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Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J. There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248700 PMCID: PMC10821523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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Bordoni M, Pansarasa O, Scarian E, Cristofani R, Leone R, Fantini V, Garofalo M, Diamanti L, Bernuzzi S, Gagliardi S, Carelli S, Poletti A, Cereda C. Lysosomes Dysfunction Causes Mitophagy Impairment in PBMCs of Sporadic ALS Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081272. [PMID: 35455952 PMCID: PMC9030813 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria alterations are present in tissues derived from patients and animal models, but no data are available for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ALS patients. This work aims to investigate mitophagy in PBMCs of sporadic (sALS) patients and how this pathway can be tuned by using small molecules. We found the presence of morphologically atypical mitochondria by TEM and morphological abnormalities by MitoTracker™. We found a decreased number of healthy mitochondria in sALS PBMCs and an impairment of mitophagy with western blot and immunofluorescence. After rapamycin treatment, we found a higher increase in the LC3 marker in sALS PBMCs, while after NH4Cl treatment, we found a lower increase in the LC3 marker. Finally, mTOR-independent autophagy induction with trehalose resulted in a significant decrease in the lysosomes level sALS PBMCs. Our data suggest that the presence of morphologically altered mitochondria and an inefficient turnover of damaged mitochondria in PBMCs of sALS patients rely on the impairment of the mitophagy pathway. We also found that the induction of the mTOR-independent autophagy pathway leads to a decrease in lysosomes level, suggesting a more sensitivity of sALS PBMCs to trehalose. Such evidence suggests that trehalose could represent an effective treatment for ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bordoni
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0382-380-248
| | - Eveljn Scarian
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cristofani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Valentina Fantini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Neurogenetic, Golgi-Cenci Foundation, 20081 Abbiategrasso, Italy;
| | - Maria Garofalo
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Neuroncology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Bernuzzi
- Immunohematological and Transfusional Service and Centre of Transplantation Immunology, IRCCS “San Matteo Foundation”, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Centre Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.B.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.)
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3
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Senchukova MA, Tomchuk O, Shurygina EI. Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer: Features of infection and their correlations with long-term results of treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6290-6305. [PMID: 34712033 PMCID: PMC8515796 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i37.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped bacterium responsible for the development of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer (GC), and MALT-lymphoma of the stomach. H. pylori can be present in the gastric mucosa (GM) in both spiral and coccoid forms. However, it is not known whether the severity of GM contamination by various vegetative forms of H. pylori is associated with clinical and morphological characteristics and long-term results of GC treatment.
AIM To establish the features of H. pylori infection in patients with GC and their correlations with clinical and morphological characteristics of diseases and long-term results of treatment.
METHODS Of 109 patients with GC were included in a prospective cohort study. H. pylori in the GM and tumor was determined by rapid urease test and by immunohistochemically using the antibody to H. pylori. The results obtained were compared with the clinical and morphological characteristics and prognosis of GC. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10.0 software.
RESULTS H. pylori was detected in the adjacent to the tumor GM in 84.5% of cases, of which a high degree of contamination was noted in 50.4% of the samples. Coccoid forms of H. pylori were detected in 93.4% of infected patients, and only coccoid-in 68.9%. It was found that a high degree of GM contamination by the coccoid forms of H. pylori was observed significantly more often in diffuse type of GC (P = 0.024), in poorly differentiated GC (P = 0.011), in stage T3-4 (P = 0.04) and in N1 (P = 0.011). In cases of moderate and marked concentrations of H. pylori in GM, a decrease in 10-year relapse free and overall survival from 55.6% to 26.3% was observed (P = 0.02 and P = 0.07, respectively). The relationship between the severity of the GM contamination by the spiral-shaped forms of H. pylori and the clinical and morphological characteristics and prognosis of GC was not revealed.
CONCLUSION The data obtained indicates that H. pylori may be associated not only with induction but also with the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Senchukova
- Department of Oncology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia
| | - Olesya Tomchuk
- Department of Histology, Cytology, Embryology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia
| | - Elena I Shurygina
- Department of Pathology, Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg 460000, Russia
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4
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Manifold role of ubiquitin in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4765-4783. [PMID: 33825941 PMCID: PMC8195768 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection with H. pylori induces a strong host cellular response represented by induction of a set of molecular signaling pathways, expression of proinflammatory cytokines and changes in proliferation. Chronic infection and inflammation accompanied by secretory dysfunction can result in the development of gastric metaplasia and gastric cancer. Currently, it has been determined that the regulation of many cellular processes involves ubiquitinylation of molecular effectors. The binding of ubiquitin allows the substrate to undergo a change in function, to interact within multimolecular signaling complexes and/or to be degraded. Dysregulation of the ubiquitinylation machinery contributes to several pathologies, including cancer. It is not understood in detail how H. pylori impacts the ubiquitinylation of host substrate proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature in this field, with an emphasis on the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in host cell homeodynamics, gastric pathophysiology and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokolova
- Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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5
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Zhang X, Arnold IC, Müller A. Mechanisms of persistence, innate immune activation and immunomodulation by the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 54:1-10. [PMID: 32007716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori efficiently evades innate immune detection and persistently colonizes its human host. Understanding the genetic determinants that H. pylori uses to establish and maintain persistence, along with their cellular targets, is key to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this extraordinarily successful bacterial colonizer of the human stomach. This review highlights recent advances in elucidating innate immune recognition of H. pylori, its interactions with myeloid cells and the consequences that this very local infection has for immune responses at extragastric sites in models of allergy, autoimmunity and parasitic infection. The human-specific, gram-negative gastric colonizer and carcinogen H. pylori represents the prototype of a persistent bacterial pathogen. It is transmitted during early childhood, typically from mother to infant, and is believed to persist in its human host from the cradle to the grave. The tremendous success of H. pylori in infecting and colonizing half of the world's population, and in continuously accompanying humans since they migrated out of Africa over 60000 years ago, can largely be attributed to its ability to manipulate the host immune system to its own advantage, and to thereby ensure its own persistence and chronicity. In his final years as an active PI, Stanley Falkow increasingly recognized the need to understand bacterial persistence strategies as a prerequisite of understanding the pathogenesis of chronic bacterial infections, and, inspired in large part by Denise Monack's work on Salmonella persistence, many of our discussions at the time revolved around this topic. Multiple labs have since made important contributions to our understanding of innate immune detection of H. pylori, the types and polarization of adaptive immune responses that ensue, the ability of H. pylori to skew such immune responses to its advantage, and its ability to manipulate the host immune system with far-reaching, even systemic consequences. This review attempts to cover some of these topics, with a particular focus on the most recent contributions by researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Necchi V, Ricci V, Sommi P, Solcia E. CagA Effector Protein in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Human Gastric Epithelium in Vivo: From Bacterial Core and Adhesion/Injection Clusters to Host Cell Proteasome-Rich Cytosol. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110618. [PMID: 31731531 PMCID: PMC6891489 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role in the carcinogenic action of Helicobacter pylori is played by the effector protein CagA, the first identified oncoprotein of the bacterial world. However, the present knowledge in regard to the bacterial injection of CagA into epithelial cells (through a type IV secretion system) and its intracellular fate is based primarily on experimental studies in vitro. Our study was aimed to investigate, in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelium, CagA delivery and intracellular distribution in order to identify any in vivo counterpart of the cell injection mechanism described in vitro and any intracellular cytoplasmic site of preferential CagA distribution, thus shedding light on the natural history of CagA in vivo. By transmission electron microscopy and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry (which combine precise molecule localization with detailed analysis of bacterial-host cell interaction and epithelial cell ultrastructure), we investigated endoscopic biopsies of gastric antrum from H. pylori-infected dyspeptic patients. Our findings provide support for CagA direct injection into gastric epithelial cells at bacterial adhesion sites located on the lateral plasma membrane and for its cytosolic intracellular distribution with selective concentration inside peculiar proteasome-rich areas, which might be site not only of CagA degradation but also of CagA-promoted crucial events in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.)
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987-254; Fax: +39-0382-987-664
| | - Patrizia Sommi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.N.); (P.S.); (E.S.)
- Pathologic Anatomy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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7
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Capurro MI, Greenfield LK, Prashar A, Xia S, Abdullah M, Wong H, Zhong XZ, Bertaux-Skeirik N, Chakrabarti J, Siddiqui I, O'Brien C, Dong X, Robinson L, Peek RM, Philpott DJ, Zavros Y, Helmrath M, Jones NL. VacA generates a protective intracellular reservoir for Helicobacter pylori that is eliminated by activation of the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1411-1423. [PMID: 31110360 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a proven carcinogen for gastric cancer. Its virulence factor vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) promotes more severe disease and gastric colonization. VacA, by an unknown mechanism, usurps lysosomal and autophagy pathways to generate a protected reservoir for H. pylori that confers bacterial survival in vitro. Here, we show the existence of a VacA-generated intracellular niche in vivo that protects the bacteria from antibiotic treatment and leads to infection recrudescence after therapy. Furthermore, we report that VacA targets the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1 to disrupt endolysosomal trafficking and mediate these effects. Remarkably, H. pylori that lack toxigenic VacA colonize enlarged dysfunctional lysosomes in the gastric epithelium of trpml1-null mice, where they are protected from eradication therapy. Furthermore, a small molecule agonist directed against TRPML1 reversed the toxic effects of VacA on endolysosomal trafficking, culminating in the clearance of intracellular bacteria. These results suggest that TRPML1 may represent a therapeutic target for chronic H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Capurro
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Greenfield
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akriti Prashar
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunny Xia
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Majd Abdullah
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harikesh Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xi Zoe Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nina Bertaux-Skeirik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jayati Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine O'Brien
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lisa Robinson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Department of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Solcia E, Necchi V, Sommi P, Ricci V. Proteasome-Rich PaCS as an Oncofetal UPS Structure Handling Cytosolic Polyubiquitinated Proteins. In Vivo Occurrence, in Vitro Induction, and Biological Role. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092767. [PMID: 30223470 PMCID: PMC6164709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we outline and discuss available information on the cellular site and mechanism of proteasome interaction with cytosolic polyubiquitinated proteins and heat-shock molecules. The particulate cytoplasmic structure (PaCS) formed by barrel-like particles, closely reproducing in vivo the high-resolution structure of 26S proteasome as isolated in vitro, has been detected in a variety of fetal and neoplastic cells, from living tissue or cultured cell lines. Specific trophic factors and interleukins were found to induce PaCS during in vitro differentiation of dendritic, natural killer (NK), or megakaryoblastic cells, apparently through activation of the MAPK-ERK pathway. Direct interaction of CagA bacterial oncoprotein with proteasome was shown inside the PaCSs of a Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelium, a finding suggesting a role for PaCS in CagA-mediated gastric carcinogenesis. PaCS dissolution and autophagy were seen after withdrawal of inducing factors. PaCS-filled cell blebs and ectosomes were found in some cells and may represent a potential intercellular discharge and transport system of polyubiquitinated antigenic proteins. PaCS differs substantially from the inclusion bodies, sequestosomes, and aggresomes reported in proteinopathies like Huntington or Parkinson diseases, which usually lack PaCS. The latter seems more linked to conditions of increased cell proliferation/differentiation, implying an increased functional demand to the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Pathologic Anatomy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Sommi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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9
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Valečka J, Almeida CR, Su B, Pierre P, Gatti E. Autophagy and MHC-restricted antigen presentation. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:163-170. [PMID: 29787980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T lymphocytes and initiate immune responses. The peptides loaded onto MHC class I or MHC class II molecules can be derived from cytosolic proteins, both self and foreign. A variety of cellular processes, including endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy, play critical roles in presentation of these antigens. We discuss the role of autophagy, a major intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes in both MHC class I and II-restricted antigen presentation. We propose the new term "Type 2 cross-presentation" (CP2) to define the autophagy-dependent processes leading to MHC II-restricted presentation of intracellular antigens by professional antigen presenting cells. A better understanding of Type 2 cross-presentation may guide future efforts to control the immune system through autophagy manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Valečka
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Catarina R Almeida
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IBiMed) and Ilidio Pinho Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Pansarasa O, Bordoni M, Drufuca L, Diamanti L, Sproviero D, Trotti R, Bernuzzi S, La Salvia S, Gagliardi S, Ceroni M, Cereda C. Lymphoblastoid cell lines as a model to understand amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease mechanisms. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031625. [PMID: 29419416 PMCID: PMC5897724 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been considered a 'neurocentric' disease; however, new evidence suggests that it should instead be looked at from a 'multisystemic' or 'non-neurocentric' point of view. From 2006, we focused on the study of non-neural cells: ALS patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Here, we characterize LCLs of sporadic ALS (sALS) and patients carrying SOD1, TARDBP and FUS mutations to identify an ALS biologically relevant molecular signature, and determine whether and how mutations differentially affect ALS-linked pathways. Although LCLs are different from motor neurons (MNs), in LCLs we found some features typical of degenerating MNs in ALS, i.e. protein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, different gene mutations have different effects on ALS cellular mechanisms. TARDBP and FUS mutations imbalance mitochondrial dynamism toward increased fusion, whereas sALS and SOD1 mutations mainly affect fission. With regards to protein aggregation and/or mislocalization, TARDBP and SOD1 mutations show the presence of aggregates, whereas FUS mutation does not induce protein aggregation and/or mislocalization. Finally, all LCLs, independently from mutation, are not able to work in a condition of excessive energy request, suggesting that mitochondria from ALS patients are characterized by a significant metabolic defect. Taken together, these data indicate that LCLs could be a valid cellular model in ALS research in the identification and study of specific pathological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordoni
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Drufuca
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Diamanti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- General Neurology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daisy Sproviero
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosa Trotti
- Department of Neurodiagnostics and Services, Laboratory of Clinicals and Chemicals Analysis (SMeL), IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bernuzzi
- Department of 'Medicina Diagnostica e dei Servizi', IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina La Salvia
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceroni
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- General Neurology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Necchi V, Sommi P, Vanoli A, Fiocca R, Ricci V, Solcia E. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin in human gastric epithelium in vivo: vacuoles and beyond. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14526. [PMID: 29109534 PMCID: PMC5673961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake, intracellular trafficking and pathologic effects of VacA toxin from Helicobacter pylori have been widely investigated in vitro. However, no systematic analysis investigated VacA intracellular distribution and fate in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelium in vivo, using ultrastructural immunocytochemistry that combines precise toxin localization with analysis of the overall cell ultrastructure and intercompartimental/interorganellar relationships. By immunogold procedure, in this study we investigated gastric biopsies taken from dyspeptic patients to characterize the overall toxin’s journey inside human gastric epithelial cells in vivo. Endocytic pits were found to take up VacA at sites of bacterial adhesion, leading to a population of peripheral endosomes, which in deeper (juxtanuclear) cytoplasm enlarged and fused each other to form large VacA-containing vacuoles (VCVs). These directly opened into endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, which in turn enveloped mitochondria and contacted the Golgi apparatus. In all such organelles we found toxin molecules, often coupled with structural damage. These findings suggest direct toxin transfer from VCVs to other target organelles such as ER/Golgi and mitochondria. VacA-induced cytotoxic changes were associated with the appearance of auto(phago)lysosomes containing VacA, polyubiquitinated proteins, p62/SQSTM1 protein, cathepsin D, damaged mitochondria and bacterial remnants, thus leading to persistent cell accumulation of degradative products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sommi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Fiocca
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Genova and IRCCS S. Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Pathologic Anatomy Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Different Polyubiquitinated Bodies in Human Dendritic Cells: IL-4 Causes PaCS During Differentiation while LPS or IFNα Induces DALIS During Maturation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1844. [PMID: 28500302 PMCID: PMC5431999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two types of polyubiquitin-reactive cytoplasmic bodies, particulate cytoplasmic structures (PaCS) and dendritic cell (DC) aggresome-like induced structures (DALIS), were analyzed by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry in DC obtained from human blood monocytes incubated with GM-CSF plus IL-4 (IL4-DC), GM-CSF plus IFNα (IFN-DC), or GM-CSF alone (GM-DC), with or without LPS maturation. PaCS developed as monomorphic aggregates of proteasome-reactive barrel-like particles only in ribosomes-rich cytoplasmic areas of differentiating IL4-DC. In contrast, DALIS formed as vesicular bodies storing K63-linked ubiquitinated proteins by coalescence of increased endosomal structures, in IFN-DC or after LPS maturation of GM-DC. DALIS-forming cells showed incomplete morphological and functional DC-type differentiation when compared to PaCS-forming IL4-DC. PaCS and DALIS may have different function as well as different origin and cytochemistry. DALIS may be a transient accumulation site of potentially antigenic polyubiquitinated proteins during their processing and presentation. PaCS are found under physiologic or pathologic conditions associated with increased/deranged protein synthesis and increased ubiquitin-proteasome activity. Given its high heat-shock protein content PaCS may work as a quality control structure for newly synthesized, cytosolic proteins. This comparative analysis suggests that PaCS and DALIS have distinctive roles in DC.
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Ricci V. Relationship between VacA Toxin and Host Cell Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori Infection of the Human Stomach: A Few Answers, Many Questions. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070203. [PMID: 27376331 PMCID: PMC4963836 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of about half the global population and represents the greatest risk factor for gastric malignancy. The relevance of H. pylori for gastric cancer development is equivalent to that of tobacco smoking for lung cancer. VacA toxin seems to play a pivotal role in the overall strategy of H. pylori towards achieving persistent gastric colonization. This strategy appears to involve the modulation of host cell autophagy. After an overview of autophagy and its role in infection and carcinogenesis, I critically review current knowledge about the action of VacA on host cell autophagy during H. pylori infection of the human stomach. Although VacA is a key player in modulation of H. pylori-induced autophagy, a few discrepancies in the data are also evident and many questions remain to be answered. We are thus still far from a definitive understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which VacA affects autophagy and the consequences of this toxin action on the overall pathogenic activity of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Human Physiology Unit, University of Pavia Medical School, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Global translation variations in host cells upon attack of lytic and sublytic Staphylococcus aureus α-haemolysin1. Biochem J 2015; 472:83-95. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin (AHL) is a clinically relevant toxin, whose effects on host translation are poorly understood. We characterized genome-wide alterations induced at transcriptional and transational levels by lytic and sublytic AHL, pinpointing the importance of translational control during host-pathogen interaction.
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Pecci A, Necchi V, Barozzi S, Vitali A, Boveri E, Elena C, Bernasconi P, Noris P, Solcia E. Particulate cytoplasmic structures with high concentration of ubiquitin-proteasome accumulate in myeloid neoplasms. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:71. [PMID: 26081257 PMCID: PMC4473848 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased plasma levels of proteasome have been associated with various neoplasms, especially myeloid malignancies. Little is known of the cellular origin and release mechanisms of such proteasome. We recently identified and characterized a novel particulate cytoplasmic structure (PaCS) showing selective accumulation of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) components. PaCSs have been reported in some epithelial neoplasms and in two genetic disorders characterized by hematopoietic cell dysplasia and increased risk of leukemia. However, no information is available about PaCSs in hematopoietic neoplasms. Methods PaCSs were investigated by ultrastructural, immunogold, and immunofluorescence analysis of bone marrow (BM) biopsies and peripheral blood (PB) cell preparations of 33 consecutive, untreated, or relapsed patients affected by different hematopoietic neoplasms. BM and PB samples from individuals with non-neoplastic BM or healthy donors were studied as controls. Granulocytes and platelet proteasome content was measured by immunoblotting and plasma proteasome levels by ELISA. Results PaCSs with typical, selective immunoreactivity for polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasome were widespread in granulocytic cells, megakaryocytes, and platelets of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). In acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), PaCSs were only occasionally detected in blast cells and were found consistently in cells showing granulocytic and megakaryocytic maturation. Conversely, PaCSs were poorly represented or absent in non-neoplastic hematopoietic tissue or lymphoid neoplasms. In MPN granulocytes and platelets, the presence of PaCSs was associated with increased amounts of proteasome in cell lysates. PaCSs were often localized in cytoplasmic blebs generating PaCSs-filled plasma membrane vesicles observable in the BM intercellular space. In MPN and MDS, accumulation of PaCSs was associated with significant increase in plasma proteasome. Immunogold analysis showed that PaCSs of myeloid neoplasia selectively concentrated the chaperone proteins Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90. Conclusions PaCSs accumulate in cells of myeloid neoplasms in a lineage- and maturation-restricted manner; in particular, they are widespread in granulocytic and megakaryocytic lineages of MPN patients. PaCSs development was associated with excess accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, proteasome, and chaperone molecules, indicating impairment of the UPS-dependent protein homeostasis and a possible link with Hsp90-related leukemogenesis. A mechanism of PaCSs discharge by leukemic cells could contribute to increased plasma proteasome of MPN and MDS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-015-0169-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pecci
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Serena Barozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Agostina Vitali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Boveri
- Pathologic Anatomy Section, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Elena
- Hematology Section, Department of Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernasconi
- Hematology Section, Department of Oncology and Hematology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Noris
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Pathologic Anatomy Section, Department of Diagnostic Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Chaperone molecules concentrate together with the ubiquitin–proteasome system inside particulate cytoplasmic structures: possible role in metabolism of misfolded proteins. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:179-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Solcia E, Sommi P, Necchi V, Vitali A, Manca R, Ricci V. Particle-rich cytoplasmic structure (PaCS): identification, natural history, role in cell biology and pathology. Biomolecules 2014; 4:848-61. [PMID: 25247343 PMCID: PMC4192675 DOI: 10.3390/biom4030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic structures showing a selective concentration of both polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasome have been described in various epithelial, hematopoietic, mesenchymal and neural cells in vitro or in fetal tissues, as well as in chronically-infected, mutated preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues. These cytoplasmic structures differ from other ubiquitin-reactive cytoplasmic bodies, like sequestosomes, aggresome-like-induced structures in dendritic cells (DALIS)/non-dendritic cells (ALIS) and aggresomes in showing distinctive ultrastructural organization (particle-rich cytoplasmic structure or PaCS), a cytochemical pattern and a functional profile. Their formation can be induced in vitro in dendritic or natural killer cells by trophic factors and interleukin treatment. They originate in close connection with ribosomes, while, as a result of their growth, the cytoskeleton and other surrounding organelles are usually dislocated outside their core. Interestingly, these particulate cytoplasmic structures are often found to fill cytoplasmic blebs forming proteasome- and polyubiquitinated protein-discharging vesicles, called ectosomes, which are found to detach from the cell and freely float in the extracellular space. To clearly point out the importance of the polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasome containing cytoplasmic structures, their role in cell biology and pathology has been carefully analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Sommi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Agostina Vitali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Rachele Manca
- Pathologic Anatomy Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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18
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Castaño-Rodríguez N, Kaakoush NO, Mitchell HM. Pattern-recognition receptors and gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:336. [PMID: 25101079 PMCID: PMC4105827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been associated with an increased risk of several human malignancies, a classic example being gastric adenocarcinoma (GC). Development of GC is known to result from infection of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori, which initially induces acute inflammation and, in a subset of patients, progresses over time to chronic inflammation, gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally intestinal-type GC. Germ-line encoded receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical for generating mature pro-inflammatory cytokines that are crucial for both Th1 and Th2 responses. Given that H. pylori is initially targeted by PRRs, it is conceivable that dysfunction within genes of this arm of the immune system could modulate the host response against H. pylori infection, and subsequently influence the emergence of GC. Current evidence suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) (NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3), a C-type lectin receptor (DC-SIGN), and retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RIG-I and MDA-5), are involved in both the recognition of H. pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. In addition, polymorphisms in genes involved in the TLR (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, and CD14) and NLR (NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, NLRP12, NLRX1, CASP1, ASC, and CARD8) signaling pathways have been shown to modulate the risk of H. pylori infection, gastric precancerous lesions, and/or GC. Further, the modulation of PRRs has been suggested to suppress H. pylori-induced inflammation and enhance GC cell apoptosis, highlighting their potential relevance in GC therapeutics. In this review, we present current advances in our understanding of the role of the TLR and NLR signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of GC, address the involvement of other recently identified PRRs in GC, and discuss the potential implications of PRRs in GC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Castaño-Rodríguez
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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19
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Necchi V, Sommi P, Vitali A, Vanoli A, Savoia A, Ricci V, Solcia E. Polyubiquitinated proteins, proteasome, and glycogen characterize the particle-rich cytoplasmic structure (PaCS) of neoplastic and fetal cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 141:483-97. [PMID: 24577783 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A particle-rich cytoplasmic structure (PaCS) concentrating ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) components and barrel-like particles in clear, cytoskeleton- and organelle-free areas has recently been described in some neoplasms and in genetic or infectious diseases at risk of neoplasia. Ultrastructurally similar particulate cytoplasmic structures, interpreted as glycogen deposits, have previously been reported in clear-cell neoplasms and some fetal tissues. It remains to be investigated whether the two structures are the same, colocalize UPS components and polysaccharides, and have a role in highly proliferative cells such as fetal and neoplastic cells. We used immunogold electron microscopy and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to examine human and mouse fetal tissues and human neoplasms. Fetal and neoplastic cells both showed colocalization of polyubiquitinated proteins, 19S and 20S proteasomes, and polysaccharides, both glycogen and chondroitin sulfate, inside cytoplasmic structures showing all distinctive features of PaCSs. Poorly demarcated and/or hybrid (ribosomes admixed) UPS- and glycogen-enriched areas, likely stages in PaCS development, were also seen in some fetal cells, with special reference to those, like primary alveolar pulmonary cells or pancreatic centroacinar cells, having a crucial role in organogenesis. UPS- and glycogen-rich PaCSs developed extensively in clear-cell neoplasms of the kidney, ovary, pancreas, and other organs, as well as, in infantile, development-related tumors replicating fetal patterns, such as choroid plexus papilloma. UPS-mediated, ATP-dependent proteolysis and its potential energy source, glycogen metabolism, may have a crucial, synergic role in embryo-/organogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Sommi P, Necchi V, Vitali A, Montagna D, De Luigi A, Salmona M, Ricci V, Solcia E. PaCS is a novel cytoplasmic structure containing functional proteasome and inducible by cytokines/trophic factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82560. [PMID: 24358206 PMCID: PMC3866174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of ubiquitinated protein-containing cytoplasmic structures has been reported, from aggresomes to aggresome-like induced structures/sequestosomes or particle-rich cytoplasmic structures (PaCSs) that we recently observed in some human diseases. Nevertheless, the morphological and cytochemical patterns of the different structures remain largely unknown thus jeopardizing their univocal identification. Here, we show that PaCSs resulted from proteasome and polyubiquitinated protein accumulation into well-demarcated, membrane-free, cytoskeleton-poor areas enriched in glycogen and glycosaminoglycans. A major requirement for PaCS detection by either electron or confocal microscopy was the addition of osmium to aldehyde fixatives. However, by analyzing living cells, we found that proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity concentrated in well-defined cytoplasmic structures identified as PaCSs by ultrastructural morphology and immunocytochemistry of the same cells. PaCSs differed ultrastructurally and cytochemically from sequestosomes which may coexist with PaCSs. In human dendritic or natural killer cells, PaCSs were induced in vitro by cytokines/trophic factors during differentiation/activation from blood progenitors. Our results provide evidence that PaCS is indeed a novel distinctive cytoplasmic structure which may play a critical role in the ubiquitin–proteasome system response to immune, infectious or proneoplastic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Sommi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Pathologic Anatomy Service, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Agostina Vitali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Montagna
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Service, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ada De Luigi
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail: (VR); (ES)
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Pathologic Anatomy Service, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail: (VR); (ES)
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21
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Los FCO, Randis TM, Aroian RV, Ratner AJ. Role of pore-forming toxins in bacterial infectious diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:173-207. [PMID: 23699254 PMCID: PMC3668673 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are the most common bacterial cytotoxic proteins and are required for virulence in a large number of important pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A and B streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PFTs generally disrupt host cell membranes, but they can have additional effects independent of pore formation. Substantial effort has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of certain model PFTs. Likewise, specific host pathways mediating survival and immune responses in the face of toxin-mediated cellular damage have been delineated. However, less is known about the overall functions of PFTs during infection in vivo. This review focuses on common themes in the area of PFT biology, with an emphasis on studies addressing the roles of PFTs in in vivo and ex vivo models of colonization or infection. Common functions of PFTs include disruption of epithelial barrier function and evasion of host immune responses, which contribute to bacterial growth and spreading. The widespread nature of PFTs make this group of toxins an attractive target for the development of new virulence-targeted therapies that may have broad activity against human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara M. Randis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Abstract
The diagnosis of inherited thrombocytopenias is difficult, for many reasons. First, as they are all rare diseases, they are little known by clinicians, who therefore tend to suspect the most common forms. Second, making a definite diagnosis often requires complex laboratory techniques that are available in only a few centers. Finally, half of the patients have forms that have not yet been described. As a consequence, many patients with inherited thrombocytopenias are misdiagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia, and are at risk of receiving futile treatments. Misdiagnosis is particularly frequent in patients whose low platelet count is discovered in adult life, because, in these cases, even the inherited origin of thrombocytopenia may be missed. Making the correct diagnosis promptly is important, as we recently learned that some forms of inherited thrombocytopenia predispose to other illnesses, such as leukemia or kidney failure, and affected subjects therefore require close surveillance and, if necessary, prompt treatments. Moreover, medical treatment can increase platelet counts in specific disorders, and affected subjects can therefore receive drugs instead of platelet transfusions when selective surgery is required. In this review, we will discuss how to suspect, diagnose and manage inherited thrombocytopenias, with particular attention to the forms that frequently present in adults. Moreover, we describe four recently identified disorders that belong to this group of disorders that are often diagnosed in adults: MYH9-related disease, monoallelic Bernard-Soulier syndrome, ANKRD26-related thrombocytopenia, and familial platelet disorder with predisposition to acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Balduini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia-IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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23
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Abstract
NOD1 {nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; NLRC [NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) family with CARD (caspase recruitment domain) 1]} and NOD2 (NLRC2) are among the most prominent members of the NLR (NOD-LRR) family –proteins that contain nucleotide-binding NACHT domains and receptor-like LRR domains. With over 20 members identified in humans, NLRs represent important components of the mammalian innate immune system, serving as intracellular receptors for pathogens and for endogenous molecules elaborated by tissue injury. NOD1 and NOD2 proteins operate as microbial sensors through the recognition of specific PG (peptidoglycan) constituents of bacteria. Upon activation, these NLR family members initiate signal transduction mechanisms that include stimulation of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), stress kinases, IRFs (interferon regulatory factors) and autophagy. Hereditary polymorphisms in the genes encoding NOD1 and NOD2 have been associated with an increasing number of chronic inflammatory diseases. In fact, potential roles for NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory disorders have been revealed by investigations using a series of animal models. In the present review, we describe recent experimental findings associating NOD1 and NOD2 with various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and we discuss prospects for development of novel therapeutics targeting these NLR family proteins.
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Necchi V, Balduini A, Noris P, Barozzi S, Sommi P, di Buduo C, Balduini CL, Solcia E, Pecci A. Ubiquitin/proteasome-rich particulate cytoplasmic structures (PaCSs) in the platelets and megakaryocytes of ANKRD26-related thrombo-cytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2012; 109:263-71. [PMID: 23223974 DOI: 10.1160/th12-07-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ANKRD26-related thrombocytopenia (ANKRD26-RT) is an autosomal-dominant thrombocytopenia caused by mutations in the 5'UTR of the ANKRD26 gene. ANKRD26-RT is characterised by dysmegakaryopoiesis and an increased risk of leukaemia. PaCSs are novel particulate cytoplasmic structures with selective immunoreactivity for polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasome that have been detected in a number of solid cancers, in the epithelia of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and related preneoplastic lesions, and in the neutrophils of Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, a genetic disease with neutropenia and increased leukaemia risk. We searched for PaCSs in blood cells from 14 consecutive patients with ANKRD26-RT. Electron microscopy combined with immunogold staining for polyubiquitinated proteins, 20S and 19S proteasome showed PaCSs in most ANKRD26-RT platelets, as in a restricted minority of platelets from healthy controls and from subjects with other inherited or immune thrombocytopenias. In ANKRD26-RT platelets, the PaCS amount exceeded that of control platelets by a factor of 5 (p<0.0001). Immunoblotting showed that the higher PaCS number was associated with increased amounts of polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasome in ANKRD26-RT platelets. PaCSs were also extensively represented in ANKRD26-RT megakaryocytes, but not in healthy control megakaryocytes, and were absent in other ANKRD26-RT and control blood cells. Therefore, large amounts of PaCSs are a characteristic feature of ANKRD26-RT platelets and megakaryocytes, although these novel cell components are also present in a small subpopulation of normal platelets. The widespread presence of PaCSs in inherited diseases with increased leukaemia risk, as well as in solid neoplasms and their preneoplastic lesions, suggests a link of these structures with oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Li FF, Shen J, Shen HJ, Zhang X, Cao R, Zhang Y, Qui Q, Lin XX, Xie YC, Zhang LH, Jia YL, Dong XW, Jiang JX, Bao MJ, Zhang S, Ma WJ, Wu XM, Shen H, Xie QM, Ke Y. Shp2 plays an important role in acute cigarette smoke-mediated lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:3159-67. [PMID: 22891281 PMCID: PMC3496208 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS), the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, contains a variety of oxidative components that were implicated in the regulation of Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) activity. However, the contribution of Shp2 enzyme to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated the role of Shp2 enzyme in blockading CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Shp2 levels were assessed in vivo and in vitro. Mice (C57BL/6) or pulmonary epithelial cells (NCI-H292) were exposed to CS or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to induce acute injury and inflammation. Lungs of smoking mice showed increased levels of Shp2, compared with those of controls. Treatment of lung epithelial cells with CSE showed elevated levels of Shp2 associated with the increased release of IL-8. Selective inhibition or knockdown of Shp2 resulted in decreased IL-8 release in response to CSE treatment in pulmonary epithelial cells. In comparison with CS-exposed wild-type mice, selective inhibition or conditional knockout of Shp2 in lung epithelia reduced IL-8 release and pulmonary inflammation in CS-exposed mice. In vitro biochemical data correlate CSE-mediated IL-8 release with Shp2-regulated epidermal growth factor receptor/Grb-2-associated binders/MAPK signaling. Our data suggest an important role for Shp2 in the pathological alteration associated with CS-mediated inflammation. Shp2 may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention for inflammation in CS-induced pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-fen Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Hui-juan Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
| | - Rui Cao
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
| | - Qiu Qui
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
| | - Xi-xi Lin
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Yi-cheng Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Lin-hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Yong-liang Jia
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Xin-wei Dong
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Jun-xia Jiang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Meng-jing Bao
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
| | - Wen-jiang Ma
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Xi-mei Wu
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Huahao Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Qiang-min Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China 310058; and
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Mesquita FS, Thomas M, Sachse M, Santos AJM, Figueira R, Holden DW. The Salmonella deubiquitinase SseL inhibits selective autophagy of cytosolic aggregates. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002743. [PMID: 22719249 PMCID: PMC3375275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell stress and infection promote the formation of ubiquitinated aggregates in both non-immune and immune cells. These structures are recognised by the autophagy receptor p62/sequestosome 1 and are substrates for selective autophagy. The intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica occurs in a membranous compartment, the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), and is dependent on effectors translocated to the host cytoplasm by the Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2) encoded type III secretion system (T3SS). Here, we show that bacterial replication is accompanied by the formation of ubiquitinated structures in infected cells. Analysis of bacterial strains carrying mutations in genes encoding SPI-2 T3SS effectors revealed that in epithelial cells, formation of these ubiquitinated structures is dependent on SPI-2 T3SS effector translocation, but is counteracted by the SPI-2 T3SS deubiquitinase SseL. In macrophages, both SPI-2 T3SS-dependent aggregates and aggresome-like induced structures (ALIS) are deubiquitinated by SseL. In the absence of SseL activity, ubiquitinated structures are recognized by the autophagy receptor p62, which recruits LC3 and targets them for autophagic degradation. We found that SseL activity lowers autophagic flux and favours intracellular Salmonella replication. Our data therefore show that there is a host selective autophagy response to intracellular Salmonella infection, which is counteracted by the deubiquitinase SseL. Ubiquitination can target substrates to a number of fates, including autophagy, the essential cellular process that allows cells to degrade cytosolic material. Although Salmonella enterica resides in a vacuolar compartment during infection, it translocates several virulence proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. We have found that intracellular Salmonella induces the formation of ubiquitinated aggregates near the Salmonella-containing vacuole and that these aggregates are recognised by the autophagy machinery. Salmonella inhibits this response through the action of a translocated enzyme, SseL, which deubiquitinates the aggregates and thereby decreases the recruitment of autophagy markers. We show that SseL alone can deubiquitinate known substrates that are degraded by autophagy, that it reduces autophagy in infected cells and that its activity can increase intracellular Salmonella replication. This is a new example of how a bacterium counteracts a cellular defence pathway through the action of a translocated virulence protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S. Mesquita
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mair Thomas
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - António J. M. Santos
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Figueira
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Holden
- Section of Microbiology, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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27
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Wang P, Zhang L, Jiang JM, Ma D, Tao HX, Yuan SL, Wang YC, Wang LC, Liang H, Zhang ZS, Liu CJ. Association of NOD1 and NOD2 genes polymorphisms with Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2112-20. [PMID: 22563200 PMCID: PMC3342611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association between the tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) of NOD1 and NOD2 and the risk of developing gastric cancer.
METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study including 296 incident gastric cancer patients and 160 gastritis controls. Eight TagSNPs in the NOD1 and NOD2 genes were selected from the Hapmap database using the haploview software and genotyped by the Sequenom MassArray system. The serum levels of anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to indicate H. pylori infection. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, including sex and age as confounding factors.
RESULTS: The NOD1 rs2907749 GG genotype showed a decreased risk for gastric cancer (OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.95, P = 0.04) while the rs7789045 TT genotype showed an increased risk (OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.20-3.82, P = 0.01). An elevated susceptibility to gastric cancer was observed in the subjects with H. pylori infection and the NaOD1 rs7789045 TT genotype (OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.07-3.94, P = 0.03) or the NOD2 rs7205423 GC genotype (OR 2.52, 95% CI: 1.05-6.04, P = 0.04). Haplotype analysis suggested that the distribution of AGT (rs2907749, rs2075820 and rs7789045) in NOD1 between the cases and control groups was significantly different (P corrected: 0.04), and the diplotype AGT/AGT was associated with an elevated gastric cancer risk (OR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.04-3.79, P = 0.04). The association of the NOD1 rs7789045 TT genotype and the diplotype AGT/AGT was significant with H. pylori-related diffuse-type gastric cancer (OR 3.00, 95% CI: 1.38-6.53, P = 0.01; OR 4.02, 95% CI: 1.61-10.05, P < 0.01, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms in NOD1 and NOD2 may interact with H. pylori infection and may play important roles in promoting the development of gastric cancer in the Chinese population.
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Yang ZM, Chen WW, Wang YF. Gene expression profiling in gastric mucosa from Helicobacter pylori-infected and uninfected patients undergoing chronic superficial gastritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33030. [PMID: 22438889 PMCID: PMC3306372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection reprograms host gene expression and influences various cellular processes, which have been investigated by cDNA microarray using in vitro culture cells and in vivo gastric biopsies from patients of the Chronic Abdominal Complaint. To further explore the effects of H. pylori infection on host gene expression, we have collected the gastric antral mucosa samples from 6 untreated patients with gastroscopic and pathologic confirmation of chronic superficial gastritis. Among them three patients were infected by H. pylori and the other three patients were not. These samples were analyzed by a microarray chip which contains 14,112 cloned cDNAs, and microarray data were analyzed via BRB ArrayTools software and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) website. The results showed 34 genes of 38 differentially expressed genes regulated by H. pylori infection had been annotated. The annotated genes were involved in protein metabolism, inflammatory and immunological reaction, signal transduction, gene transcription, trace element metabolism, and so on. The 82% of these genes (28/34) were categorized in three molecular interaction networks involved in gene expression, cancer progress, antigen presentation and inflammatory response. The expression data of the array hybridization was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR assays. Taken together, these data indicated that H. pylori infection could alter cellular gene expression processes, escape host defense mechanism, increase inflammatory and immune responses, activate NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, disturb metal ion homeostasis, and induce carcinogenesis. All of these might help to explain H. pylori pathogenic mechanism and the gastroduodenal pathogenesis induced by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Yang
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Wen Chen
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- E-Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying-Fang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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29
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Li SZ, Wang Q. Feasibility of diagnosis of early gastric cancer assisted by confocal microscopy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:205-209. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer has high incidence and mortality and does serious harm to the health of human beings. Early diagnosis and radical operation are crucial for prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Worldwide efforts have been taken to search new methods and technologies that can enable early, accurate and efficient diagnosis of gastric cancer. The birth of the confocal microscope makes the dream come true. It perfectly combines the advantages of various kinds of technologies and allows early, rapid and accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using laser confocal microscopy for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer to improve patients' life quality and survival rate.
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30
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Necchi V, Minelli A, Sommi P, Vitali A, Caruso R, Longoni D, Frau MR, Nasi C, De Gregorio F, Zecca M, Ricci V, Danesino C, Solcia E. Ubiquitin-proteasome-rich cytoplasmic structures in neutrophils of patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Haematologica 2012; 97:1057-63. [PMID: 22271888 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.048462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder in which severe bone marrow dysfunction causes neutropenia and an increased risk of leukemia. Recently, novel particulate cytoplasmic structures, rich in ubiquitinated and proteasomal proteins, have been detected in epithelial cells and neutrophils from patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and several epithelial neoplasms. DESIGN AND METHODS Blood neutrophils from 13 cases of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome - ten with and three without SBDS gene mutation - and ten controls were investigated by confocal microscopy and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using antibodies against ubiquitinated proteins, proteasomes, p62 protein, and Helicobacter pylori VacA, urease and outer membrane proteins. RESULTS Many extensively disseminated particulate cytoplasmic structures, accounting for 22.78 ± 5.57% (mean ± standard deviation) of the total cytoplasm, were found in blood neutrophils from mutated Shwachman-Diamond syndrome patients. The particulate cytoplasmic structures showed immunoreactivity for polyubiquitinated proteins and proteasomes, but no reactivity for Helicobacter pylori products, which are present in particulate cytoplasmic structures of Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis. Neutrophils from patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome frequently showed p62-positive autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic changes in 5% of cells. No particulate cytoplasmic structures were observed in most control neutrophils; however, in a few cells from two cases we noted focal development of minute particulate cytoplasmic structures, accounting for 0.74 ± 0.56% of the total cytoplasm (P<0.001 versus particulate cytoplasmic structures from mutated Shwachman-Diamond syndrome patients). Neutrophils from non-mutated Shwachman-Diamond-syndrome-like patients resembled controls in two cases, and a third case showed particulate cytoplasmic structure patterns intermediate between those in controls and those in mutated Shwachman-Diamond syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS Particulate cytoplasmic structures are a prominent feature of neutrophils from patients with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. They may help us to understand the mechanism of granulocyte dysfunction and the neoplastic risk of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Human Pathology and Genetics, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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31
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Beigier-Bompadre M, Moos V, Belogolova E, Allers K, Schneider T, Churin Y, Ignatius R, Meyer TF, Aebischer T. Modulation of the CD4+ T-cell response by Helicobacter pylori depends on known virulence factors and bacterial cholesterol and cholesterol α-glucoside content. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1339-48. [PMID: 21921201 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori blocks the proliferation of human CD4(+) T cells, facilitated by vacuolating exotoxin (VacA) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). H. pylori-triggered T-cell reactions in mice correlate with bacterial cholesterol and cholesterol α-glucoside content but their role in human cells is unclear. We characterized the effect of VacA, GGT, and cholesterol on T-helper 1, T-helper 2, T-regulatory and T-helper 17 associated cytokines and T-cell proliferation. VacA, GGT, and bacterial cholesterol content exhibited differential and synergistic inhibitory effects on the expression of activation markers CD25 and CD69 and on interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 10, and interferon γ production. These factors did not affect the H. pylori-mediated abrogation of transforming growth factor β secretion or increased interleukin 6 production. Cholesterol α-glucosyltransferase-deficient bacteria exerted strongly reduced antiproliferative effects on primary human CD4(+) T cells. In conclusion, H. pylori shapes rather than suppresses human CD4(+) T-cell responses, and glucosylated cholesterol is a relevant bacterial component involved in this modulation.
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32
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infections and clinical outcome are dependent on sophisticated interactions between the bacteria and its host. Crucial bacterial factors associated with pathogenicity comprise a type IV secretion system encoded by the cag pathogenicity island, the effector protein CagA, the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), protease HtrA, and the adhesins BabA, SabA, and others. The high number of these factors and allelic variation of the involved genes generates a highly complex scenario and reveals the difficulties in testing the contribution of each individual factor. Much effort has been put into identifying the molecular mechanisms associated with H. pylori-associated pathogenesis using human primary tissues, Mongolian gerbils, transgenic, knockout, and other mice as well as in vitro cell model systems. Interactions between bacterial factors and host signal transduction pathways seem to be critical for mediating the induction of pathogenic downstream processes and disease development. In this review article, we discuss the most recent progress in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Science Center West, Belfield Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
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Necchi V, Sommi P, Vanoli A, Manca R, Ricci V, Solcia E. Proteasome particle-rich structures are widely present in human epithelial neoplasms: correlative light, confocal and electron microscopy study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21317. [PMID: 21695063 PMCID: PMC3117888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cytoplasmic structure has been recently characterized by confocal and electron microscopy in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelium, as an accumulation of barrel-like proteasome reactive particles colocalized with polyubiquitinated proteins, H. pylori toxins and the NOD1 receptor. This proteasome particle-rich cytoplasmic structure (PaCS), a sort of focal proteasome hyperplasia, was also detected in dysplastic cells and was found to be enriched in SHP2 and ERK proteins, known to play a role in H. pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis. However, no information is available on its occurrence in neoplastic growths. In this study, surgical specimens of gastric cancer and various other human epithelial neoplasms have been investigated for PaCSs by light, confocal and electron microscopy including correlative confocal and electron microscopy (CCEM). PaCSs were detected in gastric cohesive, pulmonary large cell and bronchioloalveolar, thyroid papillary, parotid gland, hepatocellular, ovarian serous papillary, uterine cervix and colon adenocarcinomas, as well as in pancreatic serous microcystic adenoma. H. pylori bodies, their virulence factors (VacA, CagA, urease, and outer membrane proteins) and the NOD1 bacterial proteoglycan receptor were selectively concentrated inside gastric cancer PaCSs, but not in PaCSs from other neoplasms which did, however, retain proteasome and polyubiquitinated proteins reactivity. No evidence of actual microbial infection was obtained in most PaCS-positive neoplasms, except for H. pylori in gastric cancer and capsulated bacteria in a colon cancer case. Particle lysis and loss of proteasome distinctive immunoreactivities were seen in some tumour cell PaCSs, possibly ending in sequestosomes or autophagic bodies. It is concluded that PaCSs are widely represented in human neoplasms and that both non-infectious and infectious factors activating the ubiquitin-proteasome system are likely to be involved in their origin. PaCS detection might help clarify the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Necchi
- Department of Human Pathology and Genetics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sommi
- Pathologic Anatomy Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Physiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vanoli
- Department of Human Pathology and Genetics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachele Manca
- Pathologic Anatomy Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Department of Physiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail: (VR); (ES)
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Department of Human Pathology and Genetics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pathologic Anatomy Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- * E-mail: (VR); (ES)
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Ricci V, Romano M, Boquet P. Molecular cross-talk between Helicobacter pylori and human gastric mucosa. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1383-99. [PMID: 21472096 PMCID: PMC3070011 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i11.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has co-evolved with humans to be transmitted from person to person and to colonize the stomach persistently. A well-choreographed equilibrium between the bacterial effectors and host responses permits microbial persistence and health of the host, but confers a risk for serious diseases including gastric cancer. During its long coexistence with humans, H. pylori has developed complex strategies to limit the degree and extent of gastric mucosal damage and inflammation, as well as immune effector activity. The present editorial thus aims to introduce and comment on major advances in the rapidly developing area of H. pylori/human gastric mucosa interaction (and its pathological sequelae), which is the result of millennia of co-evolution of, and thus of reciprocal knowledge between, the pathogen and its human host.
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Sundquist M, Quiding-Järbrink M. Helicobacter pylori and its effect on innate and adaptive immunity: new insights and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4:733-44. [PMID: 21108593 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori invariably leads to active chronic gastritis, and is strongly correlated to peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. The infection leads to local accumulation of inflammatory cells and strong activation of B- and T-cell immunity. Still, the immune response can not eliminate the bacteria, and unless antibiotic treatment is used, the infection is usually lifelong. During the last few years, several immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori have been described, which probably contribute to the inability of the immune system to eradicate the bacterium. Another factor promoting bacterial persistence is probably the induction of a substantial regulatory T-cell response by the infection. Several different immunization schedules have resulted in protective immunity in animal models, while in humans no reliable vaccine is available as yet. In this article, we describe the innate and adaptive immune responses to H. pylori, and the attempts to create an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sundquist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 435, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori represents the major etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer disease and can cause gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue B-cell lymphoma. It is clear that the consequences of infection reflect diverse outcomes of the interaction of bacteria and host immune system. The hope is that by deciphering the deterministic rules--if any--of this interplay, we will eventually be able to predict, treat, and ultimately prevent disease. Over the past year, research on the immunology of this infection started to probe the role of small noncoding RNAs, a novel class of immune response regulators. Furthermore, we learned new details on how infection is detected by innate pattern recognition receptors. Induction of effective cell-mediated immunity will be key for the development of a vaccine, and new work published analyzed the relevance and contribution of CD4 T helper cell subsets to the immune reaction. Th17 cells, which are also induced during natural infection, were shown to be particularly important for vaccination. Cost-efficiency of vaccination was re-assessed and confirmed. Thus, induction and shaping of the effector roles of such protective Th populations will be a target of the newly described vaccine antigens, formulations, and modes of application that we also review here.
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