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O'Connell RP, Liaw K, Wellhausen N, Chuckran CA, Bhojnagarwala PS, Bordoloi D, Park D, Shupin N, Kulp D, June CH, Weiner D. Format-tuning of in vivo-launched bispecific T cell engager enhances efficacy against renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008733. [PMID: 38834201 PMCID: PMC11163651 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a prevalent kidney cancer for which long-term survival rates are abysmal, though immunotherapies are showing potential. Not yet clinically vetted are bispecific T cell engagers (BTEs) that activate T cell-mediated cancer killing through intercellular synapsing. Multiple BTE formats exist, however, with limited cross-characterizations to help optimize new drug design. Here, we developed BTEs to treat ccRCC by targeting carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) while characterizing the persistent BTE (PBTE) format and comparing it to a new format, the persistent multivalent T cell engager (PMTE). These antibody therapies against ccRCC are developed as both recombinant and synthetic DNA (synDNA) medicines. METHODS Antibody formatting effects on binding kinetics were assessed by flow cytometry and intercellular synaptic strength assays while potency was tested using T-cell activation and cytotoxicity assays. Mouse models were used to study antibody plasma and tumor pharmacokinetics, as well as antitumor efficacy as both recombinant and synDNA medicines. Specifically, three models using ccRCC cell line xenografts and human donor T cells in immunodeficient mice were used to support this study. RESULTS Compared with a first-generation BTE, we show that the PBTE reduced avidity, intercellular synaptic strength, cytotoxic potency by as much as 33-fold, and ultimately efficacy against ccRCC tumors in vivo. However, compared with the PBTE, we demonstrate that the PMTE improved cell avidity, restored intercellular synapses, augmented cytotoxic potency by 40-fold, improved tumor distribution pharmacokinetics by 2-fold, and recovered synDNA efficacy in mouse tumor models by 20-fold. All the while, the PMTE displayed a desirable half-life of 4 days in mice compared with the conventional BTE's 2 hours. CONCLUSIONS With impressive efficacy, the CA9-targeted PMTE is a promising new therapy for advanced ccRCC, which can be effectively delivered through synDNA. The highly potent PMTE format itself is a promising new tool for future applications in the multispecific antibody space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P O'Connell
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas Shupin
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Kulp
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pavlova E, Shaposhnikova D, Petrichuk S, Radygina T, Erokhina M. Quantitative Analysis of Latex Beads Phagocytosis by Human Macrophages Using Imaging Flow Cytometry with Extended Depth of Field (EDF). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:203-215. [PMID: 37074665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The existing methods of quantitative analysis of phagocytosis are characterized by a number of limitations. The usual method of manually counting phagocytosed objects on photographs obtained by confocal microscopy is very labor-intensive and time-consuming. As well, the resolution of conventional flow cytometry does not allow the fluorescence detection of a large number of phagocytosis objects. Thus, there is a need to combine the rapid analysis by flow cytometry and the visualization capability by confocal microscopy. This is possible due to imaging flow cytometry. However, until now, no protocols have allowed one to quantify phagocytosis at its high intensity. The present paper presents the developed and tested algorithm for assessing the level of phagocytic activity using flow cytometry with visualization and IDEAS software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pavlova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Daria Shaposhnikova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Petrichuk
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Virology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Radygina
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Virology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Erokhina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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3
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Ni F, Wu C, Xu P, Wang P, Fortin Y, Arbour M, Masson L, L’Abbé D, Acel A, Gosselin M, Lenferink AE. Unique epitope-antibody interactions in the intrinsically disordered proteoglycan-like domain of human carbonic anhydrase IX defined by high-resolution NMR combined with yeast surface display. MAbs 2023; 15:2248672. [PMID: 37622732 PMCID: PMC10461516 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2248672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA)-IX is an extracellular enzyme that is essential in the adaptation of tumor cells to their increasingly more hypoxic and acidic microenvironment. Within the family of carbonic anhydrases, CA-IX is unique in that it is the only CA with an N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) containing a proteoglycan (PG)-like domain. This PG-like IDR has been described to be instrumental in CA-IX's enzyme activity, as well as tumor cell motility and invasion. We have characterized the antibody-epitope interactions of two novel and unique antibodies (11H9 and 12H8) that are specific for the human CA-IX's IDR. Binding interactions of these antibodies to the intact IDR were studied by surface plasmon resonance and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, while the specific epitopes were determined by both NMR and yeast surface display (YSD). Our data show that 12H8 binds to the N-terminus of CA-IX, while 11H9 has a high affinity for an epitope located in the central region of the IDR containing three GEEDLP repeats in a manner that is different from the previously described M75 antibody. Titration NMR spectroscopy using CA-IX's entire IDR in addition identified a secondary epitope of 11H9 at the beginning of the PG-like domain that remains exposed and available for further binding events after the engagement at its primary epitope at the center of the PG-like domain. Transverse relaxation optimized NMR spectroscopy of 11H9-F(Ab) in complex with the CA-IX IDR outlines structural rigidification of a linear epitope, while the rest of the IDR remains largely unstructured upon complex formation. This study illustrates how high-resolution NMR and YSD are used as complementary tools for a comprehensive characterization of antibody-epitope interactions involving intrinsically unstructured antigen domains with highly repetitive sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ni
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cunle Wu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ping Xu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ping Wang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Fortin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melanie Arbour
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke Masson
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis L’Abbé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Acel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mylene Gosselin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne E.G. Lenferink
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wang Y, Buck A, Grimaud M, Culhane AC, Kodangattil S, Razimbaud C, Bonal DM, Nguyen QD, Zhu Z, Wei K, O'Donnell ML, Huang Y, Signoretti S, Choueiri TK, Freeman GJ, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Anti-CAIX BBζ CAR4/8 T cells exhibit superior efficacy in a ccRCC mouse model. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:385-399. [PMID: 35118195 PMCID: PMC8792103 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors requires a better understanding of CAR design and cellular composition. Here, we compared second-generation (BBζ and 28ζ) with third-generation (28BBζ) carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted CAR constructs and investigated the antitumor effect of CAR-T cells with different CD4/CD8 proportions in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BBζ exhibited superior efficacy compared with 28ζ and 28BBζ CAR-T cells in a clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) skrc-59 cell bearing NSG-SGM3 mouse model. The mice treated with a single dose of BBζ CD4/CD8 mixture (CAR4/8) showed complete tumor remission and remained tumor-free 72 days after CAR-T cells infusion. In the other CAR-T and control groups, tumor-infiltrating T cells were recovered and profiled. We found that BBζ CAR8 cells upregulated expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and cytotoxicity-associated genes, while downregulating inhibitory immune checkpoint receptor genes and diminishing differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), leading to excellent therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Increased memory phenotype, elevated tumor infiltration, and decreased exhaustion genes were observed in the CD4/8 untransduced T (UNT) cells compared with CD8 alone, indicating that CD4/8 would be the favored cellular composition for CAR-T cell therapy with long-term persistence. In summary, these findings support that BBζ CAR4/8 cells are a highly potent, clinically translatable cell therapy for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alicia Buck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aedin C. Culhane
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sreekumar Kodangattil
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cecile Razimbaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dennis M. Bonal
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quang-De Nguyen
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Center for Biomedical Imaging in Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Wei
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Madison L. O'Donnell
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wayne A. Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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de Campos NSP, Souza BS, da Silva GCP, Porto VA, Chalbatani GM, Lagreca G, Janji B, Suarez ER. Carbonic Anhydrase IX: A Renewed Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061392. [PMID: 35326544 PMCID: PMC8946730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been explored for a long time as a therapeutic target in the fight against clear cell renal cell carcinoma and several hypoxic tumors, usually offering modest results followed by adverse effects. However, recent studies using different antibodies and adoptive cell therapies against CAIX have generated exciting prospects for the immunotherapy of these tumors. This complete review will approach the past and future of anti-CAIX immunotherapies. Abstract The carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX) enzyme is constitutively overexpressed in the vast majority of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and can also be induced in hypoxic microenvironments, a major hallmark of most solid tumors. CAIX expression is restricted to a few sites in healthy tissues, positioning this molecule as a strategic target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized preclinical and clinical data of immunotherapeutic strategies based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), fusion proteins, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T, and NK cells targeting CAIX against different types of solid malignant tumors, alone or in combination with radionuclides, cytokines, cytotoxic agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or immune checkpoint blockade. Most clinical studies targeting CAIX for immunotherapy were performed using G250 mAb-based antibodies or CAR T cells, developed primarily for bioimaging purposes, with a limited clinical response for ccRCC. Other anti-CAIX mAbs, CAR T, and NK cells developed with therapeutic intent presented herein offered outstanding preclinical results, justifying further exploration in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Santos Pacheco de Campos
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Bruna Santos Souza
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Giselle Correia Próspero da Silva
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Victoria Alves Porto
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Gabriela Lagreca
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (E.R.S.)
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil; (N.S.P.C.); (B.S.S.); (G.C.P.S.); (V.A.P.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (E.R.S.)
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6
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Novel humanized monoclonal antibodies for targeting hypoxic human tumors via two distinct extracellular domains of carbonic anhydrase IX. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:3. [PMID: 35109923 PMCID: PMC8811981 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is often the main factor in the cancer progression. Moreover, low levels of oxygen in tumor tissue may signal that the first- or second-line therapy will not be successful. This knowledge triggers the inevitable search for different kinds of treatment that will successfully cure aggressive tumors. Due to its exclusive expression on cancer cells, carbonic anhydrase IX belongs to the group of the most precise targets in hypoxic tumors. CA IX possesses several exceptional qualities that predetermine its crucial role in targeted therapy. Its expression on the cell membrane makes it an easily accessible target, while its absence in healthy corresponding tissues makes the treatment practically harmless. The presence of CA IX in solid tumors causes an acidic environment that may lead to the failure of standard therapy. Methods Parental mouse hybridomas (IV/18 and VII/20) were humanized to antibodies which were subsequently named CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2. From each hybridoma, we obtained 25 clones. Each clone was tested for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activity, affinity, extracellular pH measurement, multicellular aggregation analysis, and real-time monitoring of invasion with the xCELLigence system. Results Based on the results from in vivo experiments, we have selected mouse monoclonal antibodies VII/20 and IV/18. The first one is directed at the conformational epitope of the catalytic domain, internalizes after binding to the antigen, and halts tumor growth while blocking extracellular acidification. The second targets the sequential epitope of the proteo-glycan domain, does not internalize, and is able to block the attachment of cancer cells to the matrix preventing metastasis formation. In vitro experiments prove that humanized versions of the parental murine antibodies, CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2, have preserved these characteristics. They can reverse the failure of standard therapy as a result of an acidic environment by modulating the TME, and both are able to induce an immune response and have high affinity, as well as ADCC and CDC activity. Conclusion CA9hu-1 and CA9hu-2 are the very first humanized antibodies against CA IX that are likely to become suitable therapies for hypoxic tumors. These antibodies can be applied in the treatment therapy of primary tumors and suppression of metastases formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-022-00279-8.
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Lenferink AEG, McDonald PC, Cantin C, Grothé S, Gosselin M, Baardsnes J, Banville M, Lachance P, Robert A, Cepero-Donates Y, Radinovic S, Salois P, Parat M, Oamari H, Dulude A, Patel M, Lafrance M, Acel A, Bousquet-Gagnon N, L'Abbé D, Pelletier A, Malenfant F, Jaramillo M, O'Connor-Mccourt M, Wu C, Durocher Y, Duchesne M, Gadoury C, Marcil A, Fortin Y, Paul-Roc B, Acchione M, Chafe SC, Nemirovsky O, Lau J, Bénard F, Dedhar S. Isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against human carbonic anhydrase-IX. MAbs 2021; 13:1999194. [PMID: 34806527 PMCID: PMC8632296 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1999194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The architectural complexity and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a substantial obstacle in the successful treatment of cancer. Hypoxia, caused by insufficient oxygen supply, and acidosis, resulting from the expulsion of acidic metabolites, are prominent features of the TME. To mitigate the consequences of the hostile TME, cancer cells metabolically rewire themselves and express a series of specific transporters and enzymes instrumental to this adaptation. One of these proteins is carbonic anhydrase (CA)IX, a zinc-containing extracellular membrane bound enzyme that has been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of a neutral intracellular pH (pHi), allowing tumor cells to survive and thrive in these harsh conditions. Although CAIX has been considered a promising cancer target, only two antibody-based therapeutics have been clinically tested so far. To fill this gap, we generated a series of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically recognize the extracellular domain (ECD) of human CAIX. Here we describe the biophysical and functional properties of a set of antibodies against the CAIX ECD domain and their applicability as: 1) suitable for development as an antibody-drug-conjugate, 2) an inhibitor of CAIX enzyme activity, or 3) an imaging/detection antibody. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of these specific hCAIX mAbs for further development as novel cancer therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E G Lenferink
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christiane Cantin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Suzanne Grothé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mylene Gosselin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Myriam Banville
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Paul Lachance
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alma Robert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stevo Radinovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Patrick Salois
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Parat
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Hafida Oamari
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Annie Dulude
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mehul Patel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Lafrance
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrea Acel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bousquet-Gagnon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Denis L'Abbé
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alex Pelletier
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Félix Malenfant
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Jaramillo
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maureen O'Connor-Mccourt
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Cunle Wu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mélanie Duchesne
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Christine Gadoury
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Marcil
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yves Fortin
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Beatrice Paul-Roc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maurizio Acchione
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Oksana Nemirovsky
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph Lau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Bc Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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Petersen LK, Christensen AB, Andersen J, Folkesson CG, Kristensen O, Andersen C, Alzu A, Sløk FA, Blakskjær P, Madsen D, Azevedo C, Micco I, Hansen NJV. Screening of DNA-Encoded Small Molecule Libraries inside a Living Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2751-2756. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars K. Petersen
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Andersen
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Kristensen
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Amaya Alzu
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Frank A. Sløk
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Peter Blakskjær
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Daniel Madsen
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Iolanda Micco
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Stravinskiene D, Sliziene A, Baranauskiene L, Petrikaite V, Zvirbliene A. Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Recombinant Derivatives Targeting Surface-Exposed Carbonic Anhydrase XII on Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249411. [PMID: 33321910 PMCID: PMC7763246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies are widely used for the diagnostics and therapy of cancer. They are generated to interact with cell surface proteins which are usually involved in the development and progression of cancer. Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) contributes to the survival of tumors under hypoxic conditions thus is considered a candidate target for antibody-based therapy. In this study, we have generated a novel collection of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the recombinant extracellular domain of CA XII produced in HEK-293 cells. Eighteen out of 24 MAbs were reactive with cellular CA XII on the surface of live kidney and lung cancer cells as determined by flow cytometry. One MAb 14D6 also inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant CA XII as measured by the stopped-flow assay. MAb 14D6 showed the migrastatic effect on human lung carcinoma A549 and renal carcinoma A498 cell lines in a ‘wound healing’ assay. It did not reduce the growth of multicellular lung and renal cancer spheroids but reduced the cell viability by the ATP Bioluminescence assay. Epitope mapping revealed the surface-exposed amino acid sequence (35-FGPDGENS-42) close to the catalytic center of CA XII recognized by the MAb 14D6. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains of MAb 14D6 were sequenced and their complementarity-determining regions were defined. The obtained variable sequences were used to generate recombinant antibodies in two formats: single-chain fragment variable (scFv) expressed in E. coli and scFv fused to human IgG1 Fc fragment (scFv-Fc) expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Both recombinant antibodies maintained the same specificity for CA XII as the parental MAb 14D6. The novel antibodies may represent promising tools for CA XII-related cancer research and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Stravinskiene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiste Sliziene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lina Baranauskiene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
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10
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Wang Y, Chan LLY, Grimaud M, Fayed A, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. High-Throughput Image Cytometry Detection Method for CAR-T Transduction, Cell Proliferation, and Cytotoxicity Assays. Cytometry A 2020; 99:689-697. [PMID: 33191639 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has drawn much attention due to its recent clinical success in B-cell malignancies. In general, the CAR-T cell discovery process consists of CAR identification, T-cell activation, transduction, and expansion, as well as assessment of CAR-T cytotoxicity. The current evaluation methods for the CAR-T discovery process can be time-consuming, low-throughput and requires the preparation of multiple sacrificial samples in order to produce kinetic data. In this study, we employed the use of a plate-based image cytometer to monitor anti-CAIX (carbonic anhydrase IX) G36 CAR-T generation and assess its cytotoxic potency of direct and selective killing against CAIX+ SKRC-59 human renal cell carcinoma cells. The transduction efficiency and cytotoxicity results were analyzed using image cytometry and compared directly to flow cytometry and Chromium 51 (51 Cr) release assays, showing that image cytometry was comparable against these conventional methods. Image cytometry method streamlines the assays required during the CAR-T cell discovery process by analyzing a plate of T cells from CAR-T generation to in vitro functional assays with minimum disruption. The proposed method can reduce assay time and uses less cell samples by imaging and analyze the same plate over time without the need to sacrifice any cells. The ability to monitor kinetic data can allow additional insights into the behavior and interaction between CAR-T and target tumor cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC., Lawrence, Massachusetts, 01843, USA
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Atef Fayed
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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New Monoclonal Antibodies for a Selective Detection of Membrane-Associated and Soluble Forms of Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Human Cell Lines and Biological Samples. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080304. [PMID: 31349673 PMCID: PMC6723738 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) selectively targeting tumor-associated antigens such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) can significantly contribute to research, diagnostics, and treatment of CA IX-related cancers. CA IX is overexpressed in numerous hypoxic cancers where it promotes tumor progression. Therefore, it is considered as a promising tumor biomarker. A novel collection of MAbs against recombinant CA IX was developed and evaluated in different immunoassays for studying CA IX expression. The reactivity of MAbs with native cell surface protein was confirmed by flow cytometry and the presence of hypoxia-inducible CA IX was investigated in several human cancer cell lines. In addition, the applicability of MAbs for visualization of CA IX-positive tumor cells by immunofluorescence microscopy was demonstrated. MAb H7 was identified as the most promising MAb for different immunoassays. It recognized a linear epitope covering CA IX sequence of 12 amino acid residues 55-GEDDPLGEEDLP-66 within the proteoglycan domain. The MAb H7 was the only one of the collection to immunoprecipitate CA IX protein from cell lysates and detect the denatured CA IX with near-infrared fluorescence Western blot. It was also employed in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect a soluble form of CA IX in growth medium of tumor cells and blood plasma samples. The diagnostic potential of the MAb H7 was confirmed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimen of cervical carcinoma in situ by immunohistochemistry. The generated MAbs, in particularly clone H7, have great potential in diagnostics and research of CA IX-related cancers.
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12
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells secreting anti-PD-L1 antibodies more effectively regress renal cell carcinoma in a humanized mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34341-55. [PMID: 27145284 PMCID: PMC5085160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have led to improved progression-free survival of many patients; however the therapies are toxic, rarely achieve durable long-term complete responses and are not curative. Herein we used a single bicistronic lentiviral vector to develop a new combination immunotherapy that consists of human anti-carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to secrete human anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies at the tumor site. The local antibody delivery led to marked immune checkpoint blockade. Tumor growth diminished 5 times and tumor weight reduced 50–80% when compared with the anti-CAIX CAR T cells alone in a humanized mice model of ccRCC. The expression of PD-L1 and Ki67 in the tumors decreased and an increase in granzyme B levels was found in CAR T cells. The anti-PD-L1 IgG1 isotype, which is capable of mediating ADCC, was also able to recruit human NK cells to the tumor site in vivo. These armed second-generation CAR T cells empowered to secrete human anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the ccRCC milieu to combat T cell exhaustion is an innovation in this field that should provide renewed potential for CAR T cell immunotherapy of solid tumors where limited efficacy is currently seen.
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13
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McDonald PC, Chafe SC, Dedhar S. Overcoming Hypoxia-Mediated Tumor Progression: Combinatorial Approaches Targeting pH Regulation, Angiogenesis and Immune Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:27. [PMID: 27066484 PMCID: PMC4814851 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important contributor to the heterogeneity of the microenvironment of solid tumors and is a significant environmental stressor that drives adaptations which are essential for the survival and metastatic capabilities of tumor cells. Critical adaptive mechanisms include altered metabolism, pH regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, migration/invasion, diminished response to immune cells and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In particular, pH regulation by hypoxic tumor cells, through the modulation of cell surface molecules such as extracellular carbonic anhydrases (CAIX and CAXII) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCT-1 and MCT-4) functions to increase cancer cell survival and enhance cell invasion while also contributing to immune evasion. Indeed, CAIX is a vital regulator of hypoxia mediated tumor progression, and targeted inhibition of its function results in reduced tumor growth, metastasis, and cancer stem cell function. However, the integrated contributions of the repertoire of hypoxia-induced effectors of pH regulation for tumor survival and invasion remain to be fully explored and exploited as therapeutic avenues. For example, the clinical use of anti-angiogenic agents has identified a conundrum whereby this treatment increases hypoxia and cancer stem cell components of tumors, and accelerates metastasis. Furthermore, hypoxia results in the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Treg) and Tumor Associated Macrophages (TAMs), and also stimulates the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, which collectively suppress T-cell mediated tumor cell killing. Therefore, combinatorial targeting of angiogenesis, the immune system and pH regulation in the context of hypoxia may lead to more effective strategies for curbing tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, thereby increasing therapeutic efficacy and leading to more effective strategies for the treatment of patients with aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Chang DK, Moniz RJ, Xu Z, Sun J, Signoretti S, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Human anti-CAIX antibodies mediate immune cell inhibition of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in a humanized mouse model in vivo. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:119. [PMID: 26062742 PMCID: PMC4464115 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a surface-expressed protein that is upregulated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and represents a prototypic tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therapeutic approaches targeting CAIX have focused on the development of CAIX inhibitors and specific immunotherapies including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, current in vivo mouse models used to characterize the anti-tumor properties of fully human anti-CAIX mAbs have significant limitations since the role of human effector cells in tumor cell killing in vivo is not directly evaluated. Methods The role of human anti-CAIX mAbs on CAIX+ RCC tumor cell killing by immunocytes or complement was tested in vitro by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) as well as on CAIX+ RCC cellular motility, wound healing, migration and proliferation. The in vivo therapeutic activity mediated by anti-CAIX mAbs was determined by using a novel orthotopic RCC xenograft humanized animal model and analyzed by histology and FACS staining. Results Our studies demonstrate the capacity of human anti-CAIX mAbs that inhibit CA enzymatic activity to result in immune-mediated killing of RCC, including nature killer (NK) cell-mediated ADCC, CDC, and macrophage-mediated ADCP. The killing activity correlated positively with the level of CAIX expression on RCC tumor cell lines. In addition, Fc engineering of anti-CAIX mAbs was shown to enhance the ADCC activity against RCC. We also demonstrate that these anti-CAIX mAbs inhibit migration of RCC cells in vitro. Finally, through the implementation of a novel orthotopic RCC model utilizing allogeneic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ−/− mice, we show that anti-CAIX mAbs are capable of mediating human immune response in vivo including tumor infiltration of NK cells and activation of T cells, resulting in inhibition of CAIX+ tumor growth. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that these novel human anti-CAIX mAbs have therapeutic potential in the unmet medical need of targeted killing of HIF-driven CAIX+RCC. The orthotopic tumor xenografted humanized mouse provides an improved model to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor capabilities of fully human mAbs for RCC therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0384-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kuan Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond J Moniz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Zhongyao Xu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Uda NR, Seibert V, Stenner-Liewen F, Müller P, Herzig P, Gondi G, Zeidler R, van Dijk M, Zippelius A, Renner C. Esterase activity of carbonic anhydrases serves as surrogate for selecting antibodies blocking hydratase activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30:955-60. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.1001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Seibert
- 4-Antibody AG (Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Agenus Inc., USA), Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Frank Stenner-Liewen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
- Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Petra Herzig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Gabor Gondi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany, and
- Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc van Dijk
- 4-Antibody AG (Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Agenus Inc., USA), Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
- Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Christoph Renner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
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16
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Ilardi G, Zambrano N, Merolla F, Siano M, Varricchio S, Vecchione M, De Rosa G, Mascolo M, Staibano S. Histopathological determinants of tumor resistance: a special look to the immunohistochemical expression of carbonic anhydrase IX in human cancers. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:1569-82. [PMID: 23992304 PMCID: PMC3979091 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance of tumor cells still causes the failure of treatment regimens in advanced
human cancers. It may be driven by intrinsic tumor cells features, or may also arise from micro environmental influences.
Hypoxia is a microenvironment feature associated with the aggressiveness and metastasizing ability of human solid cancers.
Hypoxic cancer cells overexpress Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX). CA IX ensures a favorable tumor intracellular
pH, while contributing to stromal acidosis, which facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. The overexpression of CA IX
is considered an epiphenomenon of the presence of hypoxic, aggressive tumor cells. Recently, a relationship between CA
IX overexpression and the cancer stem cells (CSCs) population has been hypothesized. CSCs are strictly regulated by tumor
hypoxia and drive a major non-mutational mechanism of cancer drug-resistance. We reviewed the current data concerning
the role of CA IX overexpression in human malignancies, extending such information to the expression of the
stem cells markers CD44 and nestin in solid cancers, to explore their relationship with the biological behavior of tumors.
CA IX is heavily expressed in advanced tumors. A positive trend of correlation between CA IX overexpression, tumor
stage/grade and poor outcome emerged. Moreover, stromal CA IX expression was associated with adverse events occurrence,
maybe signaling the direct action of CA IX in directing the mesenchymal changes that favor tumor invasion; in addition,
membranous/cytoplasmic co-overexpression of CA IX and stem cells markers were found in several aggressive
tumors. This suggests that CA IX targeting could indirectly deplete CSCs and counteract resistance of solid cancers in the
clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", address: via S. Pansini, n.5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Regression of established renal cell carcinoma in nude mice using lentivirus-transduced human T cells expressing a human anti-CAIX chimeric antigen receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2014; 1:14003. [PMID: 27119093 PMCID: PMC4782938 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a tumor-associated antigen and marker of hypoxia that is overexpressed on > 90% of clear-cell type renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but not on neighboring normal kidney tissue. Here, we report on the construction of two chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that utilize a carbonic anhydrase (CA) domain mapped, human single chain antibody (scFv G36) as a targeting moiety but differ in their capacity to provide costimulatory signaling for optimal T cell proliferation and tumor cell killing. The resulting anti-CAIX CARs were expressed on human primary T cells via lentivirus transduction. CAR-transduced T cells (CART cells) expressing second-generation G36-CD28-TCRζ exhibited more potent in vitro antitumor effects on CAIX(+) RCC cells than first-generation G36-CD8-TCRζ including cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, proliferation, and clonal expansion. Adoptive G36-CD28-TCRζ CART cell therapy combined with high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 injection also lead to superior regression of established RCC in nude mice with evidence of tumor cell apoptosis and tissue necrosis. These results suggest that the fully human G36-CD28-TCRζ CARs should provide substantial improvements over first-generation mouse anti-CAIX CARs in clinical use through reduced human anti-mouse antibody responses against the targeting scFv and administration of lower doses of T cells during CART cell therapy of CAIX(+) RCC.
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18
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Zhao Z, Liao G, Li Y, Zhou S, Zou H, Fernando S. Prognostic value of carbonic anhydrase IX immunohistochemical expression in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114096. [PMID: 25426861 PMCID: PMC4245260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) protein has been correlated with progression and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The prognostic value of CAIX in RCC however, remains inconclusive according to published works. This study aimed to analyze CAIX as a biological marker to predict RCC patient prognosis. Methods A literature search of the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases was performed to retrieve original studies from their inception to December of 2013. Fifteen studies, collectively including a total of 2611 patients with renal cell carcinoma, were carefully reviewed. Standard meta-analysis methods were applied to evaluate the prognostic impact of CAIX expression on patient prognosis. The hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were recorded for the relationship between CAIX expression and survival, and the data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.2 software and Stata software 11.0. Results In patients with RCC, low CAIX expression was associated with poor disease-specific survival (HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.20–2.98, P = 0.006), unfavorable progression-free survival (HR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.14–6.05, P = 0.02) and worse overall survival (HR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.28–3.21, P = 0.002). Furthermore, low CAIX expression was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases (odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.15–0.62, P = 0.0009) and distant metastases (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46–0.96, P = 0.03) and predicted a higher tumor grade (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.31–0.54, P<0.00001). Conclusions Low CAIX expression most likely indicates poor prognosis in RCC patients. Moreover, low CAIX expression was significantly associated with unfavorable clinicopathological factors. To strengthen our findings, further well-designed prospective studies should be conducted to investigate the role of CAIX expression in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhao
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shulu Zhou
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institution of Urology and Nephrology, The third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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ZATOVICOVA MIRIAM, JELENSKA LENKA, HULIKOVA ALZBETA, DITTE PETER, DITTE ZUZANA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, SVASTOVA ELISKA, SCHMALIX WOLFGANG, BOETTGER VOLKER, BEVAN PAUL, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA. Monoclonal antibody G250 targeting CA IX: Binding specificity, internalization and therapeutic effects in a non-renal cancer model. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2455-67. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for cancer therapy: from biology to clinical use. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:52-64. [PMID: 25117006 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment includes a complicated network of physiological gradients contributing to plasticity of tumor cells and heterogeneity of tumor tissue. Hypoxia is a key component generating intratumoral oxygen gradients, which affect the cellular expression program and lead to therapy resistance and increased metastatic propensity of weakly oxygenated cell subpopulations. One of the adaptive responses of tumor cells to hypoxia involves the increased expression and functional activation of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a cancer-related cell surface enzyme catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion and proton. Via its catalytic activity, CA IX participates in regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH perturbations that result from hypoxia-induced changes in cellular metabolism producing excess of acid. Through the ability to regulate pH, CA IX also facilitates cell migration and invasion. In addition, CA IX has non-catalytic function in cell adhesion and spreading. Thus, CA IX endows tumor cells with survival advantages in hypoxia/acidosis and confers an increased ability to migrate, invade and metastasize. Accordingly, CA IX is expressed in a broad range of tumors, where it is associated with prognosis and therapy outcome. Its expression pattern and functional implications in tumor biology make CA IX a promising therapeutic target, which can be hit either by immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies or with compounds inhibiting its enzyme activity. The first strategy has already reached the clinical trials, whereas the second one is still in preclinical testing. Both strategies indicate that CA IX can become a clinically useful anticancer target, but urge further efforts toward better selection of patients for immunotherapy and deeper understanding of tumor types, clinical situations and synthetic lethality interactions with other treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Tumor microenvironment substantially influences the process of tumorigenesis. In many solid tumors, imbalance between the demand of rapidly proliferating cancer cells and the capabilities of the vascular system generates areas with insufficient oxygen supply. In response to tumor hypoxia, cancer cells modulate their gene expression pattern to match the requirements of the altered microenvironment. One of the most significant adaptations to this milieu is the shift towards anaerobic glycolysis to keep up the energy demands. This oncogenic metabolism is often maintained also in aerobic cells. Lactic acid, its metabolic end-product, accumulates hand-in-hand with carbon dioxide, leading to acidification of the extracellular environment. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is the most widely expressed gene in response to hypoxia. Its crucial role in intracellular pH maintenance represents the means by which cancer cells adapt to the toxic conditions of the extracellular milieu. Furthermore, the activity of CA IX stimulates the migratory pathways of cancer cells and is connected with the increase of the aggressive/invasive phenotype of tumors. CA IX expression in many types of tumors indicates its relevance as a general marker of tumor hypoxia. Moreover, its expression is closely related to prognosis of the clinical outcome in several tumor types. All above mentioned facts support the strong position of CA IX as a potential drug therapy target. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on its regulation and role in cancer development.
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Zhang ZF, Shan X, Wang YX, Wang W, Feng SY, Cui YB. Screening and selection of peptides specific for esophageal cancer cells from a phage display peptide library. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9:76. [PMID: 24779651 PMCID: PMC4018990 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-9-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract and is typically diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the absence of early clinical symptoms. Although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy represent the major treatment methods employed for this cancer, the prognosis of esophageal cancer remains poor. Methods A Ph.D.-12TM Phage Display Peptide Library was screened using an esophageal cancer cell line, Eca109, and a normal esophageal epithelial cell line to identify novel ligands that selectively bind the surface of esophageal cancer cells with high affinity. Results Two polypeptides were isolated that exhibited higher binding affinities and specificity for the Eca109 cells. These peptides were further validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), immunofluorescence assays, and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion Two polypeptides with high binding affinities to esophageal cancer cells were isolated from the Ph.D.-12TM Phage Display Peptide Library. Further studies are needed to characterize the biological effects of these polypeptides and to explore the potential for these peptides to be used for the early screening of esophageal cancer or for cell-targeted therapies that would reduce the toxic side effects of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - You-Bin Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, 130021 Changchun, China.
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Krall N, Pretto F, Decurtins W, Bernardes GJL, Supuran CT, Neri D. A Small-Molecule Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expressing Tumors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4231-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ein niedermolekulares Ligand-Wirkstoff-Konjugat zur Behandlung von Carboanhydrase IX exprimierenden Tumoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cheal SM, Punzalan B, Doran MG, Evans MJ, Osborne JR, Lewis JS, Zanzonico P, Larson SM. Pairwise comparison of 89Zr- and 124I-labeled cG250 based on positron emission tomography imaging and nonlinear immunokinetic modeling: in vivo carbonic anhydrase IX receptor binding and internalization in mouse xenografts of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41:985-94. [PMID: 24604591 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The PET tracer, (124)I-cG250, directed against carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) shows promise for presurgical diagnosis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (Divgi et al. in Lancet Oncol 8:304-310, 2007; Divgi et al. in J Clin Oncol 31:187-194, 2013). The radiometal (89)Zr, however, may offer advantages as a surrogate PET nuclide over (124)I in terms of greater tumor uptake and retention (Rice et al. in Semin Nucl Med 41:265-282, 2011). We have developed a nonlinear immunokinetic model to facilitate a quantitative comparison of absolute uptake and antibody turnover between (124)I-cG250 and (89)Zr-cG250 using a human ccRCC xenograft tumor model in mice. We believe that this unique model better relates quantitative imaging data to the salient biological features of tumor antibody-antigen binding and turnover. METHODS We conducted experiments with (89)Zr-cG250 and (124)I-cG250 using a human ccRCC cell line (SK-RC-38) to characterize the binding affinity and internalization kinetics of the two tracers in vitro. Serial PET imaging was performed in mice bearing subcutaneous ccRCC tumors to simultaneously detect and quantify time-dependent tumor uptake in vivo. Using the known specific activities of the two tracers, the equilibrium rates of antibody internalization and turnover in the tumors were derived from the PET images using nonlinear compartmental modeling. RESULTS The two tracers demonstrated virtually identical tumor cell binding and internalization but showed markedly different retentions in vitro. Superior PET images were obtained using (89)Zr-cG250, owing to the more prolonged trapping of the radiolabel in the tumor and simultaneous washout from normal tissues. Estimates of cG250/CAIX complex turnover were 1.35 - 5.51 × 10(12) molecules per hour per gram of tumor (20 % of receptors internalized per hour), and the ratio of (124)I/(89)Zr atoms released per unit time by tumor was 17.5. CONCLUSION Pairwise evaluation of (89)Zr-cG250 and (124)I-cG250 provided the basis for a nonlinear immunokinetic model which yielded quantitative information about the binding and internalization of radioantibody bound to CAIX on tumor cells in vivo. (89)Zr-cG250 is likely to provide high-quality PET images and may be a useful tool to quantify CAIX/cG250 receptor turnover and cG250-accessible antigen density noninvasively in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Cheal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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McDonald PC, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Dedhar S. Recent developments in targeting carbonic anhydrase IX for cancer therapeutics. Oncotarget 2012; 3:84-97. [PMID: 22289741 PMCID: PMC3292895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-inducible enzyme that is overexpressed by cancer cells from many tumor types, and is a component of the pH regulatory system invoked by these cells to combat the deleterious effects of a high rate of glycolytic metabolism. CAIX functions to help produce and maintain an intracellular pH (pHi) favorable for tumor cell growth and survival, while at the same time participating in the generation of an increasingly acidic extracellular space, facilitating tumor cell invasiveness. Pharmacologic interference of CAIX catalytic activity using monoclonal antibodies or CAIX-specific small molecule inhibitors, consequently disrupting pH regulation by cancer cells, has been shown recently to impair primary tumor growth and metastasis. Many of these agents are in preclinical or clinical development and constitute a novel, targeted strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Barteneva NS, Fasler-Kan E, Vorobjev IA. Imaging flow cytometry: coping with heterogeneity in biological systems. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:723-33. [PMID: 22740345 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412453052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) platforms combine features of flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy with advances in data-processing algorithms. IFC allows multiparametric fluorescent and morphological analysis of thousands of cellular events and has the unique capability of identifying collected events by their real images. IFC allows the analysis of heterogeneous cell populations, where one of the cellular components has low expression (<0.03%) and can be described by Poisson distribution. With the help of IFC, one can address a critical question of statistical analysis of subcellular distribution of proteins in a cell. Here the authors review advantages of IFC in comparison with more traditional technologies, such as Western blotting and flow cytometry (FC), as well as new high-throughput fluorescent microscopy (HTFM), and discuss further developments of this novel analytical technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Ponomarev ED, Veremeyko T, Barteneva NS. Visualization and quantitation of the expression of microRNAs and their target genes in neuroblastoma single cells using imaging cytometry. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:517. [PMID: 22123030 PMCID: PMC3250958 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that play an important role in many physiological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to modulating normal cellular functions, it has also been reported that miRNAs are involved in the development of many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Methods for the sensitive detection and measurement of specific miRNAs and their cellular targets are essential for both basic research endeavours, as well as diagnostic efforts aimed at understanding the role of miRNAs in disease processes. FINDINGS In this study, we describe a novel, imaging cytometry-based protocol that allows for simultaneous visualisation and quantification of miRNAs and their putative targets. We validated this methodology in a neuronal cell line by examining the relationship of the miRNA miR-124 and its known target, cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). We found that ectopic overexpression of miR-124 resulted in the downregulation of CDK6, decreased cellular proliferation, and induced cellular morphological changes. CONCLUSIONS This method is suitable for analysing the expression and cellular localisation of miRNAs and target proteins in small cell subsets within a heterogeneous cell suspension. We believe that our cytometry-based methodology will be easily adaptable to miRNA studies in many areas of biomedical research including neuroscience, stem cell biology, immunology, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tu X, Zhuang J, Wang W, Zhao L, Zhao L, Zhao J, Deng C, Qiu S, Zhang Y. Screening and identification of a renal carcinoma specific peptide from a phage display peptide library. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:105. [PMID: 22071019 PMCID: PMC3227595 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Specific peptide ligands to cell surface receptors have been extensively used in tumor research and clinical applications. Phage display technology is a powerful tool for the isolation of cell-specific peptide ligands. To screen and identify novel markers for renal cell carcinoma, we evaluated a peptide that had been identified by phage display technology. Methods A renal carcinoma cell line A498 and a normal renal cell line HK-2 were used to carry out subtractive screening in vitro with a phage display peptide library. After three rounds of panning, there was an obvious enrichment for the phages specifically binding to the A498 cells, and the output/input ratio of phages increased about 100 fold. A group of peptides capable of binding specifically to the renal carcinoma cells were obtained, and the affinity of these peptides to the targeting cells and tissues was studied. Results Through a cell-based ELISA, immunocytochemical staining, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence, the Phage ZT-2 and synthetic peptide ZT-2 were shown to specifically bind to the tumor cell surfaces of A498 and incision specimens, but not to normal renal tissue samples. Conclusion A peptide ZT-2, which binds specifically to the renal carcinoma cell line A498 was selected from phage display peptide libraries. Therefore, it provides a potential tool for early diagnosis of renal carcinoma or targeted drug delivery in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangan Tu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, PR China.
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Porporato PE, Dhup S, Dadhich RK, Copetti T, Sonveaux P. Anticancer targets in the glycolytic metabolism of tumors: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:49. [PMID: 21904528 PMCID: PMC3161244 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CANCER IS A METABOLIC DISEASE AND THE SOLUTION OF TWO METABOLIC EQUATIONS: to produce energy with limited resources and to fulfill the biosynthetic needs of proliferating cells. Both equations are solved when glycolysis is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a process known as the glycolytic switch. This review addresses in a comprehensive manner the main molecular events accounting for high-rate glycolysis in cancer. It starts from modulation of the Pasteur Effect allowing short-term adaptation to hypoxia, highlights the key role exerted by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 in long-term adaptation to hypoxia, and summarizes the current knowledge concerning the necessary involvement of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) in cancer cell proliferation. Based on the many observations positioning glycolysis as a central player in malignancy, the most advanced anticancer treatments targeting tumor glycolysis are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, University of Louvain Medical School Brussels, Belgium
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Murri-Plesko MT, Hulikova A, Oosterwijk E, Scott AM, Zortea A, Harris AL, Ritter G, Old L, Bauer S, Swietach P, Renner C. Antibody inhibiting enzymatic activity of tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 657:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Imaging cytometry has recently become an important achievement in development of flow cytometric technologies. The ImageStream cytometer combines the vast features of classical flow cytometry including an impartial analysis of great number of cells in short period of time which results in strong statistical data output, with essential features of fluorescence microscopy such us collecting of real multiparameter images of analyzed objects. In this chapter, we would like to introduce an overview of imaging cytometry platform and emphasize the potential advantages of using this system for several experimental purposes. Moreover, both well established as well as potential applications of imaging cytometry will be described. Eventually, we would like to illustrate the unique use of ImageStream cytometer for identification and characterization of subpopulations of stem/ progenitor cells present in different biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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New insights into the physiological role of carbonic anhydrase IX in tumour pH regulation. Oncogene 2010; 29:6509-21. [PMID: 20890298 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the tumour-associated carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CAIX) in the context of pH regulation. We summarise recent experimental findings on the effect of CAIX on cell growth and survival, and present a diffusion-reaction model to help in the assessment of CAIX function under physiological conditions. CAIX emerges as an important facilitator of acid diffusion and acid transport, helping to overcome large cell-to-capillary distances that are characteristic of solid tumours. The source of substrate for CAIX catalysis is likely to be CO₂, generated by adequately oxygenated mitochondria or from the titration of metabolic acids with HCO₃⁻ taken up from the extracellular milieu. The relative importance of these pathways will depend on oxygen and metabolite availability, the spatiotemporal patterns of the cell's exposure to hypoxia and on the regulation of metabolism by genes. This is now an important avenue for further investigation. The importance of CAIX in regulating tumour pH highlights the protein as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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