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Abdo AI, Kopecki Z. Comparing Redox and Intracellular Signalling Responses to Cold Plasma in Wound Healing and Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4885-4923. [PMID: 38785562 PMCID: PMC11120013 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold plasma (CP) is an ionised gas containing excited molecules and ions, radicals, and free electrons, and which emits electric fields and UV radiation. CP is potently antimicrobial, and can be applied safely to biological tissue, birthing the field of plasma medicine. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) produced by CP affect biological processes directly or indirectly via the modification of cellular lipids, proteins, DNA, and intracellular signalling pathways. CP can be applied at lower levels for oxidative eustress to activate cell proliferation, motility, migration, and antioxidant production in normal cells, mainly potentiated by the unfolded protein response, the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-activated antioxidant response element, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway, which also activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB). At higher CP exposures, inactivation, apoptosis, and autophagy of malignant cells can occur via the degradation of the PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent and -independent activation of the master tumour suppressor p53, leading to caspase-mediated cell death. These opposing responses validate a hormesis approach to plasma medicine. Clinical applications of CP are becoming increasingly realised in wound healing, while clinical effectiveness in tumours is currently coming to light. This review will outline advances in plasma medicine and compare the main redox and intracellular signalling responses to CP in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian I. Abdo
- Richter Lab, Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Zlatko Kopecki
- Future Industries Institute, STEM Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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2
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Pimentel JM, Zhou JY, Kim S, Gurdziel K, Wu GS. The role of the immune response and inflammatory pathways in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) resistance in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:4678-4692. [PMID: 37970367 PMCID: PMC10636687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer, and the majority of TNBC lacks targeted therapies. Previous studies have shown that TNBC cells are highly sensitive to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), making it a potentially viable treatment option for TNBC. However, the development of TRAIL resistance limits its potential for clinical use, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To better understand the mechanism of resistance to TRAIL, we performed RNA sequencing to identify the candidates that are responsible for resistance to TRAIL in two previously established TRAIL-resistant MDA231 and SUM159 cells. This approach led us to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways in TRAIL-resistant MDA231 and SUM159 cells compared to their TRAIL-sensitive counterparts. We showed that several DEGs and pathways were associated with inflammation in TRAIL-resistant cells, including IL-1α and IL6. By downregulating IL-1α and IL6 expression, we showed that TRAIL sensitivity can be significantly restored in TRAIL-resistant cells. Therefore, this study identifies a mechanism by which the inflammation pathway promotes TRAIL resistance, which could be targeted for enhancing TRAIL-based therapies in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Pimentel
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jun-Ying Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Seongho Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of MedicineDetroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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3
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Pimentel JM, Zhou JY, Wu GS. The Role of TRAIL in Apoptosis and Immunosurveillance in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2752. [PMID: 37345089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells without harming normal cells, making it an attractive agent for cancer therapy. TRAIL induces apoptosis by binding to and activating its death receptors DR4 and DR5. Several TRAIL-based treatments have been developed, including recombinant forms of TRAIL and its death receptor agonist antibodies, but the efficacy of TRAIL-based therapies in clinical trials is modest. In addition to inducing cancer cell apoptosis, TRAIL is expressed in immune cells and plays a critical role in tumor surveillance. Emerging evidence indicates that the TRAIL pathway may interact with immune checkpoint proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), to modulate PD-L1-based tumor immunotherapies. Therefore, understanding the interaction between TRAIL and the immune checkpoint PD-L1 will lead to the development of new strategies to improve TRAIL- and PD-L1-based therapies. This review discusses recent findings on TRAIL-based therapy, resistance, and its involvement in tumor immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Pimentel
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jun-Ying Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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4
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Dzobo K, Dandara C. The Extracellular Matrix: Its Composition, Function, Remodeling, and Role in Tumorigenesis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:146. [PMID: 37092398 PMCID: PMC10123695 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a ubiquitous member of the body and is key to the maintenance of tissue and organ integrity. Initially thought to be a bystander in many cellular processes, the extracellular matrix has been shown to have diverse components that regulate and activate many cellular processes and ultimately influence cell phenotype. Importantly, the ECM's composition, architecture, and stiffness/elasticity influence cellular phenotypes. Under normal conditions and during development, the synthesized ECM constantly undergoes degradation and remodeling processes via the action of matrix proteases that maintain tissue homeostasis. In many pathological conditions including fibrosis and cancer, ECM synthesis, remodeling, and degradation is dysregulated, causing its integrity to be altered. Both physical and chemical cues from the ECM are sensed via receptors including integrins and play key roles in driving cellular proliferation and differentiation and in the progression of various diseases such as cancers. Advances in 'omics' technologies have seen an increase in studies focusing on bidirectional cell-matrix interactions, and here, we highlight the emerging knowledge on the role played by the ECM during normal development and in pathological conditions. This review summarizes current ECM-targeted therapies that can modify ECM tumors to overcome drug resistance and better cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- Medical Research Council, SA Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- The South African Medical Research Council-UCT Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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5
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Gampa SC, Garimella SV, Pandrangi S. Nano-TRAIL: a promising path to cancer therapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:78-102. [PMID: 37065863 PMCID: PMC10099604 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand, also called apo-2 ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2L), is a cytokine that triggers apoptosis by binding to TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) death receptors. Apoptosis occurs through either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway. The administration of recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) or TRAIL-receptor (TRAIL-R) agonists promotes apoptosis preferentially in cancerous cells over normal cells in vitro; this phenomenon has also been observed in clinical studies. The limited efficacy of rhTRAIL in clinical trials could be attributed to drug resistance, short half-life, targeted delivery issues, and off-target toxicities. Nanoparticles are excellent drug and gene delivery systems characterized by improved permeability and retention, increased stability and biocompatibility, and precision targeting. In this review, we discuss resistance mechanisms to TRAIL and methods to overcome TRAIL resistance by using nanoparticle-based formulations developed for the delivery of TRAIL peptides, TRAIL-R agonists, and TRAIL genes to cancer cells. We also discuss combinatorial approaches of chemotherapeutic drugs with TRAIL. These studies demonstrate TRAIL's potential as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Chandana Gampa
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Sireesha V. Garimella
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - SanthiLatha Pandrangi
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
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6
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Pimentel JM, Zhou JY, Wu GS. Regulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:135-144. [PMID: 36239572 PMCID: PMC10015553 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that lacks targeted therapies. Previous studies have shown that TNBC cells are highly sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), making it a promising agent for treating TNBC. However, the development of TRAIL resistance limits its further clinical development, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we report the role of PD-L1 in TRAIL resistance. Specifically, we found that TRAIL treatment increases PD-L1 expression in TRAIL-sensitive cells and that basal PD-L1 expression is increased in acquired TRAIL-resistant cells. Mechanistically, we found that increased PD-L1 expression was accompanied by increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we showed that knockdown of ERK by siRNA or inhibition of ERK activation by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor U0126 decreased PD-L1 expression and increased TRAIL-induced cell death. Furthermore, we found that knockout or knockdown of PD-L1 enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PD-L1-mediated TRAIL resistance is independent of its ability to evade immune suppression. Therefore, this study identifies a noncanonical mechanism by which PD-L1 promotes TRAIL resistance, which can be potentially exploited for immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Pimentel
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jun-Ying Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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7
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Chow S, Dorigo O. Monocytes: A Promising New TRAIL in Ovarian Cancer Cell Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:299-301. [PMID: 36383129 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer of IFN-activated monocytes administered intraperitoneally to patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer demonstrated antitumor effects and acceptable tolerability. The exposure of monocytes to IFNα and IFNγ upregulated TRAIL, which triggered caspase 8 and direct cell-to-cell contact-dependent apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells. See related article by Green et al., p. 349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California
| | - Oliver Dorigo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California
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8
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Engineered Nanovesicles from Fibroblasts Modulate Dermal Papillae Cells In Vitro and Promote Human Hair Follicle Growth Ex Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244066. [PMID: 36552830 PMCID: PMC9777471 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is a common medical condition affecting both sexes. Dermal papilla (DP) cells are the primary source of hair regeneration in alopecia patients. Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are restricted by low yields, high costs, and their time-consuming collection process. Thus, engineered nanovesicles (eNVs) have emerged as suitable therapeutic biomaterials in translational medicine. We isolated eNVs by the serial extrusion of fibroblasts (FBs) using polycarbonate membrane filters and serial and ultracentrifugation. We studied the internalization, proliferation, and migration of human DP cells in the presence and absence of FB-eNVs. The therapeutic potential of FB-eNVs was studied on ex vivo organ cultures of human hair follicles (HFs) from three human participants. FB-eNVs (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 µg/mL) significantly enhanced DP cell proliferation, with the maximum effect observed at 7.5 µg/mL. FB-eNVs (5 and 10 µg/mL) significantly enhanced the migration of DP cells at 36 h. Western blotting results suggested that FB-eNVs contain vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-a. FB-eNV treatment increased the levels of PCNA, pAKT, pERK, and VEGF-receptor-2 (VEGFR2) in DP cells. Moreover, FB-eNVs increased the human HF shaft size in a short duration ex vivo. Altogether, FB-eNVs are promising therapeutic candidates for alopecia.
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9
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TRAIL-Based Therapies Efficacy in Pediatric Bone Tumors Models Is Modulated by TRAIL Non-Apoptotic Pathway Activation via RIPK1 Recruitment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225627. [PMID: 36428719 PMCID: PMC9688679 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in clinical management, osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, the two most frequent malignant primary bone tumors at pediatric age, still have a poor prognosis for high-risk patients (i.e., relapsed or metastatic disease). Triggering a TRAIL pro-apoptotic pathway represents a promising therapeutic approach, but previous studies have described resistance mechanisms that could explain the declining interest of such an approach in clinical trials. In this study, eight relevant human cell lines were used to represent the heterogeneity of the response to the TRAIL pro-apoptotic effect in pediatric bone tumors and two cell-derived xenograft models were developed, originating from a sensitive and a resistant cell line. The DR5 agonist antibody AMG655 (Conatumumab) was selected as an example of TRAIL-based therapy. In both TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant cell lines, two signaling pathways were activated following AMG655 treatment, the canonical extrinsic apoptotic pathway and a non-apoptotic pathway, involving the recruitment of RIPK1 on the DR5 protein complex, activating both pro-survival and pro-proliferative effectors. However, the resulting balance of these two pathways was different, leading to apoptosis only in sensitive cells. In vivo, AMG655 treatment reduced tumor development of the sensitive model but accelerated tumor growth of the resistant one. We proposed two independent strategies to overcome this issue: (1) a proof-of-concept targeting of RIPK1 by shRNA approach and (2) the use of a novel highly-potent TRAIL-receptor agonist; both shifting the balance in favor of apoptosis. These observations are paving the way to resurrect TRAIL-based therapies in pediatric bone tumors to help predict the response to treatment, and propose a relevant adjuvant strategy for future therapeutic development.
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10
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Narayan S, Raza A, Mahmud I, Koo N, Garrett TJ, Law ME, Law BK, Sharma AK. Sensitization of FOLFOX-resistant colorectal cancer cells via the modulation of a novel pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A. iScience 2022; 25:104518. [PMID: 35754740 PMCID: PMC9218363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) with FOLFOX shows some efficacy, but these tumors quickly develop resistance to this treatment. We have observed increased phosphorylation of AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 and levels of p21 in FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. We have identified a small molecule, NSC49L, that stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, downregulates the AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1-axis, and inhibits p21 translation. We have provided evidence that NSC49L- and TRAIL-mediated sensitization is synergistically induced in p21-knockdown CRC cells, which is reversed in p21-overexpressing cells. p21 binds with procaspase 3 and prevents the activation of caspase 3. We have shown that TRAIL induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 by NSC49L-mediated downregulation of p21 translation, and thereby cleavage of procaspase 3 into caspase 3. NSC49L does not affect global protein synthesis. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of NSC49L as a PP2A agonist, and how its combination with TRAIL sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nayeong Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary E. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Saraf R, Datta A, Sima C, Hua J, Lopes R, Bittner ML, Miller T, Wilson-Robles HM. In Silico Modeling of the Induction of Apoptosis by Cryptotanshinone in Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:1683-1693. [PMID: 33180729 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.3037318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor of both children and pet canines. Its characteristic genomic instability and complexity coupled with the dearth of knowledge about its etiology has made improvement in the current treatment difficult. We use the existing literature about the biological pathways active in OS and combine it with the current research involving natural compounds to identify new targets and design more effective drug therapies. The key components of these pathways are modeled as a Boolean network with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The combinatorial circuit is employed to theoretically predict the efficacies of various drugs in combination with Cryptotanshinone. We show that the action of the herbal drug, Cryptotanshinone on OS cell lines induces apoptosis by increasing sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) through its multi-pronged action on STAT3, DRP1 and DR5. The Boolean framework is used to detect additional drug intervention points in the pathway that could amplify the action of Cryptotanshinone.
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12
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Tang X, Peng H, Xu P, Zhang L, Fu R, Tu H, Guo X, Huang K, Lu J, Chen H, Dong Z, Dai L, Luo J, Chen Q. Synthetic mRNA-based gene therapy for glioblastoma: TRAIL-mRNA synergistically enhances PTEN-mRNA-based therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:707-718. [PMID: 35317516 PMCID: PMC8913249 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized as having high molecular heterogeneity and complexity, which can be well revealed by genomic study. A truly effective treatment for GBM should flexibly address its heterogeneities, complexity, and strong drug resistance. This study was performed to explore the effectiveness of an mRNA-based therapeutic strategy using in vitro synthesized PTEN-mRNA and TRAIL-mRNA in tumor cells derived from PTEN-deletion patients. The PTEN gene alterations were revealed by whole-exome sequencing of three paired clinical GBMs and selected as the therapy target. Patient-derived primary glioblastoma stem cells (GBM2) and a DBTRG-cell-derived xenograft were used to detect mRNA's cytotoxicity in vitro and tumor suppression in vivo. Following the successful in vitro synthesis of PTEN-mRNA and TRAIL-mRNA, the combinational treatment of PTEN-mRNA and TRAIL-mRNA significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with treatment with PBS (96.4%), PTEN-mRNA (89.7%), and TRAIL-mRNA (84.5%). The combinational application of PTEN-mRNA and TRAIL-mRNA showed synergistic inhibition of tumor growth, and the JNK pathway might be the major mechanism involved. This study provided a basis for an mRNA-based therapeutic strategy to be developed into an effective patient-tailored treatment for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 9 Zhangzhidong Road and 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The 7th affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, ShenZhen, Guandong 510275, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hanjun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xingrong Guo
- Hubei KeyLaboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Kuanming Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Junti Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Hu Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 9 Zhangzhidong Road and 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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13
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OSMI-1 Enhances TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis through ER Stress and NF-κB Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011073. [PMID: 34681736 PMCID: PMC8539180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation expression levels are associated with cancer pathogenesis. This study aimed to find conditions that maximize the therapeutic effect of cancer and minimize tissue damage by combining an OGT inhibitor (OSMI-1) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We found that OSMI-1 treatment in HCT116 human colon cancer cells has a potent synergistic effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis signaling. Interestingly, OSMI-1 significantly increased TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by increasing the expression of the cell surface receptor DR5. ROS-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by OSMI-1 not only upregulated CHOP-DR5 signaling but also activated Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in a decrease in Bcl2 and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. TRAIL induced the activation of NF-κB and played a role in resistance as an antiapoptotic factor. During this process, O-GlcNAcylation of IκB kinase (IKK) and IκBα degradation occurred, followed by translocation of p65 into the nucleus. However, combination treatment with OSMI-1 counteracted the effect of TRAIL-mediated NF-κB signaling, resulting in a more synergistic effect on apoptosis. Therefore, the combined treatment of OSMI-1 and TRAIL synergistically increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis through caspase-8 activation. Conclusively, OSMI-1 potentially sensitizes TRAIL-induced cell death in HCT116 cells through the blockade of NF-κB signaling and activation of apoptosis through ER stress response.
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Ding M, Chen Y, Lang Y, Cui L. The Role of Cellular Prion Protein in Cancer Biology: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2021; 11:742949. [PMID: 34595121 PMCID: PMC8476782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.742949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein has two isoforms including cellular prion protein (PrPC) and scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc is the pathological aggregated form of prion protein and it plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. PrPC is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that can attach to a membrane. Its expression begins at embryogenesis and reaches the highest level in adulthood. PrPC is expressed in the neurons of the nervous system as well as other peripheral organs. Studies in recent years have disclosed the involvement of PrPC in various aspects of cancer biology. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the roles of PrPC in proliferation, cell survival, invasion/metastasis, and stem cells of cancer cells, as well as its role as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqiu Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Razeghian E, Suksatan W, Sulaiman Rahman H, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Hassanzadeh A, Marofi F, Yazdanifar M, Jarahian M. Harnessing TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy and Associated Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699746. [PMID: 34489946 PMCID: PMC8417882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.699746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune cytokine tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has attracted rapidly evolving attention as a cancer treatment modality because of its competence to selectively eliminate tumor cells without instigating toxicity in vivo. TRAIL has revealed encouraging promise in preclinical reports in animal models as a cancer treatment option; however, the foremost constraint of the TRAIL therapy is the advancement of TRAIL resistance through a myriad of mechanisms in tumor cells. Investigations have documented that improvement of the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and survival or proliferation involved signaling pathways concurrently suppressing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins along with down-regulation of expression of TRAILR1 and TRAILR2, also known as death receptor 4 and 5 (DR4/5) are reliable for tumor cells resistance to TRAIL. Therefore, it seems that the development of a therapeutic approach for overcoming TRAIL resistance is of paramount importance. Studies currently have shown that combined treatment with anti-tumor agents, ranging from synthetic agents to natural products, and TRAIL could result in induction of apoptosis in TRAIL-resistant cells. Also, human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) engineered to generate and deliver TRAIL can provide both targeted and continued delivery of this apoptosis-inducing cytokine. Similarly, nanoparticle (NPs)-based TRAIL delivery offers novel platforms to defeat barricades to TRAIL therapeutic delivery. In the current review, we will focus on underlying mechanisms contributed to inducing resistance to TRAIL in tumor cells, and also discuss recent findings concerning the therapeutic efficacy of combined treatment of TRAIL with other antitumor compounds, and also TRAIL-delivery using human MSCs and NPs to overcome tumor cells resistance to TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Razeghian
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Suleimanyah, Suleimanyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dmitry O. Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Behind the Adaptive and Resistance Mechanisms of Cancer Stem Cells to TRAIL. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071062. [PMID: 34371753 PMCID: PMC8309156 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Apo-2 ligand (Apo2L), is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily. TRAIL has been widely studied as a novel strategy for tumor elimination, as cancer cells overexpress TRAIL death receptors, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting blood vessel formation. However, cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are the main culprits responsible for therapy resistance and cancer remission, can easily develop evasion mechanisms for TRAIL apoptosis. By further modifying their properties, they take advantage of this molecule to improve survival and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that CSCs use for TRAIL resistance and angiogenesis development are not well elucidated. Recent research has shown that proteins and transcription factors from the cell cycle, survival, and invasion pathways are involved. This review summarizes the main mechanism of cell adaption by TRAIL to promote response angiogenic or pro-angiogenic intermediates that facilitate TRAIL resistance regulation and cancer progression by CSCs and novel strategies to induce apoptosis.
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Quiroz-Reyes AG, Delgado-Gonzalez P, Islas JF, Gallegos JLD, Martínez Garza JH, Garza-Treviño EN. Behind the Adaptive and Resistance Mechanisms of Cancer Stem Cells to TRAIL. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1062. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Apo-2 ligand (Apo2L), is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily. TRAIL has been widely studied as a novel strategy for tumor elimination, as cancer cells overexpress TRAIL death receptors, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting blood vessel formation. However, cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are the main culprits responsible for therapy resistance and cancer remission, can easily develop evasion mechanisms for TRAIL apoptosis. By further modifying their properties, they take advantage of this molecule to improve survival and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that CSCs use for TRAIL resistance and angiogenesis development are not well elucidated. Recent research has shown that proteins and transcription factors from the cell cycle, survival, and invasion pathways are involved. This review summarizes the main mechanism of cell adaption by TRAIL to promote response angiogenic or pro-angiogenic intermediates that facilitate TRAIL resistance regulation and cancer progression by CSCs and novel strategies to induce apoptosis.
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18
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Deng D, Shah K. TRAIL of Hope Meeting Resistance in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:989-1001. [PMID: 32718904 PMCID: PMC7688478 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis selectively via its interaction with the death receptors TRAILR1/DR4 and TRAILR2/DR5 in a wide range of cancers, while sparing normal cells. Despite its tremendous potential for cancer therapeutics, the translation of TRAIL into the clinic has been confounded by TRAIL-resistant cancer populations. We discuss different molecular mechanisms underlying TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and resistance to TRAIL. We also discuss the successes and failures of recent preclinical and clinical studies of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and current attempts to overcome TRAIL resistance, and we provide a perspective for improving the prospects of future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deng
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Cardoso Alves L, Corazza N, Micheau O, Krebs P. The multifaceted role of TRAIL signaling in cancer and immunity. FEBS J 2020; 288:5530-5554. [PMID: 33215853 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor or infected cells. However, activation of TRAIL signaling may also trigger nonapoptotic pathways in cancer and in nontransformed cells, that is, immune cells. Here, we review the current knowledge on noncanonical TRAIL signaling. The biological outcomes of TRAIL signaling in immune and malignant cells are presented and explained, with a focus on the role of TRAIL for natural killer (NK) cell function. Furthermore, we highlight the technical difficulties in dissecting the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the switch between apoptotic and nonapoptotic TRAIL signaling. Finally, we discuss the consequences thereof for a therapeutic manipulation of TRAIL in cancer and possible approaches to bypass these difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Micheau
- INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France
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McSweeney KR, Gadanec LK, Qaradakhi T, Gammune TM, Kubatka P, Caprnda M, Fedotova J, Radonak J, Kruzliak P, Zulli A. Imipridone enhances vascular relaxation via FOXO1 pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1816-1823. [PMID: 32652671 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are a side effect of cancer therapy, potentially through reduced blood vessel function. ONC201 (TIC10) is currently used in phase 2 clinical trials to treat high-grade gliomas. TIC10 is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor that induces apoptosis via upregulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, which via stimulation of FOXO and death receptor could increase eNOS upregulation. This has the potential to improve vascular function through increased NO bioavailability. Our aim was to investigate the role of TIC10 on vascular function to determine if it would affect the risk of CVD. Excised abdominal aorta from White New Zealand male rabbits were cut into rings. Vessels were incubated with TIC10 and AS1842856 (FOXO1 inhibitor) followed by cumulative doses of acetylcholine (Ach) to assess vessel function. Vessels were then processed for immunohistochemistry. Incubation of blood vessels with TIC10 resulted in enhanced vasodilatory capacity. Combination treatment with the FOXO1 inhibitor and TIC10 resulted in reduced vascular function compared to control. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated a 3-fold increase in death receptor 5 (DR5) expression in the TIC10-treated blood vessels but the addition of the FOXO1 inhibitor downregulated DR5 expression. The expression of DR4 receptor was not significantly increased in the presence of TIC10; however, addition of the FOXO1 inhibitor downregulated expression. TIC10 has the capacity to improve the function of healthy vessels when stimulated with the vasodilator Ach. This highlights its therapeutic potential not only in cancer treatment without cardiovascular side effects, but also as a possible drug to treat established CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R McSweeney
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura K Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Julia Fedotova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.,International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Jozef Radonak
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University and University Hospital, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Non-Thermal Plasma Couples Oxidative Stress to TRAIL Sensitization through DR5 Upregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155302. [PMID: 32722598 PMCID: PMC7432737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in various tumor cells without affecting most normal cells. Despite being in clinical testing, novel strategies to induce TRAIL-mediated apoptosis are in need to overcome cancer cell unresponsiveness and resistance. Plasma-activated medium (PAM) markedly stimulates reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. We investigate the capability of PAM and TRAIL (PAM/TRAIL) combination therapy to overcome TRAIL resistance and improve the anticancer efficacy of TRAIL. The combinatorial treatment of PAM and TRAIL shows synergistic effects on growth inhibition in TRAIL-resistant cancer cells via augmented apoptosis by two attributes. DR5 (TRAIL-R2) transcription by CHOP is upregulated in a PAM-generated ROS/RNS-dependent manner, and PAM itself upregulates PTEN expression mediated by suppression of miR-425 which is involved in Akt inactivation, leading to increased apoptosis induction. Treatment of cancer cell lines with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine reduces the extent of membrane dysfunction and the expression of both CHOP-DR5 and miR-425-PTEN axes, attenuating PAM/TRAIL-induced cancer cell apoptosis. These data suggest that PAM/TRAIL treatment is a novel approach to sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis and overcoming TRAIL resistance. PAM is a promising candidate for further investigations as a chemotherapeutic sensitizer in the treatment of cancer.
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Changes in the Concentration of Markers Participating in the Regulation of the Apoptosis Receptor Pathway Involving Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Ligand inducing Apoptosis (sTRAIL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the Serum of Women with Ovarian Cancer-Participation in Pathogenesis or a Possible Clinical Use? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030612. [PMID: 32143328 PMCID: PMC7140464 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, the most interesting target for clinical research is the tumour necrosis factor ligand inducing apoptosis (TRAIL), which binds specific receptors, including osteoprotegerin (OPG). The aim of the study was to analyse the concentration of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL) and OPG in the serum of women with serous or mucinous ovarian cancer, taking into account different levels of cancer histological differentiation. The group included 97 women with the diagnosed Cystadenocarcinoma papillare serosum IIIc and Cystadenocarcinoma mucinosum IIIc. Concentrations of parameters were measured by ELISA. Analysis of the obtained results showed a statistically significantly higher concentration of sTRAIL and OPG in the serum of women with ovarian serous and mucinous cancer compared to the control group (p < 0.0001). Statistical significance was found between sTRAIL and OPG concentration in G1 and G3 serous cancer (p < 0.01) and in OPG mucinous cancer between G1 and G3 (p < 0.01) and G2 and G3 (p < 0.01). An important role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is played by disorders of the apoptosis process involving the sTRAIL/OPG system, which are associated with the histological type and the degree of histological differentiation of the tumour. Determining the concentration of tested parameters in combination with other markers may be useful in the future in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but that requires further research.
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Cardoso Alves L, Berger MD, Koutsandreas T, Kirschke N, Lauer C, Spörri R, Chatziioannou A, Corazza N, Krebs P. Non-apoptotic TRAIL function modulates NK cell activity during viral infection. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48789. [PMID: 31742873 PMCID: PMC6945065 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of death receptor signaling for pathogen control and infection-associated pathogenesis is multifaceted and controversial. Here, we show that during viral infection, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) modulates NK cell activity independently of its pro-apoptotic function. In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Trail deficiency led to improved specific CD8+ T-cell responses, resulting in faster pathogen clearance and reduced liver pathology. Depletion experiments indicated that this effect was mediated by NK cells. Mechanistically, TRAIL expressed by immune cells positively and dose-dependently modulates IL-15 signaling-induced granzyme B production in NK cells, leading to enhanced NK cell-mediated T cell killing. TRAIL also regulates the signaling downstream of IL-15 receptor in human NK cells. In addition, TRAIL restricts NK1.1-triggered IFNγ production by NK cells. Our study reveals a hitherto unappreciated immunoregulatory role of TRAIL signaling on NK cells for the granzyme B-dependent elimination of antiviral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Cardoso Alves
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Koutsandreas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nick Kirschke
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Baskar R, Fienberg HG, Khair Z, Favaro P, Kimmey S, Green DR, Nolan GP, Plevritis S, Bendall SC. TRAIL-induced variation of cell signaling states provides nonheritable resistance to apoptosis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900554. [PMID: 31704709 PMCID: PMC6848270 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFα-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), specifically initiates programmed cell death, but often fails to eradicate all cells, making it an ineffective therapy for cancer. This fractional killing is linked to cellular variation that bulk assays cannot capture. Here, we quantify the diversity in cellular signaling responses to TRAIL, linking it to apoptotic frequency across numerous cell systems with single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). Although all cells respond to TRAIL, a variable fraction persists without apoptotic progression. This cell-specific behavior is nonheritable where both the TRAIL-induced signaling responses and frequency of apoptotic resistance remain unaffected by prior exposure. The diversity of signaling states upon exposure is correlated to TRAIL resistance. Concomitantly, constricting the variation in signaling response with kinase inhibitors proportionally decreases TRAIL resistance. Simultaneously, TRAIL-induced de novo translation in resistant cells, when blocked by cycloheximide, abrogated all TRAIL resistance. This work highlights how cell signaling diversity, and subsequent translation response, relates to nonheritable fractional escape from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. This refined view of TRAIL resistance provides new avenues to study death ligands in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Baskar
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harris G Fienberg
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zumana Khair
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Kimmey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia Plevritis
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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miR-221 Augments TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Endogenous TRAIL Expression and Targeting the Functional Repressors SOCS3 and PIK3R1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6392748. [PMID: 31828111 PMCID: PMC6881584 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6392748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
miR-221 is regarded as an oncogene in many malignancies, and miR-221-mediated resistance towards TRAIL was one of the first oncogenic roles shown for this small noncoding RNA. In contrast, miR-221 is downregulated in prostate cancer (PCa), thereby implying a tumour suppressive function. By using proliferation and apoptosis assays, we show a novel feature of miR-221 in PCa cells: instead of inducing TRAIL resistance, miR-221 sensitized cells towards TRAIL-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. Partially responsible for this effect was the interferon-mediated gene signature, which among other things contained an endogenous overexpression of the TRAIL encoding gene TNFSF10. This TRAIL-friendly environment was provoked by downregulation of the established miR-221 target gene SOCS3. Moreover, we introduced PIK3R1 as a target gene of miR-221 in PCa cells. Proliferation assays showed that siRNA-mediated downregulation of SOCS3 and PIK3R1 mimicked the effect of miR-221 on TRAIL sensitivity. Finally, Western blotting experiments confirmed lower amounts of phospho-Akt after siRNA-mediated downregulation of PIK3R1 in PC3 cells. Our results further support the tumour suppressing role of miR-221 in PCa, since it sensitises PCa cells towards TRAIL by regulating the expression of the oncogenes SOCS3 and PIK3R1. Given the TRAIL-inhibiting effect of miR-221 in various cancer entities, our results suggest that the influence of miR-221 on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is highly context- and entity-dependent.
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Kong WY, Yee ZY, Mai CW, Fang CM, Abdullah S, Ngai SC. Zebularine and trichostatin A sensitized human breast adenocarcinoma cells towards tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02468. [PMID: 31687564 PMCID: PMC6819948 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cancer therapeutic agent due to its selective killing on cancer cells while sparing the normal cells. Nevertheless, breast adenocarcinoma cells can develop TRAIL resistance. Therefore, this project investigated the anti-cancer effects of the combination of epigenetic drugs zebularine and trichostatin A (ZT) with TRAIL (TZT) on the human breast adenocarcinoma cells. This treatment regimen was compared with the natural anti-cancer compound curcumin (Cur) and standard chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox). As compared to TRAIL treatment, TZT treatment hampered the cell viability of human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 significantly but not MCF-7 and immortalized non-cancerous human breast epithelial cells MCF10A. Unlike TZT, Cur and Dox treatments reduced cell viability in both human breast adenocarcinoma and epithelial cells significantly. Nevertheless, there were no changes in cell cycle in both TRAIL and TZT treatments in breast adenocarcinoma and normal epithelial cells. Intriguingly, Cur and Dox treatment generally induced G2/M arrest in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and MCF10A but Cur induced S phase arrest in MCF10A. The features of apoptosis such as morphological changes, apoptotic activity and the expression of cleaved poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) protein were more prominent in TRAIL and TZT-treated MDA-MB-231 as compared to MCF10A at 24 h post-treatment. Compared to TZT treatment, Cur and Dox treatments exhibited lesser apoptotic features in MDA-MB-231. Collectively, the sensitization using Zeb and TSA to augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis might be an alternative therapy towards human breast adenocarcinoma cells, without harming the normal human breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang Kong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Zong Yang Yee
- School of Post-Graduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wai Mai
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Malaysia
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Rencuzogulları O, Yerlikaya PO, Gürkan AÇ, Arısan ED, Telci D. Palbociclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, restricts cell survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:508-523. [PMID: 31264276 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mortality rate of pancreatic cancer has close parallels to its incidence rate because of limited therapeutics and lack of effective prognosis. Despite various novel chemotherapeutics combinations, the 5-year survival rate is still under 5%. In the current study, we aimed to modulate the aberrantly activated PI3K/AKT pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling with the treatment of CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991 (palbociclib) in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. It was found that PD-0332991 effectively reduced cell viability and proliferation dose-dependently within 24 hours. In addition, PD-0332991 induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase by downregulation of aberrant expression of CDK4/6 through the dephosphorylation of Rb in each cell lines. Although PD-0332991 treatment increased epithelial markers and decreased mesenchymal markers, the nuclear translocation of β-catenin was not prevented by PD-0332991 treatment, especially in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Effects of PD-0332991 on the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream targets such as GSK-3 were cell type-dependent. Although the activity of AKT was inhibited in both cell lines, the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 increased only in Panc-1. In conclusion, PD-0332991 induced cell cycle arrest and reduced the cell viability of Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells. However, PD-0332991 differentially affects the regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and EMT process in cells due to its distinct influence on Rb and GSK-3/β-catenin signaling. Understanding the effect of PD-0332991 on the aberrantly activated signaling axis may put forward a new therapeutic strategy to reduce the cell viability and metastatic process of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Rencuzogulları
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Obakan Yerlikaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ajda Çoker Gürkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arısan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Literature Faculty, Istanbul Kultur University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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28
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Miarka L, Hauser C, Helm O, Holdhof D, Beckinger S, Egberts JH, Gundlach JP, Lenk L, Rahn S, Mikulits W, Trauzold A, Sebens S. The Hepatic Microenvironment and TRAIL-R2 Impact Outgrowth of Liver Metastases in Pancreatic Cancer after Surgical Resection. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060745. [PMID: 31146405 PMCID: PMC6627672 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) undergoing curative resection relapse within months, often with liver metastases. The hepatic microenvironment determines induction and reversal of dormancy during metastasis. Both tumor growth and metastasis depend on the Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2). This study investigated the interplay of TRAIL-R2 and the hepatic microenvironment in liver metastases formation and the impact of surgical resection. Although TRAIL-R2-knockdown (PancTu-I shTR2) decreased local relapses and number of macroscopic liver metastases after primary tumor resection in an orthotopic PDAC model, the number of micrometastases was increased. Moreover, abdominal surgery induced liver inflammation involving activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into hepatic myofibroblasts (HMFs). In coculture with HSCs, proliferation of PancTu-I shTR2 cells was significantly lower compared to PancTu-I shCtrl cells, an effect still observed after switching coculture from HSC to HMF, mimicking surgery-mediated liver inflammation and enhancing cell proliferation. CXCL-8/IL-8 blockade diminished HSC-mediated growth inhibition in PancTu-I shTR2 cells, while Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) neutralization decreased HMF-mediated proliferation. Overall, this study points to an important role of TRAIL-R2 in PDAC cells in the interplay with the hepatic microenvironment during metastasis. Resection of primary PDAC seems to induce liver inflammation, which might contribute to outgrowth of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauritz Miarka
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ole Helm
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department, Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Silje Beckinger
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan-Paul Gundlach
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lennart Lenk
- Department of Pediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Schwanenweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rahn
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building 17, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can initiate the apoptosis pathway by binding to its associated death receptors DR4 and DR5. The activation of the TRAIL pathway in inducing tumor-selective apoptosis leads to the development of TRAIL-based cancer therapies, which include recombinant forms of TRAIL, TRAIL receptor agonists, and other therapeutic agents. Importantly, TRAIL, DR4, and DR5 can all be induced by synthetic and natural agents that activate the TRAIL apoptosis pathway in cancer cells. Thus, understanding the regulation of the TRAIL apoptosis pathway can aid in the development of TRAIL-based therapies for the treatment of human cancer.
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MSC.sTRAIL Has Better Efficacy than MSC.FL-TRAIL and in Combination with AKTi Blocks Pro-Metastatic Cytokine Production in Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040568. [PMID: 31010082 PMCID: PMC6521093 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising new treatment option for cancer. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown potential in delivering therapeutic genes in various tumour models and are now on the verge of being tested in the clinic. A number of therapeutic genes have been examined in this context, including the death ligand TRAIL. For cell therapy, it can be used in its natural form as a full-length and membrane-bound protein (FL-TRAIL) or as an engineered version commonly referred to as soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL). As to which is more therapeutically efficacious, contradicting results have been reported. We discovered that MSCs producing sTRAIL have significantly higher apoptosis-inducing activity than cells expressing FL-TRAIL and found that FL-TRAIL, in contrast to sTRAIL, is not secreted. We also demonstrated that TRAIL does induce the expression of pro-metastatic cytokines in prostate cancer cells, but that this effect could be overcome through combination with an AKT inhibitor. Thus, a combination consisting of small-molecule drugs specifically targeting tumour cells in combination with MSC.sTRAIL, not only provides a way of sensitising cancer cells to TRAIL, but also reduces the issue of side-effect-causing cytokine production. This therapeutic strategy therefore represents a novel targeted treatment option for advanced prostate cancer and other difficult to treat tumours.
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31
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Cho HD, Gu IA, Won YS, Moon KD, Park KH, Seo KI. Auriculasin sensitizes primary prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis through up-regulation of the DR5-dependent pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:223-232. [PMID: 30817944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary prostate cancer cells frequently develop resistance toward chemotherapy as well as most chemotherapeutics have been reported to induce undesirable cytotoxicity in normal cells. In this study, we performed sensitizing activity analysis of auriculasin (AC) to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells without significant cytotoxicity in RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells. Combined treatment with AC and TRAIL at optimal concentrations resulted in tumor-specific apoptotic cell death in RC-58T/h/SA#4 cells, characterized by DNA fragmentation, accumulation of apoptotic cell population, and nuclear condensation. Compared to single treatment with AC or TRAIL, co-treatment with AC and TRAIL significantly increased expression of Bax, cleaved PARP, AIF, endo G, and cytochrome c but decreased expression of phosphorylation of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Bcl-2 and caspases-9, -8, -3, and -10. The sensitizing effect of AC to TRAIL was well correlated with inhibition of death receptor 5 (DR5) CHOP, and p53 expression. Moreover, pre-treatment with a chimeric blocking antibody for DR5 effectively reduced AC-TRAIL-induced cell death and apoptosis-related protein expression. These results suggest that non-toxic concentrations of AC sensitize TRAIL-resistant primary prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis via up-regulation of DR5 and downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Dong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ah Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Yeong-Seon Won
- Institute of Agriculture Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Deog Moon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Il Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Twomey JD, Zhang B. Circulating Tumor Cells Develop Resistance to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Through Autophagic Removal of Death Receptor 5: Evidence from an In Vitro Model. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010094. [PMID: 30650534 PMCID: PMC6356356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are the precursors to distant metastasis but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aims at understanding the molecular features within CTCs, in relation to their metastatic potential. Using in vitro CTC models, in which breast cancer cell lines were cultured in non-adherent conditions simulating the microenvironment in the blood stream, we found that the suspension culture resulted in resistance to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated cell death. Such a resistance was directly correlated with a reduction in surface and total levels of DR5 protein. In the non-adherent state, the cells underwent a rapid autophagic flux, characterized by an accumulation of autophagosome organelles. Notably, DR5 was translocated to the autophagosomes and underwent a lysosomal degradation. Our data suggest that CTCs may evade the TNF cytokine-mediated immune surveillance through a downregulation of the death receptor (DR) expression. The data warrants further studies in cancer patients to find the status of DRs and other molecular features within primary CTCs, in relation to disease progression or chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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33
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Feehan RP, Nelson AM, Shantz LM. Inhibition of mTORC2 enhances UVB-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes through a mechanism dependent on the FOXO3a transcriptional target NOXA but independent of TRAIL. Cell Signal 2018; 52:35-47. [PMID: 30172026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary cause of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. We have shown previously that mTORC2 inhibition sensitizes keratinocytes to UVB-induced apoptosis mediated by the transcription factor FOXO3a. FOXO3a is a key regulator of apoptosis and a tumor suppressor in several cancer types. Activation of FOXO3a promotes apoptosis through the coordinated expression of a variety of target genes, including TRAIL and NOXA. We hypothesized that in the setting of mTORC2 inhibition, the UVB-induced expression of these factors would lead to apoptosis in a FOXO3a-dependent manner. Using spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), we observed that both TRAIL and NOXA expression increased in cells exposed to UVB and the TOR kinase inhibitor Torin 2. Similar to knockdown of FOXO3a, NOXA knockdown reversed the sensitization to UVB-induced apoptosis caused by mTORC2 inhibition. In contrast, loss of TRAIL by either knockdown or knockout actually enhanced expression of nuclear FOXO3a, which maintained apoptosis. These surprising results are not due to faulty death receptor signaling in HaCaT cells, as we found that the cells undergo extrinsic apoptosis in response to treatment with recombinant TRAIL. Even more striking, TRAIL knockout cells were sensitized to recombinant TRAIL-induced apoptosis compared to wild-type HaCaT cells, with the largest increase occurring in the presence of mTORC2 inhibition. Taken together, these studies provide strong evidence that mTORC2 controls UVB-induced apoptosis by regulating NOXA expression downstream of FOXO3a. Moreover, FOXO3a transcriptional activation by mTORC2 inhibitors may be a valuable target for prevention or therapy of NMSC, especially in cases with low endogenous TRAIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Feehan
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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34
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Saraf RS, Datta A, Sima C, Hua J, Lopes R, Bittner M. An in-silico study examining the induction of apoptosis by Cryptotanshinone in metastatic melanoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:855. [PMID: 30157799 PMCID: PMC6116360 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer that evades various anti-cancer treatments including surgery, radio-,immuno- and chemo-therapy. TRAIL-induced apoptosis is a desirable method to treat melanoma since, unlike other treatments, it does not harm non-cancerous cells. The pro-inflammatory response to melanoma by nF κB and STAT3 pathways makes the cancer cells resist TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We show that due to to its dual action on DR5, a death receptor for TRAIL and on STAT3, Cryptotanshinone can be used to increase sensitivity to TRAIL. METHODS The development of chemoresistance and invasive properties in melanoma cells involves several biological pathways. The key components of these pathways are represented as a Boolean network with multiple inputs and multiple outputs. RESULTS The possible mutations in genes that can lead to cancer are captured by faults in the combinatorial circuit and the model is used to theoretically predict the effectiveness of Cryptotanshinone for inducing apoptosis in melanoma cell lines. This prediction is experimentally validated by showing that Cryptotanshinone can cause enhanced cell death in A375 melanoma cells. CONCLUSION The results presented in this paper facilitate a better understanding of melanoma drug resistance. Furthermore, this framework can be used to detect additional drug intervention points in the pathway that could amplify the action of Cryptotanshinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika S. Saraf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, US
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, US
| | - Chao Sima
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Jianping Hua
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Rosana Lopes
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
| | - Michael Bittner
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, US
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, US
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35
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Rogalska A, Marczak A. Therapeutic potential of patupilone in epithelial ovarian cancer and future directions. Life Sci 2018; 205:38-44. [PMID: 29727613 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide with extremely poor patient prognosis. Elucidation of the detailed mechanisms of action of drugs targeting this cancer type is necessary to optimize treatment efficacy. Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing anticancer drugs, show strong cytotoxic properties in vitro and in vivo and are additionally effective in taxane-resistant cells. In this report, we focus on inhibitors of microtubule depolymerization, taxanes, and the novel antimicrotubule agents, epothilones. Current knowledge regarding the effects of epothilone B on ovarian tumor cell metabolism is reviewed, along with recent advances in therapeutic strategies, such as novel agents and biologic drug combinations containing epothilone that target aberrant pathways in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Rogalska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Marczak
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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36
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El Zawily AM, Toosi BM, Freywald T, Indukuri VV, Vizeacoumar FJ, Leary SC, Freywald A. The intrinsically kinase-inactive EPHB6 receptor predisposes cancer cells to DR5-induced apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial fragmentation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77865-77877. [PMID: 27788485 PMCID: PMC5363627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Death Receptor 5 (DR5) is a promising target for cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the therapeutic usefulness of DR5 agonists is currently limited by the frequent resistance of malignant tumours to its activation. The identification of molecular mechanisms that determine outcomes of DR5 action is therefore crucial for improving the efficiency of DR5-activating reagents in cancer treatment. Here, we provide evidence that an intrinsically kinase-inactive member of the Eph group of receptor tyrosine kinases, EPHB6, induces marked fragmentation of the mitochondrial network in breast cancer cells of triple-negative origin, lacking expression of the estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors. Remarkably, this response renders cancer cells more susceptible to DR5-mediated apoptosis. EPHB6 action in mitochondrial fragmentation proved to depend on its ability to activate the ERK-DRP1 pathway, which increases the frequency of organelle fission. Moreover, DRP1 activity is also essential to the EPHB6-mediated pro-apoptotic response that we observe in the context of DR5 activation. These findings provide the first description of a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family capable of producing a pro-apoptotic effect through the activation of ERK-DRP1 signaling and subsequent mitochondrial fragmentation. Our observations are of potential practical importance, as they imply that DR5-activating therapeutic approaches should be applied in a more personalized manner to primarily treat EPHB6-expressing tumours. Finally, our findings also suggest that the EPHB6 receptor itself may represent a promising target for cancer therapy, since EPHB6 and DR5 co-activation should support more efficient elimination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22516, Egypt
| | - Behzad M Toosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Tanya Freywald
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Vijaya V Indukuri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Scot C Leary
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
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37
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Should We Keep Walking along the Trail for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment? Revisiting TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand for Anticancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030077. [PMID: 29562636 PMCID: PMC5876652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in oncology, diagnosis, and therapy, treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still exceedingly challenging. PDAC remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Poor prognosis is due to the aggressive growth behavior with early invasion and distant metastasis, chemoresistance, and a current lack of adequate screening methods for early detection. Consequently, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Many hopes for cancer treatment have been placed in the death ligand tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) since it was reported to induce apoptosis selectively in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. TRAIL triggers apoptosis through binding of the trans-membrane death receptors TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) also death receptor 4 (DR4) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) also death receptor 5 (DR5) thereby inducing the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and activation of the apoptotic cascade. Unlike chemotherapeutics, TRAIL was shown to be able to induce apoptosis in a p53-independent manner, making TRAIL a promising anticancer approach for p53-mutated tumors. These cancer-selective traits of TRAIL led to the development of TRAIL-R agonists, categorized into either recombinant variants of TRAIL or agonistic antibodies against TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2. However, clinical trials making use of these agonists in various tumor entities including pancreatic cancer were disappointing so far. This is thought to be caused by TRAIL resistance of numerous primary tumor cells, an insufficient agonistic activity of the drug candidates tested, and a lack of suitable biomarkers for patient stratification. Nevertheless, recently gained knowledge on the biology of the TRAIL-TRAIL-R system might now provide the chance to overcome intrinsic or acquired resistance against TRAIL and TRAIL-R agonists. In this review, we summarize the status quo of clinical studies involving TRAIL-R agonists for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and critically discuss the suitability of utilizing the TRAIL-TRAIL-R system for successful treatment.
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Meyer K, Kwon YC, Ray RB, Ray R. N-terminal gelsolin fragment potentiates TRAIL mediated death in resistant hepatoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12803. [PMID: 28993697 PMCID: PMC5634413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively kills tumor cells, without damaging normal cells. TRAIL receptors facilitate induction of apoptosis for selective elimination of malignant cells. However, some cancer cells have developed resistances to TRAIL which limits anticancer potential. Gelsolin, a multifunctional actin-binding protein, mediates cell death involving the TRAIL receptors in the hepatic stellate cell line, LX2. Here, we have shown that conditioned medium (CM) containing gelsolin fragments or an N-terminal gelsolin fragment (amino acid residues 1-70) in the presence of TRAIL impairs cell viability of TRAIL resistant transformed human hepatocytes (HepG2). Cell growth regulation by CM and TRAIL was associated with the modulation of p53/Mdm2, Erk and Akt phosphorylation status. The use of N-terminal gelsolin peptide1-70 alone or in combination with TRAIL, induced inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and key survival factors, Mdm2 and Survivin. Treatment of cells with an Akt activator SC79 or p53 siRNA reduced the effects of the N-terminal gelsolin fragment and TRAIL. Together, our study suggests that the N-terminal gelsolin fragment enhances TRAIL-induced loss of cell viability by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and promoting p53 function, effecting cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Meyer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA
| | - Young-Chan Kwon
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, USA.
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Ramljak S, Herlyn H, Zerr I. Cellular Prion Protein (PrP c) and Hypoxia: True to Each Other in Good Times and in Bad, in Sickness, and in Health. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:292. [PMID: 28066187 PMCID: PMC5165248 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) and hypoxia appear to be tightly intertwined. Beneficial effects of PrPc on neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions such as focal cerebral ischemia are strongly supported. Conversely, increasing evidence indicates detrimental effects of increased PrPc expression on cancer progression, another condition accompanied by low oxygen tensions. A switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism characterizes both conditions. A cellular process that might unite both is glycolysis. Putative role of PrPc in stimulation of glycolysis in times of need is indeed thought provoking. A significance of astrocytic PrPc expression for neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions and possible association of PrPc with the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle is considered. We posit PrPc-induced lactate production via transactivation of lactate dehydrogenase A by hypoxia inducible factor 1α as an important factor for survival of both neurons and tumor cells in hypoxic microenvironment. Concomitantly, we discuss a cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in executing PrPc-induced activation of glycolysis. Finally, we would like to emphasize that we see a great potential in joining expertise from both fields, neuroscience and cancer research in revealing the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-related pathologies. PrPc may prove focal point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Göttingen, Germany
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Lim SC, Jeon HJ, Kee KH, Lee MJ, Hong R, Han SI. Involvement of DR4/JNK pathway-mediated autophagy in acquired TRAIL resistance in HepG2 cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1983-1990. [PMID: 27665736 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent, a number of cancer cells demonstrate TRAIL resistance. To date, various molecular targets leading to TRAIL resistance have been elucidated by many researchers, but the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. In the present study, we obtained TRAIL-resistant cells from the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 by exposing cells to recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL), and determined a mechanism for TRAIL resistance. The selected TRAIL-resistant cells (HepG2-TR) were insensitive to rhTRAIL and triggered autophagy in response to rhTRAIL. The inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or the knockdown of ATG5 partially restored rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity, indicating that protective autophagy occurred in the cells. Notably, rhTRAIL-induced autophagy was mediated through DR4 in HepG2-TR cells, but not in parental HepG2 cells. In addition, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase was involved in DR4-mediated autophagy in HepG2-TR cells. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of TRAIL resistance which is regulated through alterations in DR4 function, which may extend our understanding of the mechanisms of TRAIL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jong Jeon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Hong Kee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ja Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
| | - Ran Hong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Division of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61501, Republic of Korea
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2'-Hydroxy-4-methylsulfonylchalcone enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 26:74-84. [PMID: 25192452 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common malignant cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Previously, we have shown that 2'-hydroxy-4-methylsulfonylchalcone (RG003) induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145. Although tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent, some cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL treatment. PC-3 and LNCaP prostatic cancer cell lines have been reported to be resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Here, we show for the first time that RG003 overcomes TRAIL resistance in prostate cancer cells. RG003 can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation and downregulation of Bcl-2, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) survival pathways. When used in combined treatment, RG003 and TRAIL amplified TRAIL-induced activation of apoptosis effectors and particularly activation of caspase-8 and the executioner caspase-3, leading to increased poly-ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage and DNA fragmentation in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we showed that RG003 reduced COX-2 expression in cells. Previously, we showed that COX-2 was involved in resistance to an apoptosis mechanism; then, its inhibition by RG003 could render cells more sensitive to TRAIL treatment. We showed that nuclear factor-κB activation was inhibited after RG003 treatment. This inhibition was correlated with reduction in COX-2 expression and induction of apoptosis. Overall, we conclude, for the first time, that RG003 can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. The significance of our in-vitro study with RG003 and TRAIL combined is very encouraging, suggesting the relevance of testing this combined treatment in xenograft animal models.
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Cohen DPA, Martignetti L, Robine S, Barillot E, Zinovyev A, Calzone L. Mathematical Modelling of Molecular Pathways Enabling Tumour Cell Invasion and Migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004571. [PMID: 26528548 PMCID: PMC4631357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the etiology of metastasis is very important in clinical perspective, since it is estimated that metastasis accounts for 90% of cancer patient mortality. Metastasis results from a sequence of multiple steps including invasion and migration. The early stages of metastasis are tightly controlled in normal cells and can be drastically affected by malignant mutations; therefore, they might constitute the principal determinants of the overall metastatic rate even if the later stages take long to occur. To elucidate the role of individual mutations or their combinations affecting the metastatic development, a logical model has been constructed that recapitulates published experimental results of known gene perturbations on local invasion and migration processes, and predict the effect of not yet experimentally assessed mutations. The model has been validated using experimental data on transcriptome dynamics following TGF-β-dependent induction of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in lung cancer cell lines. A method to associate gene expression profiles with different stable state solutions of the logical model has been developed for that purpose. In addition, we have systematically predicted alleviating (masking) and synergistic pairwise genetic interactions between the genes composing the model with respect to the probability of acquiring the metastatic phenotype. We focused on several unexpected synergistic genetic interactions leading to theoretically very high metastasis probability. Among them, the synergistic combination of Notch overexpression and p53 deletion shows one of the strongest effects, which is in agreement with a recent published experiment in a mouse model of gut cancer. The mathematical model can recapitulate experimental mutations in both cell line and mouse models. Furthermore, the model predicts new gene perturbations that affect the early steps of metastasis underlying potential intervention points for innovative therapeutic strategies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. A. Cohen
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Martignetti
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Robine
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, Paris, France
| | - Andrei Zinovyev
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Calzone
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Chen H, Li LQ, Pan D. Geldanamycin induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinomas by affecting multiple oncogenic kinases that have synergic effects with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3732-3736. [PMID: 26788199 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of geldanamycin (GA) on the treatment of human gastric carcinomas and to investigate the molecular mechanism that provides the basis for the combination of GA with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induction strategy. The expression of target proteins at the mRNA level was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and apoptosis was evaluated with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining methods. Phosphorylation of targeted kinases was studied using immunocytochemistry methods, and malignant phenotypes were studied using in vitro assays. GA treatment inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion, and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells, most likely by decreasing the expression of B-RAF and by phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and ERK. The inhibitory role of AKT in TRAIL regulation holds considerable potential for achieving a synergic effect in clinical therapy, using a combination of GA treatment and TRAIL induction. The present study provides a basis for the future application of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors, such as GA, in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer, particularly in combination therapies with TRAIL inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Qing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Dun Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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Xu J, Zhou JY, Xu Z, Kho DH, Zhuang Z, Raz A, Wu GS. The role of Cullin3-mediated ubiquitination of the catalytic subunit of PP2A in TRAIL signaling. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3750-8. [PMID: 25551360 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.965068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is the major serine-threonine phosphatase that regulates a number of cell signaling pathways. PP2A activity is controlled partially through protein degradation; however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here we show that PP2A/C, a catalytic subunit of PP2A, is degraded by the Cullin3 (Cul3) ligase-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In response to death receptor signaling by tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), PP2A/C, caspase-8 and Cul3, a subunit of the cullin family of E3 ligases, are recruited into the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) where the Cul3 ligase targets PP2A/C for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Functionally, knockdown of PP2A/C expression by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of PP2A activity increases TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In cancer cells that have developed acquired TRAIL resistance, PP2A phosphatase activity is increased, and PP2A/C protein is resistant to TRAIL-induced degradation. Thus, this work identifies a new mechanism by which PP2A/C is regulated by Cul3 ligase-mediated degradation in response to death receptor signaling and suggests that inhibition of PP2A/C degradation may contribute to resistance of cancer cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- a Departments of Oncology and Pathology; Karmanos Cancer Institute ; Wayne State University School of Medicine ; Detroit , MI USA
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Amarante-Mendes GP, Griffith TS. Therapeutic applications of TRAIL receptor agonists in cancer and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:117-31. [PMID: 26343199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRAIL/Apo-2L is a member of the TNF superfamily first described as an apoptosis-inducing cytokine in 1995. Similar to TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis in caspase-dependent manner following TRAIL death receptor trimerization. Because tumor cells were shown to be particularly sensitive to this cytokine while normal cells/tissues proved to be resistant along with being able to synthesize and release TRAIL, it was rapidly appreciated that TRAIL likely served as one of our major physiologic weapons against cancer. In line with this, a number of research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have attempted to exploit the ability of TRAIL to kill cancer cells by developing recombinant forms of TRAIL or TRAIL receptor agonists (e.g., receptor-specific mAb) for therapeutic purposes. In this review article we will describe the biochemical pathways used by TRAIL to induce different cell death programs. We will also summarize the clinical trials related to this pathway and discuss possible novel uses of TRAIL-related therapies. In recent years, the physiological importance of TRAIL has expanded beyond being a tumoricidal molecule to one critical for a number of clinical settings - ranging from infectious disease and autoimmunity to cardiovascular anomalies. We will also highlight some of these conditions where modulation of the TRAIL/TRAIL receptor system may be targeted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, Brazil.
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, Masonic Cancer Center, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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Dai X, Zhang J, Arfuso F, Chinnathambi A, Zayed ME, Alharbi SA, Kumar AP, Ahn KS, Sethi G. Targeting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor by natural products as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:760-73. [PMID: 25854879 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215579167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to selectively induce apoptotic cell death in various tumor cells by engaging its death-inducing receptors (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2). This property has led to the development of a number of TRAIL-receptor agonists such as the soluble recombinant TRAIL and agonistic antibodies, which have shown promising anticancer activity in preclinical studies. However, besides activating caspase-dependent apoptosis in several cancer cells, TRAIL may also activate nonapoptotic signal transduction pathways such as nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinases, AKT, and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, which may contribute to TRAIL resistance that is being now frequently encountered in various cancers. TRAIL resistance can be overcome by the application of efficient TRAIL-sensitizing pharmacological agents. Natural compounds have shown a great potential in sensitizing cells to TRAIL treatment through suppression of distinct survival pathways. In this review, we have summarized both apoptotic and nonapoptotic pathways activated by TRAIL, as well as recent advances in developing TRAIL-receptor agonists for cancer therapy. We also briefly discuss combination therapies that have shown great potential in overcoming TRAIL resistance in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M E Zayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Western Australia 6009, Australia Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Dao P, Smith N, Scott-Algara D, Garbay C, Herbeuval J, Chen H. Restoration of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in resistant human pancreatic cancer cells by a novel FAK inhibitor, PH11. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Msi1 confers resistance to TRAIL by activating ERK in liver cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:897-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Capdevila-Busquets E, Badiola N, Arroyo R, Alcalde V, Soler-López M, Aloy P. Breast cancer genes PSMC3IP and EPSTI1 play a role in apoptosis regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115352. [PMID: 25590583 PMCID: PMC4295872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A key element to delineate the biology of individual tumors is the regulation of apoptosis. In this work, we functionally characterize two breast cancer associated genes, the proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 3 interacting protein (PSMC3IP) and the epithelial-stromal interaction 1 (EPSTI1), to explore their potential apoptotic role in breast cancer. We first explore the existence of direct physical interactions with annotated BC-apoptotic genes. Based on the generated interaction network, we examine several apoptotic markers to determine the effect of PSMC3IP and EPSTI1 gene expression modulation in two different human breast cancer cell lines to suggest potential molecular mechanisms to unveil their role in the disease. Our results show that PSMC3IP and EPSTI1 are able to modulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in estrogen receptor positive and triple negative breast cancer cell lines, highlighting them as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Capdevila-Busquets
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nahuai Badiola
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Arroyo
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Alcalde
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Soler-López
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Liu X, Wang L, Chen J, Ling Q, Wang H, Li S, Li L, Yang S, Xia M, Jing L. Estrogen receptor β agonist enhances temozolomide sensitivity of glioma cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1516-22. [PMID: 25351348 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor among adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used as the first‑line postsurgical drug for malignant glioma. However, the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ remains ineffective as inherited or acquired drug resistance is frequently observed. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has emerged as a tumor suppressor and a key regulator of signal transduction in glioma cells. However, little is known about the role of ERβ in regulating the chemotherapeutic response to TMZ. In the current study, the TMZ‑resistant U138 glioma cells were treated with the novel ERβ agonist liquiritigenin (Liq). It was observed that Liq significantly enhanced ERβ expression and sensitized glioma cells to TMZ‑induced proliferation inhibition. As a potential mechanism, it was noted that Liq treatment significantly inhibited the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which played a protective role against the TMZ‑induced cytotoxicity. In addition, it was demonstrated that ERβ knockdown or activation of the phosphatidylinositol‑4,5‑bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by insulin‑like growth factor 1 both eradicated the function of Liq. These results suggest that Liq treatment enhances glioma cell susceptibility to TMZ by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. As hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently observed in gliomas, the combined use of ERβ agonists may become a feasible therapy option to overcome chemoresistance to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Libo Wang
- China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- China‑Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ling
- Jilin Medical College, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shilin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Liming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shuping Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Mingying Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ling Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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