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Spangler RK, Ashley GE, Braun K, Wruck D, Ramos-Coronado A, Ragle JM, Iesmantavicius V, Hess D, Partch CL, Großhans H, Ward JD. A conserved chronobiological complex times C. elegans development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593322. [PMID: 38766223 PMCID: PMC11100808 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian PAS-domain protein PERIOD (PER) and its C. elegans orthologue LIN-42 have been proposed to constitute an evolutionary link between two distinct, circadian and developmental, timing systems. However, while the function of PER in animal circadian rhythms is well understood molecularly and mechanistically, this is not true for the function of LIN-42 in timing rhythmic development. Here, using targeted deletions, we find that the LIN-42 PAS domains are dispensable for the protein's function in timing molts. Instead, we observe arrhythmic molts upon deletion of a distinct sequence element, conserved with PER. We show that this element mediates stable binding to KIN-20, the C. elegans CK1δ/ε orthologue. We demonstrate that CK1δ phosphorylates LIN-42 and define two conserved helical motifs, CK1δ-binding domain A (CK1BD-A) and CK1BD-B, that have distinct roles in controlling CK1δ-binding and kinase activity in vitro. KIN-20 and the LIN-42 CK1BD are required for proper molting timing in vivo. These interactions mirror the central role of a stable circadian PER-CK1 complex in setting a robust ~24-hour period. Hence, our results establish LIN-42/PER - KIN-20/CK1δ/ε as a functionally conserved signaling module of two distinct chronobiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Spangler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Guinevere E Ashley
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kathrin Braun
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wruck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Andrea Ramos-Coronado
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - James Matthew Ragle
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jordan D Ward
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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2
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Thakkar N, Giesecke A, Bazalova O, Martinek J, Smykal V, Stanewsky R, Dolezel D. Evolution of casein kinase 1 and functional analysis of new doubletime mutants in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1062632. [PMID: 36589447 PMCID: PMC9794997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1062632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are timing devices that rhythmically adjust organism's behavior, physiology, and metabolism to the 24-h day-night cycle. Eukaryotic circadian clocks rely on several interlocked transcription-translation feedback loops, where protein stability is the key part of the delay between transcription and the appearance of the mature proteins within the feedback loops. In bilaterian animals, including mammals and insects, the circadian clock depends on a homologous set of proteins. Despite mostly conserved clock components among the fruit fly Drosophila and mammals, several lineage-specific differences exist. Here we have systematically explored the evolution and sequence variability of insect DBT proteins and their vertebrate homologs casein kinase 1 delta (CKIδ) and epsilon (CKIε), dated the origin and separation of CKIδ from CKIε, and identified at least three additional independent duplications of the CKIδ/ε gene in Petromyzon, Danio, and Xenopus. We determined conserved regions in DBT specific to Diptera, and functionally tested a subset of those in D. melanogaster. Replacement of Lysine K224 with acidic residues strongly impacts the free-running period even in heterozygous flies, whereas homozygous mutants are not viable. K224D mutants have a temperature compensation defect with longer free-running periods at higher temperatures, which is exactly the opposite trend of what was reported for corresponding mammalian mutants. All DBTs of dipteran insects contain the NKRQK motif at positions 220-224. The occurrence of this motif perfectly correlates with the presence of BRIDE OF DOUBLETIME, BDBT, in Diptera. BDBT is a non-canonical FK506-binding protein that physically interacts with Drosophila DBT. The phylogeny of FK506-binding proteins suggests that BDBT is either absent or highly modified in non-dipteran insects. In addition to in silico analysis of DBT/CKIδ/ε evolution and diversity, we have identified four novel casein kinase 1 genes specific to the Drosophila genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Thakkar
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Astrid Giesecke
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Bazalova
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Martinek
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Vlastimil Smykal
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University, Münster, Germany,*Correspondence: Ralf Stanewsky, ; David Dolezel,
| | - David Dolezel
- Biology Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia,*Correspondence: Ralf Stanewsky, ; David Dolezel,
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3
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Marzoll D, Serrano FE, Diernfellner ACR, Brunner M. Neurospora Casein Kinase 1a recruits the circadian clock protein FRQ via the C-terminal lobe of its kinase domain. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:1881-1891. [PMID: 35735764 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Timing by the circadian clock of Neurospora is associated with hyperphosphorylation of FRQ, which depends on anchoring Casein Kinase 1a (CK1a) to FRQ. It is not known how CK1a is anchored so that approximately 100 sites in FRQ can be targeted. Here, we identified two regions in CK1a, p1 and p2, that are required for anchoring to FRQ. Mutation of p1 or p2 impairs progressive hyperphosphorylation of FRQ. A p1-mutated strain is viable but its circadian clock is nonfunctional, whereas a p2-mutated strain is nonviable. Our data suggest that p1 and potentially also p2 in CK1a provide an interface for interaction with FRQ. Anchoring via p1-p2 leaves the active site of CK1a accessible for phosphorylation of FRQ at multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marzoll
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fidel E Serrano
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Brunner
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Cullati SN, Chaikuad A, Chen JS, Gebel J, Tesmer L, Zhubi R, Navarrete-Perea J, Guillen RX, Gygi SP, Hummer G, Dötsch V, Knapp S, Gould KL. Kinase domain autophosphorylation rewires the activity and substrate specificity of CK1 enzymes. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2006-2020.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Casein kinase 1 and disordered clock proteins form functionally equivalent, phospho-based circadian modules in fungi and mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118286119. [PMID: 35217617 PMCID: PMC8892514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118286119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks rely on negative feedback loops. The core circadian inhibitors, FRQ in Neurospora and PERs in animals, are progressively hyperphosphorylated, inactivated, and degraded. CK1 is essential for these clocks. Despite our knowledge of the role of CK1, it is not known how many other kinases are required and how multisite phosphorylation might contribute to circadian timekeeping. We show here that CK1 alone is sufficient to slowly phosphorylate low-affinity sites in FRQ or PER2. The reaction is nearly temperature compensated, and the phosphorylation state of FRQ or PER2 corresponds to the time elapsed since the start of the reaction. Thus, CK1 and FRQ or PER2 form equivalent modules that are in principle capable of measuring time on a circadian scale. Circadian clocks are timing systems that rhythmically adjust physiology and metabolism to the 24-h day–night cycle. Eukaryotic circadian clocks are based on transcriptional–translational feedback loops (TTFLs). Yet TTFL-core components such as Frequency (FRQ) in Neurospora and Periods (PERs) in animals are not conserved, leaving unclear how a 24-h period is measured on the molecular level. Here, we show that CK1 is sufficient to promote FRQ and mouse PER2 (mPER2) hyperphosphorylation on a circadian timescale by targeting a large number of low-affinity phosphorylation sites. Slow phosphorylation kinetics rely on site-specific recruitment of Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) and access of intrinsically disordered segments of FRQ or mPER2 to bound CK1 and on CK1 autoinhibition. Compromising CK1 activity and substrate binding affects the circadian clock in Neurospora and mammalian cells, respectively. We propose that CK1 and the clock proteins FRQ and PERs form functionally equivalent, phospho-based timing modules in the core of the circadian clocks of fungi and animals.
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Philpott JM, Torgrimson MR, Harold RL, Partch CL. Biochemical mechanisms of period control within the mammalian circadian clock. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:71-78. [PMID: 33933351 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded biological clocks are found broadly throughout life on Earth, where they generate circadian (about a day) rhythms that synchronize physiology and behavior with the daily light/dark cycle. Although the genetic networks that give rise to circadian timing are now fairly well established, our understanding of how the proteins that constitute the molecular 'cogs' of this biological clock regulate the intrinsic timing, or period, of circadian rhythms has lagged behind. New studies probing the biochemical and structural basis of clock protein function are beginning to reveal how assemblies of dedicated clock proteins form and evolve through post-translational regulation to generate circadian rhythms. This review will highlight some recent advances providing important insight into the molecular mechanisms of period control in mammalian clocks with an emphasis on structural analyses related to CK1-dependent control of PER stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Philpott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Megan R Torgrimson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Rachel L Harold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Center for Circadian Biology, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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7
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Crosby P, Partch CL. New insights into non-transcriptional regulation of mammalian core clock proteins. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/18/jcs241174. [PMID: 32934011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms drive ∼24 h periodicity in a wide range of cellular processes, temporally coordinating physiology and behaviour within an organism, and synchronising this with the external day-night cycle. The canonical model for this timekeeping consists of a delayed negative-feedback loop, containing transcriptional activator complex CLOCK-BMAL1 (BMAL1 is also known as ARNTL) and repressors period 1, 2 and 3 (PER1, PER2 and PER3) and cryptochrome 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), along with a number of accessory factors. Although the broad strokes of this system are defined, the exact molecular mechanisms by which these proteins generate a self-sustained rhythm with such periodicity and fidelity remains a topic of much research. Recent studies have identified prominent roles for a number of crucial post-transcriptional, translational and, particularly, post-translational events within the mammalian circadian oscillator, providing an increasingly complex understanding of the activities and interactions of the core clock proteins. In this Review, we highlight such contemporary work on non-transcriptional events and set it within our current understanding of cellular circadian timekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Crosby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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8
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Abstract
The speed of the circadian clock is regulated by phosphorylation-regulated degradation of the PER protein. However, this model has recently been challenged by genetic studies in mice and fungi. Here, we provide definitive genetic and biochemical evidence that strongly supports the importance of the phosphoswitch-regulated proteolysis of PER2 in regulating the clock. We generated two independent mouse lines with a point mutation in a casein kinase 1-dependent phosphodegron in PER2. These mice have longer circadian rhythms, increased accumulation of circadian proteins, and perturbed temperature compensation. The findings strongly support the phosphoswitch model of regulated PER2 degradation as a central mechanism controlling the speed of the circadian clock. Casein kinase 1 (CK1) plays a central role in regulating the period of the circadian clock. In mammals, PER2 protein abundance is regulated by CK1-mediated phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. On the other hand, recent studies have questioned whether the degradation of the core circadian machinery is a critical step in clock regulation. Prior cell-based studies found that CK1 phosphorylation of PER2 at Ser478 recruits the ubiquitin E3 ligase β-TrCP, leading to PER2 degradation. Creation of this phosphodegron is regulated by a phosphoswitch that is also implicated in temperature compensation. However, in vivo evidence that this phosphodegron influences circadian period is lacking. Here, we generated and analyzed PER2-Ser478Ala knock-in mice. The mice showed longer circadian period in behavioral analysis. Molecularly, mutant PER2 protein accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of the mouse liver, while Per2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were minimally affected. Nuclear PER1, CRY1, and CRY2 proteins also increased, probably due to stabilization of PER2-containing complexes. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from PER2-Ser478Ala::LUC mice, three-phase decay and temperature compensation of the circadian period was perturbed. These data provide direct in vivo evidence for the importance of phosphorylation-regulated PER2 stability in the circadian clock and validate the phosphoswitch in a mouse model.
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Abstract
Our innate circadian clocks control myriad aspects of behavior and physiology. Disruption of our clocks by shift work, jet lag, or inherited mutation leads to metabolic dysregulation and contributes to diseases, including diabetes and cancer. A central step in clock control is phosphorylation of the PERIOD 2 (PER2) protein. Here we conclusively identify the elusive PER2 priming kinase and find it to be the well-known circadian kinase, casein kinase 1 (CK1). Surprisingly, different forms of CK1 have differing abilities to phosphorylate the PER2 priming site, adding to the complexity of circadian regulation. These insights into the phosphoregulation of PER2 will be of broad interest to circadian biologists, computational modelers, and those seeking to pharmacologically manipulate the circadian clock. Multisite phosphorylation of the PERIOD 2 (PER2) protein is the key step that determines the period of the mammalian circadian clock. Previous studies concluded that an unidentified kinase is required to prime PER2 for subsequent phosphorylation by casein kinase 1 (CK1), an essential clock component that is conserved from algae to humans. These subsequent phosphorylations stabilize PER2, delay its degradation, and lengthen the period of the circadian clock. Here, we perform a comprehensive biochemical and biophysical analysis of mouse PER2 (mPER2) priming phosphorylation and demonstrate, surprisingly, that CK1δ/ε is indeed the priming kinase. We find that both CK1ε and a recently characterized CK1δ2 splice variant more efficiently prime mPER2 for downstream phosphorylation in cells than the well-studied splice variant CK1δ1. While CK1 phosphorylation of PER2 was previously shown to be robust to changes in the cellular environment, our phosphoswitch mathematical model of circadian rhythms shows that the CK1 carboxyl-terminal tail can allow the period of the clock to be sensitive to cellular signaling. These studies implicate the extreme carboxyl terminus of CK1 as a key regulator of circadian timing.
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10
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Elmore ZC, Guillen RX, Gould KL. The kinase domain of CK1 enzymes contains the localization cue essential for compartmentalized signaling at the spindle pole. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1664-1674. [PMID: 29742018 PMCID: PMC6080649 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CK1 protein kinases contribute to multiple biological processes, but how they are tailored to function in compartmentalized signaling events is largely unknown. Hhp1 and Hhp2 (Hhp1/2) are the soluble CK1 family members in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. One of their functions is to inhibit the septation initiation network (SIN) during a mitotic checkpoint arrest. The SIN is assembled by Sid4 at spindle pole bodies (SPBs), and though Hhp1/2 colocalize there, it is not known how they are targeted there or whether their SPB localization is required for SIN inhibition. Here, we establish that Hhp1/2 localize throughout the cell cycle to SPBs, as well as to the nucleus, cell tips, and division site. We find that their catalytic domains but not their enzymatic function are used for SPB targeting and that this targeting strategy is conserved in human CK1δ/ε localization to centrosomes. Further, we pinpoint amino acids in the Hhp1 catalytic domain required for SPB interaction; mutation of these residues disrupts Hhp1 association with the core SPB protein Ppc89, and the inhibition of cytokinesis in the setting of spindle stress. Taken together, these data have enabled us to define a molecular mechanism used by CK1 enzymes to target a specific cellular locale for compartmentalized signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Elmore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rodrigo X Guillen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kathleen L Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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11
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Mohan N, Sudheesh AP, Francis N, Anderson R, Laishram RS. Phosphorylation regulates the Star-PAP-PIPKIα interaction and directs specificity toward mRNA targets. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7005-20. [PMID: 26138484 PMCID: PMC4538844 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Star-PAP is a nuclear non-canonical poly(A) polymerase (PAP) that shows specificity toward mRNA targets. Star-PAP activity is stimulated by lipid messenger phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphoshate (PI4,5P2) and is regulated by the associated Type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase that synthesizes PI4,5P2 as well as protein kinases. These associated kinases act as coactivators of Star-PAP that regulates its activity and specificity toward mRNAs, yet the mechanism of control of these interactions are not defined. We identified a phosphorylated residue (serine 6, S6) on Star-PAP in the zinc finger region, the domain required for PIPKIα interaction. We show that S6 is phosphorylated by CKIα within the nucleus which is required for Star-PAP nuclear retention and interaction with PIPKIα. Unlike the CKIα mediated phosphorylation at the catalytic domain, Star-PAP S6 phosphorylation is insensitive to oxidative stress suggesting a signal mediated regulation of CKIα activity. S6 phosphorylation together with coactivator PIPKIα controlled select subset of Star-PAP target messages by regulating Star-PAP-mRNA association. Our results establish a novel role for phosphorylation in determining Star-PAP target mRNA specificity and regulation of 3'-end processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmy Mohan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud Post, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695014, India
| | - A P Sudheesh
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud Post, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695014, India
| | - Nimmy Francis
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud Post, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695014, India
| | - Richard Anderson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rakesh S Laishram
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud Post, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695014, India
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12
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Drosophila DBT Autophosphorylation of Its C-Terminal Domain Antagonized by SPAG and Involved in UV-Induced Apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2414-24. [PMID: 25939385 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00390-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila DBT and vertebrate CKIε/δ phosphorylate the period protein (PER) to produce circadian rhythms. While the C termini of these orthologs are not conserved in amino acid sequence, they inhibit activity and become autophosphorylated in the fly and vertebrate kinases. Here, sites of C-terminal autophosphorylation were identified by mass spectrometry and analysis of DBT truncations. Mutation of 6 serines and threonines in the C terminus (DBT(C/ala)) prevented autophosphorylation-dependent DBT turnover and electrophoretic mobility shifts in S2 cells. Unlike the effect of autophosphorylation on CKIδ, DBT autophosphorylation in S2 cells did not reduce its in vitro activity. Moreover, overexpression of DBT(C/ala) did not affect circadian behavior differently from wild-type DBT (DBT(WT)), and neither exhibited daily electrophoretic mobility shifts, suggesting that DBT autophosphorylation is not required for clock function. While DBT(WT) protected S2 cells and larvae from UV-induced apoptosis and was phosphorylated and degraded by the proteasome, DBT(C/ala) did not protect and was not degraded. Finally, we show that the HSP-90 cochaperone spaghetti protein (SPAG) antagonizes DBT autophosphorylation in S2 cells. These results suggest that DBT autophosphorylation regulates cell death and suggest a potential mechanism by which the circadian clock might affect apoptosis.
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13
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Minde DP, Radli M, Forneris F, Maurice MM, Rüdiger SGD. Large extent of disorder in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli offers a strategy to guard Wnt signalling against point mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77257. [PMID: 24130866 PMCID: PMC3793970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the central region of the signalling hub Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) cause colorectal tumourigenesis. The structure of this region remained unknown. Here, we characterise the Mutation Cluster Region in APC (APC-MCR) as intrinsically disordered and propose a model how this structural feature may contribute to regulation of Wnt signalling by phosphorylation. APC-MCR was susceptible to proteolysis, lacked α-helical secondary structure and did not display thermal unfolding transition. It displayed an extended conformation in size exclusion chromatography and was accessible for phosphorylation by CK1ε in vitro. The length of disordered regions in APC increases with species complexity, from C. elegans to H. sapiens. We speculate that the large disordered region harbouring phosphorylation sites could be a successful strategy to stabilise tight regulation of Wnt signalling against single missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Minde
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Radli
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Forneris
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon M. Maurice
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SR); (MMM)
| | - Stefan G. D. Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SR); (MMM)
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14
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Abstract
The casein kinase 1 (CK1) family, a major intracellular serine/threonine kinase, is implicated in multiple pathways; however, understanding its regulation has proven challenging. A recent study published in Science identifying allosteric activation of CK1 by the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 expands our understanding of the control of this abundant kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G R Yim
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Exploiting the MDM2-CK1α protein-protein interface to develop novel biologics that induce UBL-kinase-modification and inhibit cell growth. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43391. [PMID: 22916255 PMCID: PMC3423359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions forming dominant signalling events are providing ever-growing platforms for the development of novel Biologic tools for controlling cell growth. Casein Kinase 1 α (CK1α) forms a genetic and physical interaction with the murine double minute chromosome 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein resulting in degradation of the p53 tumour suppressor. Pharmacological inhibition of CK1 increases p53 protein level and induces cell death, whilst small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of CK1α stabilizes p53 and induces growth arrest. We mapped the dominant protein-protein interface that stabilizes the MDM2 and CK1α complex in order to determine whether a peptide derived from the core CK1α-MDM2 interface form novel Biologics that can be used to probe the contribution of the CK1-MDM2 protein-protein interaction to p53 activation and cell viability. Overlapping peptides derived from CK1α were screened for dominant MDM2 binding sites using (i) ELISA with recombinant MDM2; (ii) cell lysate pull-down towards endogenous MDM2; (iii) MDM2-CK1α complex-based competition ELISA; and (iv) MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. One dominant peptide, peptide 35 was bioactive in all four assays and its transfection induced cell death/growth arrest in a p53-independent manner. Ectopic expression of flag-tagged peptide 35 induced a novel ubiquitin and NEDD8 modification of CK1α, providing one of the first examples whereby NEDDylation of a protein kinase can be induced. These data identify an MDM2 binding motif in CK1α which when isolated as a small peptide can (i) function as a dominant negative inhibitor of the CK1α-MDM2 interface, (ii) be used as a tool to study NEDDylation of CK1α, and (iii) reduce cell growth. Further, this approach provides a technological blueprint, complementing siRNA and chemical biology approaches, by exploiting protein-protein interactions in order to develop Biologics to manipulate novel types of signalling pathways such as cross-talk between NEDDylation, protein kinase signalling, and cell survival.
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Lee KH, Johmura Y, Yu LR, Park JE, Gao Y, Bang JK, Zhou M, Veenstra TD, Yeon Kim B, Lee KS. Identification of a novel Wnt5a-CK1ɛ-Dvl2-Plk1-mediated primary cilia disassembly pathway. EMBO J 2012; 31:3104-17. [PMID: 22609948 PMCID: PMC3400010 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-motile primary cilium is an antenna-like structure whose defect is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including developmental disorders and cancer. Although mechanisms regulating cilia assembly have been extensively studied, how cilia disassembly is regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we report unexpected roles of Dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and interphase polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) in primary cilia disassembly. We demonstrated that Dvl2 is phosphorylated at S143 and T224 in a manner that requires both non-canonical Wnt5a ligand and casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ɛ), and that this event is critical to interact with Plk1 in early stages of the cell cycle. The resulting Dvl2-Plk1 complex mediated Wnt5a-CK1ɛ-Dvl2-dependent primary cilia disassembly by stabilizing the HEF1 scaffold and activating its associated Aurora-A (AurA), a kinase crucially required for primary cilia disassembly. Thus, via the formation of the Dvl2-Plk1 complex, Plk1 plays an unanticipated role in primary cilia disassembly by linking Wnt5a-induced biochemical steps to HEF1/AurA-dependent cilia disassembly. This study may provide new insights into the mechanism underlying ciliary disassembly processes and various cilia-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Johmura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- Division of Systems Biology, Center for Proteomics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Division of Systems Biology, Center for Proteomics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Jeong K Bang
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Zhou
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center and World Class Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chung-Buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Apostolaki A, Harispe L, Calcagno-Pizarelli AM, Vangelatos I, Sophianopoulou V, Arst HN, Peñalva MA, Amillis S, Scazzocchio C. Aspergillus nidulans CkiA is an essential casein kinase I required for delivery of amino acid transporters to the plasma membrane. Mol Microbiol 2012; 84:530-49. [PMID: 22489878 PMCID: PMC3491690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I casein kinases are highly conserved among Eukaryotes. Of the two Aspergillus nidulans casein kinases I, CkiA is related to the δ/ε mammalian kinases and to Saccharomyces cerevisiæ Hrr25p. CkiA is essential. Three recessive ckiA mutations leading to single residue substitutions, and downregulation using a repressible promoter, result in partial loss-of-function, which leads to a pleiotropic defect in amino acid utilization and resistance to toxic amino acid analogues. These phenotypes correlate with miss-routing of the YAT plasma membrane transporters AgtA (glutamate) and PrnB (proline) to the vacuole under conditions that, in the wild type, result in their delivery to the plasma membrane. Miss-routing to the vacuole and subsequent transporter degradation results in a major deficiency in the uptake of the corresponding amino acids that underlies the inability of the mutant strains to catabolize them. Our findings may have important implications for understanding how CkiA, Hrr25p and other fungal orthologues regulate the directionality of transport at the ER-Golgi interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Apostolaki
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud (XI), UMR 8621 CNRS 91450 Orsay, France
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18
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Zyss D, Ebrahimi H, Gergely F. Casein kinase I delta controls centrosome positioning during T cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:781-97. [PMID: 22123863 PMCID: PMC3257584 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CK1delta binds and phosphorylates the microtubule plus-end–binding protein
EB1 and promotes centrosome translocation to the immunological synapse in T
cells. Although termed central body, the centrosome is located off-center in many
polarized cells. T cell receptor (TCR) engagement by antigens induces a polarity
switch in T cells. This leads to the recruitment of the centrosome to the
immunological synapse (IS), a specialized cell–cell junction. Despite
much recent progress, how TCR signaling triggers centrosome repositioning
remains poorly understood. In this paper, we uncover a critical requirement for
the centrosomal casein kinase I delta (CKIδ) in centrosome translocation
to the IS. CKIδ binds and phosphorylates the microtubule
plus-end–binding protein EB1. Moreover, a putative EB1-binding motif at
the C terminus of CKIδ is required for centrosome translocation to the
IS. We find that depletion of CKIδ in T lymphocytes and inhibition of CKI
in epithelial cells reduce microtubule growth. Therefore, we propose that
CKIδ–EB1 complexes contribute to the increase in microtubule
growth speeds observed in polarized T cells, a mechanism that might serve to
generate long-stable microtubules necessary for centrosome translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Zyss
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge CB2 0RE, England, UK
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19
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Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is linked to various diseases, including Parkinson's disease, cancer, and leprosy. Data from LRRK2 knockout mice has highlighted a possible role for LRRK2 in regulating signaling pathways that are linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Here, we examine how LRRK2's role as a signaling hub in the cell could lead to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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20
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The period of the circadian oscillator is primarily determined by the balance between casein kinase 1 and protein phosphatase 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16451-6. [PMID: 21930935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107178108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that PERIOD (PER) proteins play a central role in setting the speed (period) and phase of the circadian clock. Pharmacological and genetic studies have shown that changes in PER phosphorylation kinetics are associated with changes in circadian rhythm period and phase, which can lead to sleep disorders such as Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome in humans. We and others have shown that casein kinase 1δ and ε (CK1δ/ε) are essential PER kinases, but it is clear that additional, unknown mechanisms are also crucial for regulating the kinetics of PER phosphorylation. Here we report that circadian periodicity is determined primarily through PER phosphorylation kinetics set by the balance between CK1δ/ε and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). In CK1δ/ε-deficient cells, PER phosphorylation is severely compromised and nonrhythmic, and the PER proteins are constitutively cytoplasmic. However, when PP1 is disrupted, PER phosphorylation is dramatically accelerated; the same effect is not seen when PP2A is disrupted. Our work demonstrates that the speed and rhythmicity of PER phosphorylation are controlled by the balance between CK1δ/ε and PP1, which in turn determines the period of the circadian oscillator. Thus, our findings provide clear insights into the molecular basis of how the period and phase of our daily rhythms are determined.
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21
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Minde DP, Anvarian Z, Rüdiger SG, Maurice MM. Messing up disorder: how do missense mutations in the tumor suppressor protein APC lead to cancer? Mol Cancer 2011; 10:101. [PMID: 21859464 PMCID: PMC3170638 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P Minde
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Greer YE, Rubin JS. Casein kinase 1 delta functions at the centrosome to mediate Wnt-3a-dependent neurite outgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:993-1004. [PMID: 21422228 PMCID: PMC3063129 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201011111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously we determined that Dishevelled-2/3 (Dvl) mediate Wnt-3a-dependent neurite outgrowth in Ewing sarcoma family tumor cells. Here we report that neurite extension was associated with Dvl phosphorylation and that both were inhibited by the casein kinase 1 (CK1) δ/ε inhibitor IC261. Small interfering RNAs targeting either CK1δ or CK1ε decreased Dvl phosphorylation, but only knockdown of CK1δ blocked neurite outgrowth. CK1δ but not CK1ε was detected at the centrosome, an organelle associated with neurite formation. Deletion analysis mapped the centrosomal localization signal (CLS) of CK1δ to its C-terminal domain. A fusion protein containing the CLS and EGFP displaced full-length CK1δ from the centrosome and inhibited Wnt-3a-dependent neurite outgrowth. In contrast to wild-type CK1ε, a chimera comprised of the kinase domain of CK1ε and the CLS of CK1δ localized to the centrosome and rescued Wnt-3a-dependent neurite outgrowth suppressed by CK1δ knockdown. These results provide strong evidence that the centrosomal localization of CK1δ is required for Wnt-3a-dependent neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Endo Greer
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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23
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Hirota T, Lee JW, Lewis WG, Zhang EE, Breton G, Liu X, Garcia M, Peters EC, Etchegaray JP, Traver D, Schultz PG, Kay SA. High-throughput chemical screen identifies a novel potent modulator of cellular circadian rhythms and reveals CKIα as a clock regulatory kinase. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000559. [PMID: 21179498 PMCID: PMC3001897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel compound “longdaysin” was found to dramatically slow down the speed of the circadian clock through simultaneous inhibition of protein kinases CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2. The circadian clock underlies daily rhythms of diverse physiological processes, and alterations in clock function have been linked to numerous pathologies. To apply chemical biology methods to modulate and dissect the clock mechanism with new chemical probes, we performed a circadian screen of ∼120,000 uncharacterized compounds on human cells containing a circadian reporter. The analysis identified a small molecule that potently lengthens the circadian period in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent analysis showed that the compound also lengthened the period in a variety of cells from different tissues including the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus, the central clock controlling behavioral rhythms. Based on the prominent period lengthening effect, we named the compound longdaysin. Longdaysin was amenable for chemical modification to perform affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis to identify target proteins. Combined with siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, we identified the protein kinases CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 as targets of longdaysin responsible for the observed effect on circadian period. Although individual knockdown of CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 had small period effects, their combinatorial knockdown dramatically lengthened the period similar to longdaysin treatment. We characterized the role of CKIα in the clock mechanism and found that CKIα-mediated phosphorylation stimulated degradation of a clock protein PER1, similar to the function of CKIδ. Longdaysin treatment inhibited PER1 degradation, providing insight into the mechanism of longdaysin-dependent period lengthening. Using larval zebrafish, we further demonstrated that longdaysin drastically lengthened circadian period in vivo. Taken together, the chemical biology approach not only revealed CKIα as a clock regulatory kinase but also identified a multiple kinase network conferring robustness to the clock. Longdaysin provides novel possibilities in manipulating clock function due to its ability to simultaneously inhibit several key components of this conserved network across species. Most organisms show daily rhythms in physiology, behavior, and metabolism, which may be advantageous because they anticipate environmental changes thus optimize energy metabolism. These rhythms are controlled by the circadian clock, which produces cyclic expression of thousands of output genes. More than a dozen components of the circadian clock are called clock genes, and the proteins they encode form a transcription factor network that generates rhythmic gene expression. In this study, we set out to control the function of the circadian clock and to identify new clock proteins by means of chemical tools. We tested the effects on the clock in human cells of around 120,000 uncharacterized compounds. Here we describe identification of a novel compound “longdaysin” that markedly slows the circadian clock both in cultured mammalian cells and in living zebrafish. By using longdaysin as a chemical probe, we found new proteins that modulate clock function. Because defects of clock function have been linked to numerous diseases, longdaysin may form the basis for therapeutic strategies directed towards circadian rhythm-related disorders, shift-work fatigue, and jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Warren G. Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Breton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xianzhong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Garcia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Etchegaray
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Casagolda D, Del Valle-Pérez B, Valls G, Lugilde E, Vinyoles M, Casado-Vela J, Solanas G, Batlle E, Reynolds AB, Casal JI, de Herreros AG, Duñach M. A p120-catenin-CK1epsilon complex regulates Wnt signaling. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2621-31. [PMID: 20940130 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-catenin is an E-cadherin-associated protein that modulates E-cadherin function and stability. We describe here that p120-catenin is required for Wnt pathway signaling. p120-catenin binds and is phosphorylated by CK1ε in response to Wnt3a. p120-catenin also associates to the Wnt co-receptor LRP5/6, an interaction mediated by E-cadherin, showing an unexpected physical link between adherens junctions and a Wnt receptor. Depletion of p120-catenin abolishes CK1ε binding to LRP5/6 and prevents CK1ε activation upon Wnt3a stimulation. Elimination of p120-catenin also inhibits early responses to Wnt, such as LRP5/6 and Dvl-2 phosphorylation and axin recruitment to the signalosome, as well as later effects, such as β-catenin stabilization. Moreover, since CK1ε is also required for E-cadherin phosphorylation, a modification that decreases the affinity for β-catenin, p120-catenin depletion prevents the increase in β-catenin transcriptional activity even in the absence of β-catenin degradation. Therefore, these results demonstrate a novel and crucial function of p120-catenin in Wnt signaling and unveil additional points of regulation by this factor of β-catenin transcriptional activity different of β-catenin stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casagolda
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Xu Y, Lee SH, Kim HS, Kim NH, Piao S, Park SH, Jung YS, Yook JI, Park BJ, Ha NC. Role of CK1 in GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of snail. Oncogene 2010; 29:3124-33. [PMID: 20305697 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that occurs during embryonic development has begun to attract attention as a potential mechanism for tumor cell metastasis. Snail is a well-known Zn-finger transcription factor that promotes EMT by repressing E-cadherin expression. It is known that Snail is phosphorylated by GSK3beta and degraded by beta-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination. Here we described another protein kinase, CK1, whose phosphorylation of Snail is required for the subsequent GSK3beta phosphorylation. Specific inhibition or depletion of CK1varepsilon inhibits the phosphorylation and degradation of Snail and promotes cell migration, suggesting a central role of CK1varepsilon in the EMT process. Furthermore, our study uncovered distinct roles and steps of Snail phosphorylation by CK1varepsilon and GSK3beta. Taken together, we identified CK1varepsilon as a new component of the Snail-mediated EMT process, providing insight into the mechanism of human cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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