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Byareddy SN, Sharma K, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Acharya A, Klaustermeier KM, Lorson CL, Singh K. Potential therapeutic targets for Mpox: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:419-431. [PMID: 37368464 PMCID: PMC10722886 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The global Mpox (MPX) disease outbreak caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV) in 2022 alarmed the World Health Organization (WHO) and health regulation agencies of individual countries leading to the declaration of MPX as a Public Health Emergency. Owing to the genetic similarities between smallpox-causing poxvirus and MPXV, vaccine JYNNEOS, and anti-smallpox drugs Brincidofovir and Tecovirimat were granted emergency use authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The WHO also included cidofovir, NIOCH-14, and other vaccines as treatment options. AREAS COVERED This article covers the historical development of EUA-granted antivirals, resistance to these antivirals, and the projected impact of signature mutations on the potency of antivirals against currently circulating MPXV. Since a high prevalence of MPXV infections in individuals coinfected with HIV and MPXV, the treatment results among these individuals have been included. EXPERT OPINION All EUA-granted drugs have been approved for smallpox treatment. These antivirals show good potency against Mpox. However, conserved resistance mutation positions in MPXV and related poxviruses, and the signature mutations in the 2022 MPXV can potentially compromise the efficacy of the EUA-granted treatments. Therefore, MPXV-specific medications are required not only for the current but also for possible future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | - Christian L Lorson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, DPSRU, New Delhi-110017
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Kannan SR, Sachdev S, Reddy AS, Kandasamy SL, Byrareddy SN, Lorson CL, Singh K. Mutations in the monkeypox virus replication complex: Potential contributing factors to the 2022 outbreak. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102928. [PMID: 36252459 PMCID: PMC9562781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Attributes contributing to the current monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak remain unknown. It has been established that mutations in viral proteins may alter phenotype and pathogenicity. To assess if mutations in the MPXV DNA replication complex (RC) contribute to the outbreak, we conducted a temporal analysis of available MPXV sequences to identify mutations, generated a DNA replication complex (RC) using structures of related viral and eukaryotic proteins, and structure prediction method AlphaFold. Ten mutations within the RC were identified and mapped onto the RC to infer role of mutations. Two mutations in F8L (RC catalytic subunit), and two in G9R (a processivity factor) were ∼100% prevalent in the 2022 sequences. F8L mutation L108F emerged in 2022, whereas W411L emerged in 2018, and persisted in 2022. L108 is topologically located to enhance DNA binding affinity of F8L. Therefore, mutation L108F can change the fidelity, sensitivity to nucleoside inhibitors, and processivity of F8L. Surface exposed W411L likely affects the binding of regulatory factor(s). G9R mutations S30L and D88 N in G9R emerged in 2022, and may impact the interaction of G9R with E4R (uracil DNA glycosylase). The remaining six mutations that appeared in 2001, reverted to the first (1965 Rotterdam) isolate. Two nucleoside inhibitors brincidofovir and cidofovir have been approved for MPXV treatment. Cidofovir resistance in vaccinia virus is achieved by A314T and A684V mutations. Both A314 and A684 are conserved in MPXV. Therefore, resistance to these drugs in MPXV may arise through similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shrikesh Sachdev
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Athreya S. Reddy
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian L. Lorson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kamal Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Corresponding author. 471g, Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Kietrys AM, Velema WA, Kool ET. Fingerprints of Modified RNA Bases from Deep Sequencing Profiles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17074-17081. [PMID: 29111692 PMCID: PMC5819333 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional modifications of RNA bases are not only found in many noncoding RNAs but have also recently been identified in coding (messenger) RNAs as well. They require complex and laborious methods to locate, and many still lack methods for localized detection. Here we test the ability of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to detect and distinguish between ten modified bases in synthetic RNAs. We compare ultradeep sequencing patterns of modified bases, including miscoding, insertions and deletions (indels), and truncations, to unmodified bases in the same contexts. The data show widely varied responses to modification, ranging from no response, to high levels of mutations, insertions, deletions, and truncations. The patterns are distinct for several of the modifications, and suggest the future use of ultradeep sequencing as a fingerprinting strategy for locating and identifying modifications in cellular RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Kietrys
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Willem A. Velema
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric T. Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Acosta-Hoyos AJ, Scott WA. The Role of Nucleotide Excision by Reverse Transcriptase in HIV Drug Resistance. Viruses 2010; 2:372-394. [PMID: 20523911 PMCID: PMC2879589 DOI: 10.3390/v2020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors of HIV block viral replication through the ability of HIV RT to incorporate chain-terminating nucleotide analogs during viral DNA synthesis. Once incorporated, the chain-terminating residue must be removed before DNA synthesis can continue. Removal can be accomplished by the excision activity of HIV RT, which catalyzes the transfer of the 3'-terminal residue on the blocked DNA chain to an acceptor substrate, probably ATP in most infected cells. Mutations of RT that enhance excision activity are the most common cause of resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and exhibit low-level cross-resistance to most other nucleoside RT inhibitors. The resistance to AZT is suppressed by a number of additional mutations in RT, most of which were identified because they conferred resistance to other RT inhibitors. Here we review current understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for increased or decreased excision activity due to these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Acosta-Hoyos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, FL 33101-6129, USA; E-Mail: (A.J.A.-H.)
| | - Walter A. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, FL 33101-6129, USA; E-Mail: (A.J.A.-H.)
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