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Haraguchi K, Takeda S, Kubota Y, Kumamoto H, Tanaka H, Hamasaki T, Baba M, Paintsil E, Cheng YC. From the chemistry of epoxy-sugar nucleosides to the discovery of anti-HIV agent 4'-ethynylstavudine-Festinavir. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1880-97. [PMID: 23092278 PMCID: PMC3711117 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Branched sugar nucleosides have attracted much attention due to their biological activities. We have demonstrated that epoxysugar nucleosides serve as versatile precursor for the stereo-defined synthesis of these nucleoside derivatives on the basis of its ring opening with organoaluminum or organosilicon reagents. In this review article, novel methods for the synthesis of nucleoside analogues branched at the 1' and 4'-position will be described. During this study, we could discover an anti-HIV agent, 4'-ethynylstavudine (Festinavir). Festinavir showed more potent anti-HIV activity than the parent compound stavudine (d4T). Other significant properties of Festinavir are as follows: 1) much less toxic to various cells and also to mitochondorial DNA synthesis than d4T, 2) better substrate for human thymidine kinase than d4T, 3) resistant not only to chemical glycosidic bond cleavage but also to catabolism by thymidine phosphorylase, 4) the activity improves in the presence of a major mutation, K103N, associated with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Detailed profile of the antiviral activities, biology and pharmacology of Festinavir are also described.
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Michailidis E, Singh K, Kirby KA, Hachiya A, Yoo W, Hong SP, Kim SO, Folk WR, Sarafianos SG. Hepatitis B Virus genotypic differences map structurally close to NRTI resistance hot spots. Int J Curr Chem 2011; 2:253-260. [PMID: 22505793 PMCID: PMC3325108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine, there are approximately 350 million people that are chronically infected with this virus that can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, most approved anti-HBV drugs are nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) that target the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT or P gene product). They suppress viral replication very efficiently but require long-term therapies, which invariably lead to the development of drug resistant viral strains with drug resistance mutations at the P gene. Because the reading frames of the P and S (surface antigen) genes partially overlap, selection of NRTI-resistance mutations may impart changes on the surface structural landscape of the virus. Conversely, genotypic differences on viral surface residues may also change the amino acid composition of the P gene and in terms affect HBV RT properties such as susceptibility to NRTIs. Interestingly, several studies have shown that patients infected with HBV from various genotypes respond differently to NRTI therapies. Here, we built a three-dimensional homology model of the catalytic core of HBV RT using HIV-1 RT as a template. We then mapped on the molecular model the residues that vary among various HBV genotypes. Surprisingly, the genotypic variability residues are generally in the vicinity of residues that are involved in NRTI resistance. Our results suggest that emergence of NRTI resistance mutations in HBV RT may be constrained by structural interactions with residues that vary among different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Michailidis
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kamlendra Singh
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Atsuko Hachiya
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Wangdon Yoo
- Research and Development Center, GeneMatrix Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Sun Pyo Hong
- Research and Development Center, GeneMatrix Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Soo-Ok Kim
- Research and Development Center, GeneMatrix Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - William R. Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Acosta-Hoyos AJ, Scott WA. The Role of Nucleotide Excision by Reverse Transcriptase in HIV Drug Resistance. Viruses 2010; 2:372-394. [PMID: 20523911 PMCID: PMC2879589 DOI: 10.3390/v2020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors of HIV block viral replication through the ability of HIV RT to incorporate chain-terminating nucleotide analogs during viral DNA synthesis. Once incorporated, the chain-terminating residue must be removed before DNA synthesis can continue. Removal can be accomplished by the excision activity of HIV RT, which catalyzes the transfer of the 3'-terminal residue on the blocked DNA chain to an acceptor substrate, probably ATP in most infected cells. Mutations of RT that enhance excision activity are the most common cause of resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and exhibit low-level cross-resistance to most other nucleoside RT inhibitors. The resistance to AZT is suppressed by a number of additional mutations in RT, most of which were identified because they conferred resistance to other RT inhibitors. Here we review current understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for increased or decreased excision activity due to these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Acosta-Hoyos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, FL 33101-6129, USA; E-Mail: (A.J.A.-H.)
| | - Walter A. Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016129, Miami, FL 33101-6129, USA; E-Mail: (A.J.A.-H.)
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