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Qi M, Chen TT, Li L, Gao PP, Li N, Zhang SH, Wei W, Sun WY. Insight into the regulatory mechanism of β-arrestin2 and its emerging role in diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3019-3038. [PMID: 38961617 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-arrestin2, a member of the arrestin family, mediates the desensitization and internalization of most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and functions as a scaffold protein in signalling pathways. Previous studies have demonstrated that β-arrestin2 expression is dysregulated in malignant tumours, fibrotic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases, suggesting its pathological roles. Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications can affect the expression of β-arrestin2. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation and S-nitrosylation affect the cellular localization of β-arrestin2 and its interaction with downstream signalling molecules, which further regulate the activity of β-arrestin2. This review summarizes the structure and function of β-arrestin2 and reveals the mechanisms involved in the regulation of β-arrestin2 at multiple levels. Additionally, recent studies on the role of β-arrestin2 in some major diseases and its therapeutic prospects have been discussed to provide a reference for the development of drugs targeting β-arrestin2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anhui-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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2
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Gritsina G, Fong KW, Lu X, Lin Z, Xie W, Agarwal S, Lin D, Schiltz GE, Beltran H, Corey E, Morrissey C, Wang Y, Zhao JC, Hussain M, Yu J. Chemokine receptor CXCR7 activates Aurora Kinase A and promotes neuroendocrine prostate cancer growth. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166248. [PMID: 37347559 PMCID: PMC10378179 DOI: 10.1172/jci166248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR7 is an atypical chemokine receptor that recruits β-arrestin (ARRB2) and internalizes into clathrin-coated intracellular vesicles where the complex acts as a scaffold for cytoplasmic kinase assembly and signal transduction. Here, we report that CXCR7 was elevated in the majority of prostate cancer (PCa) cases with neuroendocrine features (NEPC). CXCR7 markedly induced mitotic spindle and cell cycle gene expression. Mechanistically, we identified Aurora Kinase A (AURKA), a key regulator of mitosis, as a novel target that was bound and activated by the CXCR7-ARRB2 complex. CXCR7 interacted with proteins associated with microtubules and golgi, and, as such, the CXCR7-ARRB2-containing vesicles trafficked along the microtubules to the pericentrosomal golgi apparatus, where the complex interacted with AURKA. Accordingly, CXCR7 promoted PCa cell proliferation and tumor growth, which was mitigated by AURKA inhibition. In summary, our study reveals a critical role of CXCR7-ARRB2 in interacting and activating AURKA, which can be targeted by AURKA inhibitors to benefit a subset of patients with NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Gritsina
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ka-wing Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhuoyuan Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanqing Xie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shivani Agarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gary E. Schiltz
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maha Hussain
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Szénási T, Turu G, Hunyady L. Interactions between β-arrestin proteins and the cytoskeletal system, and their relevance to neurodegenerative disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:957981. [PMID: 36843600 PMCID: PMC9947276 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.957981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
β-arrestins, which have multiple cellular functions, were initially described as proteins that desensitize rhodopsin and other G protein-coupled receptors. The cytoskeletal system plays a role in various cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell division, organization of organelles, and cell cycle. The interactome of β-arrestins includes the major proteins of the three main cytoskeletal systems: tubulins for microtubules, actins for the actin filaments, and vimentin for intermediate filaments. β-arrestins bind to microtubules and regulate their activity by recruiting signaling proteins and interacting with assembly proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and the intermediate filaments. Altered regulation of the cytoskeletal system plays an essential role in the development of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, β-arrestins, which interact with the cytoskeleton, were implicated in the pathogenesis progression of these diseases and are potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Szénási
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Turu
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady,
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4
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Monitoring β-Arrestin 2 Targeting to the Centrosome, Basal Body, and Primary Cilium by Fluorescence Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:271-289. [PMID: 30919360 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based organelles that behave like a cellular antenna controlling key signaling pathways during development and tissue homeostasis. The ciliary membrane is highly enriched for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and PC are a crucial signaling compartment for this large receptor family. Downstream effectors of GPCR signaling are also present in cilia, and evidence obtained by our labs and others demonstrated that β-arrestin (βarr) family members are differentially recruited to PC and have investigated the role of GPCR activation in this process. In this chapter, we provide methods based on fluorescence microscopy on fixed or live cells suitable for investigating targeting and recruitment of βarrs at PC.
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Laporte SA, Scott MGH. β-Arrestins: Multitask Scaffolds Orchestrating the Where and When in Cell Signalling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:9-55. [PMID: 30919345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The β-arrestins (β-arrs) were initially appreciated for the roles they play in the desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are now also known to act as multifunctional adaptor proteins binding many non-receptor protein partners to control multiple signalling pathways. β-arrs therefore act as key regulatory hubs at the crossroads of external cell inputs and functional outputs in cellular processes ranging from gene transcription to cell growth, survival, cytoskeletal regulation, polarity, and migration. An increasing number of studies have also highlighted the scaffolding roles β-arrs play in vivo in both physiological and pathological conditions, which opens up therapeutic avenues to explore. In this introductory review chapter, we discuss the functional roles that β-arrs exert to control GPCR function, their dynamic scaffolding roles and how this impacts signal transduction events, compartmentalization of β-arrs, how β-arrs are regulated themselves, and how the combination of these events culminates in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,RI-MUHC/Glen Site, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France. .,Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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6
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Inamdar SM, Lankford CK, Laird JG, Novbatova G, Tatro N, Whitmore SS, Scheetz TE, Baker SA. Analysis of 14-3-3 isoforms expressed in photoreceptors. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:108-116. [PMID: 29486162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 14-3-3 family of proteins has undergone considerable expansion in higher eukaryotes with humans and mice expressing seven isoforms (β, ε, η, γ, θ, ζ, and σ) from seven distinct genes (YWHAB, YWAHE, YWHAH, YWHAG, YWHAQ, YWHAZ, and SFN). Growing evidence indicates that while highly conserved, these isoforms are not entirely functionally redundant as they exhibit unique tissue expression profiles, subcellular localization, and biochemical functions. A key limitation in our understanding of 14-3-3 biology lies in our limited knowledge of cell-type specific 14-3-3 expression. Here we provide a characterization of 14-3-3 expression in whole retina and isolated rod photoreceptors using reverse-transcriptase digital droplet PCR. We find that all 14-3-3 genes with the exception of SFN are expressed in mouse retina with YWHAQ and YWHAE being the most highly expressed. Rod photoreceptors are enriched in YWHAE (14-3-3 ε). Immunohistochemistry revealed that 14-3-3 ε and 14-3-3 ζ exhibit unique distributions in photoreceptors with 14-3-3 ε restricted to the inner segment and 14-3-3 ζ localized to the outer segment. Our data demonstrates that, in the retina, 14-3-3 isoforms likely serve specific functions as they exhibit unique expression levels and cell-type specificity. As such, future investigations into 14-3-3 function in rod photoreceptors should be centered on 14-3-3 ε and 14-3-3 ζ, depending on the subcellular region of question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi M Inamdar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Colten K Lankford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joseph G Laird
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gulnara Novbatova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nicole Tatro
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - S Scott Whitmore
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sheila A Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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7
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Hilgendorf KI, Johnson CT, Jackson PK. The primary cilium as a cellular receiver: organizing ciliary GPCR signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:84-92. [PMID: 26926036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like cellular protrusion mediating sensory and neuroendocrine signaling. Its localization within tissue architecture and a growing list of cilia-localized receptors, in particular G-protein-coupled receptors, determine a host of crucial physiologies, which are disrupted in human ciliopathies. Here, we discuss recent advances in the identification and characterization of ciliary signaling components and pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the unique signaling environment of the primary cilium and we are just beginning to understand how this design allows for highly amplified and regulated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hilgendorf
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carl T Johnson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine PhD Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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8
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Mick DU, Rodrigues RB, Leib RD, Adams CM, Chien AS, Gygi SP, Nachury MV. Proteomics of Primary Cilia by Proximity Labeling. Dev Cell 2015; 35:497-512. [PMID: 26585297 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While cilia are recognized as important signaling organelles, the extent of ciliary functions remains unknown because of difficulties in cataloguing proteins from mammalian primary cilia. We present a method that readily captures rapid snapshots of the ciliary proteome by selectively biotinylating ciliary proteins using a cilia-targeted proximity labeling enzyme (cilia-APEX). Besides identifying known ciliary proteins, cilia-APEX uncovered several ciliary signaling molecules. The kinases PKA, AMPK, and LKB1 were validated as bona fide ciliary proteins and PKA was found to regulate Hedgehog signaling in primary cilia. Furthermore, proteomics profiling of Ift27/Bbs19 mutant cilia correctly detected BBSome accumulation inside Ift27(-/-) cilia and revealed that β-arrestin 2 and the viral receptor CAR are candidate cargoes of the BBSome. This work demonstrates that proximity labeling can be applied to proteomics of non-membrane-enclosed organelles and suggests that proteomics profiling of cilia will enable a rapid and powerful characterization of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Mick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Rachel B Rodrigues
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan D Leib
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Allis S Chien
- Stanford University Mass Spectrometry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.
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9
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Recruitment of β-Arrestin into Neuronal Cilia Modulates Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 3 Ciliary Localization. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 36:223-35. [PMID: 26503786 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00765-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential sensory and signaling organelles present on nearly every mammalian cell type. Defects in primary cilia underlie a class of human diseases collectively termed ciliopathies. Primary cilia are restricted subcellular compartments, and specialized mechanisms coordinate the localization of proteins to cilia. Moreover, trafficking of proteins into and out of cilia is required for proper ciliary function, and this process is disrupted in ciliopathies. The somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (Sstr3) is selectively targeted to primary cilia on neurons in the mammalian brain and is implicated in learning and memory. Here, we show that Sstr3 localization to cilia is dynamic and decreases in response to somatostatin treatment. We further show that somatostatin treatment stimulates β-arrestin recruitment into Sstr3-positive cilia and this recruitment can be blocked by mutations in Sstr3 that impact agonist binding or phosphorylation. Importantly, somatostatin treatment fails to decrease Sstr3 ciliary localization in neurons lacking β-arrestin 2. Together, our results implicate β-arrestin in the modulation of Sstr3 ciliary localization and further suggest a role for β-arrestin in the mediation of Sstr3 ciliary signaling.
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10
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Ma H, Wang L, Zhang T, Shen H, Du J. Loss of β-arrestin1 expression predicts unfavorable prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1341-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Verleyen D, Luyten FP, Tylzanowski P. Orphan G-protein coupled receptor 22 (Gpr22) regulates cilia length and structure in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110484. [PMID: 25335082 PMCID: PMC4204907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR22 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Since the ligand of the receptor is currently unknown, its biological function has not been investigated in depth. Many GPCRs and their intracellular effectors are targeted to cilia. Cilia are highly conserved eukaryotic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the membrane of most mammalian cells. They are involved in a large variety of physiological processes and diseases. However, the details of the downstream pathways and mechanisms that maintain cilia length and structure are poorly understood. We show that morpholino knock down or overexpression of gpr22 led to defective left-right (LR) axis formation in the zebrafish embryo. Specifically, defective LR patterning included randomization of the left-specific lateral plate mesodermal genes (LPM) (lefty1, lefty2, southpaw and pitx2a), resulting in randomized cardiac looping. Furthermore, gpr22 inactivation in the Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) alone was still able to generate the phenotype, indicating that Gpr22 mainly regulates LR asymmetry through the KV. Analysis of the KV cilia by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed that gpr22 knock down or overexpression resulted in changes of cilia length and structure. Further, we found that Gpr22 does not act upstream of the two cilia master regulators, Foxj1a and Rfx2. To conclude, our study characterized a novel player in the field of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Verleyen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Le Coz M, Benmerah A, Larue L. Quiescent melanocytes form primary cilia. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:426-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Le Coz
- Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Centre de Recherche; Institut Curie; Orsay France
- CNRS UMR3347; Orsay France
- INSERM U1021; Orsay France
- Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Equipe labellisée; Orsay France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- INSERM; U983; Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut Imagine; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Centre de Recherche; Institut Curie; Orsay France
- CNRS UMR3347; Orsay France
- INSERM U1021; Orsay France
- Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Equipe labellisée; Orsay France
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13
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Jin J, Colin P, Staropoli I, Lima-Fernandes E, Ferret C, Demir A, Rogée S, Hartley O, Randriamampita C, Scott MGH, Marullo S, Sauvonnet N, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lagane B, Brelot A. Targeting spare CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) as a principle to inhibit HIV-1 entry. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19042-52. [PMID: 24855645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 binds the chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 and is the major coreceptor for HIV-1 entry into target cells. Chemokines are supposed to form a natural barrier against human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, we showed that their antiviral activity is limited by CCR5 adopting low-chemokine affinity conformations at the cell surface. Here, we investigated whether a pool of CCR5 that is not stabilized by chemokines could represent a target for inhibiting HIV infection. We exploited the characteristics of the chemokine analog PSC-RANTES (N-α-(n-nonanoyl)-des-Ser(1)-[l-thioprolyl(2), l-cyclohexylglycyl(3)]-RANTES(4-68)), which displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity. We show that native chemokines fail to prevent high-affinity binding of PSC-RANTES, analog-mediated calcium release (in desensitization assays), and analog-mediated CCR5 internalization. These results indicate that a pool of spare CCR5 may bind PSC-RANTES but not native chemokines. Improved recognition of CCR5 by PSC-RANTES may explain why the analog promotes higher amounts of β-arrestin 2·CCR5 complexes, thereby increasing CCR5 down-regulation and HIV-1 inhibition. Together, these results highlight that spare CCR5, which might permit HIV-1 to escape from chemokines, should be targeted for efficient viral blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jin
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Colin
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France, the Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Lima-Fernandes
- the Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Ferret
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arzu Demir
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Rogée
- the Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Oliver Hartley
- the Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, and
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- the Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mark G H Scott
- the Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Marullo
- the Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U1016, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sauvonnet
- the Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- From the INSERM U1108, Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France,
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14
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Caydasi AK, Micoogullari Y, Kurtulmus B, Palani S, Pereira G. The 14-3-3 protein Bmh1 functions in the spindle position checkpoint by breaking Bfa1 asymmetry at yeast centrosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2143-51. [PMID: 24850890 PMCID: PMC4091827 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Bfa1 by Kin4 creates a docking site on Bfa1 for the 14-3-3 family protein Bmh1, which in turn weakens Bfa1–centrosome association and promotes symmetric Bfa1 localization to engage the spindle position checkpoint. In addition to their well-known role in microtubule organization, centrosomes function as signaling platforms and regulate cell cycle events. An important example of such a function is the spindle position checkpoint (SPOC) of budding yeast. SPOC is a surveillance mechanism that ensures alignment of the mitotic spindle along the cell polarity axis. Upon spindle misalignment, phosphorylation of the SPOC component Bfa1 by Kin4 kinase engages the SPOC by changing the centrosome localization of Bfa1 from asymmetric (one centrosome) to symmetric (both centrosomes). Here we show that, unexpectedly, Kin4 alone is unable to break Bfa1 asymmetry at yeast centrosomes. Instead, phosphorylation of Bfa1 by Kin4 creates a docking site on Bfa1 for the 14-3-3 family protein Bmh1, which in turn weakens Bfa1–centrosome association and promotes symmetric Bfa1 localization. Consistently, BMH1-null cells are SPOC deficient. Our work thus identifies Bmh1 as a new SPOC component and refines the molecular mechanism that breaks Bfa1 centrosome asymmetry upon SPOC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Koca Caydasi
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Yagmur Micoogullari
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Bahtiyar Kurtulmus
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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15
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Khalouei S, Chow AM, Brown IR. Stress-induced localization of HSPA6 (HSP70B') and HSPA1A (HSP70-1) proteins to centrioles in human neuronal cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:321-7. [PMID: 24061851 PMCID: PMC3982026 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged HSP70 proteins was employed to identify stress-sensitive sites in human neurons following temperature elevation. Stable lines of human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were established that expressed YFP-tagged protein products of the human inducible HSP70 genes HSPA6 (HSP70B') and HSPA1A (HSP70-1). Following a brief period of thermal stress, YFP-tagged HSPA6 and HSPA1A rapidly appeared at centrioles in the cytoplasm of human neuronal cells, with HSPA6 demonstrating a more prolonged signal compared to HSPA1A. Each centriole is composed of a distal end and a proximal end, the latter linking the centriole doublet. The YFP-tagged HSP70 proteins targeted the proximal end of centrioles (identified by γ-tubulin marker) rather than the distal end (centrin marker). Centrioles play key roles in cellular polarity and migration during neuronal differentiation. The proximal end of the centriole, which is involved in centriole stabilization, may be stress-sensitive in post-mitotic, differentiating human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khalouei
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
| | - Ian R. Brown
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, M1C 1A4 ON Canada
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16
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Abstract
Membrane trafficking and mitosis are two essential processes in eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, many proteins best known for their role in membrane trafficking have additional 'moonlighting' functions in mitosis. Despite having proteins in common, there is insufficient evidence for a specific connection between these two processes. Instead, these phenomena demonstrate the adaptability of the membrane trafficking machinery that allows its repurposing for different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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17
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Aubry L, Klein G. True arrestins and arrestin-fold proteins: a structure-based appraisal. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:21-56. [PMID: 23764049 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arrestin-clan proteins are folded alike, a feature responsible for their recent grouping in a single clan. In human, it includes the well-characterized visual and β-arrestins, the arrestin domain-containing proteins (ARRDCs), isoforms of the retromer subunit VPS26, and DSCR3, a protein involved in Down syndrome. A new arrestin-fold-predicted protein, RGP1, described here may join the clan. Unicellular organisms like the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum harbor VPS26, DSCR3, and RGP1 isoforms as well as arrestin-related trafficking adaptors or ADCs, but true arrestins are missing. Functionally, members of the arrestin clan have generally a scaffolding role in various membrane protein trafficking events. Despite their similar structure, the mechanism of cargo recognition and internalization and the nature of recruited partners differ for the different members. Based on the recent literature, true arrestins (visual and β-arrestins), ARRDCs, and yeast ARTS are the closest from a functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Aubry
- CEA, IRTSV, Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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18
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The Role of Arrestins in Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:225-42. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Irigoín F, Badano JL. Keeping the balance between proliferation and differentiation: the primary cilium. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:285-97. [PMID: 22131874 PMCID: PMC3131736 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795860134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are post-mitotic cellular organelles that are present in the vast majority of cell types in the human body. An extensive body of data gathered in recent years is demonstrating a crucial role for this organelle in a number of cellular processes that include mechano and chemo-sensation as well as the transduction of signaling cascades critical for the development and maintenance of different tissues and organs. Consequently, cilia are currently viewed as cellular antennae playing a critical role at the interphase between cells and their environment, integrating a range of stimuli to modulate cell fate decisions including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Importantly, this regulatory role is not just a consequence of their participation in signal transduction but is also the outcome of both the tight synchronization/regulation of ciliogenesis with the cell cycle and the role of individual ciliary proteins in cilia-dependent and independent processes. Here we review the role of primary cilia in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and illustrate how this knowledge has provided insight to understand the phenotypic consequences of ciliary dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Irigoín
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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20
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Liapis E, Sandiford S, Wang Q, Gaidosh G, Motti D, Levay K, Slepak VZ. Subcellular localization of regulator of G protein signaling RGS7 complex in neurons and transfected cells. J Neurochem 2012; 122:568-81. [PMID: 22640015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The R7 family of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) is involved in many functions of the nervous system. This family includes RGS6, RGS7, RGS9, and RGS11 gene products and is defined by the presence of the characteristic first found in Disheveled, Egl-10, Pleckstrin (DEP), DEP helical extension (DHEX), Gγ-like, and RGS domains. Herein, we examined the subcellular localization of RGS7, the most broadly expressed R7 member. Our immunofluorescence studies of retinal and dorsal root ganglion neurons showed that RGS7 concentrated at the plasma membrane of cell bodies, in structures resembling lamellipodia or filopodia along the processes, and at the dendritic tips. At the plasma membrane of dorsal root ganglia neurons, RGS7 co-localized with its known binding partners R7 RGS binding protein (R7BP), Gαo, and Gαq. More than 50% of total RGS7-specific immunofluorescence was present in the cytoplasm, primarily within numerous small puncta that did not co-localize with R7BP. No specific RGS7 or R7BP immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei. In transfected cell lines, ectopic RGS7 had both diffuse cytosolic and punctate localization patterns. RGS7 also localized in centrosomes. Structure-function analysis showed that the punctate localization was mediated by the DEP/DHEX domains, and centrosomal localization was dependent on the DHEX domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Liapis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Sigismund S, Confalonieri S, Ciliberto A, Polo S, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis and signaling: cell logistics shape the eukaryotic cell plan. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:273-366. [PMID: 22298658 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of endocytosis has evolved remarkably in little more than a decade. This is the result not only of advances in our knowledge of its molecular and biological workings, but also of a true paradigm shift in our understanding of what really constitutes endocytosis and of its role in homeostasis. Although endocytosis was initially discovered and studied as a relatively simple process to transport molecules across the plasma membrane, it was subsequently found to be inextricably linked with almost all aspects of cellular signaling. This led to the notion that endocytosis is actually the master organizer of cellular signaling, providing the cell with understandable messages that have been resolved in space and time. In essence, endocytosis provides the communications and supply routes (the logistics) of the cell. Although this may seem revolutionary, it is still likely to be only a small part of the entire story. A wealth of new evidence is uncovering the surprisingly pervasive nature of endocytosis in essentially all aspects of cellular regulation. In addition, many newly discovered functions of endocytic proteins are not immediately interpretable within the classical view of endocytosis. A possible framework, to rationalize all this new knowledge, requires us to "upgrade" our vision of endocytosis. By combining the analysis of biochemical, biological, and evolutionary evidence, we propose herein that endocytosis constitutes one of the major enabling conditions that in the history of life permitted the development of a higher level of organization, leading to the actuation of the eukaryotic cell plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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22
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Evron T, Daigle TL, Caron MG. GRK2: multiple roles beyond G protein-coupled receptor desensitization. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:154-64. [PMID: 22277298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by phosphorylating the intracellular domain of the active receptor, resulting in receptor desensitization and internalization. GRKs also regulate GPCR trafficking in a phosphorylation-independent manner via direct protein-protein interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that GRK2, the most widely studied member of this family of kinases, modulates multiple cellular responses in various physiological contexts by either phosphorylating non-receptor substrates or interacting directly with signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss traditional and newly discovered roles of GRK2 in receptor internalization and signaling as well as its impact on non-receptor substrates. We also discuss novel exciting roles of GRK2 in the regulation of dopamine receptor signaling and in the activation and trafficking of the atypical GPCR, Smoothened (Smo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Evron
- Department of Cell Biology, Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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23
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Rozenfeld R, Bushlin I, Gomes I, Tzavaras N, Gupta A, Neves S, Battini L, Gusella GL, Lachmann A, Ma'ayan A, Blitzer RD, Devi LA. Receptor heteromerization expands the repertoire of cannabinoid signaling in rodent neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29239. [PMID: 22235275 PMCID: PMC3250422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in G protein coupled receptor biology is how a single ligand acting at a specific receptor is able to induce a range of signaling that results in a variety of physiological responses. We focused on Type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) as a model GPCR involved in a variety of processes spanning from analgesia and euphoria to neuronal development, survival and differentiation. We examined receptor dimerization as a possible mechanism underlying expanded signaling responses by a single ligand and focused on interactions between CB1R and delta opioid receptor (DOR). Using co-immunoprecipitation assays as well as analysis of changes in receptor subcellular localization upon co-expression, we show that CB1R and DOR form receptor heteromers. We find that heteromerization affects receptor signaling since the potency of the CB1R ligand to stimulate G-protein activity is increased in the absence of DOR, suggesting that the decrease in CB1R activity in the presence of DOR could, at least in part, be due to heteromerization. We also find that the decrease in activity is associated with enhanced PLC-dependent recruitment of arrestin3 to the CB1R-DOR complex, suggesting that interaction with DOR enhances arrestin-mediated CB1R desensitization. Additionally, presence of DOR facilitates signaling via a new CB1R-mediated anti-apoptotic pathway leading to enhanced neuronal survival. Taken together, these results support a role for CB1R-DOR heteromerization in diversification of endocannabinoid signaling and highlight the importance of heteromer-directed signal trafficking in enhancing the repertoire of GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Rozenfeld
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ittai Bushlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikos Tzavaras
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Achla Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susana Neves
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center of New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Battini
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - G. Luca Gusella
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Lachmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center of New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center of New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Blitzer
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center of New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience and The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center of New York, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Sluchanko NN, Gusev NB. 14-3-3 proteins and regulation of cytoskeleton. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1528-46. [PMID: 21417993 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The proteins of the 14-3-3 family are universal adapters participating in multiple processes running in the cell. We describe the structure, isoform composition, and distribution of 14-3-3 proteins in different tissues. Different elements of 14-3-3 structure important for dimer formation and recognition of protein targets are analyzed in detail. Special attention is paid to analysis of posttranslational modifications playing important roles in regulation of 14-3-3 function. The data of the literature concerning participation of 14-3-3 in regulation of intercellular contacts and different elements of cytoskeleton formed by microfilaments are analyzed. We also describe participation of 14-3-3 in regulation of small G-proteins and protein kinases important for proper functioning of cytoskeleton. The data on the interaction of 14-3-3 with different components of microtubules are presented, and the probable role of 14-3-3 in developing of certain neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. The data of the literature concerning the role of 14-3-3 in formation and normal functioning of intermediate filaments are also reviewed. It is concluded that due to its adapter properties 14-3-3 plays an important role in cytoskeleton regulation. The cytoskeletal proteins that are abundant in the cell might compete with the other protein targets of 14-3-3 and therefore can indirectly regulate many intracellular processes that are dependent on 14-3-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Sluchanko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
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25
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Aubry L, Guetta D, Klein G. The arrestin fold: variations on a theme. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:133-42. [PMID: 19794886 PMCID: PMC2699828 DOI: 10.2174/138920209787847014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors has been shown to contribute to the regulation of their downstream signaling. β-arrestins interact with the phosphorylated tail of activated receptors and act as scaffolds for the recruitment of adaptor proteins and clathrin, that constitute the machinery used for receptor endocytosis. Visual- and β-arrestins have a two-lobe, immunoglobulin-like, β-strand sandwich structure. The recent resolution of the crystal structure of VPS26, one of the retromer subunits, unexpectedly evidences an arrestin fold in this protein, which is otherwise unrelated to arrestins. From a functional point of view, VPS26 is involved in the retrograde transport of the mannose 6-P receptor from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. In addition to the group of genuine arrestins and Vps26, mammalian cells harbor a vast repertoire of proteins that are related to arrestins on the basis of their PFAM Nter and Cter arrestin- domains, which are named Arrestin Domain- Containing proteins (ADCs). The biological role of ADC proteins is still poorly understood. The three subfamilies have been merged into an arrestin-related protein clan. This paper provides an overall analysis of arrestin clan proteins. The structures and functions of members of the subfamilies are reviewed in mammals and model organisms such as Drosophila, Caenorhabditis, Saccharomyces and Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Aubry
- CNRS, UMR 5092, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38054, France
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26
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Shenoy SK, Lefkowitz RJ. β-Arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking and signal transduction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:521-33. [PMID: 21680031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestins function as endocytic adaptors and mediate trafficking of a variety of cell-surface receptors, including seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs). In the case of 7TMRs, β-arrestins carry out these tasks while simultaneously inhibiting upstream G-protein-dependent signaling and promoting alternate downstream signaling pathways. The mechanisms by which β-arrestins interact with a continuously expanding ensemble of protein partners and perform their multiple functions including trafficking and signaling are currently being uncovered. Molecular changes at the level of protein conformation as well as post-translational modifications of β-arrestins probably form the basis for their dynamic interactions during receptor trafficking and signaling. It is becoming increasingly evident that β-arrestins, originally discovered as 7TMR adaptor proteins, indeed have much broader and more versatile roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review paper, we assess the traditional and novel functions of β-arrestins and discuss the molecular attributes that might facilitate multiple interactions in regulating cell signaling and receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3821, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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27
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Evron T, Philipp M, Lu J, Meloni AR, Burkhalter M, Chen W, Caron MG. Growth Arrest Specific 8 (Gas8) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) cooperate in the control of Smoothened signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:27676-86. [PMID: 21659505 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-like molecule Smoothened (Smo) undergoes dynamic intracellular trafficking modulated by the microtubule associated kinase GRK2 and recruitment of β-arrestin. Of this trafficking, especially the translocation of Smo into primary cilia and back to the cytoplasm is essential for the activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in vertebrates. The complete mechanism of this bidirectional transport, however, is not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Growth Arrest Specific 8 (Gas8), a microtubule associated subunit of the Dynein Regulatory Complex (DRC), interacts with Smo to modulate this process. Gas8 knockdown in ciliated cells reduces Smo signaling activity and ciliary localization whereas overexpression stimulates Smo activity in a GRK2-dependent manner. The C terminus of Gas8 is important for both Gas8 interaction with Smo and facilitating Smo signaling. In zebrafish, knocking down Gas8 results in attenuated Hh transcriptional responses and impaired early muscle development. These effects can be reversed by the co-injection of Gas8 mRNA or by constitutive activation of the downstream Gli transcription factors. Furthermore, Gas8 and GRK2 display a synergistic effect on zebrafish early muscle development and some effects of GRK2 knockdown can be rescued by Gas8 mRNA. Interestingly, Gas8 does not interfere with cilia assembly, as the primary cilia architecture is unchanged upon Gas8 knock down or heterologous expression. This is in contrast to cells stably expressing both GRK2 and Smo, in which cilia are significantly elongated. These results identify Gas8 as a positive regulator of Hh signaling that cooperates with GRK2 to control Smo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Evron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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28
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Lima-Fernandes E, Enslen H, Camand E, Kotelevets L, Boularan C, Achour L, Benmerah A, Gibson LCD, Baillie GS, Pitcher JA, Chastre E, Etienne-Manneville S, Marullo S, Scott MGH. Distinct functional outputs of PTEN signalling are controlled by dynamic association with β-arrestins. EMBO J 2011; 30:2557-68. [PMID: 21642958 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin deleted on chromosome 10) regulates major cellular functions via lipid phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Despite its fundamental pathophysiological importance, how PTEN's cellular activity is regulated has only been partially elucidated. We report that the scaffolding proteins β-arrestins (β-arrs) are important regulators of PTEN. Downstream of receptor-activated RhoA/ROCK signalling, β-arrs activate the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN to negatively regulate Akt and cell proliferation. In contrast, following wound-induced RhoA activation, β-arrs inhibit the lipid phosphatase-independent anti-migratory effects of PTEN. β-arrs can thus differentially control distinct functional outputs of PTEN important for cell proliferation and migration.
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29
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Differential expression of arrestins is a predictor of breast cancer progression and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:791-807. [PMID: 21318602 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated G protein-coupled receptors, such as CXCR4 and PAR2, in breast cancer progression and the development of metastatic breast cancer. However, the role of proteins that regulate the function of these receptors, such as arrestins, in breast cancer has yet to be determined. Examination of the expression of the two nonvisual arrestins, arrestin2 and 3, in various breast cancer cell lines revealed comparable expression of arrestin3 in basal and luminal lines while arrestin2 expression was much higher in the luminal lines compared to the more aggressive basal lines. Analysis of normal human breast tissue revealed that arrestin2 and 3 were expressed in both luminal and myoepithelial cells of mammary epithelia with arrestin2 highest in myoepithelial cells and arrestin3 comparable in both cell types. Quantitative immunofluorescence-based examination of primary breast tumors revealed that arrestin2 expression significantly decreased with cancer progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma and further to lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). Moreover, decreased arrestin2 expression was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.0007) as well as positive lymph node status and increased tumor size and nuclear grade. In contrast, arrestin3 expression significantly increased during breast cancer progression (P < 0.001) and increased expression was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.014). Arrestin3 was also an independent prognostic marker of breast cancer with a hazard ratio of 1.65. Overall, these studies demonstrate that arrestin2 levels decrease while arrestin3 levels increase during breast cancer progression and these changes correlate with a poor clinical outcome.
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Kaplan OI, Molla-Herman A, Cevik S, Ghossoub R, Kida K, Kimura Y, Jenkins P, Martens JR, Setou M, Benmerah A, Blacque OE. The AP-1 clathrin adaptor facilitates cilium formation and functions with RAB-8 in C. elegans ciliary membrane transport. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3966-77. [PMID: 20980383 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.073908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin adaptor (AP) complexes facilitate membrane trafficking between subcellular compartments. One such compartment is the cilium, whose dysfunction underlies disorders classified as ciliopathies. Although AP-1mu subunit (UNC-101) is linked to cilium formation and targeting of transmembrane proteins (ODR-10) to nematode sensory cilia at distal dendrite tips, these functions remain poorly understood. Here, using Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons and mammalian cell culture models, we find conservation of AP-1 function in facilitating cilium morphology, positioning and orientation, and microtubule stability and acetylation. These defects appear to be independent of IFT, because AP-1-depleted cells possess normal IFT protein localisation and motility. By contrast, disruption of chc-1 (clathrin) or rab-8 phenocopies unc-101 worms, preventing ODR-10 vesicle formation and causing misrouting of ODR-10 to all plasma membrane destinations. Finally, ODR-10 colocalises with RAB-8 in cell soma and they cotranslocate along dendrites, whereas ODR-10 and UNC-101 signals do not overlap. Together, these data implicate conserved roles for metazoan AP-1 in facilitating cilium structure and function, and suggest cooperation with RAB-8 to coordinate distinct early steps in neuronal ciliary membrane sorting and trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay I Kaplan
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Yuan K, Frolova N, Xie Y, Wang D, Cook L, Kwon YJ, Steg AD, Serra R, Frost AR. Primary cilia are decreased in breast cancer: analysis of a collection of human breast cancer cell lines and tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:857-70. [PMID: 20530462 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.955856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are solitary, sensory organelles that are critical for several signaling pathways. PC were detected by immunofluorescence of cultured cells and breast tissues. After growth for 7 days in vitro, PC were detected in ∼70% of breast fibroblasts and in 7-19% of epithelial cells derived from benign breast (184A1 and MCF10A). In 11 breast cancer cell lines, PC were present at a low frequency in four (from 0.3% to 4% of cells), but were absent in the remainder. The cancer cell lines with PC were all of the basal B subtype, which is analogous to the clinical triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Furthermore, the frequency of PC decreased with increasing degree of transformation/progression in the MCF10 and MDA-MB-435/LCC6 isogenic models of cancer progression. In histologically normal breast tissues, PC were frequent in fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells and less common in luminal epithelial cells. Of 26 breast cancers examined, rare PC were identified in cancer epithelial cells of only one cancer, which was of the triple-negative subtype. These data indicate a decrease or loss of PC in breast cancer and an association of PC with the basal B subtype. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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DISC1 regulates primary cilia that display specific dopamine receptors. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10902. [PMID: 20531939 PMCID: PMC2878344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the DISC1 gene are strongly associated with major psychiatric syndromes such as schizophrenia. DISC1 encodes a cytoplasmic protein with many potential interaction partners, but its cellular functions remain poorly understood. We identified a role of DISC1 in the cell biology of primary cilia that display disease-relevant dopamine receptors. Methodology/Principal Findings A GFP-tagged DISC1 construct expressed in NIH3T3 cells and rat striatal neurons localized near the base of primary cilia. RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous DISC1 resulted in a marked reduction in the number of cells expressing a primary cilium. FLAG-tagged versions of the cloned human D1, D2 and D5 dopamine receptors concentrated highly on the ciliary surface, and this reflects a specific targeting mechanism specific because D3 and D4 receptors localized to the plasma membrane but were not concentrated on cilia. Conclusions/Significance These results identify a role of DISC1 in regulating the formation and/or maintenance of primary cilia, and establish subtype-specific targeting of dopamine receptors to the ciliary surface. Our findings provide new insight to receptor cell biology and suggest a relationship between DISC1 and neural dopamine signaling.
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Molla-Herman A, Ghossoub R, Blisnick T, Meunier A, Serres C, Silbermann F, Emmerson C, Romeo K, Bourdoncle P, Schmitt A, Saunier S, Spassky N, Bastin P, Benmerah A. The ciliary pocket: an endocytic membrane domain at the base of primary and motile cilia. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1785-95. [PMID: 20427320 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.059519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are eukaryotic organelles involved in multiple cellular functions. The primary cilium is generally non motile and found in numerous vertebrate cell types where it controls key signalling pathways. Despite a common architecture, ultrastructural data suggest some differences in their organisation. Here, we report the first detailed characterisation of the ciliary pocket, a depression of the plasma membrane in which the primary cilium is rooted. This structure is found at low frequency in kidney epithelial cells (IMCD3) but is associated with virtually all primary cilia in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE1). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence analysis and videomicroscopy revealed that the ciliary pocket establishes closed links with the actin-based cytoskeleton and that it is enriched in active and dynamic clathrin-coated pits. The existence of the ciliary pocket was confirmed in mouse tissues bearing primary cilia (cumulus), as well as motile cilia and flagella (ependymal cells and spermatids). The ciliary pocket shares striking morphological and functional similarities with the flagellar pocket of Trypanosomatids, a trafficking-specialised membrane domain at the base of the flagellum. Our data therefore highlight the conserved role of membrane trafficking in the vicinity of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahi Molla-Herman
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris 75014, France
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Shankar H, Michal A, Kern RC, Kang DS, Gurevich VV, Benovic JL. Non-visual arrestins are constitutively associated with the centrosome and regulate centrosome function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8316-29. [PMID: 20056609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.062521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating receptor activity, non-visual arrestins function as scaffolds for numerous intracellular signaling cascades and as regulators of gene transcription. Here we report that the two non-visual arrestins, arrestin2 and arrestin3, localize to the centrosome, a key organelle involved in microtubule nucleation and bipolar mitotic spindle assembly. Both arrestins co-localized with the centrosomal marker gamma-tubulin during interphase and mitosis and were found in purified centrosome preparations. In vitro binding assays demonstrated that both arrestins directly interact with gamma-tubulin. Knockdown of either arrestin by RNA interference resulted in multinucleation, centrosome amplification, and mitotic defects, although only the loss of arrestin2 triggered aberrant microtubule nucleation. Importantly, overexpression of wild type arrestin rescued the multinucleation phenotype and restored normal centrosome number in arrestin siRNA-transfected cells. Moreover, overexpression of arrestin2 or -3 rescued the multinucleation defect observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Taken together, our data reveal that non-visual arrestins are novel centrosomal components and regulate normal centrosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Goetz SC, Ocbina PJR, Anderson KV. The primary cilium as a Hedgehog signal transduction machine. Methods Cell Biol 2009; 94:199-222. [PMID: 20362092 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)94010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway is essential for the development and patterning of numerous organ systems, and has important roles in a variety of human cancers. Genetic screens for mouse embryonic patterning mutants first showed a connection between mammalian Hh signaling and intraflagellar transport (IFT), a process required for construction of the primary cilium, a small cellular projection found on most vertebrate cells. Additional genetic and cell biological studies have provided very strong evidence that mammalian Hh signaling depends on the primary cilium. Here, we review the evidence that defines the integral roles that IFT proteins and cilia play in the regulation of the Hh signal transduction pathway in vertebrates. We discuss the mechanisms that control localization of Hh pathway proteins to the cilium, focusing on the transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), which moves into the cilium in response to Hh ligand. The phenotypes caused by loss of cilia-associated proteins are complex, which suggests that cilia and IFT play active roles in mediating Hh signaling rather than serving simply as a compartment in which pathway components are concentrated. Hh signaling in Drosophila does not depend on cilia, but there appear to be ancient links between cilia and components of the Hh pathway that may reveal how this fundamental difference between the Drosophila and mammalian Hh pathways arose in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Goetz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Kovacs JJ, Hara MR, Davenport CL, Kim J, Lefkowitz RJ. Arrestin development: emerging roles for beta-arrestins in developmental signaling pathways. Dev Cell 2009; 17:443-58. [PMID: 19853559 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins were identified as mediators of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization and endocytosis. However, it is now clear that they scaffold many intracellular signaling networks to modulate the strength and duration of signaling by diverse types of receptors--including those relevant to the Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch, and TGFbeta pathways--and downstream kinases such as the MAPK and Akt/PI3K cascades. The involvement of arrestins in many discrete developmental signaling events suggests an indispensable role for these multifaceted molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Rotureau B, Morales MA, Bastin P, Späth GF. The flagellum-mitogen-activated protein kinase connection in Trypanosomatids: a key sensory role in parasite signalling and development? Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:710-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Simpson F, Kerr MC, Wicking C. Trafficking, development and hedgehog. Mech Dev 2009; 126:279-88. [PMID: 19368798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is mediated by a relatively small number of developmental signaling pathways, and the morphogens, receptors and transcription factors integral to these cascades are considered the master regulators of development. However, superimposed on this is an additional layer of control by complex intracellular trafficking networks. The importance of trafficking in controlling the processes of morphogenesis and development is highlighted by recent data regarding the transport and localisation of the morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh) and the machinery that leads to its secretion, modification, cellular internalisation and signal transduction. Here we review the regulation of hedgehog signaling by intracellular trafficking, including the role of the primary cilium and lipids in mediating pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Simpson
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Qld, Australia
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