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Ajani AA, Olanrewaju FO, Enitan A, Fabusuyi O, Oripelaye M, Oninla OA, Olasode O. A Retrospective Review of Chronic Non-Communicable Dermatoses Among Older Adults at a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Southwestern Nigeria. Dermatol Pract Concept 2023; 13:dpc.1304a262. [PMID: 37992368 PMCID: PMC10656169 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1304a262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is a ubiquitous human trait that predisposes older persons to chronic diseases. Compared with systemic non-communicable diseases, a significant gap exists in literature on the burden of non-communicable dermatoses (NCDs) amongst older adults particularly in low and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to document the epidemiology and clinical pattern of non-communicable skin diseases among older adults at a tertiary healthcare facility in Southwestern Nigeria. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of ambulant adults aged ≥60 years referred for dermatological care at a teaching hospital in ile-ife, South-Western Nigeria between February 2017 and February 2022. The frequency and pattern of NCDs were recorded for descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS 20 statistics software. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS A total 553 medical records were reviewed with a female: male ratio of 1.3:1 The mean age of the study population was 68.85 ±7.87. Six out of every 10 patients (60.6%) had at least one chronic NCD. The incidence of chronic NCDs declined with increasing age. Chronic eczemas (22.4%), pigmentary dermatoses (9.4%) and skin tumors (8.7%) were the most frequent chronic non-communicable dermatoses recorded. Older males had a significantly higher incidence of chronic eczemas while chronic urticarias and skin tumors demonstrated significant female preponderance. CONCLUSIONS There is a high burden of chronic NCDs with significant gender disparities among older adults with skin problems in Nigeria. Pre-emptive planning and resource allocation towards specialist geriatric-dermatology services are needed to address skin-health needs of the growing geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke Arinola Ajani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Ademola Enitan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olufikemi Fabusuyi
- Department of Medicine, University of Medical Science Teaching Hospital Complex, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Mufutau Oripelaye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Olayinka Olasode
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Mauro T, Bikle D. Skin and bone crosstalk during aging. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:874-875. [PMID: 37118286 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Cui Z, Zeng Q, Guo Y, Liu S, Wang P, Xie M, Chen J. Pathological molecular mechanism of symptomatic late-onset Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy by bioinformatic analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197750. [PMID: 29787599 PMCID: PMC5963778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a degenerative disease characterized by corneal endothelial decompensation. FECD causes corneal stromal and epithelial edema and progressively develops into bullous keratopathy, which can eventually lead to blindness. However, the exact pathogenesis is unknown. In this study, we performed an in-depth bioinformatic analysis of the dataset GSE74123 to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of symptomatic late-onset FECD compared with a normal control. Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis were used to analyze the pathological molecular mechanism of FECD. We found that cell senescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS), the extracellular matrix (ECM), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune response-related genes play an important role in the pathological development of symptomatic late-onset FECD. In addition, we revealed that down-regulated IL-6, enhanced NF-κB activity and a suite of orchestrated chemokine responses induce fibrocyte differentiation from monocyte to dendritic cell maturation. PI3K plays a key role in the molecular mechanism of symptomatic late-onset FECD. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of FECD pathogenesis and will improve the diagnostics and therapy of FECD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Cui
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qiaolang Zeng
- The Department of Ophthalmology, the First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yonglong Guo
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, the First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, the First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Educational Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- The Department of Ophthalmology, the First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The epithelium has many critical roles in homeostasis, including an essential responsibility in establishing tissue barriers. In addition to the fundamental role in separating internal from external environment, epithelial barriers maintain nutrient, fluid, electrolyte and metabolic waste balance in multiple organs. While, by definition, barrier function is conserved, the structure of the epithelium varies across organs. For example, the skin barrier is a squamous layer of cells with distinct structural features, while the lung barrier is composed of a very thin single cell to minimize diffusion space. With the increased focus on age-dependent alterations in organ structure and function, there is an emerging interest in the impact of age on epithelial barriers. This review will focus on the impact of aging on the epithelial barrier of several organs, including the skin, lung, gastrointestinal tract and the kidney, at a structural and functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Parrish
- a Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology , School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia , MO , USA
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Tokumasu R, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Time- and dose-dependent claudin contribution to biological functions: Lessons from claudin-1 in skin. Tissue Barriers 2017. [PMID: 28650689 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1336194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many types of biologic compartments in the body. Tight junctions (TJs) function to create a dynamic paracellular barrier to separate these compartments and maintain homeostasis. The TJ component claudin-1 is the major transmembrane protein responsible for forming the paracellular barrier in the epidermis; other claudins in the epidermis include claudin-3, -4, -12, -23 and -25. Accumulating evidence points to a relationship between claudin-1 and skin diseases; for example, a decrease in claudin-1 is reported in human atopic dermatitis. However, how claudin-1 directly or indirectly contributes to disease in the context of the paracellular barrier is poorly understood. We recently established several mouse lines in which the claudin-1 expression was systematically regulated, and showed that claudin-1 time- and dose-dependently regulates epidermis function and disease in vivo. In this commentary, we will discuss recent progress on this topic, including our latest findings, and remaining or newly arisen issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reitaro Tokumasu
- a Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- a Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- a Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka , Japan
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Bäsler K, Brandner JM. Tight junctions in skin inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kumari V, Timm K, Kühl AA, Heine G, Worm M. Impact of systemic alitretinoin treatment on skin barrier gene and protein expression in patients with chronic hand eczema. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:1243-1250. [PMID: 27480504 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a common inflammatory skin disease that affects approximately 10% of the population. Systemic alitretinoin has been shown to be effective in patients with CHE who are refractory to topical corticosteroids. OBJECTIVES To analyse the impact of alitretinoin on the skin barrier genes and protein expression in the skin lesions of patients with CHE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen patients with CHE were treated with 30 mg daily of alitretinoin for up to 27 weeks. Disease severity was assessed using a clinical score. Skin biopsies from all the patients were evaluated before and after therapy for the expression of Ki-67, various skin barrier genes and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After alitretinoin application, an improvement in the clinical severity of CHE was observed in the majority of patients. Analysis of skin biopsies before treatment showed a significant increase in Ki-67-positive cells in the suprabasal layer and a dysregulated expression of various skin barrier genes, such as claudin 1, loricrin, filaggrin and cytokeratin 10, which were normalized after treatment. TSLP was significantly upregulated in patients with CHE and also normalized after alitretinoin treatment and negatively correlated with filaggrin. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the expression of barrier genes and proteins was normalized following treatment with alitretinoin in patients with CHE. The change in expression levels of these genes correlated with the clinical efficacy, suggesting that alitretinoin exhibits a disease-modifying activity. TSLP is upregulated in CHE and seems to counteract filaggrin expression in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumari
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Timm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A A Kühl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infection and Rheumatology/Research Centre ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Heine
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy-Center-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Svoboda M, Bílková Z, Muthný T. Could tight junctions regulate the barrier function of the aged skin? J Dermatol Sci 2015; 81:147-52. [PMID: 26639794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin is known to be the largest organ in human organism creating interface with outer environment. The skin provides protective barrier against pathogens, physical and chemical insults, and against uncontrolled loss of water. The barrier function was primarily attributed to the stratum corneum (SC) but recent studies confirmed that epidermal tight junctions (TJs) also play important role in maintaining barrier properties of the skin. Independent observations indicate that barrier function and its recovery is impaired in aged skin. However, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) values remains rather unchanged in elderly population. UV radiation as major factor of photoageing impairs TJ proteins, but TJs have great self-regenerative potential. Since it may be possible that TJs can compensate TEWL in elderly due to its regenerative and compensatory capabilities, important question remains to be answered: how are TJs regulated during skin ageing? This review provides an insight into TJs functioning as epidermal barrier and summarizes current knowledge about the impact of ageing on the barrier function of the skin and epidermal TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Svoboda
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Pardubice, Czech Republic; Department of Research and Development, Contipro Biotech s.r.o., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Muthný
- Department of Research and Development, Contipro Biotech s.r.o., Dolní Dobrouč, Czech Republic
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Hereditary barrier-related diseases involving the tight junction: lessons from skin and intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:723-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nakaoka S. Multiscale mathematical modeling and simulation of cellular dynamical process. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1195:269-283. [PMID: 24659535 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis is maintained by dynamic interactions among molecules and cells at different spatiotemporal scales. Mathematical modeling and simulation is expected to provide clear understanding and precise description of multiscaleness in tissue homeostasis under systems perspective. We introduce a stochastic process-based description of multiscale dynamics. Agent-based modeling as a framework of multiscale modeling to achieve consistent integration of definitive subsystems is proposed. A newly developed algorithm that particularly aims to perform stochastic simulations of cellular dynamical process is introduced. Finally we review applications of multiscale modeling and quantitative study to important aspects of epidermal and epithelial homeostasis.
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Kirschner N, Brandner JM. Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:158-66. [PMID: 22671602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the existence of tight junction (TJ) structures (or a secondary epidermal barrier) was postulated for a long time, the first description of TJ proteins in the epidermis (occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2) was only fairly recent. Since then, a wealth of new insights concerning TJs and TJ proteins, including their functional role in the skin, have been gathered. Of special interest is that the epidermis as a multilayered epithelium exhibits a very complex localization pattern of TJ proteins, which results in different compositions of TJ protein complexes in different layers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of TJ proteins in the epidermis in barrier function, cell polarity, vesicle trafficking, differentiation, and proliferation. We hypothesize that TJ proteins fulfill TJ structure-dependent and structure-independent functions and that the specific function of a TJ protein may depend on the epidermal layer where it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular contacts that seal the space between the individual cells of an epithelial sheet or stratifying epithelia, such as the epidermis, so that they can collectively separate tissue compartments. Intercellular junctions, such as adherens and TJs, play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of epithelial and endothelial barriers. A variety of components including claudins, occludin, tricellulin, zonula occluden proteins and junctional adhesion molecules have been identified in complex localization patterns in mammalian epidermis. In several skin diseases that are characterized by impaired skin barrier function, altered proliferation/differentiation of the epidermis and/or infiltration of inflammatory cells, altered expression patterns of TJ proteins have been observed. This review is aimed at providing an insight into the molecular composition, tools for identification and understanding the role of TJs in skin diseases and barrier function regulation.
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Deconstructing the skin: cytoarchitectural determinants of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:565-80. [PMID: 21860392 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To provide a stable environmental barrier, the epidermis requires an integrated network of cytoskeletal elements and cellular junctions. Nevertheless, the epidermis ranks among the body's most dynamic tissues, continually regenerating itself and responding to cutaneous insults. As keratinocytes journey from the basal compartment towards the cornified layers, they completely reorganize their adhesive junctions and cytoskeleton. These architectural components are more than just rivets and scaffolds - they are active participants in epidermal morphogenesis that regulate epidermal polarization, signalling and barrier formation.
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De Benedetto A, Rafaels NM, McGirt LY, Ivanov AI, Georas SN, Cheadle C, Berger AE, Zhang K, Vidyasagar S, Yoshida T, Boguniewicz M, Hata T, Schneider LC, Hanifin JM, Gallo RL, Novak N, Weidinger S, Beaty TH, Leung DYM, Barnes KC, Beck LA. Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 127:773-86.e1-7. [PMID: 21163515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by dry skin and a hyperactive immune response to allergens, 2 cardinal features that are caused in part by epidermal barrier defects. Tight junctions (TJs) reside immediately below the stratum corneum and regulate the selective permeability of the paracellular pathway. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the expression/function of the TJ protein claudin-1 in epithelium from AD and nonatopic subjects and screened 2 American populations for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the claudin-1 gene (CLDN1). METHODS Expression profiles of nonlesional epithelium from patients with extrinsic AD, nonatopic subjects, and patients with psoriasis were generated using Illumina's BeadChips. Dysregulated intercellular proteins were validated by means of tissue staining and quantitative PCR. Bioelectric properties of epithelium were measured in Ussing chambers. Functional relevance of claudin-1 was assessed by using a knockdown approach in primary human keratinocytes. Twenty-seven haplotype-tagging SNPs in CLDN1 were screened in 2 independent populations with AD. RESULTS We observed strikingly reduced expression of the TJ proteins claudin-1 and claudin-23 only in patients with AD, which were validated at the mRNA and protein levels. Claudin-1 expression inversely correlated with T(H)2 biomarkers. We observed a remarkable impairment of the bioelectric barrier function in AD epidermis. In vitro we confirmed that silencing claudin-1 expression in human keratinocytes diminishes TJ function while enhancing keratinocyte proliferation. Finally, CLDN1 haplotype-tagging SNPs revealed associations with AD in 2 North American populations. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that an impairment in tight junctions contributes to the barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation observed in AD subjects and that this may be mediated in part by reductions in claudin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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De Benedetto A, Rafaels NM, McGirt LY, Ivanov AI, Georas SN, Cheadle C, Berger AE, Zhang K, Vidyasagar S, Yoshida T, Boguniewicz M, Hata T, Schneider LC, Hanifin JM, Gallo RL, Novak N, Weidinger S, Beaty TH, Leung DYM, Barnes KC, Beck LA. Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010. [PMID: 21163515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.1010.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by dry skin and a hyperactive immune response to allergens, 2 cardinal features that are caused in part by epidermal barrier defects. Tight junctions (TJs) reside immediately below the stratum corneum and regulate the selective permeability of the paracellular pathway. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the expression/function of the TJ protein claudin-1 in epithelium from AD and nonatopic subjects and screened 2 American populations for single nucleotide polymorphisms in the claudin-1 gene (CLDN1). METHODS Expression profiles of nonlesional epithelium from patients with extrinsic AD, nonatopic subjects, and patients with psoriasis were generated using Illumina's BeadChips. Dysregulated intercellular proteins were validated by means of tissue staining and quantitative PCR. Bioelectric properties of epithelium were measured in Ussing chambers. Functional relevance of claudin-1 was assessed by using a knockdown approach in primary human keratinocytes. Twenty-seven haplotype-tagging SNPs in CLDN1 were screened in 2 independent populations with AD. RESULTS We observed strikingly reduced expression of the TJ proteins claudin-1 and claudin-23 only in patients with AD, which were validated at the mRNA and protein levels. Claudin-1 expression inversely correlated with T(H)2 biomarkers. We observed a remarkable impairment of the bioelectric barrier function in AD epidermis. In vitro we confirmed that silencing claudin-1 expression in human keratinocytes diminishes TJ function while enhancing keratinocyte proliferation. Finally, CLDN1 haplotype-tagging SNPs revealed associations with AD in 2 North American populations. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that an impairment in tight junctions contributes to the barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation observed in AD subjects and that this may be mediated in part by reductions in claudin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Turksen K, Troy TC. Claudin is Skin Deep. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(10)65011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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