical imaging in small animal models entails the use of dedicated instruments, and beyond the already cited imaging techniques, it includes also optical imaging studies. Optical imaging strategies are based on the use of luminescent or fluorescent reporter genes or injectable fluorescent or luminescent probes that provide the possibility to study tumor features even by means of fluorescence and luminescence imaging. Currently, most of these probes are used only in animal models, but the possibility of applying some of them also in the clinics is under evaluation.The importance of tumor imaging, the ease of use of optical imaging instruments, the commercial availability of a wide range of probes as well as the continuous description of newly developed probes, demonstrate the significance of these applications. The aim of this review is providing a complete description of the possible optical imaging procedures available for the non-invasive assessment of tumor features in oncological murine models. In particular, the characteristics of both commercially available and newly developed probes will be outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Lo Dico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Umberto Veronesi Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Diceglie
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lucignani
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Ottobrini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Molecular and Cellular Imaging-IMAGO, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
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31
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Strategies for detection and quantification of cysteine cathepsins-evolution from bench to bedside. Biochimie 2016; 122:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Komatsu T, Urano Y. Evaluation of enzymatic activities in living systems with small-molecular fluorescent substrate probes. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:257-65. [PMID: 25864668 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present an overview of how small-molecular fluorescent substrate probes for studying enzymatic functions are developed and how they are used in biological applications, under the following four headings: (1) History of Visual Detection of Enzymatic Activities, (2) Strategies to Design Fluorescent Substrate Probes to Measure Enzymatic Activities, (3) Development of Fluorescent Substrate Probes Suitable for Biological Studies, and (4) Biological Applications of Fluorescent Substrate Probes for Studying Enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, 2) JST PRESTO, 4-1-9-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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33
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Pu J, Chronis I, Ahn D, Dickinson BC. A Panel of Protease-Responsive RNA Polymerases Respond to Biochemical Signals by Production of Defined RNA Outputs in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15996-9. [PMID: 26652972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RNA is an attractive biomolecule for biosensing and engineering applications due to its information storage capacity and ability to drive gene expression or knockdown. However, methods to link chemical signals to the production of specific RNAs are lacking. Here, we develop protease-responsive RNA polymerases (PRs) as a strategy to encode multiple specific proteolytic events in defined sequences of RNA in live mammalian cells. This work demonstrates that RNAP-based molecular recording devices can be deployed for multimodal analyses of biochemical activities or to trigger gene circuits using measured signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Pu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ian Chronis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Daniel Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago , 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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34
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Blatner NR, Tsai F, Khazaie K. Methods for the study of mast cells in cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1220:443-60. [PMID: 25388267 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1568-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth requires interactions of tumor cells with a receptive and inductive microenvironment. Two major populations of tumor-infiltrating cells are considered to be essential for producing such a microenvironment: (1) proinflammatory cells that nurture the tumor with growth factors and facilitate invasion and metastasis by secreting proteases and (2) immune suppressive leukocytes including T-regulatory cells (Treg) that hinder tumor-specific CD8 T-cell responses, which otherwise could potentially reject the tumor. Among the proinflammatory cells, accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in human tumors is frequently recorded and was recently linked with poor prognosis. Causative links between mast cell infiltration and tumor progression can be deduced from animal studies. There is an interesting link between mast cells and Treg. The adoptive transfer of Treg from healthy syngeneic mice to mice susceptible to colon cancer suppresses focal mastocytosis and hinders tumor progression. Furthermore, T-cell-deficient mice susceptible to colon cancer show enhanced focal mastocytosis and tumor invasion. Here, we describe methods to assess MCs in mouse models of cancer and to investigate how MCs affect tumor epithelium. Additionally, we will detail methods used to investigate how T cells influence MCs and how MCs influence T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Blatner
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Lurie 3-250, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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35
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Detection of protease activity in cells and animals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:130-42. [PMID: 25960278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in a wide variety of biologically and medically important events. They are entangled in a complex network of processes that regulate their activity, which makes their study intriguing, but challenging. For comprehensive understanding of protease biology and effective drug discovery, it is therefore essential to study proteases in models that are close to their complex native environments such as live cells or whole organisms. Protease activity can be detected by reporter substrates and activity-based probes, but not all of these reagents are suitable for intracellular or in vivo use. This review focuses on the detection of proteases in cells and in vivo. We summarize the use of probes and substrates as molecular tools, discuss strategies to deliver these tools inside cells, and describe sophisticated read-out techniques such as mass spectrometry and various imaging applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions.
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36
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Dennis KL, Saadalla A, Blatner NR, Wang S, Venkateswaran V, Gounari F, Cheroutre H, Weaver CT, Roers A, Egilmez NK, Khazaie K. T-cell Expression of IL10 Is Essential for Tumor Immune Surveillance in the Small Intestine. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:806-14. [PMID: 25855122 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL10 is attributed with immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, which could promote or suppress cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Loss of IL10 exacerbates colonic inflammation, leading to colitis and cancer. Consistent with this, transfer of IL10-competent regulatory T cells (Treg) into mice with colitis or hereditary polyposis protects against disease, while IL10-deficient mice are predisposed to polyposis with increased colon polyp load. Little is known about the protective or pathogenic function of IL10 in cancers of the small intestine. We found CD4(+) T cells and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs to be the major sources of IL10 in the small intestine and responsible for the increase in IL10 during polyposis in the APC(Δ468) mouse model of hereditary polyposis. Targeted ablation of IL10 in T cells caused severe IL10 deficiency and delayed polyp growth. However, these polyps progressively lost cytotoxic activity and eventually progressed to cancer. Several observations suggested that the effect was due to the loss of IFNγ-dependent immune surveillance. IL10-incompetent CD4(+) T cells failed to secrete IFNγ when stimulated with polyp antigens and were inefficient in T-helper-1 (TH1) commitment. By contrast, the TH17 commitment was unaffected. These findings were validated using mice whose T cells overexpress IL10. In these mice, we observed high intra-polyp cytotoxic activity and attenuation of polyposis. Thus, expression of IL10 by T cells is protective and required for immune surveillance in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Dennis
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abdulrahman Saadalla
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nichole R Blatner
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuya Wang
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vysak Venkateswaran
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Fotini Gounari
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Departments of Immunology and Surgery, Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Bian B, Mongrain S, Cagnol S, Langlois MJ, Boulanger J, Bernatchez G, Carrier JC, Boudreau F, Rivard N. Cathepsin B promotes colorectal tumorigenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:671-87. [PMID: 25808857 PMCID: PMC4832390 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a cysteine proteinase that primarily functions as an endopeptidase within endolysosomal compartments in normal cells. However, during tumoral expansion, the regulation of cathepsin B can be altered at multiple levels, thereby resulting in its overexpression and export outside of the cell. This may suggest a possible role of cathepsin B in alterations leading to cancer progression. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of intracellular and extracellular cathepsin B in growth, tumorigenesis, and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Results show that mRNA and activated levels of cathepsin B were both increased in human adenomas and in CRCs of all stages. Treatment of CRC cells with the highly selective and non‐permeant cathepsin B inhibitor Ca074 revealed that extracellular cathepsin B actively contributed to the invasiveness of human CRC cells while not essential for their growth in soft agar. Cathepsin B silencing by RNAi in human CRC cells inhibited their growth in soft agar, as well as their invasion capacity, tumoral expansion, and metastatic spread in immunodeficient mice. Higher levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 were observed in cathepsin B‐deficient tumors as well as an increase in cyclin B1. Finally, cathepsin B colocalized with p27Kip1 within the lysosomes and efficiently degraded the inhibitor. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that cathepsin B is a significant factor in colorectal tumor development, invasion, and metastatic spreading and may, therefore, represent a potential pharmacological target for colorectal tumor therapy. © 2015 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Mongrain
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Cagnol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Langlois
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jim Boulanger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Gérald Bernatchez
- Gastroenterology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Gastroenterology Service, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Zileuton, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, acts as a chemopreventive agent in intestinal polyposis, by modulating polyp and systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121402. [PMID: 25747113 PMCID: PMC4351892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Leukotrienes and prostaglandins, products of arachidonic acid metabolism, sustain both systemic and lesion-localized inflammation. Tumor-associated Inflammation can also contribute to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased risk of developing colon cancer. The levels of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme for leukotrienes production, are increased in colon cancer specimens and colonic dysplastic lesions. Here we report that Zileuton, a specific 5-LO inhibitor, can prevent polyp formation by efficiently reducing the tumor-associated and systemic inflammation in APCΔ468 mice. Experimental Design In the current study, we inhibited 5-LO by dietary administration of Zileuton in the APCΔ468 mouse model of polyposis and analyzed the effect of in vivo 5-LO inhibition on tumor-associated and systemic inflammation. Results Zileuton-fed mice developed fewer polyps and displayed marked reduction in systemic and polyp-associated inflammation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immunity cells were reduced both in the lesions and systemically. As part of tumor-associated inflammation Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), product of 5-LO activity, is increased focally in human dysplastic lesions. The 5-LO enzymatic activity was reduced in the serum of Zileuton treated polyposis mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that dietary administration of 5-LO specific inhibitor in the polyposis mouse model decreases polyp burden, and suggests that Zileuton may be a potential chemo-preventive agent in patients that are high-risk of developing colon cancer.
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Segal E, Prestwood TR, van der Linden WA, Carmi Y, Bhattacharya N, Withana N, Verdoes M, Habtezion A, Engleman EG, Bogyo M. Detection of intestinal cancer by local, topical application of a quenched fluorescence probe for cysteine cathepsins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:148-58. [PMID: 25579207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of colonic polyps can prevent up to 90% of colorectal cancer deaths. Conventional colonoscopy readily detects the majority of premalignant lesions, which exhibit raised morphology. However, lesions that are flat and depressed are often undetected using this method. Therefore, there is a need for molecular-based contrast agents to improve detection rates over conventional colonoscopy. We evaluated a quenched fluorescent activity-based probe (qABP; BMV109) that targets multiple cysteine cathepsins that are overexpressed in intestinal dysplasia in a genetic model of spontaneous intestinal polyp formation and in a chemically induced model of colorectal carcinoma. We found that the qABP selectively targets cysteine cathepsins, resulting in high sensitivity and specificity for intestinal tumors in mice and humans. Additionally, the qABP can be administered by either intravenous injection or by local delivery to the colon, making it a highly valuable tool for improved detection of colorectal lesions using fluorescence-guided colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Segal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wouter A van der Linden
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nimali Withana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Satkunananthan PB, Anderson MJ, De Jesus NM, Haudenschild DR, Ripplinger CM, Christiansen BA. In vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging of protease activity in a mouse model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1461-9. [PMID: 25278057 PMCID: PMC4185155 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint injuries initiate a surge of inflammatory cytokines and proteases that contribute to cartilage and subchondral bone degeneration. Detecting these early processes in animal models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) typically involves ex vivo analysis of blood serum or synovial fluid biomarkers, or histological analysis of the joint. In this study, we used in vivo fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) to quantify protease, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and Cathepsin K activity in mice following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. We hypothesized that these processes would be elevated at early time points following joint injury, but would return to control levels at later time points. DESIGN Mice were injured via tibial compression overload, and FRI was performed at time points from 1 to 56 days after injury using commercially available activatable fluorescent tracers to quantify protease, MMP, and cathepsin K activity in injured vs uninjured knees. PTOA was assessed at 56 days post-injury using micro-computed tomography and whole-joint histology. RESULTS Protease activity, MMP activity, and cathepsin K activity were all significantly increased in injured knees relative to uninjured knees at all time points, peaking at 1-7 days post-injury, then decreasing at later time points while still remaining elevated relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes FRI as a reliable method for in vivo quantification of early biological processes in a translatable mouse model of PTOA, and provides crucial information about the time course of inflammation and biological activity following joint injury. These data may inform future studies aimed at targeting these early processes to inhibit PTOA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B. Satkunananthan
- University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of California-Davis, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group
| | - Matthew J. Anderson
- University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
| | - Nicole M. De Jesus
- University of California-Davis, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group,University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Dominik R. Haudenschild
- University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of California-Davis, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group
| | - Crystal M. Ripplinger
- University of California-Davis, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group,University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Blaine A. Christiansen
- University of California-Davis Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,University of California-Davis, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group
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Keerthivasan S, Aghajani K, Dose M, Molinero L, Khan MW, Venkateswaran V, Weber C, Emmanuel AO, Sun T, Bentrem DJ, Mulcahy M, Keshavarzian A, Ramos EM, Blatner N, Khazaie K, Gounari F. β-Catenin promotes colitis and colon cancer through imprinting of proinflammatory properties in T cells. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:225ra28. [PMID: 24574339 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The density and type of lymphocytes that infiltrate colon tumors are predictive of the clinical outcome of colon cancer. High densities of T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells and inflammation predict poor outcome, whereas infiltration by T regulatory cells (Tregs) that naturally suppress inflammation is associated with longer patient survival. However, the role of Tregs in cancer remains controversial. We recently reported that Tregs in colon cancer patients can become proinflammatory and tumor-promoting. These properties were directly linked with their expression of RORγt (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt), the signature transcription factor of T(H)17 cells. We report that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in T cells promotes expression of RORγt. Expression of β-catenin was elevated in T cells, including Tregs, of patients with colon cancer. Genetically engineered activation of β-catenin in mouse T cells resulted in enhanced chromatin accessibility in the proximity of T cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) binding sites genome-wide, induced expression of T(H)17 signature genes including RORγt, and promoted T(H)17-mediated inflammation. Strikingly, the mice had inflammation of small intestine and colon and developed lesions indistinguishable from colitis-induced cancer. Activation of β-catenin only in Tregs was sufficient to produce inflammation and initiate cancer. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in effector T cells and/or Tregs is causatively linked with the imprinting of proinflammatory properties and the promotion of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Keerthivasan
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tumor growth elicits antigen-specific cytotoxic as well as immune suppressive responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key immune-suppressive cytokine produced by regulatory T-cells and by helper T-cells. Here, we review pleiotropic functions of IL-10 that impact the immune pathology of cancer. RECENT FINDINGS The role of IL-10 in cancer has become less certain with the knowledge of its immune stimulatory functions. IL-10 is needed for T-helper cell functions, T-cell immune surveillance, and suppression of cancer-associated inflammation. By promoting tumor-specific immune surveillance and hindering pathogenic inflammation, IL-10 is emerging as a key cytokine in the battle of the host against cancer. SUMMARY IL-10 functions at the cross-roads of immune stimulation and immune suppression in cancer. Immunological mechanisms of action of IL-10 can be ultimately exploited to develop novel and effective cancer therapies.
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Aggarwal N, Sloane BF. Cathepsin B: multiple roles in cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:427-37. [PMID: 24677670 PMCID: PMC4205946 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteases, including intracellular proteases, play roles at many different stages of malignant progression. Our focus here is cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine cathepsin. High levels of cathepsin B are found in a wide variety of human cancers, levels that often induce secretion and association of cathepsin B with the tumor cell membrane. In experimental models, such as transgenic models of murine pancreatic and mammary carcinomas, causal roles for cathepsin B have been demonstrated in initiation, growth/tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Tumor growth in transgenic models is promoted by cathepsin B in tumor-associated cells, for example, tumor-associated macrophages, as well as in tumor cells. In transgenic models, the absence of cathepsin B has been associated with enhanced apoptosis, yet cathepsin B also has been shown to contribute to apoptosis. Cathepsin B is part of a proteolytic pathway identified in xenograft models of human glioma; targeting only cathepsin B in these tumors is less effective than targeting cathepsin B in combination with other proteases or protease receptors. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for increased expression of cathepsin B in tumors and association of cathepsin B with tumor cell membranes is needed to determine whether targeting cathepsin B could be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Ml, USA
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Ml, USA
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In vivo imaging of tissue-remodeling activity involving infiltration of macrophages by a systemically administered protease-activatable probe in colon cancer tissues. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:628-37. [PMID: 24466365 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the detection of tumors using in vivo imaging with a commercially available and systemically administered protease-activatable fluorescent probe, ProSense. To this end, we analyzed the delivery and uptake of ProSense as well as the target protease and its cellular source in a mouse xenograft tumor model. In vivo and ex vivo multi wavelength imaging revealed that ProSense signals accumulated within tumors, with preferential distribution in the vascular leakage area that correlates with vasculature development at the tumor periphery. Immunohistochemically, cathepsin B, which is targeted by ProSense, was specifically localized in macrophages. The codistribution of tenascin C immunoreactivity and gelatinase activity provided evidence of tissue-remodeling at the tumor periphery. Furthermore, in situ zymography revealed extracellular ProSense cleavage in such areas. Colocalization of cathepsin B expression and ProSense signals showing reduction by addition of cathepsin B inhibitor was confirmed in cultured macrophage-derived RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that increased tissue-remodeling activity involving infiltration of macrophages is a mechanism that may be responsible for the tumor accumulation of ProSense signals in our xenograft model. We further confirmed ProSense signals at the tumor margin showing cathepsin B(+) macrophage infiltration in a rat colon carcinogenesis model. Together, these data demonstrate that systemically administered protease-activatable probes can effectively detect cancer invasive fronts, where tissue-remodeling activity is high to facilitate neoplastic cell invasion.
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Ruffell B, Affara NI, Cottone L, Junankar S, Johansson M, DeNardo DG, Korets L, Reinheckel T, Sloane BF, Bogyo M, Coussens LM. Cathepsin C is a tissue-specific regulator of squamous carcinogenesis. Genes Dev 2013; 27:2086-98. [PMID: 24065739 PMCID: PMC3850093 DOI: 10.1101/gad.224899.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serine and cysteine cathepsin (Cts) proteases are involved in tumor progression. CtsB plays a significant role during mammary carcinogenesis. Ruffell et al. find that squamous carcinomas develop independently of CtsB. CtsC is not required during mammary carcinogenesis but is necessary for squamous carcinogenesis. Dermal/stromal fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived cells express elevated levels of enzymatically active CtsC that regulate the complexity of infiltrating immune cells in neoplastic skin, development of angiogenic vasculature, and squamous cell carcinoma growth. These findings indicate that tissue specificity can define functional significance. Serine and cysteine cathepsin (Cts) proteases are an important class of intracellular and pericellular enzymes mediating multiple aspects of tumor development. Emblematic of these is CtsB, reported to play functionally significant roles during pancreatic islet and mammary carcinogenesis. CtsC, on the other hand, while up-regulated during pancreatic islet carcinogenesis, lacks functional significance in mediating neoplastic progression in that organ. Given that protein expression and enzymatic activity of both CtsB and CtsC are increased in numerous tumors, we sought to understand how tissue specificity might factor into their functional significance. Thus, whereas others have reported that CtsB regulates metastasis of mammary carcinomas, we found that development of squamous carcinomas occurs independently of CtsB. In contrast to these findings, our studies found no significant role for CtsC during mammary carcinogenesis but revealed squamous carcinogenesis to be functionally dependent on CtsC. In this context, dermal/stromal fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived cells expressed increased levels of enzymatically active CtsC that regulated the complexity of infiltrating immune cells in neoplastic skin, development of angiogenic vasculature, and overt squamous cell carcinoma growth. These studies highlight the important contribution of tissue/microenvironment context to solid tumor development and indicate that tissue specificity defines functional significance for these two members of the cysteine protease family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruffell
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Blatner NR, Mulcahy MF, Dennis KL, Scholtens D, Bentrem DJ, Phillips JD, Ham S, Sandall BP, Khan MW, Mahvi DM, Halverson AL, Stryker SJ, Boller AM, Singal A, Sneed RK, Sarraj B, Ansari MJ, Oft M, Iwakura Y, Zhou L, Bonertz A, Beckhove P, Gounari F, Khazaie K. Expression of RORγt marks a pathogenic regulatory T cell subset in human colon cancer. Sci Transl Med 2013; 4:164ra159. [PMID: 23241743 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in human colon cancer (CC) remains controversial: high densities of tumor-infiltrating T(regs) can correlate with better or worse clinical outcomes depending on the study. In mouse models of cancer, T(regs) have been reported to suppress inflammation and protect the host, suppress T cells and protect the tumor, or even have direct cancer-promoting attributes. These different effects may result from the presence of different T(reg) subsets. We report the preferential expansion of a T(reg) subset in human CC with potent T cell-suppressive, but compromised anti-inflammatory, properties; these cells are distinguished from T(regs) present in healthy donors by their coexpression of Foxp3 and RORγt. T(regs) with similar attributes were found to be expanded in mouse models of hereditary polyposis. Indeed, ablation of the RORγt gene in Foxp3(+) cells in polyp-prone mice stabilized T(reg) anti-inflammatory functions, suppressed inflammation, improved polyp-specific immune surveillance, and severely attenuated polyposis. Ablation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-23, IL-17, or tumor necrosis factor-α in polyp-prone mice reduced polyp number but not to the same extent as loss of RORγt. Surprisingly, loss of IL-17A had a dual effect: IL-17A-deficient mice had fewer polyps but continued to have RORγt(+) T(regs) and developed invasive cancer. Thus, we conclude that RORγt has a central role in determining the balance between protective and pathogenic T(regs) in CC and that T(reg) subtype regulates inflammation, potency of immune surveillance, and severity of disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Blatner
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Dennis KL, Wang Y, Blatner NR, Wang S, Saadalla A, Trudeau E, Roers A, Weaver CT, Lee JJ, Gilbert JA, Chang EB, Khazaie K. Adenomatous polyps are driven by microbe-instigated focal inflammation and are controlled by IL-10-producing T cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5905-13. [PMID: 23955389 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is elevated in cancer and is thought to contribute to immune tolerance and tumor growth. Defying these expectations, the adoptive transfer of IL-10-expressing T cells to mice with polyposis attenuates microbial-induced inflammation and suppresses polyposis. To gain better insights into how IL-10 impacts polyposis, we genetically ablated IL-10 in T cells in APC(Δ468) mice and compared the effects of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. We found that T cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) were a major cellular source of IL-10 in both the healthy and polyp-bearing colon. Notably, T cell-specific ablation of IL-10 produced pathologies that were identical to mice with a systemic deficiency in IL-10, in both cases increasing the numbers and growth of colon polyps. Eosinophils were found to densely infiltrate colon polyps, which were enriched similarly for microbiota associated previously with colon cancer. In mice receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, we observed reductions in microbiota, inflammation, and polyposis. Together, our findings establish that colon polyposis is driven by high densities of microbes that accumulate within polyps and trigger local inflammatory responses. Inflammation, local microbe densities, and polyp growth are suppressed by IL-10 derived specifically from T cells and Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Dennis
- Authors' Affiliations: Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago; Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arkansas; and Institute for Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Progatzky F, Dallman MJ, Lo Celso C. From seeing to believing: labelling strategies for in vivo cell-tracking experiments. Interface Focus 2013; 3:20130001. [PMID: 23853708 PMCID: PMC3638420 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has become increasingly popular over the past few decades because it provides high-resolution and real-time information about complex biological processes. Technological advances that allow deeper penetration in live tissues, such as the development of confocal and two-photon microscopy, together with the generation of ever-new fluorophores that facilitate bright labelling of cells and tissue components have made imaging of vertebrate model organisms efficient and highly informative. Genetic manipulation leading to expression of fluorescent proteins is undoubtedly the labelling method of choice and has been used to visualize several cell types in vivo. This approach, however, can be technically challenging and time consuming. Over the years, several dyes have been developed to allow rapid, effective and bright ex vivo labelling of cells for subsequent transplantation and imaging. Here, we review and discuss the advantages and limitations of a number of strategies commonly used to label and track cells at high resolution in vivo in mouse and zebrafish, using fluorescence microscopy. While the quest for the perfect label is far from achieved, current reagents are valuable tools enabling the progress of biological discovery, so long as they are selected and used appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fränze Progatzky
- Department of Life Sciences , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance colonoscopy using random biopsies to detect colitis-associated cancer (CAC) suffers from poor sensitivity. Although chromoendoscopy improves detection, acceptance in the community has been slow. Here, we examine the usefulness of near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) endoscopy to image molecular probes for cathepsin activity in colitis-induced dysplasia. METHODS In patient samples, cathepsin activity was correlated with colitis and dysplasia. In mice, cathepsin activity was detected as fluorescent hydrolysis product of substrate-based probes after injection into Il10(-/-) colitic mice. Fluorescence colonoscopy and colonic whole-mount imaging were performed before complete sectioning and pathology review of resected colons. RESULTS Cathepsin activity was 5-fold and 8-fold higher in dysplasia and CAC, respectively, compared with areas of mild colitis in patient tissue sections. The signal-to-noise ratios for dysplastic lesions seen by endoscopy in Il10(-/-) mice were 5.2 ± 1.3 (P = 0.0001). Lesions with increased NIRF emissions were classified as raised or flat dysplasia, lymphoid tissue, and ulcers. Using images collected by endoscopy, a receiver operating characteristic curve for correctly diagnosing dysplasia was calculated. The area under the curve was 0.927. At a cutoff of 1000 mean fluorescence intensity, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting dysplasia were 100% and 83%, respectively. Analysis revealed that focally enhanced NIRF emissions derived from increased numbers of infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages with equivalent cathepsin activity. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that cathepsin substrate-based probe imaging correctly identifies dysplastic foci within chronically inflamed colons. Combined white light and NIRF endoscopy presents unique advantages that may increase sensitivity and specificity of surveillance colonoscopy in patients with CAC.
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50
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Khan MW, Keshavarzian A, Gounaris E, Melson JE, Cheon EC, Blatner NR, Chen ZE, Tsai FN, Lee G, Ryu H, Barrett TA, Bentrem DJ, Beckhove P, Khazaie K. PI3K/AKT signaling is essential for communication between tissue-infiltrating mast cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells in colitis-induced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2342-54. [PMID: 23487439 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand signaling pathways that shape inflamed tissue and predispose to cancer is critical for effective prevention and therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We have explored phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity in human inflammatory bowel diseases and mouse colitis models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted immunostaining of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) and unbiased high-throughput image acquisition and quantitative analysis of samples of noninflamed normal colon, colitis, dysplasia, and colorectal cancer. Mechanistic insights were gained from ex vivo studies of cell interactions, the piroxicam/IL-10(-/-) mouse model of progressive colitis, and use of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. RESULTS Progressive increase in densities of pAKT-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and increase in densities of mast cells in the colonic submucosa were noted with colitis and progression to dysplasia and cancer. Mast cells recruited macrophages in ex vivo migration assays, and both mast cells and TAMs promoted invasion of cancer cells. Pretreatment of mast cells with LY294002 blocked recruitment of TAMs. LY294002 inhibited mast cell and TAM-mediated tumor invasion, and in mice, blocked stromal PI3K, colitis, and cancer. CONCLUSION The PI3K/AKT pathway is active in cells infiltrating inflamed human colon tissue. This pathway sustains the recruitment of inflammatory cells through a positive feedback loop. The PI3K/AKT pathway is essential for tumor invasion and the malignant features of the piroxicam/IL-10(-/-) mouse model. LY294002 targets the PI3K pathway and hinders progressive colitis. These findings indicate that colitis and progression to cancer are dependent on stromal PI3K and sensitive to treatment with LY294002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Khan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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