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Hu J, Sha X, Li Y, Wu J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Yang R. Multifaceted Applications of Ferritin Nanocages in Delivering Metal Ions, Bioactive Compounds, and Enzymes: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19903-19919. [PMID: 37955969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a distinctive iron-storage protein, possesses a unique cage-like nanoscale structure that enables it to encapsulate and deliver a wide range of biomolecules. Recent advances prove that ferritin can serve as an efficient 8 nm diameter carrier for various bioinorganic nutrients, such as minerals, bioactive polyphenols, and enzymes. This review offers a comprehensive summary of ferritin's structural features from different sources and emphasizes its functions in iron supplementation, calcium delivery, single- and coencapsulation of polyphenols, and enzyme package. Additionally, the influence of innovative food processing technologies, including manothermosonication, pulsed electric field, and atmospheric cold plasma, on the structure and function of ferritin are examined. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects of ferritin in food and nutritional applications are discussed. The exploration of ferritin as a multifunctional protein with the capacity to load various biomolecules is crucial to fully harnessing its potential in food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinmei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jincan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Rakshit G, Biswas A, Jayaprakash V. In Silico Drug Repurposing Studies for the Discovery of Novel Salicyl-AMP Ligase (MbtA)Inhibitors. Pathogens 2023; 12:1433. [PMID: 38133316 PMCID: PMC10745912 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a global health challenge, exacerbated by the rise of drug-resistant strains. The development of new TB therapies is an arduous and time-consuming process. To expedite the discovery of effective treatments, computational structure-based drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy. From this perspective, conditionally essential targets present a valuable opportunity, and the mycobactin biosynthesis pathway stands out as a prime example highlighting the intricate response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to changes in iron availability. This study focuses on the repurposing and revival of FDA-approved drugs (library) as potential inhibitors of MbtA, a crucial enzyme in mycobactin biosynthesis in Mtb conserved among all species of mycobacteria. The literature suggests this pathway to be associated with drug efflux pumps, which potentially contribute to drug resistance. This makes it a potential target for antitubercular drug discovery. Herein, we utilized cheminformatics and structure-based drug repurposing approaches, viz., molecular docking, dynamics, and PCA analysis, to decode the intermolecular interactions and binding affinity of the FDA-reported molecules against MbtA. Virtual screening revealed ten molecules with significant binding affinities and interactions with MbtA. These drugs, originally designed for different therapeutic indications (four antiviral, three anticancer, one CYP450 inhibitor, one ACE inhibitor, and one leukotriene antagonist), were repurposed as potential MbtA inhibitors. Furthermore, our study explores the binding modes and interactions between these drugs and MbtA, shedding light on the structural basis of their inhibitory potential. Principal component analysis highlighted significant motions in MbtA-bound ligands, emphasizing the stability of the top protein-ligand complexes (PLCs). This computational approach provides a swift and cost-effective method for identifying new MbtA inhibitors, which can subsequently undergo validation through experimental assays. This streamlined process is facilitated by the fact that these compounds are already FDA-approved and have established safety and efficacy profiles. This study has the potential to lay the groundwork for addressing the urgent global health challenge at hand, specifically in the context of combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and tuberculosis (TB).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India; (G.R.); (A.B.)
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Rivera M. Mobilization of iron stored in bacterioferritin, a new target for perturbing iron homeostasis and developing antibacterial and antibiofilm molecules. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112306. [PMID: 37451083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat. The care of chronic infections is complicated by bacterial biofilms. Biofilm embedded cells can be up to 1000-fold more tolerant to antibiotic treatment than planktonic cells. Antibiotic tolerance is a condition which does not involve mutation and enables bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics. The antibiotic tolerance of biofilm-cells often renders antibiotics ineffective, even against strains that do not carry resistance-impairing mutations. This review discusses bacterial iron homeostasis and the strategies being developed to target this bacterial vulnerability, with emphasis on a recently proposed approach which aims at targeting the iron storage protein bacterioferritin (Bfr) and its physiological partner, the ferredoxin Bfd. Bfr regulates cytosolic iron concentrations by oxidizing Fe2+ and storing Fe3+ in its internal cavity, and by forming a complex with Bfd to reduce Fe3+ in the internal cavity and release Fe2+ to the cytosol. Blocking the Bfr-Bfd complex in P. aeruginosa cells causes an irreversible accumulation of Fe3+ in BfrB and simultaneous cytosolic iron depletion, which leads to impaired biofilm maintenance and biofilm cell death. Recently discovered small molecule inhibitors of the Bfr-Bfd complex, which bind Bfr at the Bfd binding site, inhibit iron mobilization, and elicit biofilm cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Parida A, Mohanty A, Raut RK, Padhy I, Behera RK. Modification of 4-Fold and B-Pores in Bacterioferritin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reveals Their Role in Fe 2+ Entry and Oxidoreductase Activity. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:178-191. [PMID: 36525578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled ferritin nanocages, nature's solution to iron toxicity and its low solubility, scavenge free iron to synthesize hydrated ferric oxyhydroxide mineral inside their central cavity by protein-mediated ferroxidase and hydrolytic/nucleation reactions. These complex processes in ferritin commence with the rapid influx of Fe2+ ions via the inter-subunit contact points (i.e., pores/channels). Investigation of these pores as Fe2+ uptake routes in ferritins remains a subject of intense research, in iron metabolism, toxicity, and bacterial pathogenesis, which are yet to be established in the bacterioferritin (BfrA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The electrostatic properties of this protein indicate that the 4-fold and B-pores might serve as potential Fe2+ entry routes. Therefore, in the current work, electrostatics at/along these pores was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to establish their role in Fe2+ uptake/oxidation (ferroxidase activity) in Mtb BfrA. Despite forming self-assembled protein nanocompartment, these 4-fold and B-pore variants exhibited partial loss of ferroxidase activity and lower accumulation of transient species, which not only indicated their role in Fe2+ entry but also suggested the existence of multiple pathways. Although the B-pore variants inhibited the rapid ferroxidase activity to a larger extent, they had minimal impact on their cage stability. The current work revealed the relative contribution of these pores toward rapid Fe2+ uptake/oxidation and cage stability, possibly as consequences of their differential symmetry, number of modified residues (at each pore), and heme content. Therefore, these findings may help to understand the role of these pores in iron acquisition and Mtb proliferation under iron-limiting conditions to control its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Rohit Kumar Raut
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Ipsita Padhy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008Odisha, India
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Bacterioferritin nanocage: Structure, biological function, catalytic mechanism, self-assembly and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohanty A, Parida A, Raut RK, Behera RK. Ferritin: A Promising Nanoreactor and Nanocarrier for Bionanotechnology. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:258-281. [PMID: 37101573 PMCID: PMC10114856 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The essence of bionanotechnology lies in the application of nanotechnology/nanomaterials to solve the biological problems. Quantum dots and nanoparticles hold potential biomedical applications, but their inherent problems such as low solubility and associated toxicity due to their interactions at nonspecific target sites is a major concern. The self-assembled, thermostable, ferritin protein nanocages possessing natural iron scavenging ability have emerged as a potential solution to all the above-mentioned problems by acting as nanoreactor and nanocarrier. Ferritins, the cellular iron repositories, are hollow, spherical, symmetric multimeric protein nanocages, which sequester the excess of free Fe(II) and synthesize iron biominerals (Fe2O3·H2O) inside their ∼5-8 nm central cavity. The electrostatics and dynamics of the pore residues not only drives the natural substrate Fe2+ inside ferritin nanocages but also uptakes a set of other metals ions/counterions during in vitro synthesis of nanomaterial. The current review aims to report the recent developments/understanding on ferritin structure (self-assembly, surface/pores electrostatics, metal ion binding sites) and chemistry occurring inside these supramolecular protein cages (protein mediated metal ion uptake and mineralization/nanoparticle formation) along with its surface modification to exploit them for various nanobiotechnological applications. Furthermore, a better understanding of ferritin self-assembly would be highly useful for optimizing the incorporation of nanomaterials via the disassembly/reassembly approach. Several studies have reported the successful engineering of these ferritin protein nanocages in order to utilize them as potential nanoreactor for synthesizing/incorporating nanoparticles and as nanocarrier for delivering imaging agents/drugs at cell specific target sites. Therefore, the combination of nanoscience (nanomaterials) and bioscience (ferritin protein) projects several benefits for various applications ranging from electronics to medicine.
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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Almeida AV, Carvalho AJ, Pereira AS. Encapsulin nanocages: Protein encapsulation and iron sequestration. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Mohanty A, Parida A, Subhadarshanee B, Behera N, Subudhi T, Koochana PK, Behera RK. Alteration of Coaxial Heme Ligands Reveals the Role of Heme in Bacterioferritin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16937-16952. [PMID: 34695354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and utilization of iron remains critical for the survival/virulence of the host/pathogens in spite of the limitations (low bioavailability/high toxicity) associated with this nutrient. Both the host and pathogens manage to overcome these problems by utilizing the iron repository protein nanocages, ferritins, which not only sequester and detoxify the free Fe(II) ions but also decrease the iron solubility gap by synthesizing/encapsulating the Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide biomineral in its central hollow nanocavity. Bacterial pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, encode a distinct subclass of ferritins called bacterioferritin (BfrA), which binds heme, the versatile redox cofactor, via coaxial, conserved methionine (M52) residues at its subunit-dimer interfaces. However, the exact role of heme in Mtb BfrA remains yet to be established. Therefore, its coaxial ligands were altered via site-directed mutagenesis, which resulted in both heme-bound (M52C; ∼1 heme per cage) and heme-free (M52H and M52L) variants, indicating the importance of M52 residues as preferential heme binding axial ligands in Mtb BfrA. All these variants formed intact nanocages of similar size and iron-loading ability as that of wild-type (WT) Mtb BfrA. However, the as-isolated heme-bound variants (WT and M52C) exhibited enhanced protein stability and reductive iron mobilization as compared to their heme-free analogues (M52H and M52L). Further, increasing the heme content in BfrA variants by reconstitution not only enhanced the cage stability but also facilitated the iron mobilization, suggesting the role of heme. In contrary, heme altered the ferroxidase activity to a lesser extent despite facilitating the accumulation of the reactive intermediates formed during the course of the reaction. The current study suggests that heme in Mtb BfrA enhances the overall stability of the protein and possibly acts as an intrinsic electron relay station to influence the iron mineral dissolution and thus may be associated with Mtb's pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Tanaya Subudhi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Koochana PK, Mohanty A, Parida A, Behera N, Behera PM, Dixit A, Behera RK. Flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins: impact of their size, charge and reactivities with NADH/O 2. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:265-281. [PMID: 33598740 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, reductive mobilization of ferritin iron using suitable electron transfer mediators has emerged as a possible mechanism to mimic the iron release process, in vivo. Nature uses flavins as electron relay molecules for important biological oxidation and oxygenation reactions. Therefore, the current work utilizes three flavin analogues: riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which differ in size and charge but have similar redox potentials, to relay electron from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to ferritin mineral core. Of these, the smallest/neutral analogue, RF, released more iron (~ three fold) in comparison to the larger and negatively charged FMN and FAD. Although iron mobilization got marred during the initial stages under aerobic conditions, but increased with a greater slope at the later stages of the reaction kinetics, which gets inhibited by superoxide dismutase, consistent with the generation of O2∙- in situ. The initial step, i.e., interaction of flavins with NADH played critical role in the iron release process. Overall, the flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from ferritins occurred via two competitive pathways, involving the reduced form of flavins either alone (anaerobic condition) or in combination with O2∙- intermediate (aerobic condition). Moreover, faster iron release was observed for ferritins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis than from bullfrog, indicating the importance of protein nanocage and the advantages they provide to the respective organisms. Therefore, these structure-reactivity studies of flavins with NADH/O2 holds significance in ferritin iron release, bioenergetics, O2-based cellular toxicity and may be potentially exploited in the treatment of methemoglobinemia. Smaller sized/neutral flavin analogue, riboflavin (RF) exhibits faster reactivity towards both NADH and O2 generating more amount of O2∙- and releases higher amount of iron from different ferritins, compared to its larger sized/negatively charged derivatives such as FMN and FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anshuman Dixit
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Farag AGA, El Askary SA, Fathy WM, Elbassal F, Azzam AA, Tayel NR, Abdul Karim SS, Shehata WA. Relationship Between sCD163 and mCD163 and Their Implication in the Detection and Typing of Leprosy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:379-389. [PMID: 32581565 PMCID: PMC7276209 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s240420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Leprosy is a chronic contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium lepraea. CD163 is a monocyte trans-membrane glycoprotein receptor (mCD163) that sheds from the cell surface and circulates as a soluble (serum) form (sCD163). Changes in the mCD163 and sCD163 levels could mirror the categorization of inflammatory procedure, demonstrating a possible use of CD163 as a diagnostic indicator of inflammation. Objective To investigate the possible role of CD163 (sCD163 and mCD163) in leprosy pathogenesis and to assess whether CD163 is a helpful inflammatory marker of leprosy development and typing. Patients and Methods This case control study included 70 leprosy patients and 30 healthy controls. Leprosy patients were classified according to the Madrid criteria (1953) into: tuberculoid leprosy (TT), border-line leprosy (BL), and lepromatous leprosy (LL). For all participants, complete blood count (CBC), serum CD163 using ELISA and monocytes positive for CD163 using flow cytometry were done. Results Leprosy patients had significantly low WBCs and platelet counts (p<0.001) and had significantly higher sCD163 (p=0.025) and mCD163 (p=0.042) that were highest in LL followed by BL, then TT patients (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between mCD163 and sCD163 levels in leprosy patients (r=0.896, p<0.001). ROC analysis revealed a significant role of serum sCD163 and of mCD163 positive monocytes in the detection (p<0.001) and typing of leprosy (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion Both sCD163 and mCD163 positive monocytes may have an active role in leprosy pathogenesis. They could be potential biomarkers for leprosy detection and typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Gaber Antar Farag
- Dermatology, Andrology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A El Askary
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Fathy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Fathia Elbassal
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Ayman Ali Azzam
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Minufya, Egypt
| | - Nermin Reda Tayel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Genetic Engineering Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City, Egypt
| | | | - Wafaa Ahmed Shehata
- Dermatology, Andrology & STDs Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Al Menoufia, Egypt
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Parida A, Mohanty A, Kansara BT, Behera RK. Impact of Phosphate on Iron Mineralization and Mobilization in Nonheme Bacterioferritin B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:629-641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bharat T. Kansara
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Rabindra K. Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Matthews SJ, Pacholarz KJ, France AP, Jowitt TA, Hay S, Barran PE, Munro AW. MhuD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Probing a Dual Role in Heme Storage and Degradation. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1855-1866. [PMID: 31480841 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heme oxygenase MhuD liberates free iron by degrading heme to the linear tetrapyrrole mycobilin. The MhuD dimer binds up to two hemes within the active site of each monomer. Binding the first solvent-exposed heme allows heme degradation and releases free iron. Binding a second heme renders MhuD inactive, allowing heme storage. Native-mass spectrometry revealed little difference in binding affinity between solvent-exposed and solvent-protected hemes. Hence, diheme-MhuD is formed even when a large proportion of the MhuD population is in the apo form. Apomyoglobin heme transfer assays showed MhuD-diheme dissociation is far slower than monoheme dissociation at ∼0.12 min-1 and ∼0.25 s-1, respectively, indicating that MhuD has a strong affinity for diheme. MhuD has not evolved to preferentially occupy the monoheme form and, through formation of a diheme complex, it functions as part of a larger network to tightly regulate both heme and iron levels in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Matthews
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kamila J. Pacholarz
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan P. France
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Jowitt
- The Biomolecular Analysis Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Mohanty A, Subhadarshanee B, Barman P, Mahapatra C, Aishwarya B, Behera RK. Iron Mineralizing Bacterioferritin A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exhibits Unique Catalase-Dps-like Dual Activities. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4741-4752. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Biswamaitree Subhadarshanee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Pallavi Barman
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Chinmayee Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - B. Aishwarya
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K. Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Oliveira FM, Da Costa AC, Procopio VO, Garcia W, Araújo JN, Da Silva RA, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Kipnis A. Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense mycma_0076 and mycma_0077 Genes Code for Ferritins That Are Modulated by Iron Concentration. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1072. [PMID: 29910777 PMCID: PMC5992710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus complex has been characterized in the last decade as part of a cluster of mycobacteria that evolved from an opportunistic to true human pathogen; however, the factors responsible for pathogenicity are still undefined. It appears that the success of mycobacterial infection is intrinsically related with the capacity of the bacteria to regulate intracellular iron levels, mostly using iron storage proteins. This study evaluated two potential M. abscessus subsp. massiliense genes involved in iron storage. Unlike other opportunist or pathogenic mycobacteria studied, M. abscessus complex has two genes similar to ferritins from M. tuberculosis (Rv3841), and in M. abscessus subsp. massiliense, those genes are annotated as mycma_0076 and mycma_0077. Molecular dynamic analysis of the predicted expressed proteins showed that they have a ferroxidase center. The expressions of mycma_0076 and mycma_0077 genes were modulated by the iron levels in both in vitro cultures as well as infected macrophages. Structural studies using size-exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering showed that r0076 protein has a structure similar to those observed in the ferritin family. The r0076 forms oligomers in solution most likely composed of 24 subunits. Functional studies with recombinant proteins, obtained from heterologous expression of mycma_0076 and mycma_0077 genes in Escherichia coli, showed that both proteins were capable of oxidizing Fe2+ into Fe3+, demonstrating that these proteins have a functional ferroxidase center. In conclusion, two ferritins proteins were shown, for the first time, to be involved in iron storage in M. abscessus subsp. massiliense and their expressions were modulated by the iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M. Oliveira
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Adeliane C. Da Costa
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Victor O. Procopio
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Juscemácia N. Araújo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Roosevelt A. Da Silva
- Collaborative Center of Biosystems, Regional Jataí, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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16
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Khare G, Nangpal P, Tyagi AK. Differential Roles of Iron Storage Proteins in Maintaining the Iron Homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169545. [PMID: 28060867 PMCID: PMC5218490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritins and bacterioferritins are iron storage proteins that represent key players in iron homeostasis. Several organisms possess both forms of ferritins, however, their relative physiological roles are less understood. Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses both ferritin (BfrB) and bacterioferritin (BfrA), playing an essential role in its pathogenesis as reported by us earlier. This study provides insights into the role of these two proteins in iron homeostasis by employing M. tuberculosis bfr mutants. Our data suggests that BfrA is required for efficient utilization of stored iron under low iron conditions while BfrB plays a crucial role as the major defense protein under excessive iron conditions. We show that these two proteins provide protection against oxidative stress and hypoxia. Iron incorporation study showed that BfrB has higher capacity for storing iron than BfrA, which augurs well for efficient iron quenching under iron excess conditions. Moreover, iron release assay demonstrated that BfrA has 3 times superior ability to release stored iron emphasizing its requirement for efficient iron release under low iron conditions, facilitated by the presence of heme. Thus, for the first time, our observations suggest that the importance of BfrA or BfrB separately might vary depending upon the iron situation faced by the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Khare
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Nangpal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K. Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
- Vice Chancellor, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kurthkoti K, Tare P, Paitchowdhury R, Gowthami VN, Garcia MJ, Colangeli R, Chatterji D, Nagaraja V, Rodriguez GM. The mycobacterial iron-dependent regulator IdeR induces ferritin (bfrB) by alleviating Lsr2 repression. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:864-77. [PMID: 26268801 PMCID: PMC4879814 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that precise regulation of iron (Fe) metabolism and maintenance of Fe homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are essential for its survival and proliferation in the host. IdeR is a central transcriptional regulator of Mtb genes involved in Fe metabolism. While it is well understood how IdeR functions as a repressor, how it induces transcription of a subset of its targets is still unclear. We investigated the molecular mechanism of IdeR-mediated positive regulation of bfrB, the gene encoding the major Fe-storage protein of Mtb. We found that bfrB induction by Fe required direct interaction of IdeR with a DNA sequence containing four tandem IdeR-binding boxes located upstream of the bfrB promoter. Results of in vivo and in vitro transcription assays identified a direct repressor of bfrB, the histone-like protein Lsr2. IdeR counteracted Lsr2-mediated repression in vitro, suggesting that IdeR induces bfrB transcription by antagonizing the repressor activity of Lsr2. Together, these results elucidate the main mechanism of bfrB positive regulation by IdeR and identify Lsr2 as a new factor contributing to Fe homeostasis in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kurthkoti
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Priyanka Tare
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
| | | | | | - Maria J. Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Colangeli
- Division of Infectious Disease and the Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
| | - Valakunja Nagaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
| | - G. Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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18
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Yang R, Zhou Z, Sun G, Gao Y, Xu J. Ferritin, a novel vehicle for iron supplementation and food nutritional factors encapsulation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Contreras H, Joens MS, McMath LM, Le VP, Tullius MV, Kimmey JM, Bionghi N, Horwitz MA, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Goulding CW. Characterization of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis nanocompartment and its potential cargo proteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18279-89. [PMID: 24855650 PMCID: PMC4140288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved various mechanisms by which the bacterium can maintain homeostasis under numerous environmental assaults generated by the host immune response. M. tuberculosis harbors enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response that aid in survival during the production of reactive oxygen species in activated macrophages. Previous studies have shown that a dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) is encapsulated by a bacterial nanocompartment, encapsulin (Enc), whereby packaged DyP interacts with Enc via a unique C-terminal extension. M. tuberculosis also harbors an encapsulin homolog (CFP-29, Mt-Enc), within an operon with M. tuberculosis DyP (Mt-DyP), which contains a C-terminal extension. Together these observations suggest that Mt-DyP interacts with Mt-Enc. Furthermore, it has been suggested that DyPs may function as either a heme-dependent peroxidase or a deferrochelatase. Like Mt-DyP, M. tuberculosis iron storage ferritin protein, Mt-BfrB, and an M. tuberculosis protein involved in folate biosynthesis, 7,8-dihydroneopterin aldolase (Mt-FolB), have C-terminal tails that could also interact with Mt-Enc. For the first time, we show by co-purification and electron microscopy that mycobacteria via Mt-Enc can encapsulate Mt-DyP, Mt-BfrB, and Mt-FolB. Functional studies of free or encapsulated proteins demonstrate that they retain their enzymatic activity within the Mt-Enc nanocompartment. Mt-DyP, Mt-FolB, and Mt-BfrB all have antioxidant properties, suggesting that if these proteins are encapsulated by Mt-Enc, then this nanocage may play a role in the M. tuberculosis oxidative stress response. This report provides initial structural and biochemical clues regarding the molecular mechanisms that utilize compartmentalization by which the mycobacterial cell may aid in detoxification of the local environment to ensure long term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Contreras
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and
| | - Matthew S Joens
- the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Lisa M McMath
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and
| | - Vincent P Le
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and
| | - Michael V Tullius
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jaqueline M Kimmey
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Neda Bionghi
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marcus A Horwitz
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Celia W Goulding
- From the Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
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20
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Rodriguez GM, Neyrolles O. Metallobiology of Tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.MGM2-0012-2013. [PMID: 26103977 PMCID: PMC5180607 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mgm2-0012-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are essential constituents of all living organisms, playing crucial structural and catalytic parts in many enzymes and transcription factors. However, transition metals can also be toxic when present in excess. Their uptake and efflux rates must therefore be carefully controlled by biological systems. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about uptake and efflux systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis for mainly three of these metals, namely iron, zinc, and copper. We also propose questions for future research in the field of metallobiology of host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Marcela Rodriguez
- Public Health Research Institute Center & Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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21
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McMath LM, Contreras H, Owens CP, Goulding CW. The structural characterization of bacterioferritin, BfrA, from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613500211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a deadly disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Like most bacterial pathogens, iron acquisition, regulation, and storage are critical for its survival. Due to the poor solubility of iron under physiological conditions, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes possess ferritins, large protein complexes that store iron and keep it bioavailable. Mtb encodes for two ferritin homologs: a heme-containing bacterioferritin (Mtb-BfrA) and a non-heme eukaryotic-like ferritin (Mtb-BfrB). A conserved feature of bacterioferritins is the presence of a heme group at the interface between two subunits of each dimer that is related by a non-crystallographic two-fold axis. The structure of a selenomethionine derivative of Mtb-BfrA was previously reported (PDB ID: 2WTL); however, a proposed heme degradation product was modeled into the heme-binding site, as electron density for intact heme was not observed. Here, the purification and structure determination of recombinant Mtb-BfrA is reported. As-isolated Mtb-BfrA from Escherichia coli is not fully heme loaded. However, the absorption spectrum features suggest binding of intact heme. In an attempt to fully complement Mtb-BfrA with heme, two different methodologies are described. Electronic spectroscopy and structure determination were used to confirm varying amounts of intact bis-methionine coordinated heme to Mtb-BfrA. We also report that increased heme incorporation only slightly increases Mtb-BfrA ferroxidase activity. Finally, the cognate partner of Mtb-BfrA is proposed to be a putative encoded gene which is located approximately 300 bps upstream of Mycobacterium tuberculosisbfrA, homologous to the cognate partner of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterioferritin, a 7 kDa ferrodoxin Bfd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. McMath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, 2212 Natrual Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, 2212 Natrual Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Cedric P. Owens
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, 2212 Natrual Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Celia W. Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, 2212 Natrual Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC Irvine, 2212 Natrual Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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22
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Chim N, Owens CP, Contreras H, Goulding CW. Withdrawn. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012:CDTID-EPUB-20121116-2. [PMID: 23167715 PMCID: PMC3695056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawn by the publisher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Cedric P. Owens
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
| | - Celia W. Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, USA
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23
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Wahlgren WY, Omran H, von Stetten D, Royant A, van der Post S, Katona G. Structural characterization of bacterioferritin from Blastochloris viridis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46992. [PMID: 23056552 PMCID: PMC3467274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron storage and elimination of toxic ferrous iron are the responsibility of bacterioferritins in bacterial species. Bacterioferritins are capable of oxidizing iron using molecular oxygen and import iron ions into the large central cavity of the protein, where they are stored in a mineralized form. We isolated, crystallized bacterioferritin from the microaerophilic/anaerobic, purple non-sulfur bacterium Blastochloris viridis and determined its amino acid sequence and X-ray structure. The structure and sequence revealed similarity to other purple bacterial species with substantial differences in the pore regions. Static 3- and 4-fold pores do not allow the passage of iron ions even though structural dynamics may assist the iron gating. On the other hand the B-pore is open to water and larger ions in its native state. In order to study the mechanism of iron import, multiple soaking experiments were performed. Upon Fe(II) and urea treatment the ferroxidase site undergoes reorganization as seen in bacterioferritin from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When soaking with Fe(II) only, a closely bound small molecular ligand is observed close to Fe1 and the coordination of Glu94 to Fe2 changes from bidentate to monodentate. DFT calculations indicate that the bound ligand is most likely a water or a hydroxide molecule representing a product complex. On the other hand the different soaking treatments did not modify the conformation of other pore regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Y. Wahlgren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hadil Omran
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Antoine Royant
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CNRS CEA Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gergely Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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24
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Moura DF, de Mattos KA, Amadeu TP, Andrade PR, Sales JS, Schmitz V, Nery JAC, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN. CD163 favors Mycobacterium leprae survival and persistence by promoting anti-inflammatory pathways in lepromatous macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2925-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle F. Moura
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Katherine A. de Mattos
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Thaís P. Amadeu
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Verônica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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25
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A ferritin mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly susceptible to killing by antibiotics and is unable to establish a chronic infection in mice. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3650-9. [PMID: 22802345 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00229-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential, elusive, and potentially toxic nutrient for most pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to the poor solubility of ferric iron under aerobic conditions, free iron is not found in the host. M. tuberculosis requires specialized iron acquisition systems to replicate and cause disease. It also depends on a strict control of iron metabolism and intracellular iron levels to prevent iron-mediated toxicity. Under conditions of iron sufficiency, M. tuberculosis represses iron acquisition and induces iron storage, suggesting an important role for iron storage proteins in iron homeostasis. M. tuberculosis synthesizes two iron storage proteins, a ferritin (BfrB) and a bacterioferritin (BfrA). The individual contributions of these proteins to the adaptive response of M. tuberculosis to changes in iron availability are not clear. By generating individual knockout strains of bfrA and bfrB, the contribution of each one of these proteins to the maintenance of iron homeostasis was determined. The effect of altered iron homeostasis, resulting from impaired iron storage, on the resistance of M. tuberculosis to in vitro and in vivo stresses was examined. The results show that ferritin is required to maintain iron homeostasis, whereas bacterioferritin seems to be dispensable for this function. M. tuberculosis lacking ferritin suffers from iron-mediated toxicity, is unable to persist in mice, and, most importantly, is highly susceptible to killing by antibiotics, showing that endogenous oxidative stress can enhance the antibiotic killing of this important pathogen. These results are relevant for the design of new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis.
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26
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Iron storage proteins are essential for the survival and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in THP-1 macrophages and the guinea pig model of infection. J Bacteriol 2011; 194:567-75. [PMID: 22101841 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05553-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is one of the crucial elements required for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, excess free iron becomes toxic for the cells because it catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen radicals, leading to oxidative damage. Hence, it is essential for the pathogen to have the ability to store intracellular iron in an iron-rich environment and utilize it under iron depletion. M. tuberculosis has two iron storage proteins, namely BfrA (Rv1876; a bacterioferritin) and BfrB (Rv3841; a ferritin-like protein). However, the demonstration of biological significance requires the disruption of relevant genes and the evaluation of the resulting mutant for its ability to survive in the host and cause disease. In this study, we have disrupted bfrA and bfrB of M. tuberculosis and demonstrated that these genes are crucial for the storage and supply of iron for the growth of bacteria and to withstand oxidative stress in vitro. In addition, the bfrA bfrB double mutant (H37Rv ΔbfrA ΔbfrB) exhibited a marked reduction in its ability to survive inside human macrophages. Guinea pigs infected with H37Rv ΔbfrA ΔbfrB exhibited a marked diminution in the dissemination of the bacilli to spleen compared to that of the parental strain. Moreover, guinea pigs infected with H37Rv ΔbfrA ΔbfrB exhibited significantly reduced pathological damage in spleen and lungs compared to that of animals infected with the parental strain. Our study clearly demonstrates the importance of these iron storage proteins in the survival and pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis in the host and establishes them as attractive targets for the development of new inhibitors against mycobacterial infections.
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Arora A, Chandra NR, Das A, Gopal B, Mande SC, Prakash B, Ramachandran R, Sankaranarayanan R, Sekar K, Suguna K, Tyagi AK, Vijayan M. Structural biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins: The Indian efforts. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:456-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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A histone-like protein of mycobacteria possesses ferritin superfamily protein-like activity and protects against DNA damage by Fenton reaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20985. [PMID: 21698192 PMCID: PMC3116847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for living organisms but its level must be strictly controlled in cells, because ferrous ion induces toxicity by generating highly active reactive oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, through the Fenton reaction. In addition, ferric ion shows low solubility under physiological conditions. To overcome these obstacles living organisms possess Ferritin superfamily proteins that are distributed in all three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. These proteins minimize hydroxyl radical formation by ferroxidase activity that converts Fe2+ into Fe3+ and sequesters iron by storing it as a mineral inside a protein cage. In this study, we discovered that mycobacterial DNA-binding protein 1 (MDP1), a histone-like protein, has similar activity to ferritin superfamily proteins. MDP1 prevented the Fenton reaction and protects DNA by the ferroxidase activity. The Km values of the ferroxidase activity by MDP1 of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG-3007c), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Rv2986c), and Mycobacterium leprae (ML1683; ML-LBP) were 0.292, 0.252, and 0.129 mM, respectively. Furthermore, one MDP1 molecule directly captured 81.4±19.1 iron atoms, suggesting the role of this protein in iron storage. This study describes for the first time a ferroxidase-iron storage protein outside of the ferritin superfamily proteins and the protective role of this bacterial protein from DNA damage.
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29
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Ardejani MS, Li NX, Orner BP. Stabilization of a protein nanocage through the plugging of a protein-protein interfacial water pocket. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4029-37. [PMID: 21488690 DOI: 10.1021/bi200207w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The unique structural properties of the ferritin protein cages have provided impetus to focus on the methodical study of these self-assembling nanosystems. Among these proteins, Escherichia coli bacterioferritin (EcBfr), although architecturally very similar to other members of the family, shows structural instability and an incomplete self-assembly behavior by populating two oligomerization states. Through computational analysis and comparison to its homologues, we have found that this protein has a smaller than average dimeric interface on its 2-fold symmetry axis mainly because of the existence of an interfacial water pocket centered around two water-bridged asparagine residues. To investigate the possibility of engineering EcBfr for modified structural stability, we have used a semiempirical computational method to virtually explore the energy differences of the 480 possible mutants at the dimeric interface relative to that of wild-type EcBfr. This computational study also converged on the water-bridged asparagines. Replacing these two asparagines with hydrophobic amino acids resulted in proteins that folded into α-helical monomers and assembled into cages as evidenced by circular dichroism and transmission electron microscopy. Both thermal and chemical denaturation confirmed that, in all cases, these proteins, in agreement with the calculations, possessed increased stability. One of the three mutations shifts the population in favor of the higher-order oligomerization state in solution as evidenced by both size exclusion chromatography and native gel electrophoresis. These results taken together suggest that our low-level design was successful and that it may be possible to apply the strategy of targeting water pockets at protein--protein interfaces to other protein cage and self-assembling systems. More generally, this study further demonstrates the power of jointly employing in silico and in vitro techniques to understand and enhance biostructural energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar S Ardejani
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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Khare G, Gupta V, Nangpal P, Gupta RK, Sauter NK, Tyagi AK. Ferritin structure from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparative study with homologues identifies extended C-terminus involved in ferroxidase activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18570. [PMID: 21494619 PMCID: PMC3072985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are recognized as key players in the iron storage and detoxification processes. Iron acquisition in the case of pathogenic bacteria has long been established as an important virulence mechanism. Here, we report a 3.0 Å crystal structure of a ferritin, annotated as Bacterioferritin B (BfrB), from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis that continues to be one of the world's deadliest diseases. Similar to the other members of ferritin family, the Mtb BfrB subunit exhibits the characteristic fold of a four-helical bundle that possesses the ferroxidase catalytic centre. We compare the structure of Mtb BfrB with representatives of the ferritin family belonging to the archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Unlike most other ferritins, Mtb BfrB has an extended C-terminus. To dissect the role of this extended C-terminus, truncated Mtb BfrB was purified and biochemical studies implicate this region in ferroxidase activity and iron release in addition to providing stability to the protein. Functionally important regions in a protein of known 3D-structure can be determined by estimating the degree of conservation of the amino-acid sites with its close homologues. Based on the comparative studies, we identify the slowly evolving conserved sites as well as the rapidly evolving variable sites and analyze their role in relation to structure and function of Mtb BfrB. Further, electrostatic computations demonstrate that although the electrostatic environment of catalytic residues is preserved within the family, extensive variability is exhibited by residues defining the channels and pores, in all likelihood keeping up with the diverse functions executed by these ferritins in varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Khare
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Nangpal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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McMath LM, Habel JE, Sankaran B, Yu M, Hung LW, Goulding CW. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis ferritin homolog, BfrB. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1657-61. [PMID: 21139218 PMCID: PMC2998377 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110042958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the deadly disease tuberculosis. Iron acquisition, regulation and storage are critical for the survival of this pathogen within a host. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of iron metabolism in Mtb will shed light on its pathogenic nature, as iron is important for infection. Ferritins are a superfamily of protein nanocages that function in both iron detoxification and storage, and Mtb contains both a predicted ferritin and a bacterioferritin. Here, the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the ferritin homolog (Mtb BfrB, Rv3841) is reported. An Mtb BfrB crystal grown at pH 6.5 using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion technique diffracted to 2.50 Å resolution and belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=226.2, b=226.8, c=113.7 Å, β=94.7° and with 24 subunits per asymmetric unit. Furthermore, modeling the crystal structure of a homologous ferritin into a low-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) electron-density envelope is consistent with the presence of 24 subunits in the BfrB protein cage quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. McMath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J. E. Habel
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B. Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M. Yu
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - L.-W. Hung
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - C. W. Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Iron core mineralisation in prokaryotic ferritins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:732-44. [PMID: 20388533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To satisfy their requirement for iron while at the same time countering the toxicity of this highly reactive metal ion, prokaryotes have evolved proteins belonging to two distinct sub-families of the ferritin family: the bacterioferritins (BFRs) and the bacterial ferritins (Ftns). Recently, Ftn homologues have also been identified and characterised in archaeon species. All of these prokaryotic ferritins function by solubilising and storing large amounts of iron in the form of a safe but bio-available mineral. SCOPE OF REVIEW The mechanism(s) by which the iron mineral is formed by these proteins is the subject of much current interest. Here we review the available information on these proteins, with particular emphasis on significant advances resulting from recent structural, spectroscopic and kinetic studies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Current understanding indicates that at least two distinct mechanisms are in operation in prokaryotic ferritins. In one, the ferroxidase centre acts as a true catalytic centre in driving Fe(2+) oxidation in the cavity; in the other, the centre acts as a gated iron pore by oxidising Fe(2+) and transferring the resulting Fe(3+) into the central cavity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The prokaryotic ferritins exhibit a wide variation in mechanisms of iron core mineralisation. The basis of these differences lies, at least in part, in structural differences at and around the catalytic centre. However, it appears that more subtle differences must also be important in controlling the iron chemistry of these remarkable proteins.
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