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Saddam Hussain M, Khetan R, Clulow AJ, Ganesan R, MacMillan A, Robinson N, Ahmed-Cox A, Krasowska M, Albrecht H, Blencowe A. Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks: A Global Approach to Enhancing the Cytotoxicity of Drug-Loaded, Non-responsive Micelles Using Oligoelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9736-9748. [PMID: 38349780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles have been extensively studied as vectors for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for the treatment of cancers and other diseases. Despite intensive research, few formulations provide significant benefits, and even fewer have been clinically approved. While many traditional non-responsive micelles have excellent safety profiles, they lack the ability to respond to the intracellular environment and release their cargo in a spatiotemporally defined manner to effectively deliver large doses of cytotoxic drugs into the cytosol of cells that overwhelm efflux pumps. As a novel and adaptable strategy, we hypothesized that well-established non-responsive polymeric micelles could be augmented with a pH-trigger via the co-encapsulation of cytocompatible oligoelectrolytes, which would allow rapid cargo release in the endosome, leading to increased cytotoxicity. Herein, we demonstrate how this strategy can be applied to render non-responsive micelles pH-responsive, resulting in abrupt cargo release at specific and tunable pH values compatible with endosomal delivery, which significantly increased their cytotoxicity up to 3-fold in an ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV-3) cell line compared to non-responsive micelles. In comparison, the oligoelectrolyte-loaded micelles were significantly less toxic to healthy 3T3 fibroblasts, indicating a selective cargo release in cancer cell lines. Oligoelectrolytes can be co-encapsulated in the micelles along with drugs at high encapsulation efficiency percentages, which are both ejected from the micelle core upon oligoelectrolyte ionization. Mechanistically, the increase in cytotoxicity appears to also result from the accelerated endosomal escape of the cargo caused by disruption of the endosomal membrane by the simultaneous release of the oligoelectrolytes from the micelles. Furthermore, we show how this approach is broadly applicable to non-responsive micelles regardless of their composition and various classes of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics. The preliminary studies presented here reveal the versatility and wide scope of oligoelectrolyte-mediated, pH-triggered drug release as a compelling and powerful strategy to enhance the cytotoxicity of non-responsive polymeric micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hussain
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Riya Khetan
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alexander MacMillan
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2033, Australia
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Aria Ahmed-Cox
- Katharina Gaus Light Microscopy Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2033, Australia
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2750, Australia
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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2
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Listeria monocytogenes Co-Opts the Host Exocyst Complex To Promote Internalin A-Mediated Entry. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0032622. [PMID: 36255255 PMCID: PMC9753705 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00326-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes induces its internalization (entry) into intestinal epithelial cells through interaction of its surface protein, internalin A (InlA), with the human cell-cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin. While InlA-mediated entry requires bacterial stimulation of actin polymerization, it remains unknown whether additional host processes are manipulated to promote internalization. Here, we show that interaction of InlA with E-cadherin induces the host membrane-trafficking process of polarized exocytosis, which augments uptake of Listeria. Imaging studies revealed that exocytosis is stimulated at sites of InlA-dependent internalization. Experiments inhibiting human N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) demonstrated that exocytosis is needed for efficient InlA-mediated entry. Polarized exocytosis is mediated by the exocyst complex, which comprises eight proteins, including Sec6, Exo70, and Exo84. We found that Exo70 was recruited to sites of InlA-mediated entry. In addition, depletion of Exo70, Exo84, or Sec6 by RNA interference impaired entry without affecting surface levels of E-cadherin. Similar to binding of InlA to E-cadherin, homophilic interaction of E-cadherin molecules mobilized the exocyst and stimulated exocytosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ligation of E-cadherin induces exocytosis that promotes Listeria entry, and they raise the possibility that the exocyst might also control the normal function of E-cadherin in cell-cell adhesion.
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Sendra M, Pereiro P, Yeste MP, Mercado L, Figueras A, Novoa B. Size matters: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to study toxicity of nanoplastics from cells to the whole organism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115769. [PMID: 33070068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of the aquatic environment by plastic nanoparticles is becoming a major concern due to their potential adverse effects in aquatic biota. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of their uptake, trafficking and effects at cellular and systemic levels is essential to understand their potential impacts for aquatic species. In this work, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model and our aims were: i) to determine the distribution, uptake, trafficking, degradation and genotoxicity of polystyrene (PS) NPs of different sizes in a zebrafish cell line; ii) to study PS NPs accumulation, migration of immune cells and genotoxicity in larvae exposed to PS NPs; and iii) to assess how PS NPs condition the survival of zebrafish larvae exposed to a pathogen and/or how they impact the resistance of an immunodeficient zebrafish. Our results revealed that the cellular distribution differed depending on the particle size: the 50 nm PS NPs were more homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm and the 1 μM PS NPs more agglomerated. The main endocytic mechanisms for the uptake of NPs were dynamin-dependent internalization for the 50 nm NPs and phagocytosis for the 1 μm nanoparticles. In both cases, degradation in lysosomes was the main fate of the PS NPs, which generated alkalinisation and modified cathepsin genes expression. These effects at cellular level agree with the results in vivo, since lysosomal alkalization increases oxidative stress and vice versa. Nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the gut, where they triggered reactive oxygen species, decreased expression of the antioxidant gene catalase and induced migration of immune cells. Finally, although PS NPs did not induce mortality in wild-type larvae, immunodeficient and infected larvae had decreased survival upon exposure to PS NPs. This fact could be explained by the mechanical disruption and/or the oxidative damage caused by these NPs that increase their susceptibility to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sendra
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - P Pereiro
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - M P Yeste
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - L Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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4
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Chang D, Feng J, Liu H, Liu W, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Differential effects of the Akt pathway on the internalization of Klebsiella by lung epithelium and macrophages. Innate Immun 2020; 26:618-626. [PMID: 32762278 PMCID: PMC7556185 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920942582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host response to lung infection includes coordinated efforts of multiple cell types, including the lung epithelium and macrophages. Importantly, both the lung epithelium and macrophages can internalize and clear invading pathogens. However, the mechanisms and their ability to internalize or phagocytose differ. Akt is a key cellular pathway that controls cell proliferation and survival, in addition to its role in host defense. The role of the Akt pathway was assessed using pharmacological Akt modulators in lung epithelial (A549) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines during Klebsiella bacterial infection. Our data show that the inhibition of the Akt pathway using specific Akt inhibitor MK2206 increased the phagocytic ability of lung epithelial cells but not of macrophages. In contrast, the activation of Akt using specific activator SC-79 decreased the phagocytic ability of epithelial cells, while it increased the phagocytic ability of macrophages. The altered phagocytic ability in both cell types using Akt modulators was not due to changes in bacterial adhesion to the host cell. The clinical usefulness of these Akt modulators may vary based on the type of infection and on the relative contribution of epithelial cells and macrophages in clearing the particular bacterial infection. The Akt pathway has differential roles in the internalization of Klebsiella bacteria by respiratory epithelial cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, PR China.,Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jingjing Feng
- Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Internal Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
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5
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Günther J, Seyfert HM. The first line of defence: insights into mechanisms and relevance of phagocytosis in epithelial cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:555-565. [PMID: 30182191 PMCID: PMC6223882 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover most of the external and internal surfaces of the body and its organs. Inevitably, these tissues serve as first line of defence against inorganic, organic, and microbial intruders. Epithelial cells are the main cell type of these tissues. Besides their function as cellular barrier, there is growing evidence that epithelial cells are of particular relevance as initial sensors of danger and also as executers of adequate defence responses. These cells feature various essential functions to maintain tissue integrity in health and disease. In this review, we survey some of the different innate immune functions of epithelial cells in mucosal tissues being constantly exposed to a plethora of harmless contaminants but also of pathogens. We discuss how epithelial cells avoid inadequate immune responses in such conditions. In particular, we will focus on the diverse types and mechanisms of phagocytosis used by epithelial cells to not only maintain homeostasis but to also harness the host response against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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6
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Palankar R, Binsker U, Haracska B, Wesche J, Greinacher A, Hammerschmidt S. Interaction between the Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein Eap and its subdomains with platelets. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:683-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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7
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Kallar AR, Muthu J, Selvam S. Bioreducible amino acid-derived polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of functional proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Zondervan NA, van Dam JCJ, Schaap PJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. Regulation of Three Virulence Strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Success Story. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E347. [PMID: 29364195 PMCID: PMC5855569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest diseases. Emergence of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains makes treating tuberculosis increasingly challenging. In order to develop novel intervention strategies, detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the success of this pathogen is required. Here, we review recent literature to provide a systems level overview of the molecular and cellular components involved in divalent metal homeostasis and their role in regulating the three main virulence strategies of M. tuberculosis: immune modulation, dormancy and phagosomal rupture. We provide a visual and modular overview of these components and their regulation. Our analysis identified a single regulatory cascade for these three virulence strategies that respond to limited availability of divalent metals in the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A Zondervan
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jesse C J van Dam
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Morita M, Sawaki K, Kinoshita D, Sakurai C, Hori N, Hatsuzawa K. Quantitative analysis of phagosome formation and maturation using an Escherichia coli probe expressing a tandem fluorescent protein. J Biochem 2017; 162:309-316. [PMID: 28575453 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagosome formation and maturation are essential innate immune mechanisms to engulf and digest foreign particles. To analyze these processes quantitatively, we established a specific Escherichia coli probe expressing a tandem fluorescent protein, comprising glutathione S-transferase fused with monomeric Cherry (mCherry) and monomeric Venus (mVenus). We demonstrated that mVenus was more susceptible to bleaching in an acidic environment than mCherry, and that the mVenus:mCherry fluorescence intensity ratio can be used to monitor phagosomal pH changes during maturation. Using this probe, we revealed that synaptosomal-associated protein of 23 kDa, a plasma membrane soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein, actively regulated phagocytosis of E. coli and subsequent phagosome maturation in macrophages. Our results indicated that this probe has the potential to be a powerful tool in understanding the molecular mechanisms of phagosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Morita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Sawaki
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Daiki Kinoshita
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Chiye Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naohiro Hori
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hatsuzawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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10
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Naufer A, Hipolito VEB, Ganesan S, Prashar A, Zaremberg V, Botelho RJ, Terebiznik MR. pH of endophagosomes controls association of their membranes with Vps34 and PtdIns(3)P levels. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:329-346. [PMID: 29089378 PMCID: PMC5748975 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific changes in phospholipid content are a hallmark of the membranes of maturing endosomes and phagosomes, but is it unclear how this is controlled. Naufer et al. now show that acidification of the lumen of endosomes and phagosomes triggers dissociation of the Vps34 lipid kinase from these organelles, which terminates PtdIns(3)P synthesis and signaling. Phagocytosis of filamentous bacteria occurs through tubular phagocytic cups (tPCs) and takes many minutes to engulf these filaments into phagosomes. Contravening the canonical phagocytic pathway, tPCs mature by fusing with endosomes. Using this model, we observed the sequential recruitment of early and late endolysosomal markers to the elongating tPCs. Surprisingly, the regulatory early endosomal lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) persists on tPCs as long as their luminal pH remains neutral. Interestingly, by manipulating cellular pH, we determined that PtdIns(3)P behaves similarly in canonical phagosomes as well as endosomes. We found that this is the product of a pH-based mechanism that induces the dissociation of the Vps34 class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase from these organelles as they acidify. The detachment of Vps34 stops the production of PtdIns(3)P, allowing for the turnover of this lipid by PIKfyve. Given that PtdIns(3)P-dependent signaling is important for multiple cellular pathways, this mechanism for pH-dependent regulation of Vps34 could be at the center of many PtdIns(3)P-dependent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amriya Naufer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria E B Hipolito
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Akriti Prashar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Molecular Science Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada .,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mauricio R Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada .,Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Jensen SM, Kimani FW, Jewett JC. Light-Activated Triazabutadienes for the Modification of a Viral Surface. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2216-2219. [PMID: 27647786 PMCID: PMC5170875 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemical crosslinking is a versatile tool for the examination of biochemical interactions, in particular host-pathogen interactions. We report the critical first step toward the goal of probing these interactions by the synthesis and use of a new heterobifunctional crosslinker containing a triazabutadiene scaffold. The triazabutadiene is stable to protein conjugation and liberates a reactive aryl diazonium species upon irradiation with 350 nm light. We highlight the use of this technology by modifying the surface of several proteins, including the dengue virus envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Building 41, Room 104, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Flora W Kimani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Building 41, Room 104, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - John C Jewett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Building 41, Room 104, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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12
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Toxicity of antimony, copper, cobalt, manganese, titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles for the alveolar and intestinal epithelial barrier cells in vitro. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2363-2377. [PMID: 27761772 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are found naturally on Earth and exposure to them in the living environment is increasing as a consequence of human activity. The toxicity of six different metal oxide nanoparticles (NP) at different points in time was compared using resazurin assay. After incubating Caco2 and A549 cells with 100 μg/mL of Sb2O3, Mn3O4 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for 24 h no toxic effects were observed while Co3O4 and ZnO NPs had moderate effects and CuO NPs were toxic below 100 μg/mL (24 h EC25 = 11 for A549 and 71 μg/mL for Caco2). The long-term monitoring (up to 9 days) of cells to NPs revealed that the toxic effects of Mn3O4 and Sb2O3 NPs remarkably increased over time. The 9 day EC50 values for Sb2O3 NPs were 22 and 48 μg/mL for A549 and Caco2 cells; and for Mn3O4 NPs were 47 and 29 μg/mL for A549 and Caco2 cells, respectively. In general, the sensitivity of the cell lines in the resazurin assay was comparable. Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements were performed for both cell types exposed to Co3O4, Sb2O3 and CuO NPs. In TEER assay, the Caco2 cells were more susceptible to the toxic effects of these NPs than A549 cells, where the most toxic NPs were the Sb2O3 NPs: the permeability of the Caco2 cell layer exposed to 10 μg/mL Sb2O3 NPs already increased after 24 h of exposure.
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13
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Novel targeted siRNA-loaded hybrid nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:61. [PMID: 26410728 PMCID: PMC4583992 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background siRNAs have a high potential for silencing critical molecular pathways that are pathogenic. Nevertheless, their clinical application has been limited by a lack of effective and safe nanotechnology-based delivery system that allows a controlled and safe transfection to cytosol of targeted cells without the associated adverse effects. Our group recently reported a very effective and safe hybrid nanoparticle delivery system composing human IgG and poloxamer-188 for siRNA delivery to cancer cells. However, these nanoparticles need to be optimized in terms of particle size, loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. In the present study, we explored the effects of certain production parameters on particle size, loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. Further, to make these nanoparticles more specific in their delivery of siRNA, we conjugated anti-NTSR1-mAb to the surface of these nanoparticles to target NTSR1-overexpressing cancer cells. The mechanism of siRNA release from these antiNTSR1-mAb functionalized nanoparticles was also elucidated. Results It was demonstrated that the concentration of human IgG in the starting nanoprecipitation medium and the rotation speed of the magnetic stirrer influenced the encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and the size of the nanoparticles produced. We also successfully transformed these nanoparticles into actively targeted nanoparticles by functionalizing with anti-NTSR1-mAb to specifically target NTSR1-overexpressing cancer cells, hence able to avoid undesired accumulation in normal cells. The mechanism of siRNA release from these nanoparticles was elucidated to be by Fickian diffusion. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we were able to confirm the active involvement of NTSR1 in the uptake of these anti-NTSR1-mAb functionalized hybrid nanoparticles by lung adenocarcinoma cells. Conclusions This hybrid nanoparticle delivery system can be used as a platform technology for intracellular delivery of siRNAs to NTSR1-overexpressing tumor cells.
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14
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Enten A, Yang Y, Ye Z, Chu R, Van T, Rothschild B, Gonzalez F, Sulchek T. A Liquid-Handling Robot for Automated Attachment of Biomolecules to Microbeads. JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AUTOMATION 2015; 21:526-32. [PMID: 26311061 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215601846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostics, drug delivery, and other biomedical industries rely on cross-linking ligands to microbead surfaces. Microbead functionalization requires multiple steps of liquid exchange, incubation, and mixing, which are laborious and time intensive. Although automated systems exist, they are expensive and cumbersome, limiting their routine use in biomedical laboratories. We present a small, bench-top robotic system that automates microparticle functionalization and streamlines sample preparation. The robot uses a programmable microcontroller to regulate liquid exchange, incubation, and mixing functions. Filters with a pore diameter smaller than the minimum bead diameter are used to prevent bead loss during liquid exchange. The robot uses three liquid reagents and processes up to 10(7) microbeads per batch. The effectiveness of microbead functionalization was compared with a manual covalent coupling process and evaluated via flow cytometry and fluorescent imaging. The mean percentages of successfully functionalized beads were 91% and 92% for the robot and manual methods, respectively, with less than 5% bead loss. Although the two methods share similar qualities, the automated approach required approximately 10 min of active labor, compared with 3 h for the manual approach. These results suggest that a low-cost, automated microbead functionalization system can streamline sample preparation with minimal operator intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Enten
- Bioengineering in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Home School, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yujia Yang
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zihan Ye
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan Chu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tam Van
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Todd Sulchek
- G. W. Woodruff Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Wu X, Gowda NM, Gowda DC. Phagosomal Acidification Prevents Macrophage Inflammatory Cytokine Production to Malaria, and Dendritic Cells Are the Major Source at the Early Stages of Infection: IMPLICATION FOR MALARIA PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23135-47. [PMID: 26240140 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.671065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines produced at the early stages of malaria infection contribute to shaping protective immunity and pathophysiology. To gain mechanistic insight into these processes, it is important to understand the cellular origin of cytokines because both cytokine input and cytokine-producing cells play key roles. Here, we determined cytokine responses by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) to purified Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei ANKA, and by spleen macrophages and DCs from Plasmodium yoelii 17NXL-infected and P. berghei ANKA-infected mice. The results demonstrate that monocytes and macrophages do not produce inflammatory cytokines to malaria parasites and that DCs are the primary source early in infection, and DC subsets differentially produce cytokines. Importantly, blocking of phagosomal acidification by inhibiting vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase enabled macrophages to elicit cytokine responses. Because cytokine responses to malaria parasites are mediated primarily through endosomal Toll-like receptors, our data indicate that the inability of macrophages to produce cytokines is due to the phagosomal acidification that disrupts endosomal ligand-receptor engagement. Macrophages efficiently produced cytokines to LPS upon simultaneously internalizing parasites and to heat-killed Escherichia coli, demonstrating that phagosomal acidification affects endosomal receptor-mediated, but not cell surface receptor-mediated, recognition of Toll-like receptor agonists. Enabling monocytes/macrophages to elicit immune responses to parasites by blocking endosomal acidification can be a novel strategy for the effective development of protective immunity to malaria. The results have important implications for enhancing the efficacy of a whole parasite-based malaria vaccine and for designing strategies for the development of protective immunity to pathogens that induce immune responses primarily through endosomal receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Nagaraj M Gowda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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16
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Kimani FW, Jewett JC. Water-Soluble Triazabutadienes that Release Diazonium Species upon Protonation under Physiologically Relevant Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Kimani FW, Jewett JC. Water-soluble triazabutadienes that release diazonium species upon protonation under physiologically relevant conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4051-4. [PMID: 25663253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triazabutadienes are an understudied structural motif that have remarkable reactivity once rendered water-soluble. It is shown that these molecules readily release diazonium species in a pH-dependent manner in a series of buffer solutions with pH ranges similar to those found in cells. Upon further development, we expect that this process will be well suited to cargo-release strategies and organelle-specific bioconjugation reactions. These compounds offer one of the mildest ways of generating diazonium species in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora W Kimani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)
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18
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Lu HY, Chang YJ, Fan NC, Wang LS, Lai NC, Yang CM, Wu LC, Ho JAA. Synergism through combination of chemotherapy and oxidative stress-induced autophagy in A549 lung cancer cells using redox-responsive nanohybrids: a new strategy for cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 42:30-41. [PMID: 25542791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A combination of various therapeutic approaches has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. A safe and competent nano-delivery system is thus in urgent demand to facilitate the simultaneous transport of various therapeutic agents to cancer cells and a tumor region to achieve synergistic effect. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNs) were fabricated herein as potential candidates for drug delivery. Serving as gatekeepers, GNPs (5 nm in diameter) were attached onto the amino-functionalized MSNs (denoted as NMSNs) via a relatively weak gold-nitrogen bonding. The resulting nanohybrids (denoted as GCMSNs) were uptaken by cells, and the detachment of GNPs and subsequent intracellular drug release from NMSNs were achieved by competitive binding of intracellular glutathione to GNPs. In addition to the function of gatekeeping, GNPs also play another role as the oxidative stress elicitor. Our in vitro studies revealed that GCMSNs induced higher oxidative stress in lung cancer cells (A549) than in normal cells (3T3-L1). This growth inhibitory effect found in the cancer cells was likely induced by mitochondria dysfunction originated from the GCMSN-induced, oxidative stress-triggered mitochondria-mediated autophagy. The redox-responsive nanohybrids were further loaded with camptothecin and the intensified synergistic therapeutic effects were observed associated with combined chemotherapy and oxidative stress strategy. The results clearly demonstrate that such unique nanohybrids hold great promise for selective and effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Chang
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chu Fan
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chu Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Chen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1, University Road, Puli, Nantou 54561, Taiwan.
| | - Ja-an Annie Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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19
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Lakshmikuttyamma A, Sun Y, Lu B, Undieh AS, Shoyele SA. Stable and efficient transfection of siRNA for mutated KRAS silencing using novel hybrid nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4415-24. [PMID: 25340957 DOI: 10.1021/mp500525p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
siRNA is currently the most widely studied form of RNAi, and it has promising therapeutic potential not just in cancer but also in other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, efficient delivery of siRNA to target cells is being limited by lack of an effective delivery system that ensures efficient transfection into cells while protecting the encapsulated siRNA from nuclease. We hypothesized that a hybrid nanoparticle system composed of human IgG and poloxamer-188, a stealth polymer, will efficiently deliver mutated KRAS siRNA to A549 cells, leading to an efficient knockdown of mutated siRNA while protecting the siRNA from serum nuclease. We also hypothesized that the nanoparticles will not elicit an immunostimulatory effect in murine macrophages and also avoid clearance by macrophages. These nanoparticles were found to efficiently deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm and nuclease of A549 cells in a controlled and sustained manner while avoiding recycling by endosomes. An effective knockdown of mutated KRAS was achieved, which subsequently led to an increased sensitivity to erlotinib. These nanoparticles successfully avoided uptake by murine macrophages and reduced immune responses normally associated with siRNA/nanoparticle therapy. These results demonstrate that the novel hybrid nanoparticles could potentially serve as a platform for efficient delivery of siRNA to cells for stable gene knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakshmikuttyamma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and ‡Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
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20
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Liang K, Gunawan ST, Richardson JJ, Such GK, Cui J, Caruso F. Endocytic capsule sensors for probing cellular internalization. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1551-4, 1524. [PMID: 24700555 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of polymer capsules with an in-built endocytic pH-coupled fluorescence switch is reported. These capsules display reversible "on/off" fluorescence in response to cellular pH variations. Using this system, the high-throughput quantification between surface-bound and internalized capsules is demonstrated. This system allows a fundamental study of the interaction between nanoengineered materials and biological systems at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Sylvia T. Gunawan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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21
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Thompson DB, Villaseñor R, Dorr BM, Zerial M, Liu DR. Cellular uptake mechanisms and endosomal trafficking of supercharged proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:831-43. [PMID: 22840771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Supercharged proteins (SCPs) can deliver functional macromolecules into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells more potently than unstructured cationic peptides. Thus far, neither the structural features of SCPs that determine their delivery effectiveness nor their intracellular fate postendocytosis, has been studied. Using a large set of supercharged GFP (scGFP) variants, we found that the level of cellular uptake is sigmoidally related to net charge and that scGFPs enter cells through multiple pathways, including clathrin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. SCPs activate Rho and ERK1/2 and also alter the endocytosis of transferrin and EGF. Finally, we discovered that the intracellular trafficking of endosomes containing scGFPs is altered in a manner that correlates with protein delivery potency. Collectively, our findings establish basic structure-activity relationships of SCPs and implicate the modulation of endosomal trafficking as a determinant of macromolecule delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Thompson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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22
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Wang F, Yu L, Monopoli MP, Sandin P, Mahon E, Salvati A, Dawson KA. The biomolecular corona is retained during nanoparticle uptake and protects the cells from the damage induced by cationic nanoparticles until degraded in the lysosomes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1159-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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McCracken C, Zane A, Knight DA, Dutta PK, Waldman WJ. Minimal intestinal epithelial cell toxicity in response to short- and long-term food-relevant inorganic nanoparticle exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1514-25. [PMID: 24028186 DOI: 10.1021/tx400231u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of commercial nanoparticles of titania, silica, and zinc oxides is being investigated in this in vitro study. Particles of these compositions are found in many food items, and thus this study is directed toward particle behavior in simulated digestion media and their interaction with intestinal epithelial cell line C2BBe1, a clone of Caco-2 cells, originally isolated from a human colon cancer. Even though the primary particle size of all three particles was below 50 nm, the particles appeared as aggregates in culture media with a negatively charged surface. In the presence of pepsin (pH 2), the charge on the titania became positive, and silica was almost neutral and aggregated extensively, whereas ZnO dissolved. For silica and titania, treatment with simulated intestinal digestive solution led to a strongly negatively charged surface and particle sizes approaching values similar to those in media. On the basis of infrared spectroscopy, we concluded that the surface of silica and titania was covered with bile salts/proteins after this treatment. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the C2BBe1 cells internalized all three particles. Toxicity assays included investigation of necrosis, apoptosis, membrane damage, and mitochondrial activity. Titania and SiO₂ particles suspended in media at loading levels of 10 μg/cm² exhibited no toxicity. With ZnO at the same loading level, mild toxicity was observed based only on the LDH assay and decrease of mitochondrial activity and not necrosis or apoptosis. Titania particles exposed to the simulated digestion media exhibited mild toxicity based on decrease of mitochondrial activity, likely due to transport of toxic bile salts via adsorption on the particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie McCracken
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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24
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Srinivasan AR, Lakshmikuttyamma A, Shoyele SA. Investigation of the stability and cellular uptake of self-associated monoclonal antibody (MAb) nanoparticles by non-small lung cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3275-84. [PMID: 23915336 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inability to deliver MAbs to intracellular targets still remains a limitation to their application in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Selective targeting of MAbs to oncoproteins in cancer cells while avoiding their accumulation in normal cells may reduce some of the well-documented adverse effects accompanying antibody therapy. One of the remarkable characteristics of malignant cells is the alteration in the biological properties of the cellular plasma membrane. Taking advantage of this alteration, we hope to selectively deliver self-associated MAb nanoparticles to cancer cells while reducing their accumulation in normal cells. We hypothesized that self-associated MAb nanoparticles can be preferentially taken up by non-small lung cancer cells in comparison to normal cells due to the absence or dysfunction of tight junctions (TJ) in confluent cancer cells and increased permeability of the cancer cell membrane. Self-associated bevacizumab nanoparticles were prepared and characterized for particle size and biochemical stability. Fluorescence microscopy, TEM, and flow cytometry revealed that these bevacizumab nanoparticles were internalized by A549 cells three times more than MRC-5 cells. Macropinocytosis and energy-dependent pathways were elucidated to be involved in their uptake by A549 cells. Further, uptake was by nonspecific interaction with cell membrane. Results obtained from this study suggest that self-associated MAb nanoparticles can be selectively delivered to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha R Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
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25
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Pacheco PM, LE B, White D, Sulchek T. TUNABLE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION BY PARTICLES WITH VARIABLE SIZE AND Fc DENSITY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:1341001. [PMID: 24009645 DOI: 10.1142/s1793984413410018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an integral innate immune component that is made up of a cascade of enzymatic proteins that, once activated, results in lysis of invading pathogens, opsonization or recruitment of other innate and/or acquired immune responders, or some combination of the three. Due to the importance of the signal amplification and control points present in the cascade, complement is highly sensitive to subtle variations in initiation conditions, including nanoscale changes to molecular spacing. Using Fc-functionalized microparticles and nanoparticles, we find that activation requires a minimum threshold surface concentration of Fc of at least 20% surface coverage. This result indicates that a high surface density Fc is necessary for micro/nanoparticle complement activation through the classical pathway. In addition, the magnitude of the response was dependent on the size of the particle, with larger particles causing decreased activation. We hypothesize that a high density of Fc is needed to efficiently bind and closely appose molecular initiators of the complement cascade, from initiation to terminal complement complex formation. These fundamental studies of the interaction of microparticles and nanoparticles with the immune system suggest design rules for particle size and molecular density that impact immunostimulation through the complement system. Providing a therapeutic agent to modulate the complement response could aid a variety of treatment strategies. Engineered nanoparticles with controlled gaps between molecular activators could lead to new types of immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Pacheco
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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26
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Pacheco P, White D, Sulchek T. Effects of microparticle size and Fc density on macrophage phagocytosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60989. [PMID: 23630577 PMCID: PMC3632606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled induction of phagocytosis in macrophages offers the ability to therapeutically regulate the immune system as well as improve delivery of chemicals or biologicals for immune processing. Maximizing particle uptake by macrophages through Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis could lead to new delivery mechanisms in drug or vaccine development. Fc ligand density and particle size were examined independently and in combination in order to optimize and tune the phagocytosis of opsonized microparticles. We show the internalization efficiency of small polystyrene particles (0.5 µm to 2 µm) is significantly affected by changes in Fc ligand density, while particles greater than 2 µm show little correlation between internalization and Fc density. We found that while macrophages can efficiently phagocytose a large number of smaller particles, the total volume of phagocytosed particles is maximized through the non-specific uptake of larger microparticles. Therefore, larger microparticles may be more efficient at delivering a greater therapeutic payload to macrophages, but smaller opsonized microparticles can deliver bio-active substances to a greater percentage of the macrophage population. This study is the first to treat as independent variables the physical and biological properties of Fc density and microparticle size that initiate macrophage phagocytosis. Defining the physical and biological parameters that affect phagocytosis efficiency will lead to improved methods of microparticle delivery to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pacheco
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David White
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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27
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Potokar M, Stenovec M, Jorgačevski J, Holen T, Kreft M, Ottersen OP, Zorec R. Regulation of AQP4 surface expression via vesicle mobility in astrocytes. Glia 2013; 61:917-28. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Torgeir Holen
- Center for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
| | | | - Ole Petter Ottersen
- Center for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway
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28
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Shekhar S, Cambi A, Figdor CG, Subramaniam V, Kanger JS. A method for spatially resolved local intracellular mechanochemical sensing and organelle manipulation. Biophys J 2013; 103:395-404. [PMID: 22947855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because both the chemical and mechanical properties of living cells play crucial functional roles, there is a strong need for biophysical methods to address these properties simultaneously. Here we present a novel (to our knowledge) approach to measure local intracellular micromechanical and chemical properties using a hybrid magnetic chemical biosensor. We coupled a fluorescent dye, which serves as a chemical sensor, to a magnetic particle that is used for measurement of the viscoelastic environment by studying the response of the particle to magnetic force pulses. As a demonstration of the potential of this approach, we applied the method to study the process of phagocytosis, wherein cytoskeletal reorganization occurs in parallel with acidification of the phagosome. During this process, we measured the shear modulus and viscosity of the phagosomal environment concurrently with the phagosomal pH. We found that it is possible to manipulate phagocytosis by stalling the centripetal movement of the phagosome using magnetic force. Our results suggest that preventing centripetal phagosomal transport delays the onset of acidification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of manipulation of intracellular phagosomal transport without interfering with the underlying motor proteins or cytoskeletal network through biochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shekhar
- Department of Nanobiophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Cambi
- Department of Nanobiophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - V Subramaniam
- Department of Nanobiophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J S Kanger
- Department of Nanobiophysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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29
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Baltazar GC, Guha S, Lu W, Lim J, Boesze-Battaglia K, Laties AM, Tyagi P, Kompella UB, Mitchell CH. Acidic nanoparticles are trafficked to lysosomes and restore an acidic lysosomal pH and degradative function to compromised ARPE-19 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49635. [PMID: 23272048 PMCID: PMC3525582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal enzymes function optimally in acidic environments, and elevation of lysosomal pH can impede their ability to degrade material delivered to lysosomes through autophagy or phagocytosis. We hypothesize that abnormal lysosomal pH is a key aspect in diseases of accumulation and that restoring lysosomal pH will improve cell function. The propensity of nanoparticles to end up in the lysosome makes them an ideal method of delivering drugs to lysosomes. This study asked whether acidic nanoparticles could traffic to lysosomes, lower lysosomal pH and enhance lysosomal degradation by the cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Acidic nanoparticles composed of poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 502 H, PLGA 503 H and poly (DL-lactide) (PLA) colocalized to lysosomes of ARPE-19 cells within 60 min. PLGA 503 H and PLA lowered lysosomal pH in cells compromised by the alkalinizing agent chloroquine when measured 1 hr. after treatment, with acidification still observed 12 days later. PLA enhanced binding of Bodipy-pepstatin-A to the active site of cathepsin D in compromised cells. PLA also reduced the cellular levels of opsin and the lipofuscin-like autofluorescence associated with photoreceptor outer segments. These observations suggest the acidification produced by the nanoparticles was functionally effective. In summary, acid nanoparticles lead to a rapid and sustained lowering of lysosomal pH and improved degradative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C. Baltazar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Laties
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Puneet Tyagi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Duncan R, Richardson SCW. Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking as gateways for nanomedicine delivery: opportunities and challenges. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2380-402. [PMID: 22844998 DOI: 10.1021/mp300293n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
More than 40 nanomedicines are already in routine clinical use with a growing number following in preclinical and clinical development. The therapeutic objectives are often enhanced disease-specific targeting (with simultaneously reduced access to sites of toxicity) and, especially in the case of macromolecular biotech drugs, improving access to intracellular pharmacological target receptors. Successful navigation of the endocytic pathways is usually a prerequisite to achieve these goals. Thus a comprehensive understanding of endocytosis and intracellular trafficking pathways in both the target and bystander normal cell type(s) is essential to enable optimal nanomedicine design. It is becoming evident that endocytic pathways can become disregulated in disease and this, together with the potential changes induced during exposure to the nanocarrier itself, has the potential to significantly impact nanomedicine performance in terms of safety and efficacy. Here we overview the endomembrane trafficking pathways, discuss the methods used to determine and quantitate the intracellular fate of nanomedicines, and review the current status of lysosomotropic and endosomotropic delivery. Based on the lessons learned during more than 3 decades of clinical development, the need to use endocytosis-relevant clinical biomarkers to better select those patients most likely to benefit from nanomedicine therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Duncan
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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31
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Blanchette C, Lacayo CI, Fischer NO, Hwang M, Thelen MP. Enhanced cellulose degradation using cellulase-nanosphere complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42116. [PMID: 22870287 PMCID: PMC3411664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme catalyzed conversion of plant biomass to sugars is an inherently inefficient process, and one of the major factors limiting economical biofuel production. This is due to the physical barrier presented by polymers in plant cell walls, including semi-crystalline cellulose, to soluble enzyme accessibility. In contrast to the enzymes currently used in industry, bacterial cellulosomes organize cellulases and other proteins in a scaffold structure, and are highly efficient in degrading cellulose. To mimic this clustered assembly of enzymes, we conjugated cellulase obtained from Trichoderma viride to polystyrene nanospheres (cellulase:NS) and tested the hydrolytic activity of this complex on cellulose substrates from purified and natural sources. Cellulase:NS and free cellulase were equally active on soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); however, the complexed enzyme displayed a higher affinity in its action on microcrystalline cellulose. Similarly, we found that the cellulase:NS complex was more efficient in degrading natural cellulose structures in the thickened walls of cultured wood cells. These results suggest that nanoparticle-bound enzymes can improve catalytic efficiency on physically intractable substrates. We discuss the potential for further enhancement of cellulose degradation by physically clustering combinations of different glycosyl hydrolase enzymes, and applications for using cellulase:NS complexes in biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Blanchette
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
- * E-mail: (CB); (MT)
| | | | | | | | - Michael P. Thelen
- Physical and Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
- * E-mail: (CB); (MT)
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Potokar M, Lacovich V, Chowdhury HH, Kreft M, Zorec R. Rab4 and Rab5 GTPase are required for directional mobility of endocytic vesicles in astrocytes. Glia 2012; 60:594-604. [PMID: 22279005 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rab4 and Rab5 GTPases are key players in the regulation of endocytosis. Although their role has been studied intensively in the past, it is still unclear how they regulate vesicle mobility. In particular, in astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the brain, vesicles have been shown to exhibit nondirectional and directional mobility, which can be intermittent, but the underlying switching mechanisms are not known. By using quantitative imaging, we studied the dynamics of single vesicle movements in astrocytes in real time, by transfecting them with different GDP- and GTP-locked mutants of Rab4 and Rab5. Along with the localization of Rab4 and Rab5 on early and late endocytic compartments, we measured the apparent vesicle size by monitoring the area of fluorescent puncta and determined the patterns of vesicle mobility in the presence of wild-type and Rab mutants. Dominant-negative and dominant-positive mutants, Rab4 S22N, Rab5 S34N and Rab4 Q67L, Rab5 Q79L, induced an increase in the apparent vesicle size, especially Rab5 mutants. These mutants also significantly reduced vesicle mobility in terms of vesicle track length, maximal displacement, and speed. In addition, significant reductions in the fraction of vesicles exhibiting directional mobility were observed in cells expressing Rab4 S22N, Rab4 Q67L, Rab5 S34N, and Rab5 Q79L. Our data indicate that changes in the GDP-GTP switch apparently not only affect fusion events in endocytosis and recycling, as already proposed, but also affect the molecular interactions determining directional vesicle mobility, likely involving motor proteins and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Peng Y, Elkon KB. Autoimmunity in MFG-E8-deficient mice is associated with altered trafficking and enhanced cross-presentation of apoptotic cell antigens. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2221-41. [PMID: 21537078 DOI: 10.1172/jci43254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells must be rapidly cleared, as defects in this process can lead to autoimmunity. Milk fat globule EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8) binds to apoptotic cells and facilitates their removal through interaction with phagocytes. Mice deficient in MFG-E8 develop lupus-like autoimmunity associated with accumulation of apoptotic cells in vivo. Here, we have shown that MFG-E8 controls phagocytic ingestion of cell fragments as well as their intracellular processing into MHC-antigen complexes. Older Mfge8-/- mice spontaneously developed dermatitis associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration and striking activation of effector memory CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cell responses to both exogenous and endogenous apoptotic cell-associated antigens were enhanced in Mfge8-/- mice. MFG-E8 deficiency accelerated the onset of disease in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. Enhanced CD8+ T cell responses were attributed to increased cross-presentation by DCs along with increased detection of antigen-MHCI complexes. Intracellular trafficking analysis revealed that intact apoptotic cells ingested by wild-type DCs rapidly fused with lysosomes, whereas smaller fragments persisted in Mfge8-/- DC endosomal compartments for 24 hours. These observations suggest that MFG-E8 deficiency promotes immune responses to self antigens not only by delaying the clearance of dying cells but also by altering intracellular processing, leading to enhanced self-antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuFeng Peng
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Tao L, Pavlova SI, Ji X, Jin L, Spear G. A novel plasmid for delivering genes into mammalian cells with noninvasive food and commensal lactic acid bacteria. Plasmid 2011; 65:8-14. [PMID: 20832422 PMCID: PMC3015009 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using food and commensal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as vehicles for DNA delivery into epithelial cells is a new strategy for vaccine delivery or gene therapy. However, present methods for DNA delivery with LAB have suffered low efficiency. Our goal was to develop a new system to deliver DNA into epithelial cells with high efficiency using food and commensal LAB. An Escherichia coli-LAB shuttle plasmid, pLKV1, for DNA delivery into eukaryotic cells was constructed. Two reporter plasmids with green and red fluorescent protein genes were also constructed to monitor the uptake of protein and DNA, respectively. Bacteria delivering these reporter plasmids into Caco-2 cells were monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Several methods that weaken the bacterial cell wall prior to co-culture with Caco-2 cells were evaluated for their role in the improvement of gene transfer efficiency. Treating Streptococcus gordonii with penicillin and lysozyme greatly increased its rate of gene delivery to mammalian cells compared to untreated control bacteria, while glycine pretreatment promoted the highest gene transfer rate for Lactococcus lactis. Uptake of green fluorescent bacteria by Caco-2 cells showed that the cell wall-weakening treatment promoted the internalization of the noninvasive bacteria into Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, we have developed a noninvasive system using LAB as a vehicle for vaccine delivery or gene therapy, and tested this system in vitro with Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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