1
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Borrelli C, Gurtner A, Arnold IC, Moor AE. Stress-free single-cell transcriptomic profiling and functional genomics of murine eosinophils. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00967-3. [PMID: 38504138 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a class of granulocytes with pleiotropic functions in homeostasis and various human diseases. Nevertheless, they are absent from conventional single-cell RNA sequencing atlases owing to technical difficulties preventing their transcriptomic interrogation. Consequently, eosinophil heterogeneity and the gene regulatory networks underpinning their diverse functions remain poorly understood. We have developed a stress-free protocol for single-cell RNA capture from murine tissue-resident eosinophils, which revealed distinct intestinal subsets and their roles in colitis. Here we describe in detail how to enrich eosinophils from multiple tissues of residence and how to capture high-quality single-cell transcriptomes by preventing transcript degradation. By combining magnetic eosinophil enrichment with microwell-based single-cell RNA capture (BD Rhapsody), our approach minimizes shear stress and processing time. Moreover, we report how to perform genome-wide CRISPR pooled genetic screening in ex vivo-conditioned bone marrow-derived eosinophils to functionally probe pathways required for their differentiation and intestinal maturation. These protocols can be performed by any researcher with basic skills in molecular biology and flow cytometry, and can be adapted to investigate other granulocytes, such as neutrophils and mast cells, thereby offering potential insights into their roles in both homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Single-cell transcriptomics of eosinophils can be performed in 2-3 d, while functional genomics assays may require up to 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Borrelli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Gurtner A, Crepaz D, Arnold IC. Emerging functions of tissue-resident eosinophils. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221435. [PMID: 37326974 PMCID: PMC10276195 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are typically considered tissue-damaging effector cells in type 2 immune-related diseases. However, they are also increasingly recognized as important modulators of various homeostatic processes, suggesting they retain the ability to adapt their function to different tissue contexts. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of eosinophil activities within tissues, with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract, where a large population of these cells resides under non-inflammatory conditions. We further examine evidence of their transcriptional and functional heterogeneity and highlight environmental signals emerging as key regulators of their activities, beyond classical type 2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Crepaz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Gurtner A, Borrelli C, Gonzalez-Perez I, Bach K, Acar IE, Núñez NG, Crepaz D, Handler K, Vu VP, Lafzi A, Stirm K, Raju D, Gschwend J, Basler K, Schneider C, Slack E, Valenta T, Becher B, Krebs P, Moor AE, Arnold IC. Active eosinophils regulate host defence and immune responses in colitis. Nature 2023; 615:151-157. [PMID: 36509106 PMCID: PMC9977678 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, single-cell transcriptomics has helped to uncover new cell types and states and led to the construction of a cellular compendium of health and disease. Despite this progress, some difficult-to-sequence cells remain absent from tissue atlases. Eosinophils-elusive granulocytes that are implicated in a plethora of human pathologies1-5-are among these uncharted cell types. The heterogeneity of eosinophils and the gene programs that underpin their pleiotropic functions remain poorly understood. Here we provide a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic profiling of mouse eosinophils. We identify an active and a basal population of intestinal eosinophils, which differ in their transcriptome, surface proteome and spatial localization. By means of a genome-wide CRISPR inhibition screen and functional assays, we reveal a mechanism by which interleukin-33 (IL-33) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) induce the accumulation of active eosinophils in the inflamed colon. Active eosinophils are endowed with bactericidal and T cell regulatory activity, and express the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and PD-L1. Notably, active eosinophils are enriched in the lamina propria of a small cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and are closely associated with CD4+ T cells. Our findings provide insights into the biology of eosinophils and highlight the crucial contribution of this cell type to intestinal homeostasis, immune regulation and host defence. Furthermore, we lay a framework for the characterization of eosinophils in human gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Borrelli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Karsten Bach
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan E Acar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolás G Núñez
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Crepaz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Handler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vivian P Vu
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Atefeh Lafzi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Stirm
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deeksha Raju
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Gschwend
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emma Slack
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, D-HEST, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Botnar Research Center for Child Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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4
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Montalban-Arques A, Katkeviciute E, Busenhart P, Bircher A, Wirbel J, Zeller G, Morsy Y, Borsig L, Glaus Garzon JF, Müller A, Arnold IC, Artola-Boran M, Krauthammer M, Sintsova A, Zamboni N, Leventhal GE, Berchtold L, de Wouters T, Rogler G, Baebler K, Schwarzfischer M, Hering L, Olivares-Rivas I, Atrott K, Gottier C, Lang S, Boyman O, Fritsch R, Manz MG, Spalinger MR, Scharl M. Commensal Clostridiales strains mediate effective anti-cancer immune response against solid tumors. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1573-1588.e7. [PMID: 34453895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite overall success, T cell checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment are still only efficient in a minority of patients. Recently, intestinal microbiota was found to critically modulate anti-cancer immunity and therapy response. Here, we identify Clostridiales members of the gut microbiota associated with a lower tumor burden in mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC). Interestingly, these commensal species are also significantly reduced in CRC patients compared with healthy controls. Oral application of a mix of four Clostridiales strains (CC4) in mice prevented and even successfully treated CRC as stand-alone therapy. This effect depended on intratumoral infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells. Single application of Roseburia intestinalis or Anaerostipes caccae was even more effective than CC4. In a direct comparison, the CC4 mix supplementation outperformed anti-PD-1 therapy in mouse models of CRC and melanoma. Our findings provide a strong preclinical foundation for exploring gut bacteria as novel stand-alone therapy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Montalban-Arques
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Katkeviciute
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Busenhart
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bircher
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Wirbel
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yasser Morsy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Department of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Müller
- Institute for Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute for Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute for Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Sintsova
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel E Leventhal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Baebler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marlene Schwarzfischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Olivares-Rivas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Atrott
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gottier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne R Spalinger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Arnold IC, Artola-Boran M, Gurtner A, Bertram K, Bauer M, Frangez Z, Becher B, Kopf M, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Tzankov A, Müller A. The GM-CSF-IRF5 signaling axis in eosinophils promotes antitumor immunity through activation of type 1 T cell responses. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152117. [PMID: 32970801 PMCID: PMC7953737 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of eosinophils represents an efficient strategy to alleviate allergic asthma, but the consequences of prolonged eosinophil deficiency for human health remain poorly understood. We show here that the ablation of eosinophils severely compromises antitumor immunity in syngeneic and genetic models of colorectal cancer (CRC), which can be attributed to defective Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses. The specific loss of GM-CSF signaling or IRF5 expression in the eosinophil compartment phenocopies the loss of the entire lineage. GM-CSF activates IRF5 in vitro and in vivo and can be administered recombinantly to improve tumor immunity. IL-10 counterregulates IRF5 activation by GM-CSF. CRC patients whose tumors are infiltrated by large numbers of eosinophils also exhibit robust CD8 T cell infiltrates and have a better prognosis than patients with eosinophillow tumors. The combined results demonstrate a critical role of eosinophils in tumor control in CRC and introduce the GM-CSF–IRF5 axis as a critical driver of the antitumor activities of this versatile cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Bertram
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ziva Frangez
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Borrelli C, Valenta T, Handler K, Vélez K, Gurtner A, Moro G, Lafzi A, Roditi LDV, Hausmann G, Arnold IC, Moor AE, Basler K. Differential regulation of β-catenin-mediated transcription via N- and C-terminal co-factors governs identity of murine intestinal epithelial stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1368. [PMID: 33649334 PMCID: PMC7921392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the gut epithelium relies upon continuous renewal and proliferation of crypt-resident intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs). Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required for IESC maintenance, however, it remains unclear how this pathway selectively governs the identity and proliferative decisions of IESCs. Here, we took advantage of knock-in mice harboring transgenic β-catenin alleles with mutations that specifically impair the recruitment of N- or C-terminal transcriptional co-factors. We show that C-terminally-recruited transcriptional co-factors of β-catenin act as all-or-nothing regulators of Wnt-target gene expression. Blocking their interactions with β-catenin rapidly induces loss of IESCs and intestinal homeostasis. Conversely, N-terminally recruited co-factors fine-tune β-catenin's transcriptional output to ensure proper self-renewal and proliferative behaviour of IESCs. Impairment of N-terminal interactions triggers transient hyperproliferation of IESCs, eventually resulting in exhaustion of the self-renewing stem cell pool. IESC mis-differentiation, accompanied by unfolded protein response stress and immune infiltration, results in a process resembling aberrant "villisation" of intestinal crypts. Our data suggest that IESC-specific Wnt/β-catenin output requires selective modulation of gene expression by transcriptional co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Borrelli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Valenta
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v. v. i., Prague, 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristina Handler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karelia Vélez
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Atefeh Lafzi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - George Hausmann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Corbin AL, Gomez-Vazquez M, Berthold DL, Attar M, Arnold IC, Powrie FM, Sansom SN, Udalova IA. IRF5 guides monocytes toward an inflammatory CD11c + macrophage phenotype and promotes intestinal inflammation. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/47/eaax6085. [PMID: 32444476 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) are vital for maintaining intestinal homeostasis but, in response to acute microbial stimulation, can also trigger immunopathology, accelerating recruitment of Ly6Chi monocytes to the gut. The regulators that control monocyte tissue adaptation in the gut remain poorly understood. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor previously shown to play a key role in maintaining the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages. Here, we investigate the impact of IRF5 on the MNP system and physiology of the gut at homeostasis and during inflammation. We demonstrate that IRF5 deficiency has a limited impact on colon physiology at steady state but ameliorates immunopathology during Helicobacter hepaticus-induced colitis. Inhibition of IRF5 activity in MNPs phenocopies global IRF5 deficiency. Using a combination of bone marrow chimera and single-cell RNA-sequencing approaches, we examined the intrinsic role of IRF5 in controlling colonic MNP development. We demonstrate that IRF5 promotes differentiation of Ly6Chi monocytes into CD11c+ macrophages and controls the production of antimicrobial and inflammatory mediators by these cells. Thus, we identify IRF5 as a key transcriptional regulator of the colonic MNP system during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moustafa Attar
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institut für Molekulare Krebsforschung, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fiona M Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Irina A Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Zhang X, Artola-Boran M, Fallegger A, Arnold IC, Weber A, Reuter S, Taube C, Müller A. IRF4 Expression Is Required for the Immunoregulatory Activity of Conventional Type 2 Dendritic Cells in Settings of Chronic Bacterial Infection and Cancer. J Immunol 2020; 205:1933-1943. [PMID: 32848032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal surfaces of humans and mice host a network of mononuclear phagocytes that differ in their ontogeny, surface marker and transcription factor expression, and functional specialization. Conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in particular exist as two major subpopulations in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs that can be distinguished based on their surface marker and transcription factor expression. In this study, we show in various Th1- and/or Th17-polarized settings of acute and chronic bacterial infection and of tumor growth that the conditional ablation of Irf4 in CD11c+ DCs results in more efficient immune control of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and Citrobacter rodentium and of tumor growth in a syngeneic tumor model. We attribute the phenotype of IRF4ΔDC mice to unrestricted Th1 responses and in particular to IFN-γ- and TNF-α-expressing CD4+ T cells. This activity of IRF4-expressing DCs is linked to a DC-specific immunoregulatory transcriptional program. In contrast, in Th2-polarized settings such as house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation, the lack of IRF4 expression in the DC compartment alleviates inflammation and goblet cell metaplasia. The combined data provide evidence for immunoregulatory properties of this versatile DC population in Th1-polarized infection settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Boran
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Fallegger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, 45239 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, 45239 Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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9
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Zhang X, Arnold IC, Müller A. Mechanisms of persistence, innate immune activation and immunomodulation by the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 54:1-10. [PMID: 32007716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori efficiently evades innate immune detection and persistently colonizes its human host. Understanding the genetic determinants that H. pylori uses to establish and maintain persistence, along with their cellular targets, is key to our understanding of the pathogenesis of this extraordinarily successful bacterial colonizer of the human stomach. This review highlights recent advances in elucidating innate immune recognition of H. pylori, its interactions with myeloid cells and the consequences that this very local infection has for immune responses at extragastric sites in models of allergy, autoimmunity and parasitic infection. The human-specific, gram-negative gastric colonizer and carcinogen H. pylori represents the prototype of a persistent bacterial pathogen. It is transmitted during early childhood, typically from mother to infant, and is believed to persist in its human host from the cradle to the grave. The tremendous success of H. pylori in infecting and colonizing half of the world's population, and in continuously accompanying humans since they migrated out of Africa over 60000 years ago, can largely be attributed to its ability to manipulate the host immune system to its own advantage, and to thereby ensure its own persistence and chronicity. In his final years as an active PI, Stanley Falkow increasingly recognized the need to understand bacterial persistence strategies as a prerequisite of understanding the pathogenesis of chronic bacterial infections, and, inspired in large part by Denise Monack's work on Salmonella persistence, many of our discussions at the time revolved around this topic. Multiple labs have since made important contributions to our understanding of innate immune detection of H. pylori, the types and polarization of adaptive immune responses that ensue, the ability of H. pylori to skew such immune responses to its advantage, and its ability to manipulate the host immune system with far-reaching, even systemic consequences. This review attempts to cover some of these topics, with a particular focus on the most recent contributions by researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Simon HU, Yousefi S, Germic N, Arnold IC, Haczku A, Karaulov AV, Simon D, Rosenberg HF. The Cellular Functions of Eosinophils: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:11-23. [PMID: 31786573 DOI: 10.1159/000504847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and their secretory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Although eosinophils are largely evolutionally conserved, their physiologic functions are not well understood. Given the availability of new eosinophil-targeted depletion therapies, there has been a renewed interest in understanding eosinophil biology as these strategies may result in secondary disorders when applied over long periods of time. Recent data suggest that eosinophils are not only involved in immunological effector functions but also carry out tissue protective and immunoregulatory functions that actively contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis. Prolonged eosinophil depletion may therefore result in the development of secondary disorders. Here, we review recent literature pointing to important roles for eosinophils in promoting immune defense, antibody production, activation of adipose tissue, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis. We also reflect on patient data from clinical trials that feature anti-eosinophil therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Haczku
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander V Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Arnold IC, Zhang X, Urban S, Artola-Borán M, Manz MG, Ottemann KM, Müller A. NLRP3 Controls the Development of Gastrointestinal CD11b + Dendritic Cells in the Steady State and during Chronic Bacterial Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3860-3872. [PMID: 29281833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastric lamina propria is largely uncharted immunological territory. Here we describe the evolution and composition of the gastric, small intestinal, and colonic lamina propria mononuclear phagocyte system during the steady state and infection with the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. We show that monocytes, CX3CR1hi macrophages, and CD11b+ dendritic cells are recruited to the infected stomach in a CCR2-dependent manner. All three populations, but not BATF3-dependent CD103+ DCs, sample red fluorescent protein (RFP)+Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells recapitulate several features of the myeloid cell-H. pylori interaction. The differentiation in and/or recruitment to gastrointestinal, lung, and lymphoid tissues of CD11b+ DCs requires NLRP3, but not apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a carboxy-terminal CARD (ASC) or caspase-1, during steady-state and chronic infection. NLRP3-/- mice fail to generate Treg responses to H. pylori and control the infection more effectively than wild-type mice. The results demonstrate a non-canonical inflammasome-independent function of NLRP3 in DC development and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Hematology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karen M Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research , University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Stockenhuber K, Hegazy AN, West NR, Ilott NE, Stockenhuber A, Bullers SJ, Thornton EE, Arnold IC, Tucci A, Waldmann H, Ogg GS, Powrie F. Foxp3 + T reg cells control psoriasiform inflammation by restraining an IFN-I-driven CD8 + T cell response. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1987-1998. [PMID: 29980582 PMCID: PMC6080913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory skin disease affecting ∼3% of the population worldwide. Although type I interferons (IFN-I) are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis, the details of this relationship remain elusive. Here we show that in a murine model of imiquimod-driven psoriatic skin inflammation, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (T reg cells) control inflammation severity by restraining IFN-I. Depletion of T reg cells induces IFN-I and IFN-stimulated gene expression, and leads to accumulation of CD8+ T cells in lesional skin. Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) were the source of IFN-I, and their depletion reversed the effect of T reg cell depletion. Blockade of IFN-I signaling abolished CD8+ T cell infiltration and excess inflammation in the skin of T reg cell-depleted mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells attenuated pathology, confirming their role as critical effector cells downstream of IFN-I. Our results describe an unexpected role for T reg cells in restraint of an MNP-IFN-I-driven CD8+ T cell response during psoriasiform skin inflammation. These findings highlight a pathway with potential relevance for the treatment of early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Stockenhuber
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathaniel R West
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas E Ilott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Stockenhuber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel J Bullers
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily E Thornton
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Tucci
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Arnold IC, Artola-Borán M, Tallón de Lara P, Kyburz A, Taube C, Ottemann K, van den Broek M, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Müller A. Eosinophils suppress Th1 responses and restrict bacterially induced gastrointestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2055-2072. [PMID: 29970473 PMCID: PMC6080907 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arnold et al. report that eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract are conditioned by IFN-γ to restrict Th1 responses and promote tissue homeostasis. Eosinophils control Th1 cells in acute and chronic infection and in the steady state and possess bactericidal properties. Eosinophils are predominantly known for their contribution to allergy. Here, we have examined the function and regulation of gastrointestinal eosinophils in the steady-state and during infection with Helicobacter pylori or Citrobacter rodentium. We find that eosinophils are recruited to sites of infection, directly encounter live bacteria, and activate a signature transcriptional program; this applies also to human gastrointestinal eosinophils in humanized mice. The genetic or anti–IL-5–mediated depletion of eosinophils results in improved control of the infection, increased inflammation, and more pronounced Th1 responses. Eosinophils control Th1 responses via the IFN-γ–dependent up-regulation of PD-L1. Furthermore, we find that the conditional loss of IFN-γR in eosinophils phenocopies the effects of eosinophil depletion. Eosinophils further possess bactericidal properties that require their degranulation and the deployment of extracellular traps. Our results highlight two novel functions of this elusive cell type and link it to gastrointestinal homeostasis and anti-bacterial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Karen Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | | | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Background Since its discovery in the early 1980s, Helicobacter pylori has been linked to a variety of gastric and extragastric diseases. Chronic infection with H. pylori causes histologically evident gastritis in all colonized individuals and is the predominant risk factor for gastric and duodenal ulcers as well as gastric adenocarcinoma. However, increasingly robust experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that H. pylori may at the same time be beneficial to its carriers, as it efficiently prevents allergic disorders and chronic inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this review is to summarize and document the latest evidence for a possible inverse association of H. pylori infection status and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as provided in both experimental and human observational studies. The pathogenesis of IBDs, the available mouse models for these diseases and the dual role of H. pylori in health and disease are presented in dedicated chapters. Summary and Key Messages Almost all available epidemiological data suggest that H. pylori infection is inversely associated with both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis in European, Asian as well as American populations; large meta-analyses reviewing 30 original articles or more document that this inverse association is especially strong in CD patients and in children and young adults. Experimental data available from various mouse models of IBD confirm that live H. pylori infection as well as treatment with immunomodulatory molecules of H. pylori reduce clinical and histopathological IBD symptoms. Various proposed mechanisms involving the tolerization of dendritic cells, the production of protective cytokines and the preferential induction and differentiation of regulatory T-cells are presented. The implications of the beneficial aspects of the Helicobacter-host interaction for H. pylori eradication decisions, as well as potential new therapeutic options in the treatment of IBD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Arnold IC, Mathisen S, Schulthess J, Danne C, Hegazy AN, Powrie F. CD11c(+) monocyte/macrophages promote chronic Helicobacter hepaticus-induced intestinal inflammation through the production of IL-23. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:352-63. [PMID: 26242598 PMCID: PMC4650208 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel diseases, a breakdown in host microbial interactions accompanies sustained activation of immune cells in the gut. Functional studies suggest a key role for interleukin-23 (IL-23) in orchestrating intestinal inflammation. IL-23 can be produced by various mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) following acute microbial stimulation, but little is known about the key cellular sources of IL-23 that drive chronic intestinal inflammation. Here we have addressed this question using a physiological model of bacteria-driven colitis. By combining conditional gene ablation and gene expression profiling, we found that IL-23 production by CD11c(+) MNPs was essential to trigger intestinal immunopathology and identified MHCII(+) monocytes and macrophages as the major source of IL-23. Expression of IL-23 by monocytes was acquired during their differentiation in the intestine and correlated with the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) and CD64. In contrast, Batf3-dependent CD103(+) CD11b(-) dendritic cells were dispensable for bacteria-induced colitis in this model. These studies reinforce the pathogenic role of monocytes in dysregulated responses to intestinal bacteria and identify production of IL-23 as a key component of this response. Further understanding of the functional sources of IL-23 in diverse forms of intestinal inflammation may lead to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interrupting IL-23-driven immune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Arnold
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Mathisen
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Schulthess
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Danne
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A N Hegazy
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division-NDM, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,
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16
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Griseri T, Arnold IC, Pearson C, Krausgruber T, Schiering C, Franchini F, Schulthess J, McKenzie BS, Crocker PR, Powrie F. Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Activated Eosinophils Promote Interleukin-23 Driven Chronic Colitis. Immunity 2015. [PMID: 26200014 PMCID: PMC4518500 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of intestinal eosinophils in immune homeostasis is enigmatic and the molecular signals that drive them from protective to tissue damaging are unknown. Most commonly associated with Th2 cell-mediated diseases, we describe a role for eosinophils as crucial effectors of the interleukin-23 (IL-23)-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) axis in colitis. Chronic intestinal inflammation was characterized by increased bone marrow eosinopoiesis and accumulation of activated intestinal eosinophils. IL-5 blockade or eosinophil depletion ameliorated colitis, implicating eosinophils in disease pathogenesis. GM-CSF was a potent activator of eosinophil effector functions and intestinal accumulation, and GM-CSF blockade inhibited chronic colitis. By contrast neutrophil accumulation was GM-CSF independent and dispensable for colitis. In addition to TNF secretion, release of eosinophil peroxidase promoted colitis identifying direct tissue-toxic mechanisms. Thus, eosinophils are key perpetrators of chronic inflammation and tissue damage in IL-23-mediated immune diseases and it suggests the GM-CSF-eosinophil axis as an attractive therapeutic target. GM-CSF synergizes with IL-5 to exacerbate eosinopoiesis during chronic colitis GM-CSF-activated eosinophils promote IL-23 driven colitis Depletion of eosinophils, but not of neutrophils, dampens colitis GM-CSF increases eosinophil production of inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-13
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Griseri
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Claire Pearson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Schiering
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Fanny Franchini
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julie Schulthess
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- CSL Ltd. Research Department, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Arnold IC, Hutchings C, Kondova I, Hey A, Powrie F, Beverley P, Tchilian E. Helicobacter hepaticus infection in BALB/c mice abolishes subunit-vaccine-induced protection against M. tuberculosis. Vaccine 2015; 33:1808-14. [PMID: 25748336 PMCID: PMC4377097 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal Hh infection of mice upregulates colonic IL10 message. Neonatal Hh infection reduces lung immune responses after immunisation with Ad85A. Protection against Mtb challenge induced by Ad85A is abolished in Hh infected mice. IL10R blockade reverses the effects of Hh infection on Ad85A induced protection. Addition of Hh to the microbiota abolishes protection induced by a subunit vaccine.
BCG, the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), provides geographically variable protection, an effect ascribed to exposure to environmental mycobacteria (EM). Here we show that altering the intestinal microbiota of mice by early-life infection with the commensal bacterium Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) increases their susceptibility to challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Furthermore Hh-infected mice immunised parenterally with the recombinant subunit vaccine, human adenovirus type 5 expressing the immunodominant antigen 85A of Mtb (Ad85A), display a reduced lung immune response and protection against Mtb challenge is also reduced. Expression of interleukin 10 (IL10) messenger RNA is increased in the colon of Hh infected mice. Treatment of Hh-infected Ad85A-immunised mice with anti-IL10 receptor antibody, following challenge with Mtb, restores the protective effect of the vaccine. These data show for the first time that alteration of the intestinal microbiota by addition of a single commensal organism can profoundly influence protection induced by a TB subunit vaccine via an IL10-dependent mechanism, a result with implications for the deployment of such vaccines in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Hutchings
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ariann Hey
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Beverley
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
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Arnold IC, Hitzler I, Müller A. The immunomodulatory properties of Helicobacter pylori confer protection against allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:10. [PMID: 22919602 PMCID: PMC3417532 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes carriers to a high risk of developing gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastric cancer, and gastric lymphoma, but has also recently been shown to protect against certain allergic and chronic inflammatory disorders. The immunomodulatory properties that allow the bacteria to persist for decades in infected individuals in the face of a vigorous, yet ultimately non-protective, innate, and adaptive immune response may at the same time confer protection against allergies, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that H. pylori has evolved to skew the adaptive immune response toward immune tolerance rather than immunity, which promotes persistent infection on the one hand, and inhibits auto-aggressive and allergic T-cell responses on the other. Regulatory T-cells mediating peripheral immune tolerance have emerged as key cellular players in facilitating persistent infection as well as protection from allergies, in both observational studies in humans and experimental work in mice. Recent data suggest that H. pylori actively targets dendritic cells to promote tolerance induction. The findings discussed in this review raise the possibility of harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori for the prevention and treatment of allergic and auto-immune diseases, and also provide new insights relevant for H. pylori-specific vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
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Oertli M, Sundquist M, Hitzler I, Engler DB, Arnold IC, Reuter S, Maxeiner J, Hansson M, Taube C, Quiding-Järbrink M, Müller A. DC-derived IL-18 drives Treg differentiation, murine Helicobacter pylori-specific immune tolerance, and asthma protection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1082-96. [PMID: 22307326 DOI: 10.1172/jci61029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent colonization with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes infected individuals to gastric cancer. Conversely, it is also linked to protection from allergic, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate here that H. pylori inhibits LPS-induced maturation of DCs and reprograms DCs toward a tolerance-promoting phenotype. Our results showed that DCs exposed to H. pylori in vitro or in vivo failed to induce T cell effector functions. Instead, they efficiently induced expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxP3, the master regulator of Tregs, in naive T cells. Depletion of DCs in mice infected with H. pylori during the neonatal period was sufficient to break H. pylori-specific tolerance. DC depletion resulted in improved control of the infection but also aggravated T cell-driven immunopathology. Consistent with the mouse data, DCs infiltrating the gastric mucosa of human H. pylori carriers exhibited a semimature DC-SIGN(+)HLA-DR(hi)CD80(lo)CD86(lo) phenotype. Mechanistically, the tolerogenic activity of H. pylori-experienced DCs was shown to require IL-18 in vitro and in vivo; DC-derived IL-18 acted directly on T cells to drive their conversion to Tregs. CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs from infected wild-type mice but not Il18(-/-) or Il18r1(-/-) mice prevented airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in an experimental model of asthma. Taken together, our results indicate that tolerogenic reprogramming of DCs ensures the persistence of H. pylori and protects against allergic asthma in a process that requires IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Oertli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Müller A, Oertli M, Arnold IC. H. pylori exploits and manipulates innate and adaptive immune cell signaling pathways to establish persistent infection. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:25. [PMID: 22044597 PMCID: PMC3214186 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with the gastric bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes carriers to a high gastric cancer risk, but has also been linked to protection from allergic, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In the course of tens of thousands of years of co-existence with its human host, H. pylori has evolved elaborate adaptations that allow it to persist in the hostile environment of the stomach in the face of a vigorous innate and adaptive immune response. For this review, we have identified several key immune cell types and signaling pathways that appear to be preferentially targeted by the bacteria to establish and maintain persistent infection. We explore the mechanisms that allow the bacteria to avoid detection by innate immune cells via their pattern recognition receptors, to escape T-cell mediated adaptive immunity, and to reprogram the immune system towards tolerance rather than immunity. The implications of the immunomodulatory properties of the bacteria for the prevention of allergic and auto-immune diseases in chronically infected individuals are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Arnold IC, Dehzad N, Reuter S, Martin H, Becher B, Taube C, Müller A. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3088-93. [PMID: 21737881 DOI: 10.1172/jci45041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that has taken on epidemic proportions in the industrialized world. The increase in asthma rates has been linked epidemiologically to the rapid disappearance of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterial pathogen that persistently colonizes the human stomach, from Western societies. In this study, we have utilized mouse models of allergic airway disease induced by ovalbumin or house dust mite allergen to experimentally examine a possible inverse correlation between H. pylori and asthma. H. pylori infection efficiently protected mice from airway hyperresponsiveness, tissue inflammation, and goblet cell metaplasia, which are hallmarks of asthma, and prevented allergen-induced pulmonary and bronchoalveolar infiltration with eosinophils, Th2 cells, and Th17 cells. Protection against asthma was most robust in mice infected neonatally and was abrogated by antibiotic eradication of H. pylori. Asthma protection was further associated with impaired maturation of lung-infiltrating dendritic cells and the accumulation of highly suppressive Tregs in the lungs. Systemic Treg depletion abolished asthma protection; conversely, the adoptive transfer of purified Treg populations was sufficient to transfer protection from infected donor mice to uninfected recipients. Our results thus provide experimental evidence for a beneficial effect of H. pylori colonization on the development of allergen-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Arnold IC, Hitzler I, Engler D, Oertli M, Agger EM, Müller A. The C-terminally encoded, MHC class II-restricted T cell antigenicity of the Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA promotes gastric preneoplasia. J Immunol 2011; 186:6165-72. [PMID: 21518972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the human bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes gastritis and predisposes carriers to an increased gastric cancer risk. Consequently, H. pylori-specific vaccination is widely viewed as a promising strategy of gastric cancer prevention. H. pylori strains harboring the Cag pathogenicity island (PAI) are associated with particularly unfavorable disease outcomes in humans and experimental rodent models. We show in this study using a C57BL/6 mouse model of Cag-PAI(+) H. pylori infection that the only known protein substrate of the Cag-PAI-encoded type IV secretion system, the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein, harbors MHC class II-restricted T cell epitopes. Several distinct nonoverlapping epitopes in CagA's central and C-terminal regions were predicted in silico and could be confirmed experimentally. CagA(+) infection elicits CD4(+) T cell responses in mice, which are strongly enhanced by prior mucosal or parenteral vaccination with recombinant CagA. The adoptive transfer of CagA-specific T cells to T cell-deficient, H. pylori-infected recipients is sufficient to induce the full range of preneoplastic immunopathology. Similarly, immunization with a cholera toxin-adjuvanted, CagA(+) whole-cell sonicate vaccine sensitizes mice to, rather than protects them from, H. pylori-associated gastric cancer precursor lesions. In contrast, H. pylori-specific tolerization by neonatal administration of H. pylori sonicate in conjunction with a CD40L-neutralizing Ab prevents H. pylori-specific, pathogenic T cell responses and gastric immunopathology. We conclude that active tolerization may be superior to vaccination strategies in gastric cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Arnold IC, Zigova Z, Holden M, Lawley TD, Rad R, Dougan G, Falkow S, Bentley SD, Müller A. Comparative whole genome sequence analysis of the carcinogenic bacterial model pathogen Helicobacter felis. Genome Biol Evol 2011; 3:302-8. [PMID: 21402865 PMCID: PMC4197744 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter felis naturally
colonizes the gastric mucosa of dogs and cats. Due to its ability to
persistently infect laboratory mice, H. felis has been used
extensively to experimentally model gastric disorders induced in humans by
H. pylori. We determined the 1.67 Mb genome sequence of
H. felis using combined Solexa and 454 pyrosequencing,
annotated the genome, and compared it with multiple previously published
Helicobacter genomes. About 1,063 (63.6%) of the 1,671
genes identified in the H. felis genome have orthologues in
H. pylori, its closest relative among the fully sequenced
Helicobacter species. Many H. pylori
virulence factors are shared by H. felis: these include the
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GGT, the immunomodulator NapA, and the secreted
enzymes collagenase and HtrA. Helicobacter felis lacks a Cag
pathogenicity island and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA but possesses a complete
comB system conferring natural competence. Remarkable features of the H.
felis genome include its paucity of transcriptional regulators and
an extraordinary abundance of chemotaxis sensors and restriction/modification
systems. Helicobacter felis possesses an episomally replicating
6.7-kb plasmid and harbors three chromosomal regions with deviating GC content.
These putative horizontally acquired regions show homology and synteny with the
recently isolated H. pylori plasmid pHPPC4 and homology to
Campylobacter bacteriophage genes (transposases,
structural, and lytic genes), respectively. In summary, the H.
felis genome harbors a variety of putative mobile elements that are
unique among Helicobacter species and may contribute to this
pathogen’s carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Plasma samples of 1126 dogs belonging to 21 different European breeds were analysed by two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 5.4 or pH 8.6)--horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis, followed by general-protein staining of gels. Genetic polymorphism was detected for five as yet unidentified proteins designated pretransferrin-1 and -2 (Prt1 and Prt2) and postalbumin-1, -2 and -3 (Pa1, Pa2 and Pa3). Three alleles are reported in the Prt1 and Prt2 systems and two alleles in the Prt2, Pa1 and Pa3 systems. While Prt2 variation was observed only in the cocker spaniel breed, each of the other four proteins showed a high degree of polymorphism in most of the breeds studied. Pa3 fractions were clearly observed only in samples stored at -20 degrees C for more than 2 years. Prt1, Pa1 and Pa2 proteins are additional useful markers for parentage control in dogs. This study corroborated previously published results that dog plasma proteins, in general, show considerably more polymorphism than that reported for haemoglobin and for several blood cell enzymes in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Juneja
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala
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Abstract
A new variant of red cell glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), designated GPI-C, was observed in the chow-chow breed of dog. GPI-C could be separated from the previously reported dog GPI variants (A and B), both by starch gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing (pH 3-10). Family data supported the hypothesis that GPI-C is controlled by a third codominant allele (GPI C). GPI C occurred as a rare allele in the Dutch chow-chow population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Arnold
- Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mol JA, Kwant MM, Arnold IC, Hazewinkel HA. Elucidation of the sequence of canine (pro)-calcitonin. A molecular biological and protein chemical approach. Regul Pept 1991; 35:189-95. [PMID: 1758974 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(91)90082-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
From the canine thyroid gland a calcitonin (CT) immunoreactive peptide was purified by successive aqueous acid acetone extraction, gel filtration and HPLC. Gas-phase sequencing of the purified peptide showed that the first 25 amino acids had 65% sequence homology with the amino-terminus of the human CT prohormone. A canine cDNA library was then made from the thyroid gland. A plasmid was isolated containing a sequence that is homologous to part of exon 3, and the complete sequence of exon 4 of the human mRNA encoding preproCT. From this cDNA the amino acid sequence of canine CT is predicted. In comparison with well-known CT sequences of other species, the strongest homology exists with bovine, porcine and ovine CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
A study on linkage in dogs has been made on the basis of comparable studies in other mammal species. In a breeding experiment one dog was mated to 14 bitches. The dog was heterozygous for the plasma esterase locus (Es-1) and the extension locus (E) for coat colour. The 14 bitches, homozygous for both loci, produced a total of 96 offspring. The recombination distance between the loci is calculated to be 34.4 +/- 4.8 cM. The basis for homology between species for the two loci has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Arnold
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, De Uithof-Utrecht, The Netherlands
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