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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), categorized as ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), or IBD-undetermined (IBDU), are increasing in incidence. IBD is understood to result from environmental factors interacting with a pre-existing genetic susceptibility. Approximately 1% of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are diagnosed before the age of 6 years, designated as very-early-onset IBD (VEOIBD). This cohort of patients is distinguished from other age groups by differences in disease phenotype and by a higher burden of genetic mutations. Recent studies have linked mutations in NADPH oxidase function to VEOIBD and even pediatric IBD. Loss-of-function NOX2 variants expressed in phagocytes and NOX1/DUOX2 variants expressed in intestinal epithelial cells have been associated with VEOIBD and pediatric and adult IBD in patients. Cell and animal studies suggest a protective role for these reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes in intestinal homeostasis-a paradigm that challenges the conventional concept that only increased ROS result in cell and tissue damage. Examining the role of NADPH oxidases in VEOIBD may improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and will uncover new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stenke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Billy Bourke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Xie X, Ni Q, Zhou D, Wan Y. Rab32-related antimicrobial pathway is involved in the progression of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1658-1668. [PMID: 30338217 PMCID: PMC6168699 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease involving defective immune responses against invasive microbiota. Genes associated with innate immune responses to microbes have been highlighted in the pathogenesis of IBD. To determine the role of Rab32 in the pathogenesis of IBD, we administered dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to CD11c+ cell-specific Rab32 knockout (CD11c-Cre+Rab32f/f) mice to induce colitis. Rab32 deficiency in CD11c+ cells resulted in more severe disease progression and increased mortality. Histopathological analysis showed extensive damage to the colon mucosa in DSS-treated CD11c-Cre+Rab32f/f mice, including more severe damage to the epithelial layer and crypts, as well as more inflammatory cell infiltration. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1A, IL1B, IL6, and CSF3 and chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 were significantly increased, and the frequency of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils was higher in CD11c-Cre+Rab32f/f colitis mice. Furthermore, CD11c+ cells deficient for Rab32 exhibited a significant increase in bacterial translocation in inflamed colon tissue. The present data demonstrate that Rab32 knockout in CD11c+ cells aggravates the development of DSS-induced colitis and suggest that the Rab32-related antimicrobial pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- Biomedical Analysis Center Army Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics China
| | - Qingshan Ni
- Biomedical Analysis Center Army Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics China
| | - Daxue Zhou
- Biomedical Analysis Center Army Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center Army Medical University Chongqing China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cytomics China
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3
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Cheshmehkani A, Senatorov IS, Dhuguru J, Ghoneim O, Moniri NH. Free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) modulates ROS generation and COX-2 expression via the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in Raw 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:139-150. [PMID: 28943238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Agonism of the G protein-coupled free-fatty acid receptor-4 (FFA4) has been shown to promote numerous anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages that arise due to interaction with β-arrestin partner proteins. Humans express functionally distinct short and long FFA4 splice variants, such that FFA4-S signals through Gαq/11 and β-arrestin, while FFA4-L is intrinsically biased solely towards β-arrestin signaling. Recently, we and others have shown that phosphorylation of the FFA4 C-terminal tail is responsible for β-arrestin interactability and signaling. Given the significance of β-arrestin in the anti-inflammatory function of FFA4, the goal of this study was to examine the role of the C-terminal β-arrestin phosphosensor in FFA4 signaling induced by PMA and LPS in murine Raw 264.7 macrophages. Our data reveal for the first time that both FFA4 isoforms modulate PMA-induced ROS generation, and that abolishment of the FFA4-S, but not FFA4-L C-terminal phosphosensor, is detrimental to this effect. Furthermore, we show that while both isoforms reduce PMA-induced expression of COX-2, removal of the FFA4-S phosphosensor significantly decreases this response, suggesting that these effects of FFA4-S are β-arrestin mediated. On the contrary, FFA4-S, as well as the truncated C-terminal congener lacking the β-arrestin phosphosensor were both able to reduce LPS-induced NF-κB activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. However, FFA4-L and its corresponding mutant were incapable of modulating either, suggesting that these responses are mediated by G protein coupling. Taken together, our data reveal important structure-function and signaling differences between the two FFA4 isoforms, and for the first time link FFA4 to modulation of ROS in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Cheshmehkani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ilya S Senatorov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Jyothi Dhuguru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Ola Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Nader H Moniri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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4
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RNY (YRNA)-derived small RNAs regulate cell death and inflammation in monocytes/macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2530. [PMID: 28055017 PMCID: PMC5386355 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of new classes of small RNAs has opened unknown territories to explore new regulations of physiopathological events. We have recently demonstrated that RNY (or Y RNA)-derived small RNAs (referred to as s-RNYs) are an independent class of clinical biomarkers to detect coronary artery lesions and are associated with atherosclerosis burden. Here, we have studied the role of s-RNYs in human and mouse monocytes/macrophages and have shown that in lipid-laden monocytes/macrophages s-RNY expression is timely correlated to the activation of both NF-κB and caspase 3-dependent cell death pathways. Loss- or gain-of-function experiments demonstrated that s-RNYs activate caspase 3 and NF-κB signaling pathways ultimately promoting cell death and inflammatory responses. As, in atherosclerosis, Ro60-associated s-RNYs generated by apoptotic macrophages are released in the blood of patients, we have investigated the extracellular function of the s-RNY/Ro60 complex. Our data demonstrated that s-RNY/Ro60 complex induces caspase 3-dependent cell death and NF-κB-dependent inflammation, when added to the medium of cultured monocytes/macrophages. Finally, we have shown that s-RNY function is mediated by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Indeed using chloroquine, which disrupts signaling of endosome-localized TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9 or the more specific TLR7/9 antagonist, the phosphorothioated oligonucleotide IRS954, we blocked the effect of either intracellular or extracellular s-RNYs. These results position s-RNYs as relevant novel functional molecules that impacts on macrophage physiopathology, indicating their potential role as mediators of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
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5
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Elliott TR, Hudspith BN, Rayment NB, Prescott NJ, Petrovska L, Hermon-Taylor J, Brostoff J, Boussioutas A, Mathew CG, Sanderson JD. Defective macrophage handling of Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1265-74. [PMID: 25809337 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Escherichia coli can be isolated from lamina propria macrophages in Crohn's disease (CD), and their intramacrophage persistence may provide a stimulus for inflammation. To further determine the contributions of macrophage dysfunction and E. coli pathogenicity to this, we aimed to compare in vitro functioning of macrophages from patients with CD and healthy controls (HC) in response to infection with CD-derived adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) and less pathogenic E. coli strains. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured from patients with CD and HC. Intramacrophage survival of E. coli strains (CD-derived adherent-invasive [AI] and non-AI strains and laboratory strain K-12) was compared. Macrophage cytokine release (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]-23, IL-8 and IL-10) and monocyte phagoctyosis and respiratory burst function were measured after E. coli infection. For CD patients, laboratory data were correlated with clinical phenotype, use of immunomodulation, and CD risk alleles (NOD2, IL-23R, ATG16L1 and IRGM). RESULTS Attenuated TNFα and IL-23 release from CD macrophages was found after infection with all E. coli strains. There was prolonged survival of CD-derived AIEC, CD-derived non-AIEC and E. coli K-12 in macrophages from CD patients compared to within those from HC. No abnormality of monocyte phagocytosis or respiratory burst function was detected in CD. Macrophage dysfunction in CD was not influenced by phenotype, use of immunomodulation or genotype. CONCLUSIONS CD macrophage responses to infection with E. coli are deficient, regardless of clinical phenotype, CD genotype or E. coli pathogenicity. This suggests host immunodeficiency is an important contributor to intramacrophage E. coli persistence in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Elliott
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - B N Hudspith
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N B Rayment
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N J Prescott
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital London, London, UK
| | - L Petrovska
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Hermon-Taylor
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Brostoff
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Boussioutas
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C G Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital London, London, UK
| | - J D Sanderson
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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6
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de Vallière C, Wang Y, Eloranta JJ, Vidal S, Clay I, Spalinger MR, Tcymbarevich I, Terhalle A, Ludwig MG, Suply T, Fried M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Frey-Wagner I, Scharl M, Seuwen K, Wagner CA, Rogler G. G Protein-coupled pH-sensing Receptor OGR1 Is a Regulator of Intestinal Inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1269-81. [PMID: 25856770 PMCID: PMC4450952 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel family of proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors, including OGR1, GPR4, and TDAG8, was identified to be important for physiological pH homeostasis and inflammation. Thus, we determined the function of proton-sensing OGR1 in the intestinal mucosa. MTEHODS OGR1 expression in colonic tissues was investigated in controls and patients with IBD. Expression of OGR1 upon cell activation was studied in the Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cell line and primary human and murine monocytes by real-time PCR. Ogr1 knockout mice were crossbred with Il-10 deficient mice and studied for more than 200 days. Microarray profiling was performed using Ogr1 and Ogr1 (WT) residential peritoneal macrophages. RESULTS Patients with IBD expressed higher levels of OGR1 in the mucosa than non-IBD controls. Treatment of MM6 cells with TNF, led to significant upregulation of OGR1 expression, which could be reversed by the presence of NF-κB inhibitors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a significantly delayed onset and progression of rectal prolapse in female Ogr1/Il-10 mice. These mice displayed significantly less rectal prolapses. Upregulation of gene expression, mediated by OGR1, in response to extracellular acidification in mouse macrophages was enriched for inflammation and immune response, actin cytoskeleton, and cell-adhesion gene pathways. CONCLUSIONS OGR1 expression is induced in cells of human macrophage lineage and primary human monocytes by TNF. NF-κB inhibition reverses the induction of OGR1 expression by TNF. OGR1 deficiency protects from spontaneous inflammation in the Il-10 knockout model. Our data indicate a pathophysiological role for pH-sensing receptor OGR1 during the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl de Vallière
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jyrki J. Eloranta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and
| | - Solange Vidal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ieuan Clay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R. Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Tcymbarevich
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Terhalle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Suply
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Frey-Wagner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Kim J, Kim S, Jeon S, Hui Z, Kim Y, Im Y, Lim W, Kim C, Choi H, Kim O. Anti-inflammatory effects of zinc in PMA-treated human gingival fibroblast cells. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e180-7. [PMID: 25662537 PMCID: PMC4393980 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormal cellular immune response has been considered to be responsible for oral lesions in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Zinc has been known to be an essential nutrient metal that is necessary for a broad range of biological activities including antioxidant, immune mediator, and anti-inflammatory drugs in oral mucosal disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc in a phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-treated inflammatory model on human gingival fibroblast cells (hGFs). STUDY DESIGN Cells were pre-treated with zinc chloride, followed by PMA in hGFs. The effects were assessed on cell viability, cyclooxygenease-1,2(COX-1,2) protein expression, PGE2 release, ROS production and cytokine release, Results: The effects were assessed on cell viability, COX1/2 protein expression, PGE2 release, ROS production, cytokine release. The results showed that, in the presence of PMA, zinc treatment leads to reduce the production of ROS, which results in decrease of COX-2 expression and PGE2 release. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we suggest that zinc treatment leads to the mitigation of oral inflammation and may prove to be an alternative treatment for recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental Science Research Institute and Medical Research, Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Bug-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea,
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Palmer CD, Ninković J, Prokopowicz ZM, Mancuso CJ, Marin A, Andrianov AK, Dowling DJ, Levy O. The effect of stable macromolecular complexes of ionic polyphosphazene on HIV Gag antigen and on activation of human dendritic cells and presentation to T-cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8876-8886. [PMID: 25023392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonates and infants are susceptible to infection due to distinct immune responses in early life. Therefore, development of vaccine formulation and delivery systems capable of activating human newborn leukocytes is of global health importance. Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP) belongs to a family of ionic synthetic polyphosphazene polyelectrolyte compounds that can form non-covalent interactions with protein antigens and demonstrate adjuvant activity in animals and in human clinical trials. However, little is known about their ability to activate human immune cells. In this study, we characterized the effects of PCPP alone or in combination with a model antigen (recombinant HIV-Gag (Gag)), on the maturation, activation and antigen presentation by human adult and newborn dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. PCPP treatment induced DC activation as assessed by upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Studies benchmarking PCPP to Alum, the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, demonstrated that both triggered cell death and release of danger signals in adult and newborn DCs. When complexed with Gag antigen, PCPP maintained its immunostimulatory characteristics while permitting internalization and presentation of Gag by DCs to HIV-Gag-specific CD4(+) T cell clones. The PCPP vaccine formulation outlined here has intrinsic adjuvant activity, can facilitate effective delivery of antigen to DCs, and may be advantageous for induction of beneficial T cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, polyphosphazenes can further reduce cost of vaccine production and distribution through their dose-sparing and antigen-stabilizing properties, thus potentially eliminating the need for cold chain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Palmer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana Ninković
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zofia M Prokopowicz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David J Dowling
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Dias CB, Milanski M, Portovedo M, Horita V, Ayrizono MDLS, Planell N, Coy CSR, Velloso LA, Meirelles LR, Leal RF. Defective apoptosis in intestinal and mesenteric adipose tissue of Crohn's disease patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98547. [PMID: 24887376 PMCID: PMC4041748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with complex pathogenic pathways involving defects in apoptosis mechanisms. Recently, mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) has been associated with CD ethiopathology, since adipose thickening is detected close to the affected intestinal area. However, the potential role of altered apoptosis in MAT of CD has not been addressed. AIMS To evaluate apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa and MAT of patients with CD. METHODS Samples of intestinal mucosa and MAT from patients with ileocecal CD and from non-inflammatory bowel diseases patients (controls) were studied. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay and correlated with the adipocytes histological morphometric analysis. The transcriptional and protein analysis of selected genes and proteins related to apoptosis were determined. RESULTS TUNEL assay showed fewer apoptotic cells in CD, when compared to the control groups, both in the intestinal mucosa and in MAT. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) correlated significantly with the area and perimeter of the adipose cells in MAT. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveal a significantly lower transcript and protein levels of Bax in the intestinal mucosa of CD, compared to the controls; low protein levels of Bax were found localized in the lamina propria and not in the epithelium of this tissue. Furthermore, higher level of Bcl-2 and low level of Caspase 3 were seen in the MAT of CD patients. CONCLUSION The defective apoptosis in MAT may explain the singular morphological characteristics of this tissue in CD, which may be implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene Bicca Dias
- Coloproctology Unit, Surgery Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Internal Medicine Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Doctoral CAPES fellowship, Post graduate Program in Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medical School, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Internal Medicine Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Portovedo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Internal Medicine Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Horita
- Department of Pathology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Núria Planell
- Department of Gastroenterology and Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy
- Coloproctology Unit, Surgery Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício Augusto Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Internal Medicine Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Franco Leal
- Coloproctology Unit, Surgery Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Internal Medicine Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
In the healthy gastrointestinal tract, homeostasis is an active process that requires a careful balance of host responses to the enteric luminal contents. Intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a unique group of tissue immune cells that are ideally situated at the interface of the host and the enteric luminal environment to appropriately respond to microbes and ingested stimuli. However, intrinsic defects in macrophage and DC function contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, as highlighted by recent genome-wide association studies. Gastrointestinal macrophages and DCs participate in inflammatory bowel disease development through inappropriate responses to enteric microbial stimuli, inefficient clearance of microbes from host tissues, and impaired transition from appropriate proinflammatory responses to anti-inflammatory responses that promote resolution. By understanding how intestinal macrophages and DCs initiate chronic inflammation, new pathogenesis-based therapeutic strategies to treat human inflammatory bowel diseases will be elucidated.
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11
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Alipour M, Lou Y, Zimmerman D, Bording-Jorgensen MW, Sergi C, Liu JJ, Wine E. A balanced IL-1β activity is required for host response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80656. [PMID: 24312491 PMCID: PMC3846666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial sensing plays essential roles in the innate immune response to pathogens. In particular, NLRP3 forms a multiprotein inflammasome complex responsible for the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β. Our aim was to delineate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, and the contribution of IL-1β to the host defense against Citrobacter rodentium acute infection in mice. Nlrp3−/− and background C57BL/6 (WT) mice were infected by orogastric gavage, received IL-1β (0.5 µg/mouse; ip) on 0, 2, and 4 days post-infection (DPI), and assessed on 6 and 10 DPI. Infected Nlrp3−/− mice developed severe colitis; IL-1β treatments reduced colonization, abrogated dissemination of bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, and protected epithelial integrity of infected Nlrp3−/− mice. In contrast, IL-1β treatments of WT mice had an opposite effect with increased penetration of bacteria and barrier disruption. Microscopy showed reduced damage in Nlrp3−/− mice, and increased severity of disease in WT mice with IL-1β treatments, in particular on 10 DPI. Secretion of some pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines was dissipated in Nlrp3−/− compared to WT mice. IL-1β treatments elevated macrophage infiltration into infected crypts in Nlrp3−/− mice, suggesting that IL-1β may improve macrophage function, as exogenous administration of IL-1β increased phagocytosis of C. rodentium by peritoneal Nlrp3−/− macrophages in vitro. As well, the exogenous administration of IL-1β to WT peritoneal macrophages damaged the epithelial barrier of C. rodentium-infected polarized CMT-93 cells. Treatment of Nlrp3−/− mice with IL-1β seems to confer protection against C. rodentium infection by reducing colonization, protecting epithelial integrity, and improving macrophage activity, while extraneous IL-1β appeared to be detrimental to WT mice. Together, these findings highlight the importance of balanced cytokine responses as IL-1β improved bacterial clearance in Nlrp3−/− mice but increased tissue damage when given to WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misagh Alipour
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael W. Bording-Jorgensen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia J. Liu
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Reduction of CD68+ macrophages and decreased IL-17 expression in intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease strongly correlate with endoscopic response and mucosal healing following infliximab therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:729-39. [PMID: 23448791 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e318280292b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against tumor necrosis factor represent an effective therapy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Despite their successful results, the exact mechanism by which infliximab suppresses intestinal inflammation is still a matter of debate. In this study, we used a translational approach to identify the key mechanisms associated with resolution of mucosal inflammation induced by infliximab. METHODS A total of 16 patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (9 with Crohn's disease and 7 with ulcerative colitis) and 16 controls were enrolled in the study. Patients received infliximab infusions at 0, 2, and 6 weeks. At enrollment and at week 6, patients underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, and biopsies were taken from the sigmoid colon. RNA was extracted, and mucosal expression of 96 immune-related genes was evaluated by qRT-PCR and confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy on tissue. Correlation between infliximab-induced gene expression modulation and endoscopic response to therapy was calculated. Lamina propria mononuclear cell apoptosis induced by infliximab was evaluated on tissue sections by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. RESULTS We found that infliximab-induced downregulation of macrophage and Th17 pathway genes was significantly associated with both endoscopic response to the therapy and achievement of mucosal healing. Importantly, the observed reduction of lamina propria CD68 macrophages was associated with an increased rate of macrophage apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The 2 mechanisms associated with infliximab-induced resolution of intestinal inflammation are the reduction of lamina propria infiltrating CD68 macrophages and the downregulation of interleukin 17A. Moreover, the data suggest that infliximab-induced macrophage apoptosis may represent a key mechanism for the therapeutic success of anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies.
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Sewell GW, Hannun YA, Han X, Koster G, Bielawski J, Goss V, Smith PJ, Rahman FZ, Vega R, Bloom SL, Walker AP, Postle AD, Segal AW. Lipidomic profiling in Crohn's disease: abnormalities in phosphatidylinositols, with preservation of ceramide, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine composition. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1839-46. [PMID: 22728312 PMCID: PMC3778899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition largely affecting the terminal ileum and large bowel. A contributing cause is the failure of an adequate acute inflammatory response as a result of impaired secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. This defective secretion arises from aberrant vesicle trafficking, misdirecting the cytokines to lysosomal degradation. Aberrant intestinal permeability is also well-established in Crohn's disease. Both the disordered vesicle trafficking and increased bowel permeability could result from abnormal lipid composition. We thus measured the sphingo- and phospholipid composition of macrophages, using mass spectrometry and stable isotope labelling approaches. Stimulation of macrophages with heat-killed Escherichia coli resulted in three main changes; a significant reduction in the amount of individual ceramide species, an altered composition of phosphatidylcholine, and an increased rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in macrophages. These changes were observed in macrophages from both healthy control individuals and patients with Crohn's disease. The only difference detected between control and Crohn's disease macrophages was a reduced proportion of newly-synthesised phosphatidylinositol 16:0/18:1 over a defined time period. Shotgun lipidomics analysis of macroscopically non-inflamed ileal biopsies showed a significant decrease in this same lipid species with overall preservation of sphingolipid, phospholipid and cholesterol composition.
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Key Words
- cct, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase
- cd, crohn's disease
- gwas, genome-wide association study
- hc, healthycontrol
- hkec, heat-killed escherichia coli
- pa, phosphatidic acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- crohn's disease
- macrophage
- lipids
- ceramide
- sphingolipid
- phospholipid
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W. Sewell
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Grielof Koster
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Victoria Goss
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Smith
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farooq Z. Rahman
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roser Vega
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart L. Bloom
- Department of Gastroenterology, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ann P. Walker
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D. Postle
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 803, South Block, Tremona Road, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London, United Kingdom
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Tano JY, Smedlund K, Lee R, Abramowitz J, Birnbaumer L, Vazquez G. Impairment of survival signaling and efferocytosis in TRPC3-deficient macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:643-7. [PMID: 21684255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that in macrophages proper operation of the survival pathways phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) has an obligatory requirement for constitutive, non-regulated Ca(2+) influx. In the present work we examined if Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (TRPC3), a member of the TRPC family of Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels, contributes to the constitutive Ca(2+) influx that supports macrophage survival. We used bone marrow-derived macrophages obtained from TRPC3(-/-) mice to determine the activation status of survival signaling pathways, apoptosis and their efferocytic properties. Treatment of TRPC3(+/+) macrophages with the pro-apoptotic cytokine TNFα induced time-dependent phosphorylation of IκBα, AKT and BAD, and this was drastically reduced in TRPC3(-/-) macrophages. Compared to TRPC3(+/+) cells TRPC3(-/-) macrophages exhibited reduced constitutive cation influx, increased apoptosis and impaired efferocytosis. The present findings suggest that macrophage TRPC3, presumably through its constitutive function, contributes to survival signaling and efferocytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Tano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Av, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Palmer CD, Mancuso CJ, Weiss JP, Serhan CN, Guinan EC, Levy O. 17(R)-Resolvin D1 differentially regulates TLR4-mediated responses of primary human macrophages to purified LPS and live E. coli. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:459-70. [PMID: 21653234 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection and clearance of bacterial infection require balanced effector and resolution signals to avoid chronic inflammation. Detection of GNB LPS by TLR4 on m induces inflammatory responses, contributing to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. LXs and Rvs are endogenous lipid mediators that enhance resolution of inflammation, and their actions on primary human m responses toward GNB are largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that LXA(4), LXB(4), and RvD1, tested at 0.1-1 μM, inhibited LPS-induced TNF production from primary human m, with ATL and 17(R)-RvD1, demonstrating potent inhibition at 0.1 μM. In addition, 17(R)-RvD1 inhibited LPS-induced primary human m production of IL-7, IL-12p70, GM-CSF, IL-8, CCL2, and MIP-1α without reducing that of IL-6 or IL-10. Remarkably, when stimulated with live Escherichia coli, m treated with 17(R)-RvD1 demonstrated increased TNF production and enhanced internalization and killing of the bacteria. 17(R)-RvD1-enhanced TNF, internalization, and killing were not evident for an lpxM mutant of E. coli expressing hypoacylated LPS with reduced inflammatory activity. Furthermore, 17(R)-RvD1-enhanced, E. coli-induced TNF production was evident in WT but not TLR4-deficient murine m. Thus, Rvs differentially modulate primary human m responses to E. coli in an LPS- and TLR4-dependent manner, such that this Rv could promote resolution of GNB/LPS-driven inflammation by reducing m proinflammatory responses to isolated LPS and increasing m responses important for clearance of infection.
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Tommasini A, Pirrone A, Palla G, Taddio A, Martelossi S, Crovella S, Ventura A. The universe of immune deficiencies in Crohn's disease: a new viewpoint for an old disease? Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:1141-9. [PMID: 20497046 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.492529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is generally considered a multifactorial disorder, since different genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. Recently, genome wide linkage studies allowed to identify the association of several loci with the increased risk of CD, although it is still unclear how they interact with environmental factors in causing the disease. The fact that many CD-risk-related genes are involved in the function of phagocytes seems in agreement with the well known role of these cells in CD histopathology. Functional defects in cytokine production or in clearance of bacteria in CD patients have recently been reported. Growing evidence that CD could arise from primary phagocyte immunodeficiency is also coming from the study of cases with early onset in infancy. We review such evidences starting from selected cases and discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) has widely been regarded as the consequence of a dysregulated T-cell-mediated response to intestinal microbes, and the majority of the worldwide research effort has focused on characterizing and treating the chronic inflammatory phase of the disease. However, recent molecular biological and clinical investigations indicate that CD is actually a primary immunodeficiency. At first counter-intuitive, the apparent paradox of a pathogenic innate immune defect can be linked mechanistically to the granulomatous chronic inflammation characteristic of the disease. Genome-wide association studies have corroborated the involvement of innate immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CD, but less than 20% of the heritable risk is accounted for. By contrast, in vitro and in vivo stimulation of the immune system has highlighted novel areas of interest that may lead to the development of targeted therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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