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Frensch M, Jäger C, Müller PF, Tadić A, Wilhelm I, Wehrum S, Diedrich B, Fischer B, Meléndez AV, Dengjel J, Eibel H, Römer W. Bacterial lectin BambL acts as a B cell superantigen. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8165-8186. [PMID: 34731252 PMCID: PMC8629787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
B cell superantigens crosslink conserved domains of B cell receptors (BCRs) and cause dysregulated, polyclonal B cell activation irrespective of normal BCR-antigen complementarity. The cells typically succumb to activation-induced cell death, which can impede the adaptive immune response and favor infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the fucose-binding lectin of Burkholderia ambifaria, BambL, bears functional resemblance to B cell superantigens. By engaging surface glycans, the bacterial lectin activated human peripheral blood B cells, which manifested in the surface expression of CD69, CD54 and CD86 but became increasingly cytotoxic at higher concentrations. The effects were sensitive to BCR pathway inhibitors and excess fucose, which corroborates a glycan-driven mode of action. Interactome analyses in a model cell line suggest BambL binds directly to glycans of the BCR and regulatory coreceptors. In vitro, BambL triggered BCR signaling and induced CD19 internalization and degradation. Owing to the lectin's six binding sites, we propose a BCR activation model in which BambL functions as a clustering hub for receptor glycans, modulates normal BCR regulation, and induces cell death through exhaustive activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Jäger
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F Müller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annamaria Tadić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Wilhelm
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Wehrum
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Diedrich
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beate Fischer
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, CCI and University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joern Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, CCI and University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Finney J, Kelsoe G. Continuous Culture of Mouse Primary B Lymphocytes by Forced Expression of Bach2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1478-1492. [PMID: 34389622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stable, long-term culture of primary B lymphocytes has many potential scientific and medical applications, but remains an elusive feat. A major obstacle to long-term culture is that in vitro mitogens quickly drive B cells to differentiate into short-lived plasma cells (PCs). PC differentiation is governed by opposing teams of transcription factors: Pax5, Bach2, and Bcl6 suppress PC commitment, whereas IFN regulatory factor 4 and Blimp1 promote it. To determine whether transcriptional programming could prolong B cell culture by blocking PC commitment, we generated mouse primary B cells harboring gain- or loss-of-function in the key transcription factors, continuously stimulated these cells with CD154 and IL-21, and determined growth potential and phenotypes in vitro. We found that transgenic expression of Bach2 prohibits PC commitment and endows B cells with extraordinary growth potential in response to external proliferation and survival cues. Long-term Bach2-transgenic B cell lines have genetically stable BCRs [i.e., do not acquire V(D)J mutations], express high levels of MHC class II and molecules for costimulation of T cells, and transduce intracellular signals when incubated with BCR ligands. Silencing the Bach2 transgene in an established transgenic cell line causes the cells to secrete large quantities of Ig. This system has potential applications in mAb production, BCR signaling studies, Ag presentation to T cells, and ex vivo clonal expansion for adoptive cell transfer. Additionally, our results provide insight into molecular control over activated B cell fate and suggest that forced Bach2 expression in vivo may augment germinal center B cell or memory B cell differentiation at the expense of PC commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; and
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; and .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
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3
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Efficient role of IgH 3' regulatory region deficient B-cells in the development of oil granulomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38741-38749. [PMID: 27231852 PMCID: PMC5122425 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional B-cells are essential for the formation of oil granulomas. The IgH 3′ regulatory region (3′RR) activates important check-points during B-cell maturation. We investigated if 3′RR-deficient B-cells remain efficient to develop oil granulomas in response to pristine. B-cells expressing an IgH 3′RR-deficient allele were similarly recruited to wild type allele expressing B-cells in the granuloma. No differences were observed between 3′RR-deficient mice and control mice for granuloma numbers, cellular composition and ability to express mRNA transcripts for several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether these results suggest a normal role for 3′RR-deficient B-cells in the development of an acute B-cell-mediated inflammatory response.
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Zhang R, Verkoczy L, Wiehe K, Munir Alam S, Nicely NI, Santra S, Bradley T, Pemble CW, Zhang J, Gao F, Montefiori DC, Bouton-Verville H, Kelsoe G, Larimore K, Greenberg PD, Parks R, Foulger A, Peel JN, Luo K, Lu X, Trama AM, Vandergrift N, Tomaras GD, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:336ra62. [PMID: 27122615 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of an HIV vaccine is a global priority. A major roadblock to a vaccine is an inability to induce protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV gp41 bnAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by tolerance. We used gp41 2F5 bnAb germline knock-in mice and macaques vaccinated with immunogens reactive with germline precursors to activate neutralizing antibodies. In germline knock-in mice, bnAb precursors were deleted, with remaining anergic B cells capable of being activated by germline-binding immunogens to make gp41-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM). Immunized macaques made B cell clonal lineages targeted to the 2F5 bnAb epitope, but 2F5-like antibodies were either deleted or did not attain sufficient affinity for gp41-lipid complexes to achieve the neutralization potency of 2F5. Structural analysis of members of a vaccine-induced antibody lineage revealed that heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) hydrophobicity was important for neutralization. Thus, gp41 bnAbs are controlled by immune tolerance, requiring vaccination strategies to transiently circumvent tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles W Pemble
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Larimore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phillip D Greenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jessica N Peel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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5
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Borrow P, Moody MA. Immunologic characteristics of HIV-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:62-78. [PMID: 28133804 PMCID: PMC5299500 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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7
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Moody MA, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Vandergrift NA, Chui C, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Soderberg KA, Ogbe AT, Cohen MS, Liao HX, Gao F, McMichael AJ, Montefiori DC, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Huang J, Shea PR, Connors M, Borrow P, Haynes BF. Immune perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:aag0851. [PMID: 28783677 PMCID: PMC5589960 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. bnAbs occur in some HIV-1-infected individuals and frequently have characteristics of autoantibodies. We have studied cohorts of HIV-1-infected individuals who made bnAbs and compared them with those who did not do so, and determined immune traits associated with the ability to produce bnAbs. HIV-1-infected individuals with bnAbs had a higher frequency of blood autoantibodies, a lower frequency of regulatory CD4+ T cells, a higher frequency of circulating memory T follicular helper CD4+ cells, and a higher T regulatory cell level of programmed cell death-1 expression compared with HIV-1-infected individuals without bnAbs. Thus, induction of HIV-1 bnAbs may require vaccination regimens that transiently mimic immunologic perturbations in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cecilia Chui
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kelly A Soderberg
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ane T Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Myron S Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Patrick R Shea
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Santra S, Tomaras GD, Warrier R, Nicely NI, Liao HX, Pollara J, Liu P, Alam SM, Zhang R, Cocklin SL, Shen X, Duffy R, Xia SM, Schutte RJ, Pemble IV CW, Dennison SM, Li H, Chao A, Vidnovic K, Evans A, Klein K, Kumar A, Robinson J, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Montefiori DC, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Soderberg KA, Giorgi EE, Blair L, Korber BT, Moog C, Shattock RJ, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE, Moody MA, Gao F, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Haynes BF. Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005042. [PMID: 26237403 PMCID: PMC4523205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate in vivo rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan I. Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schutte
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Pemble IV
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Chao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kora Vidnovic
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lily Blair
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christiane Moog
- U1109, INSERM University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. A. Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
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9
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Holl TM, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Verkoczy L, Alam SM, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Enhanced antibody responses to an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region antigen in mice reconstituted with cultured lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3269-79. [PMID: 24591365 PMCID: PMC4003504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the protective HIV-1 Ab, 2F5, avidly reacts with a conserved mammalian self-Ag, kynureninase, and that the development of B cells specific for the 2F5 epitope is constrained by immunological tolerance. These observations suggest that the capacity to mount Ab responses to the 2F5 epitope is mitigated by tolerance, but such capacity may be latent in the pretolerance and/or anergic B cell pools. In this study, we use B cell tetramer reagents to track the frequencies of B cells that recognize the HIV-1 2F5 epitope (SP62): in C57BL/6 mice, SP62-binding transitional B cells are readily identified in bone marrow but are lost during subsequent development. Unsurprisingly then, immunization with SP62 immunogen does not elicit significant humoral responses in normal C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution of Rag1(null) mice with normal congenic B cells that have matured in vitro restores the capacity to mount significant serum Ab and germinal center responses to this HIV-1 epitope. These B cell cultures are permissive for the development of autoreactive B cells and support the development of SP62-specific B cell compartments normally lost in 2F5 Ab knockin mice. The recovery of humoral responses to the 2F5/SP62 epitope of HIV-1 by reconstitution with B cells containing forbidden, autoreactive clones provides direct evidence that normal C57BL/6 mice latently possess the capacity to generate humoral responses to a conserved, neutralizing HIV-1 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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10
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Zhang J, Alam SM, Bouton-Verville H, Chen Y, Newman A, Stewart S, Jaeger FH, Montefiori DC, Dennison SM, Haynes BF, Verkoczy L. Modulation of nonneutralizing HIV-1 gp41 responses by an MHC-restricted TH epitope overlapping those of membrane proximal external region broadly neutralizing antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1693-706. [PMID: 24465011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs), but current immunization strategies fail to induce BnAbs, and for unknown reasons, often induce nonneutralizing Abs instead. To explore potential host genetic contributions controlling Ab responses to the HIV-1 Envelope, we have used congenic strains to identify a critical role for MHC class II restriction in modulating Ab responses to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41, a key vaccine target. Immunized H-2(d)-congenic strains had more rapid, sustained, and elevated MPER(+) Ab titers than those bearing other haplotypes, regardless of immunogen, adjuvant, or prime or boost regimen used, including formulations designed to provide T cell help. H-2(d)-restricted MPER(+) serum Ab responses depended on CD4 TH interactions with class II (as revealed in immunized intra-H-2(d/b) congenic or CD154(-/-) H-2(d) strains, and by selective abrogation of MPER restimulated, H-2(d)-restricted primed splenocytes by class II-blocking Abs), and failed to neutralize HIV-1 in the TZM-b/l neutralization assay, coinciding with lack of specificity for an aspartate residue in the neutralization core of BnAb 2F5. Unexpectedly, H-2(d)-restricted MPER(+) responses functionally mapped to a core TH epitope partially overlapping the 2F5/z13/4E10 BnAb epitopes as well as nonneutralizing B cell-Ab binding residues. We propose that class II restriction contributes to the general heterogeneity of nonneutralizing gp41 responses induced by Envelope. Moreover, the proximity of TH and B cell epitopes in this restriction may have to be considered in redesigning minimal MPER immunogens aimed at exclusively binding BnAb epitopes and triggering MPER(+) BnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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11
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Alcéna DC, Kobie JJ, Kaminski DA, Rosenberg AF, Mattiacio JL, Brewer M, Dewhurst S, Dykes C, Jin X, Keefer MC, Sanz I. 9G4+ antibodies isolated from HIV-infected patients neutralize HIV-1 and have distinct autoreactivity profiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85098. [PMID: 24386452 PMCID: PMC3873436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent HIV-1 specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNA) are uncommon in HIV infected individuals, and have proven hard to elicit by vaccination. Several, isolated monoclonal BNA are polyreactive and also recognize self-antigens, suggesting a breach of immune tolerance in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Persons with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often have elevated levels of autoreactive antibodies encoded by the VH4-34 heavy chain immunoglobulin gene whose protein product can be detected by the 9G4 rat monoclonal antibody. We have recently found that levels of these “9G4+” antibodies are also elevated in PLWH. However, the putative autoreactive nature of these antibodies and the relationship of such reactivities with HIV neutralization have not been investigated. We therefore examined the autoreactivity and HIV neutralization potential of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH. Results show that 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH bound to recombinant HIV-1 envelope (Env) and neutralized viral infectivity in vitro, whereas 9G4+ antibodies from persons with SLE did not bind to Env and failed to neutralize viral infectivity. In addition, while 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH retained the canonical anti-i reactivity that mediates B cell binding, they did not display other autoreactivities common to SLE 9G4+ antibodies, such as binding to cardiolipin and DNA and had much lower reactivity with apoptotic cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the autoreactivity of 9G4+ antibodies from PLWH is distinct from that of SLE patients, and therefore, their expansion is not due to a general breakdown of B cell tolerance but is instead determined in a more disease-specific manner by self-antigens that become immunogenic in the context of, and possibly due to HIV infection. Further studies of 9G4+ B cells may shed light on the regulation of B cell tolerance and interface between the generation of specific autoreactivities and the induction of antiviral immunity in persons living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Alcéna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - James J. Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise A. Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Rosenberg
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonelle L. Mattiacio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Carrie Dykes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Xia Jin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Keefer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Verkoczy L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Bouton-Verville H, Newman A, Lockwood B, Scearce RM, Montefiori DC, Dennison SM, Xia SM, Hwang KK, Liao HX, Alam SM, Haynes BF. Induction of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies in 2F5 knock-in mice: selection against membrane proximal external region-associated autoreactivity limits T-dependent responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2538-50. [PMID: 23918977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A goal of HIV-1 vaccine development is to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs). Using a knock-in (KI) model of 2F5, a human HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER)-specific BnAb, we previously demonstrated that a key obstacle to BnAb induction is clonal deletion of BnAb-expressing B cells. In this study of this model, we provide a proof-of-principle that robust serum neutralizing IgG responses can be induced from pre-existing, residual, self-reactive BnAb-expressing B cells in vivo using a structurally compatible gp41 MPER immunogen. Furthermore, in CD40L-deficient 2F5 KI mice, we demonstrate that these BnAb responses are elicited via a type II T-independent pathway, coinciding with expansion and activation of transitional splenic B cells specific for 2F5's nominal gp41 MPER-binding epitope (containing the 2F5 neutralization domain ELDKWA). In contrast, constitutive production of nonneutralizing serum IgGs in 2F5 KI mice is T dependent and originates from a subset of splenic mature B2 cells that have lost their ability to bind 2F5's gp41 MPER epitope. These results suggest that residual, mature B cells expressing autoreactive BnAbs, like 2F5 as BCR, may be limited in their ability to participate in T-dependent responses by purifying selection that selectively eliminates reactivity for neutralization epitope-containing/mimicked host Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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13
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Chen Y, Zhang J, Hwang KK, Bouton-Verville H, Xia SM, Newman A, Ouyang YB, Haynes BF, Verkoczy L. Common tolerance mechanisms, but distinct cross-reactivities associated with gp41 and lipids, limit production of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1260-75. [PMID: 23825311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing an HIV-1 vaccine has been hampered by the inability of immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) that protect against infection. Previously, we used knockin (KI) mice expressing a prototypical gp41-specific BnAb, 2F5, to demonstrate that immunological tolerance triggered by self-reactivity of the 2F5 H chain impedes BnAb induction. In this study, we generate KI models expressing H chains from two other HIV-1 Abs, 4E10 (another self-/polyreactive, anti-gp41 BnAb) and 48d (an anti-CD4 inducible, nonpolyreactive Ab), and find a similar developmental blockade consistent with central B cell deletion in 4E10, but not in 48d VH KI mice. Furthermore, in KI strains expressing the complete 2F5 and 4E10 Abs as BCRs, we find that residual splenic B cells arrest at distinct developmental stages, yet exhibit uniformly low BCR densities, elevated basal activation, and profoundly muted responses to BCR ligation and, when captured as hybridoma mAb lines, maintain their dual (gp41/lipid) affinities and capacities to neutralize HIV-1, establishing a key role for anergy in suppressing residual 2F5- or 4E10-expressing B cells. Importantly, serum IgGs from naive 2F5 and 4E10 KI strains selectively eliminate gp41 and lipid binding, respectively, suggesting B cells expressing 2F5 or 4E10 as BCRs exhibit specificity for a distinct spectrum of host Ags, including selective interactions by 2F5 BCR(+) B cells (i.e., and not 4E10 BCR(+) B cells) with those mimicked by its gp41 neutralization epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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14
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Wahome N, Pfeiffer T, Ambiel I, Yang Y, Keppler OT, Bosch V, Burkhard P. Conformation-specific Display of 4E10 and 2F5 Epitopes on Self-assembling Protein Nanoparticles as a Potential HIV Vaccine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:349-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Li L, Wang XH, Banerjee S, Volsky B, Williams C, Moody MA, Zolla-Pazner S, Gorny MK. Clonal analysis of human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies selected by a V3 tetramer. Hum Antibodies 2012; 21:65-73. [PMID: 23549023 PMCID: PMC3708495 DOI: 10.3233/hab-130264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been improved recently using the single B cell and PCR technology. A number of new anti-HIV-1 mAbs directed to various epitopes were produced by selecting single B cells from HIV positive individuals using the HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins, and we tested whether the peptide can select B cells specific to a particular Env epitope. Using the fluorescently-labeled peptide tetramer representative of the V3 loop of HIV-1 Env gp120 for staining the B cells derived from one HIV-1 infected donor, four clonal human mAbs were produced with specificity to the V3 region. The clonality of the four V3 mAbs was based on the usage of the same immunoglobulin genes and almost identical sequence of CDRs. The amino acid changes were present only in the framework and, possibly, they could be related to the differences observed in the relative affinity binding of these four mAbs to V3 antigen. One representative V3 mAb displayed very potent neutralizing activity to one of two viruses tested. This study shows the feasibility of utilizing a peptide tetramer to select epitope-specific B cells and produce mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sagarika Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Volsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miroslaw K. Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Liao HX, Chen X, Munshaw S, Zhang R, Marshall DJ, Vandergrift N, Whitesides JF, Lu X, Yu JS, Hwang KK, Gao F, Markowitz M, Heath SL, Bar KJ, Goepfert PA, Montefiori DC, Shaw GC, Alam SM, Margolis DM, Denny TN, Boyd SD, Marshal E, Egholm M, Simen BB, Hanczaruk B, Fire AZ, Voss G, Kelsoe G, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Haynes BF. Initial antibodies binding to HIV-1 gp41 in acutely infected subjects are polyreactive and highly mutated. J Exp Med 2011; 208:2237-49. [PMID: 21987658 PMCID: PMC3201211 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial antibody response to HIV-1 is targeted to envelope (Env) gp41, and is nonneutralizing and ineffective in controlling viremia. To understand the origins and characteristics of gp41-binding antibodies produced shortly after HIV-1 transmission, we isolated and studied gp41-reactive plasma cells from subjects acutely infected with HIV-1. The frequencies of somatic mutations were relatively high in these gp41-reactive antibodies. Reverted unmutated ancestors of gp41-reactive antibodies derived from subjects acutely infected with HIV-1 frequently did not react with autologous HIV-1 Env; however, these antibodies were polyreactive and frequently bound to host or bacterial antigens. In one large clonal lineage of gp41-reactive antibodies, reactivity to HIV-1 Env was acquired only after somatic mutations. Polyreactive gp41-binding antibodies were also isolated from uninfected individuals. These data suggest that the majority of gp41-binding antibodies produced after acute HIV-1 infection are cross-reactive responses generated by stimulating memory B cells that have previously been activated by non-HIV-1 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xi Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Supriya Munshaw
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Dawn J. Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - John F. Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jae-Sung Yu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kwan-Ki Hwang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Eleanor Marshal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Z. Fire
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gerald Voss
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, and Center for Computational Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
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17
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Verkoczy L, Chen Y, Bouton-Verville H, Zhang J, Diaz M, Hutchinson J, Ouyang YB, Alam SM, Holl TM, Hwang KK, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. Rescue of HIV-1 broad neutralizing antibody-expressing B cells in 2F5 VH x VL knockin mice reveals multiple tolerance controls. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:3785-97. [PMID: 21908739 PMCID: PMC3192533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5 has been shown to be poly-/self-reactive in vitro, and we previously demonstrated that targeted expression of its VDJ rearrangement alone was sufficient to trigger a profound B cell developmental blockade in 2F5 V(H) knockin (KI) mice, consistent with central deletion of 2F5 H chain-expressing B cells. In this study, we generate a strain expressing the entire 2F5 bnAb specificity, 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI mice, and find an even higher degree of tolerance control than observed in the 2F5 V(H) KI strain. Although B cell development was severely impaired in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI animals, we demonstrate rescue of their B cells when cultured in IL-7/BAFF. Intriguingly, even under these conditions, most rescued B cell hybridomas produced mAbs that lacked HIV-1 Envelope (Env) reactivity due to editing of the 2F5 L chain, and the majority of rescued B cells retained an anergic phenotype. Thus, when clonal deletion is circumvented, κ editing and anergy are additional safeguards preventing 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression by immature/transitional B cells. Importantly, 7% of rescued B cells retained 2F5 V(H)/V(L) expression and secreted Env-specific mAbs with HIV-1-neutralizing activity. This partial rescue was further corroborated in vivo, as reflected by the anergic phenotype of most rescued B cells in 2F5 V(H) × V(L) KI × Eμ-Bcl-2 transgenic mice and significant (yet modest) enrichment of Env-specific B cells and serum Igs. The rescued 2F5 mAb-producing B cell clones in this study are the first examples, to our knowledge, of in vivo-derived bone marrow precursors specifying HIV-1 bnAbs and provide a starting point for design of strategies aimed at rescuing such B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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18
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Morris L, Chen X, Alam M, Tomaras G, Zhang R, Marshall DJ, Chen B, Parks R, Foulger A, Jaeger F, Donathan M, Bilska M, Gray ES, Abdool Karim SS, Kepler TB, Whitesides J, Montefiori D, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Isolation of a human anti-HIV gp41 membrane proximal region neutralizing antibody by antigen-specific single B cell sorting. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23532. [PMID: 21980336 PMCID: PMC3184076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are not commonly produced in HIV-1 infected individuals nor by experimental HIV-1 vaccines. When these antibodies do occur, it is important to be able to isolate and characterize them to provide clues for vaccine design. CAP206 is a South African subtype C HIV-1-infected individual previously shown to have broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies targeting the envelope gp41 distal membrane proximal external region (MPER). We have now used a fluoresceinated peptide tetramer antigen with specific cell sorting to isolate a human neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the HIV-1 envelope gp41 MPER. The isolated recombinant mAb, CAP206-CH12, utilized a portion of the distal MPER (HXB2 amino acid residues, 673-680) and neutralized a subset of HIV-1 pseudoviruses sensitive to CAP206 plasma antibodies. Interestingly, this mAb was polyreactive and used the same germ-line variable heavy (V(H)1-69) and variable kappa light chain (V(K)3-20) gene families as the prototype broadly neutralizing anti-MPER mAb, 4E10 (residues 672-680). These data indicate that there are multiple immunogenic targets in the C-terminus of the MPER of HIV-1 gp41 envelope and suggests that gp41 neutralizing epitopes may interact with a restricted set of naive B cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Morris
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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19
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Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Moody MA, Haynes BF. Role of immune mechanisms in induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:383-90. [PMID: 21524897 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although antibodies can be elicited by HIV-1 infection or immunization, those that are broadly neutralizing (bnAbs) are undetectable in most individuals, and when they do arise in HIV-1 infection, only do so years after transmission. Until recently, the reasons for difficulty in inducing such bnAbs have been obscure. Recent technological advances in isolating bnAbs from rare patients have increased our knowledge of their specificities and features, and along with gene-targeting studies, have also begun uncovering evidence of immunoregulatory roadblocks preventing their induction. One crucial avenue towards developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is to harness this emerging information into the rational design of immunogens and formulation of adjuvants, such that structural and immunological hurdles to routinely eliciting bnAbs can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Zhang L, Li L, Huang Z, Wu H, Li J, Lu S, Wang S. A versatile vector for the production of pseudotyped viruses expressing gp120 antigens from different clades of primary HIV-1 isolates. J Virol Methods 2011; 171:183-9. [PMID: 21034776 PMCID: PMC3011055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel HIV-1 Env expression vector (SF162-Z) was developed by introducing two new cloning sites on the backbone of an existing vector that produces a full length Env from HIV-1 SF162 isolate. These sites facilitate the swapping of the gp120 portion of the SF162 Env with matching gp120 antigens from HIV-1 isolates of different genetic clades. Final production of functional pseudotyped viruses will express chimeric Env antigens, including gp41 of the parental SF162 and gp120 from other primary isolates. This system is useful for testing the neutralizing sensitivity of partial env gene products frequently identified in viral quasi species in patients infected with HIV or when only partial gp120 gene products are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Department of HIV/AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mingshun Zhang
- China-USA Vaccine Research Center and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Yanmei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- China-USA Vaccine Research Center and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of HIV/AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zuhu Huang
- China-USA Vaccine Research Center and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of HIV/AIDS Research, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- China-USA Vaccine Research Center and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shixia Wang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- China-USA Vaccine Research Center and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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