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Ferreira A, Castanheira P, Escrevente C, Barral DC, Barona T. Membrane trafficking alterations in breast cancer progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1350097. [PMID: 38533085 PMCID: PMC10963426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1350097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in women, and remains one of the major causes of death in women worldwide. It is now well established that alterations in membrane trafficking are implicated in BC progression. Indeed, membrane trafficking pathways regulate BC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. The 22 members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and the >60 members of the rat sarcoma (RAS)-related in brain (RAB) families of small GTP-binding proteins (GTPases), which belong to the RAS superfamily, are master regulators of membrane trafficking pathways. ARF-like (ARL) subfamily members are involved in various processes, including vesicle budding and cargo selection. Moreover, ARFs regulate cytoskeleton organization and signal transduction. RABs are key regulators of all steps of membrane trafficking. Interestingly, the activity and/or expression of some of these proteins is found dysregulated in BC. Here, we review how the processes regulated by ARFs and RABs are subverted in BC, including secretion/exocytosis, endocytosis/recycling, autophagy/lysosome trafficking, cytoskeleton dynamics, integrin-mediated signaling, among others. Thus, we provide a comprehensive overview of the roles played by ARF and RAB family members, as well as their regulators in BC progression, aiming to lay the foundation for future research in this field. This research should focus on further dissecting the molecular mechanisms regulated by ARFs and RABs that are subverted in BC, and exploring their use as therapeutic targets or prognostic markers.
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2
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Zhao Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Li Y, Wu Y, Liu J. Long Non-Coding RNA ZSCAN16-AS1 Promotes the Malignant Progression of Melanoma Through Regulating the miR-503-5p/ARL2 Axis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1821-1831. [PMID: 37483470 PMCID: PMC10361287 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s407323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background LncRNA zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 16 antisense RNA 1 (ZSCAN16-AS1), a newly identified lncRNA, has been proven to accelerate hepatocellular carcinoma progression. However, the function and molecular mechanism of ZSCAN16-AS1 in melanoma are still unknown. Methods The level of ZSCAN16-AS1 in melanoma tissues was detected and reported in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GEO#GSE15605. CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays were used to explore the role of ZSCAN16-AS1 in melanoma cells. Luciferase reporter assays and RNA pull-down assays were used to verify the molecular mechanism of ZSCAN16-AS1. Results Here, we found that ZSCAN16-AS1 expression was increased in melanoma. We confirmed that ZSCAN16-AS1 promotes the growth and metastasis of melanoma. ZSCAN16-AS1 exerts its pro-tumour role through sponging of miR-503-5p to liberate ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2) mRNA transcripts. Conclusion These results demonstrated the role and molecular mechanism of ZSCAN16-AS1 in the occurrence and development of melanoma. Therefore, ZSCAN16-AS1 may be used as a specific biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third the People’s Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhou Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third the People’s Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third the People’s Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yitong Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third the People’s Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jisong Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Third the People’s Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Ge X, Yuan L, Cheng B, Dai K. Identification of seven tumor-educated platelets RNAs for cancer diagnosis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23791. [PMID: 33955587 PMCID: PMC8183939 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) may enable blood-based cancer diagnosis. This study aimed to identify diagnostic TEPs genes involved in carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The TEPs differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between healthy samples and early/advanced cancer samples were obtained using bioinformatics. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were used to identify the pathways and functional annotation of TEPs DEGs. Protein-protein interaction of these TEPs DEGs was analyzed based on the STRING database and visualized by Cytoscape software. The correlation analysis and diagnostic analysis were performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of TEPs mRNAs expression for early/advanced cancers. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied to validate the role of DEGs in cancers. RESULTS TEPs mRNAs were mostly involved in protein binding, extracellular matrix, and cellular protein metabolic process. RSL24D1 was negatively correlated to early-stage cancers compared to healthy controls and may be potentially used for early cancer diagnosis. In addition, HPSE, IFI27, LGALS3BP, CRYM, HBD, COL6A3, LAMB2, and IFITM3 showed an upward trend in the expression from early to advanced cancer stages. Moreover, ARL2, FCGR2A, and KLHDC8B were positively associated with advanced, metastatic cancers compared to healthy controls. Among the 12 selected DEGs, the expression of 7 DEGs, including RSL24D1, IFI27, CRYM, HBD, IFITM3, FCGR2A, and KLHDC8B, were verified by the qRT-PCR method. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the 7-gene TEPs liquid-biopsy biomarkers may be used for cancer diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of HematologyJiangsu Institute of HematologyCyrus Tang Medical InstituteState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and HemostasisMinistry of HealthNational Clinical Research Center for Hematological DiseasesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Liuxia Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of HematologyJiangsu Institute of HematologyCyrus Tang Medical InstituteState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and HemostasisMinistry of HealthNational Clinical Research Center for Hematological DiseasesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Bin Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of HematologyJiangsu Institute of HematologyCyrus Tang Medical InstituteState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and HemostasisMinistry of HealthNational Clinical Research Center for Hematological DiseasesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Kesheng Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of HematologyJiangsu Institute of HematologyCyrus Tang Medical InstituteState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and HemostasisMinistry of HealthNational Clinical Research Center for Hematological DiseasesSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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Turn RE, Linnert J, Gigante ED, Wolfrum U, Caspary T, Kahn RA. Roles for ELMOD2 and Rootletin in ciliogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:800-822. [PMID: 33596093 PMCID: PMC8108518 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMOD2 is a GTPase-activating protein with uniquely broad specificity for ARF family GTPases. We previously showed that it acts with ARL2 in mitochondrial fusion and microtubule stability and with ARF6 during cytokinesis. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deleted for ELMOD2 also displayed changes in cilia-related processes including increased ciliation, multiciliation, ciliary morphology, ciliary signaling, centrin accumulation inside cilia, and loss of rootlets at centrosomes with loss of centrosome cohesion. Increasing ARL2 activity or overexpressing Rootletin reversed these defects, revealing close functional links between the three proteins. This was further supported by the findings that deletion of Rootletin yielded similar phenotypes, which were rescued upon increasing ARL2 activity but not ELMOD2 overexpression. Thus, we propose that ARL2, ELMOD2, and Rootletin all act in a common pathway that suppresses spurious ciliation and maintains centrosome cohesion. Screening a number of markers of steps in the ciliation pathway supports a model in which ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 act downstream of TTBK2 and upstream of CP110 to prevent spurious release of CP110 and to regulate ciliary vesicle docking. These data thus provide evidence supporting roles for ELMOD2, Rootletin, and ARL2 in the regulation of ciliary licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Biochemistry, Cell & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Eduardo D Gigante
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz 655099, Germany
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Richard A Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Liu W, Yao D, Huang B. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-503 to upregulate ARL2 expression. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:1-13. [PMID: 33817293 PMCID: PMC7874532 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a huge threat to the health of women worldwide. Long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 gene (PVT1) was proved to be associated with the development of diverse human cancers, including CC. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of PVT1 in CC progression remains unclear. Levels of PVT1, microRNA-503 (miR-503), and ADP ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2) were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or western blot assay. 3-(4,5)-Dimethylthiazole-2-y1)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry were used to examine cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. For migration and invasion detection, transwell assay was performed. The interaction between miR-503 and PVT1 or ARL2 was shown by dual luciferase reporter assay. A nude mouse model was constructed to clarify the role of PVT1 in vivo. PVT1 and ARL2 expressions were increased, whereas miR-503 expression was decreased in CC tissues and cells. PVT1 was a sponge of miR-503, and miR-503 targeted ARL2. PVT1 knockdown suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion of CC cells, which could be largely reverted by miR-503 inhibitor. In addition, upregulated ARL2 could attenuate si-PVT1-mediated anti-proliferation and anti-metastasis effects on CC cells. Silenced PVT1 also inhibited CC tumor growth in vivo. PVT1 knockdown exerted tumor suppressor role in CC progression via the miR-503/ARL2 axis, at least in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hubei General Hospital, No. 99 ZhangZhiDong Street, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
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Vandewalle V, Essaghir A, Bollaert E, Lenglez S, Graux C, Schoemans H, Saussoy P, Michaux L, Valk PJM, Demoulin JB, Havelange V. miR-15a-5p and miR-21-5p contribute to chemoresistance in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukaemia by targeting PDCD4, ARL2 and BTG2. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:575-585. [PMID: 33270982 PMCID: PMC7810923 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine and daunorubicin are old drugs commonly used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Refractory or relapsed disease because of chemotherapy resistance is a major issue. microRNAs (miRNAs) were incriminated in resistance. This study aimed to identify miRNAs involved in chemoresistance in AML patients and to define their target genes. We focused on cytogenetically normal AML patients with wild‐type NPM1 without FLT3‐ITD as the treatment of this subset of patients with intermediate‐risk cytogenetics is not well established. We analysed baseline AML samples by small RNA sequencing and compared the profile of chemoresistant to chemosensitive AML patients. Among the miRNAs significantly overexpressed in chemoresistant patients, we revealed miR‐15a‐5p and miR‐21‐5p as miRNAs with a major role in chemoresistance in AML. We showed that miR‐15a‐5p and miR‐21‐5p overexpression decreased apoptosis induced by cytarabine and/or daunorubicin. PDCD4, ARL2 and BTG2 genes were found to be targeted by miR‐15a‐5p, as well as PDCD4 and BTG2 by miR‐21‐5p. Inhibition experiments of the three target genes reproduced the functional effect of both miRNAs on chemosensitivity. Our study demonstrates that miR‐15a‐5p and miR‐21‐5p are overexpressed in a subgroup of chemoresistant AML patients. Both miRNAs induce chemoresistance by targeting three pro‐apoptotic genes PDCD4, ARL2 and BTG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vandewalle
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Essaghir
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emeline Bollaert
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Lenglez
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Graux
- Department of Hematology, CHU UCL Namur (Godinne site), Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Hélène Schoemans
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pascale Saussoy
- Laboratory of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violaine Havelange
- Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhu J, Wang L, Zhou Y, Hao J, Wang S, Liu L, Li J. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and tumor infiltrating-cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:1381-1398. [PMID: 33457008 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The innovation of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) represents a promising shift in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, response to ICB has varied largely due to the high tumor heterogeneity and complex tumor microenvironment (TME). The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network also plays an important role in tumor occurrence and progression, but its relation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) remains largely unexplored in HCC. The overriding objective of our study was thus to construct a prognosis-related risk model and to further evaluate the relationship between ceRNA networks and TICs. Methods Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed RNAs. Lasso and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to construct risk models, which were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC of ROC) and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves. Then, a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm was adopted to dissect the TICs in HCC samples. Nomograms were constructed and calibration curves were used to verify the discrimination and accuracy of the nomograms. Finally, integration analysis was performed to validate the correlation of ceRNA and TICs. Results In the study, 7 differentially expressed RNAs [5 messenger RNA s (mRNAs) and 2 micro RNAs (miRNAs)] were incorporated to construct a ceRNA risk model. The AUC of the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) were 0.784, 0.685, and 0.691 respectively. Likewise, 7 types TICs were in the TICs signature model and the AUC of the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 0.706, 0.731, and 0.721 respectively. The integration analysis showed that 7 pairs of mRNA-TICs and 1 pair of miRNA-TICs had a close relation (all correlation coefficients >0.2, P<0.001). Conclusions Through constructing two risk models based on ceRNA network and TICs, we identified the hub RNAs and key TICs in the progression and prognosis of HCC, and further explored the relationship between ceRNA and TME. Importantly, targeting these hub RNAs may facilitate the remodeling of the TME and be a potential therapeutic alternative to enhancing the response to ICB, thus improving the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Hao
- Department of Experiment Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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8
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Chen L, Zhang X, Wang S, Lin X, Xu L. Circ_0084927 Facilitates Cervical Cancer Development via Sponging miR-142-3p and Upregulating ARL2. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9271-9283. [PMID: 33061617 PMCID: PMC7532307 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s263596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is a fatal burden for women. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators in cancer development. Our study aimed to investigate the function and action mechanism of a novel circRNA, circ_0084927, in cervical cancer. Methods The expression of circ_0084927, miR-142-3p and ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2) mRNA was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). For functional analyses, cell proliferation was assessed using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell cycle distribution was monitored by flow cytometry assay. Cell migration and cell invasion were evaluated by transwell assay. The interaction between miR-142-3p and circ_0084927 or ARL2 was predicted by the bioinformatics analysis and validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay (RIP) assay. The expression of ARL2 at the protein level was detected by Western blot. Animal tumor formation assay was performed to monitor the tumorigenicity of circ_0084927 in vivo. Results The expression of circ_0084927 and ARL2 was enhanced in cervical cancer tissues and cells, while the expression of miR-142-3p was opposite to them. Circ_0084927 knockdown significantly blocked cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced cell cycle arrest. MiR-142-3p was targeted by circ_0084927, and miR-142-3p inhibition reversed the effects of circ_0084927 knockdown. Besides, miR-142-3p bound to ARL2, and the inhibitory effects of miR-142-3p restoration on cell proliferation, cycle, migration and invasion were counteracted by ARL2 overexpression. More importantly, circ_0084927 upregulated ARL2 expression by sponging miR-142-3p. Circ_0084927 knockdown retarded tumor growth in vivo by regulating miR-142-3p and ARL2. Conclusion Circ_0084927 accelerated the progression of cervical cancer partly by mediating the miR-142-3p/ARL2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
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9
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Sun B, Han Y, Cai H, Huang H, Xuan Y. Long non-coding RNA SNHG3, induced by IL-6/STAT3 transactivation, promotes stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells by regulating the miR-3619-5p/ARL2 axis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 44:179-192. [PMID: 32930970 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is, next to surgery and radiotherapy, the mainstay regimen for the clinical management of gastric cancer. This therapy is, however, heavily compromised by the acquisition of resistance. Here, we aimed to clarify the potential involvement of long non-coding RNA SNGH3 in the acquisition of cisplatin resistance and stemness in gastric cancer. METHODS Cell viability and proliferation were measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays, respectively. Stem cell-like cell growth was evaluated using a mammosphere formation assay. RNA levels of SNHG2, OCT-4, SOX-2, CD44, miR-3619-5p and ARL2 were determined using qRT-PCR, whereas protein levels of OCT-4, SOX-2, CD44, ARL2, STAT3 and pSTAT3 were determined using Western blotting. Dual luciferase reporter assays were employed to interrogate regulatory interactions between STAT3, SNHG3, miR-3619-5p and ARL2, respectively. Direct binding of STAT3 to the SNHG3 promoter was investigated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS We found that IL-6 triggered stem cell-like properties in cisplatin-treated gastric cancer cells and activated STAT3, which in turn transcriptionally regulated SNHG3 expression. SNHG3 expression up-regulation positively correlated with cisplatin resistance and stemness of gastric cancer cells, while SNHG3 down-regulation inhibited stem cell-like properties. In addition, we found that SNHG3 up-regulated ARL2 expression through sponging miR-3619-5p, which predominantly mediated the oncogenic properties of SNHG3 in this disease. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate an involvement of aberrant SNHG3 over-expression in the acquisition of both cisplatin resistance and stemness of gastric cancer cells, and of the IL-6/STAT3/SNHG3/miR-3619-5p/ARL2 signaling cascade in the oncogenic properties of SNHG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dongan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dongan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dongan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dongan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Xuan
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dongan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Casalou C, Ferreira A, Barral DC. The Role of ARF Family Proteins and Their Regulators and Effectors in Cancer Progression: A Therapeutic Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:217. [PMID: 32426352 PMCID: PMC7212444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Adenosine diphosphate-Ribosylation Factor (ARF) family belongs to the RAS superfamily of small GTPases and is involved in a wide variety of physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, motility and differentiation by regulating membrane traffic and associating with the cytoskeleton. Like other members of the RAS superfamily, ARF family proteins are activated by Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and inactivated by GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs). When active, they bind effectors, which mediate downstream functions. Several studies have reported that cancer cells are able to subvert membrane traffic regulators to enhance migration and invasion. Indeed, members of the ARF family, including ARF-Like (ARL) proteins have been implicated in tumorigenesis and progression of several types of cancer. Here, we review the role of ARF family members, their GEFs/GAPs and effectors in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, highlighting the ones that can have a pro-oncogenic behavior or function as tumor suppressors. Moreover, we propose possible mechanisms and approaches to target these proteins, toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to impair tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casalou
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ferreira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Wang Y, Guan G, Cheng W, Jiang Y, Shan F, Wu A, Cheng P, Guo Z. ARL2 overexpression inhibits glioma proliferation and tumorigenicity via down-regulating AXL. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:599. [PMID: 29843637 PMCID: PMC5975491 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with a poor prognosis. As a member of ARF subfamily GTPase, ARL2 plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of microtubules and mitochondrial functions. Recently, ARL2 has been identified as a prognostic and therapeutic target in a variety range of malignant tumors. However, the biological functional role of ARL2 in glioma still remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and functional role of ARL2 in glioma. METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression of ARL2 in glioma samples by using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. The correlation between ARL2 expression and the outcomes of glioma patients was evaluated with survival data from TCGA, CGGA and Rembrandt dataset. Lentiviral technique was used for ARL2 overexpression in U87 and U251 cells. CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing test, transwell invasion assay and in vivo subcutaneous xenograft model were performed to investigated the biological functions of ARL2. RESULTS ARL2 expression was down-regulated in glioma, and was inversely associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Furthermore, exogenous ARL2 overexpression attenuated the growth and colony-formation abilities of glioma cells, as well as their migration and invasive capabilities. Moreover, elevated expression of ARL2 inhibited in vivo tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Mechanistically, ARL2 regulated AXL expression, which was known as an important functional regulator of proliferation and tumorigenicity in glioma cells. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that ARL2 inhibits the proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity of glioma cells by regulating the expression of AXL and may conduct as a new prognostic and therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongze Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Peng R, Men J, Ma R, Wang Q, Wang Y, Sun Y, Ren J. miR-214 down-regulates ARL2 and suppresses growth and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:623-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Francis JW, Turn RE, Newman LE, Schiavon C, Kahn RA. Higher order signaling: ARL2 as regulator of both mitochondrial fusion and microtubule dynamics allows integration of 2 essential cell functions. Small GTPases 2016; 7:188-196. [PMID: 27400436 PMCID: PMC5129891 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1211069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ARL2 is among the most highly conserved proteins, predicted to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, and ubiquitously expressed. Genetic screens in multiple model organisms identified ARL2, and its cytosolic binding partner cofactor D (TBCD), as important in tubulin folding and microtubule dynamics. Both ARL2 and TBCD also localize to centrosomes, making it difficult to dissect these effects. A growing body of evidence also has found roles for ARL2 inside mitochondria, as a regulator of mitochondrial fusion. Other studies have revealed roles for ARL2, in concert with its closest paralog ARL3, in the traffic of farnesylated cargos between membranes and specifically to cilia and photoreceptor cells. Details of each of these signaling processes continue to emerge. We summarize those data here and speculate about the potential for cross-talk or coordination of cell regulation, termed higher order signaling, based upon the use of a common GTPase in disparate cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Francis
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Turn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura E. Newman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara Schiavon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard A. Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chen K, Koe CT, Xing ZB, Tian X, Rossi F, Wang C, Tang Q, Zong W, Hong WJ, Taneja R, Yu F, Gonzalez C, Wu C, Endow S, Wang H. Arl2- and Msps-dependent microtubule growth governs asymmetric division. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:661-76. [PMID: 26953351 PMCID: PMC4792071 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Arl2 governs neuroblast asymmetric cell division through regulation of microtubule growth and localization of Msps to centrosomes. Asymmetric division of neural stem cells is a fundamental strategy to balance their self-renewal and differentiation. It is long thought that microtubules are not essential for cell polarity in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila melanogaster neuroblasts (NBs; neural stem cells). Here, we show that Drosophila ADP ribosylation factor like-2 (Arl2) and Msps, a known microtubule-binding protein, control cell polarity and spindle orientation of NBs. Upon arl2 RNA intereference, Arl2-GDP expression, or arl2 deletions, microtubule abnormalities and asymmetric division defects were observed. Conversely, overactivation of Arl2 leads to microtubule overgrowth and depletion of NBs. Arl2 regulates microtubule growth and asymmetric division through localizing Msps to the centrosomes in NBs. Moreover, Arl2 regulates dynein function and in turn centrosomal localization of D-TACC and Msps. Arl2 physically associates with tubulin cofactors C, D, and E. Arl2 functions together with tubulin-binding cofactor D to control microtubule growth, Msps localization, and NB self-renewal. Therefore, Arl2- and Msps-dependent microtubule growth is a new paradigm regulating asymmetric division of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Chen
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Chwee Tat Koe
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Zhanyuan Benny Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Fabrizio Rossi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cheng Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Quan Tang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Wenhui Zong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Wan Jin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673
| | - Reshma Taneja
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Cayetano Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chunlai Wu
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Sharyn Endow
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456 Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Liangpunsakul S, Lai X, Ross RA, Yu Z, Modlik E, Westerhold C, Heathers L, Paul R, O'Connor S, Crabb DW, Witzmann F. Novel serum biomarkers for detection of excessive alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:556-65. [PMID: 25704570 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Construct interview that correctly identifies those with alcohol use disorder have limitation, especially when the subjects are motivated to minimize the magnitude of drinking behavior. Current laboratory tests to detect excessive alcohol consumption are limited by marginal sensitivity/specificity. Excessive drinking has been shown to affect several organ systems, which may be reflected in changes in quantity of plasma proteins. Our aim was to employ novel proteomic analyses to identify potential markers for excessive alcohol use. METHODS A prospective case-control study included 49 controls and 54 excessive drinkers (discovery cohort). The serum proteomic analyses in these subjects were performed, and the results were tested in the verification cohort (40 controls and 40 excessive drinkers). RESULTS Using the appropriate cutoff and confirmation with ELISA, we identified 4 proteins which were significantly elevated in the serum of excessive drinkers: AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4B (ARID4B), phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase (LCAT), hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (MST1), and ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARL6). The performance of the conventional markers (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], percentage of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin [%CDT], and mean corpuscular volume [MCV]) discriminating between excessive alcohol use and controls had an area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.21 (ALT) to 0.67 (MCV). The AUC of these novel proteins showed the improvement in the detection of excessive drinkers compared to conventional laboratory tests, ranging from 0.73 (for ARID4B) to 0.86 (for ARL6). CONCLUSIONS We have identified 4 novel proteins that can discern subjects with excessive alcohol use. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of these markers to detect excessive alcohol use and confirm abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract
The ARF-like (ARL) proteins, within the ARF family, are a collection of functionally diverse GTPases that share extensive (>40 %) identity with the ARFs and each other and are assumed to share basic mechanisms of regulation and a very incompletely documented degree of overlapping regulators. At least four ARLs were already present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, along with one ARF, and these have been expanded to >20 members in mammals. We know little about the majority of these proteins so our review will focus on those about which the most is known, including ARL1, ARL2, ARL3, ARL4s, ARL6, ARL13s, and ARFRP1. From this fragmentary information we extract some generalizations and conclusions regarding the sources and extent of specificity and functions of the ARLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Wittinghofer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen Germany
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MicroRNA-195 targets ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 to induce apoptosis in human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e695. [PMID: 23807224 PMCID: PMC3702293 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential in cell therapy, drug screening and toxicity testing of neural degenerative diseases. However, the molecular regulation of their proliferation and apoptosis, which needs to be revealed before clinical application, is largely unknown. MicroRNA miR-195 is known to be expressed in the brain and is involved in a variety of proapoptosis or antiapoptosis processes in cancer cells. Here, we defined the proapoptotic role of miR-195 in NPCs derived from two independent hESC lines (human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells, hESC-NPCs). Overexpression of miR-195 in hESC-NPCs induced extensive apoptotic cell death. Consistently, global transcriptional microarray analyses indicated that miR-195 primarily regulated genes associated with apoptosis in hESC-NPCs. Mechanistically, a small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (ARL2) was identified as a direct target of miR-195. Silencing ARL2 in hESC-NPCs provoked an apoptotic phenotype resembling that of miR-195 overexpression, revealing for the first time an essential role of ARL2 for the survival of human NPCs. Moreover, forced expression of ALR2 could abolish the cell number reduction caused by miR-195 overexpression. Interestingly, we found that paraquat, a neurotoxin, not only induced apoptosis but also increased miR-195 and reduced ARL2 expression in hESC-NPCs, indicating the possible involvement of miR-195 and ARL2 in neurotoxin-induced NPC apoptosis. Notably, inhibition of miR-195 family members could block neurotoxin-induced NPC apoptosis. Collectively, miR-195 regulates cell apoptosis in a context-dependent manner through directly targeting ARL2. The finding of the critical role of ARL2 for the survival of human NPCs and association of miR-195 and ARL2 with neurotoxin-induced apoptosis have important implications for understanding molecular mechanisms that control NPC survival and would facilitate our manipulation of the neurological pathogenesis.
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18
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Abstract
The Arf-like (Arl) small GTPases have a diverse range of functions in the eukaryotic cell. Metazoan Arl2 acts as a regulator of microtubule biogenesis, binding to the tubulin-specific chaperone cofactor D. Arl2 also has a mitochondrial function through its interactions with BART and ANT-1, the only member of the Ras superfamily to be found in this organelle to date. In the present study, we describe characterization of the Arl2 orthologue in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Modulation of TbARL2 expression in bloodstream form parasites by RNA interference (RNAi) causes inhibition of cleavage furrow formation, resulting in a severe defect in cytokinesis and the accumulation of multinucleated cells. RNAi of TbARL2 also results in loss of acetylated alpha-tubulin but not of total -tubulin from cellular microtubules. While overexpression of TbARL2(myc) also leads to a defect in cytokinesis, an excess of untagged protein has no effect on cell division, demonstrating the importance of the extreme C-terminus in correct function. TbARL2 overexpressing cells (either myc-tagged or untagged) have an increase in acetylated -tubulin. Our data indicate that Arl2 has a fundamentally conserved role in trypanosome microtubule biogenesis that correlates with -tubulin acetylation.
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Hernandez-Verdun D, Roussel P, Thiry M, Sirri V, Lafontaine DLJ. The nucleolus: structure/function relationship in RNA metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2010; 1:415-31. [PMID: 21956940 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the ribosome factory of the cells. This is the nuclear domain where ribosomal RNAs are synthesized, processed, and assembled with ribosomal proteins. Here we describe the classical tripartite organization of the nucleolus in mammals, reflecting ribosomal gene transcription and pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing efficiency: fibrillar center, dense fibrillar component, and granular component. We review the nucleolar organization across evolution from the bipartite organization in yeast to the tripartite organization in humans. We discuss the basic principles of nucleolar assembly and nucleolar structure/function relationship in RNA metabolism. The control of nucleolar assembly is presented as well as the role of pre-existing machineries and pre-rRNAs inherited from the previous cell cycle. In addition, nucleoli carry many essential extra ribosomal functions and are closely linked to cellular homeostasis and human health. The last part of this review presents recent advances in nucleolar dysfunctions in human pathology such as cancer and virus infections that modify the nucleolar organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Hernandez-Verdun
- Nuclei and cell cycle, Institut Jacques Monod-UMR 7592 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France.
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Simon B, Debailleul M, Beghin A, Tourneur Y, Haeberlé O. High-resolution tomographic diffractive microscopy of biological samples. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:462-467. [PMID: 20209580 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The authors have developed a tomographic diffractive microscope that combines microholography with illumination from an angular synthetic aperture. It images specimens relative to their complex index of refraction distribution (index and absorption) and permits imaging of unlabelled specimens, with high lateral resolution. The authors now study its use for biological applications, and imaged several preparations with fluorescence confocal microscopy and tomographic diffractive microscopy. The results highlight some interesting features of this instrument, which should attract the interest of biologists for this new technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Simon
- Laboratoire MIPS-EA2332, Université de Haute-Alsace, IUT Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France
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Hage-Sleiman R, Herveau S, Matera EL, Laurier JF, Dumontet C. Tubulin binding cofactor C (TBCC) suppresses tumor growth and enhances chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:135. [PMID: 20384997 PMCID: PMC2859754 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microtubules are considered major therapeutic targets in patients with breast cancer. In spite of their essential role in biological functions including cell motility, cell division and intracellular transport, microtubules have not yet been considered as critical actors influencing tumor cell aggressivity. To evaluate the impact of microtubule mass and dynamics on the phenotype and sensitivity of breast cancer cells, we have targeted tubulin binding cofactor C (TBCC), a crucial protein for the proper folding of α and β tubulins into polymerization-competent tubulin heterodimers. Methods We developed variants of human breast cancer cells with increased content of TBCC. Analysis of proliferation, cell cycle distribution and mitotic durations were assayed to investigate the influence of TBCC on the cell phenotype. In vivo growth of tumors was monitored in mice xenografted with breast cancer cells. The microtubule dynamics and the different fractions of tubulins were studied by time-lapse microscopy and lysate fractionation, respectively. In vitro sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents was studied by flow cytometry. In vivo chemosensitivity was assayed by treatment of mice implanted with tumor cells. Results TBCC overexpression influenced tubulin fraction distribution, with higher content of nonpolymerizable tubulins and lower content of polymerizable dimers and microtubules. Microtubule dynamicity was reduced in cells overexpressing TBCC. Cell cycle distribution was altered in cells containing larger amounts of TBCC with higher percentage of cells in G2-M phase and lower percentage in S-phase, along with slower passage into mitosis. While increased content of TBCC had little effect on cell proliferation in vitro, we observed a significant delay in tumor growth with respect to controls when TBCC overexpressing cells were implanted as xenografts in vivo. TBCC overexpressing variants displayed enhanced sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents both in vitro and in xenografts. Conclusion These results underline the essential role of fine tuned regulation of tubulin content in tumor cells and the major impact of dysregulation of tubulin dimer content on tumor cell phenotype and response to chemotherapy. A better understanding of how the microtubule cytoskeleton is dysregulated in cancer cells would greatly contribute to a better understanding of tumor cell biology and characterisation of resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Hage-Sleiman
- Inserm U590, Laboratoire de Cytologie Analytique, Université Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France.
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