1
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Jahnen-Dechent W, Büscher A, Köppert S, Heiss A, Kuro-O M, Smith ER. Mud in the blood: the role of protein-mineral complexes and extracellular vesicles in biomineralisation and calcification. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107577. [PMID: 32711043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-mineral interaction is known to regulate biomineral stability and morphology. We hypothesise that fluid phases produce highly dynamic protein-mineral complexes involved in physiology and pathology of biomineralisation. Here, we specifically focus on calciprotein particles, complexes of vertebrate mineral-binding proteins and calcium phosphate present in the systemic circulation and abundant in extracellular fluids - hence the designation of the ensuing protein-mineral complexes as "mud in the blood". These complexes exist amongst other extracellular particles that we collectively refer to as "the particle zoo".
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Büscher
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sina Köppert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Lab, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Heiss
- The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem), Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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2
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Abstract
The process of kidney stone formation is complex and still not completely understood. Supersaturation and crystallization are the main drivers for the etiopathogenesis of uric acid, xanthine and cystine stones but this physicochemical concept fails to adequately explain the formation of calcium-based nephrolithiasis, which represents the majority of kidney stones. Contemporary concepts of the pathogenesis of calcium-based nephrolithiasis focus on a nidus-associated stone formation of calcium-based nephrolithiasis on Randall's plaques or on plugs of Bellini's duct. Randall's plaques originate from the interaction of interstitial calcium supersaturation in the renal papilla, vascular and interstitial inflammatory processes and mineral deposits of calcifying nanoparticles on the basal membrane of the thin ascending branch of the loop of Henle; however, plugs of Bellini's duct are assumed to be caused by mineral deposits on the wall of the collecting ducts. Aggregation and overgrowth are influenced by the interaction of matrix proteins with calcium supersaturated urine, by an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors of stone formation in the calyceal urine. Current research has elucidated many factors contributing to stone formation by revealing novel insights into the physiology of nephron and papilla, by analyzing vascular, inflammatory and calcifying processes in the renal medulla, by examining the proteome, the microbiome, promoters and inhibitors of stone formation in the urine and by conducting the first genome-wide association studies; however, more future research is mandatory to fill the gap of knowledge and hopefully, to obtain novel prophylactic, therapeutic and metaphylactic tools beyond the current state of knowledge.
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3
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Wu CY, Martel J, Young JD. Comprehensive organic profiling of biological particles derived from blood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11310. [PMID: 30054526 PMCID: PMC6063858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral nanoparticles form in physiological and pathological processes occurring in the human body. The calcium phosphate mineral phase of the particles has affinity for proteins and lipids, but the complete profiling of the organic molecules that bind to the particles has not been described in detail. We report here a comprehensive analysis of organic components found in mineralo-organic particles derived from body fluids. Based on biological staining, fluorescent tagging, proteomics and metabolomics, our results indicate that the mineral particles bind to proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, phospholipids, fatty acids, DNA and low molecular weight metabolites. These results can be used to study the formation and effects of mineralo-organic particles in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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4
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Martel J, Wu CY, Peng HH, Young JD. Mineralo-organic nanoparticles in health and disease: an overview of recent findings. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1787-1793. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed earlier that mineralo-organic nanoparticles form in human body fluids when the concentrations of calcium, carbonate and phosphate exceed saturation. The particles have been shown to represent mineral precursors in developing bones and teeth as well as in ectopic calcification and kidney stones. Recent studies suggest that the mineral particles may also be involved in other physiological processes, including immune tolerance against the gut microbiota and food antigens. We review here the involvement of mineralo-organic nanoparticles in physiological and pathological processes and discuss recent findings that reveal novel and unexpected roles for these particles in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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5
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Peng HH, Liu YJ, Ojcius DM, Lee CM, Chen RH, Huang PR, Martel J, Young JD. Mineral particles stimulate innate immunity through neutrophil extracellular traps containing HMGB1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16628. [PMID: 29192209 PMCID: PMC5709501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate-based mineralo-organic particles form spontaneously in the body and may represent precursors of ectopic calcification. We have shown earlier that these particles induce activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1β by macrophages. However, whether the particles may produce other effects on immune cells is unclear. Here, we show that these particles induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a size-dependent manner by human neutrophils. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species is required for particle-induced NET release by neutrophils. NETs contain the high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding protein capable of inducing secretion of TNF-α by a monocyte/macrophage cell line and primary macrophages. HMGB1 functions as a ligand of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on macrophages, leading to activation of the MyD88 pathway and TNF-α production. Furthermore, HMGB1 is critical to activate the particle-induced pro-inflammatory cascade in the peritoneum of mice. These results indicate that mineral particles promote pro-inflammatory responses by engaging neutrophils and macrophages via signaling of danger signals through NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Chiou-Mei Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Hao Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Gueishan, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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6
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Martel J, Wu CY, Huang PR, Cheng WY, Young JD. Pleomorphic bacteria-like structures in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein particles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10650. [PMID: 28878382 PMCID: PMC5587737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human blood is believed to be a sterile environment, recent studies suggest that pleomorphic bacteria exist in the blood of healthy humans. These studies have led to the development of "live-blood analysis," a technique used by alternative medicine practitioners to diagnose various human conditions, including allergies, cancer, cardiovascular disease and septicemia. We show here that bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles form in healthy human blood observed under dark-field microscopy. These structures gradually increase in number during incubation and show morphologies reminiscent of cells undergoing division. Based on lipid analysis and Western blotting, we show that the bacteria-like entities consist of membrane vesicles containing serum and exosome proteins, including albumin, fetuin-A, apolipoprotein-A1, alkaline phosphatase, TNFR1 and CD63. In contrast, the refringent particles represent protein aggregates that contain several blood proteins. 16S rDNA PCR analysis reveals the presence of bacterial DNA in incubated blood samples but also in negative controls, indicating that the amplified sequences represent contaminants. These results suggest that the bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles observed in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates derived from blood. The phenomena observed during live-blood analysis are therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during incubation ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Rong Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yun Cheng
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Hansen HG, Kildegaard HF, Lee GM, Kol S. Case study on human α1-antitrypsin: Recombinant protein titers obtained by commercial ELISA kits are inaccurate. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1648-1656. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Gram Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences; KAIST; Daejeon Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan Kol
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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8
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Martel J, Wu CY, Young JD. Translocation of mineralo-organic nanoparticles from blood to urine: a new mechanism for the formation of kidney stones? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2399-404. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mineralo-organic nanoparticles form in various human body fluids, including blood and urine. These nanoparticles may form within renal tubules and increase in size in supersaturated urine, eventually leading to the formation of kidney stones. Here, we present observations suggesting that mineralo-organic nanoparticles found in blood may induce kidney stone formation via an alternative mechanism in which the particles translocate through endothelial and renal epithelial cells to reach urine. We propose that this alternative mechanism of kidney stone formation and the study of mineralo-organic nanoparticles in general may provide novel strategies for the early detection and treatment of ectopic calcifications and kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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9
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Abouelmagd SA, Ku YJ, Yeo Y. Low molecular weight chitosan-coated polymeric nanoparticles for sustained and pH-sensitive delivery of paclitaxel. J Drug Target 2016; 23:725-35. [PMID: 26453168 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1054829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) is a promising polymer for surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs), which can impart both stealth effect and electrostatic interaction with cells at mildly acidic pH of tumors. We previously produced LMWC-coated NPs via covalent conjugation to poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA-LMWC NPs). However, this method had several weaknesses including inefficiency and complexity of the production as well as increased hydrophilicity of the polymer matrix, which led to poor drug release control. Here, we used the dopamine polymerization method to produce LMWC-coated NPs (PLGA-pD-LMWC NPs), where the core NPs were prepared with PLGA that served best to load and retain drugs and then functionalized with LMWC via polydopamine layer. The PLGA-pD-LMWC NPs overcame the limitations of PLGA-LMWC NPs while maintaining their advantages. First of all, PLGA-pD-LMWC NPs attenuated the release of paclitaxel to a greater extent than PLGA-LMWC NPs. Moreover, PLGA-pD-LMWC NPs had a pH-dependent surface charge profile and cellular interactions similar to PLGA-LMWC NPs, enabling acid-specific NP-cell interaction and enhanced drug delivery to cells in weakly acidic environment. Although the LMWC layer did not completely prevent protein binding in serum solution, PLGA-pD-LMWC NPs showed less phagocytic uptake than bare PLGA NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Abouelmagd
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA .,b Department of Pharmaceutics , Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt , and
| | - Youn Jin Ku
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- a Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA .,c Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
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10
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Formation and characteristics of biomimetic mineralo-organic particles in natural surface water. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28817. [PMID: 27350595 PMCID: PMC4923871 DOI: 10.1038/srep28817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles exist in environmental water but the formation, characteristics and fate of such particles remain incompletely understood. We show here that surface water obtained from various sources (ocean, hot springs, and soil) produces mineralo-organic particles that gradually increase in size and number during incubation. Seawater produces mineralo-organic particles following several cycles of filtration and incubation, indicating that this water possesses high particle-seeding potential. Electron microscopy observations reveal round, bacteria-like mineral particles with diameters of 20 to 800 nm, which may coalesce and aggregate to form mineralized biofilm-like structures. Chemical analysis of the particles shows the presence of a wide range of chemical elements that form mixed mineral phases dominated by calcium and iron sulfates, silicon and aluminum oxides, sodium carbonate, and iron sulfide. Proteomic analysis indicates that the particles bind to proteins of bacterial, plant and animal origins. When observed under dark-field microscopy, mineral particles derived from soil-water show biomimetic morphologies, including large, round structures similar to cells undergoing division. These findings have important implications not only for the recognition of biosignatures and fossils of small microorganisms in the environment but also for the geochemical cycling of elements, ions and organic matter in surface water.
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11
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Martel J, Wu CY, Hung CY, Wong TY, Cheng AJ, Cheng ML, Shiao MS, Young JD. Fatty acids and small organic compounds bind to mineralo-organic nanoparticles derived from human body fluids as revealed by metabolomic analysis. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5537-45. [PMID: 26818428 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles entering the human body instantly become coated with a "protein corona" that influences the effects and distribution of the particles in vivo. Yet, whether nanoparticles may bind to other organic compounds remains unclear. Here we use an untargeted metabolomic approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify the organic compounds that bind to mineral nanoparticles formed in human body fluids (serum, plasma, saliva, and urine). A wide range of organic compounds is identified, including fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, amino acids, sugars, and amides. Our results reveal that, in addition to the proteins identified previously, nanoparticles harbor an "organic corona" containing several fatty acids which may affect particle-cell interactions in vivo. This study provides a platform to study the organic corona of biological and synthetic nanoparticles found in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan. and Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan. and Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Hung
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Yin Wong
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan. and Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shi Shiao
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan. and Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan and Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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12
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Detection and characterization of mineralo-organic nanoparticles in human kidneys. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15272. [PMID: 26497088 PMCID: PMC4620493 DOI: 10.1038/srep15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification is associated with various human diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. Although mineral nanoparticles have been detected in calcified blood vessels, the nature and role of these particles in the human body remain unclear. Here we show for the first time that human kidney tissues obtained from end-stage chronic kidney disease or renal cancer patients contain round, multilamellar mineral particles of 50 to 1,500 nm, whereas no particles are observed in healthy controls. The mineral particles are found mainly in the extracellular matrix surrounding the convoluted tubules, collecting ducts and loops of Henle as well as within the cytoplasm of tubule-delineating cells, and consist of polycrystalline calcium phosphate similar to the mineral found in bones and ectopic calcifications. The kidney mineral nanoparticles contain several serum proteins that inhibit ectopic calcification in body fluids, including albumin, fetuin-A, and apolipoprotein A1. Since the mineralo-organic nanoparticles are found not only within calcified deposits but also in areas devoid of microscopic calcifications, our observations indicate that the nanoparticles may represent precursors of calcification and renal stones in humans.
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13
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Wong TY, Peng HH, Wu CY, Martel J, Ojcius DM, Hsu FY, Young JD. Nanoparticle conversion to biofilms: in vitro demonstration using serum-derived mineralo-organic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3519-35. [PMID: 26429230 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mineralo-organic nanoparticles (NPs) detected in biological fluids have been described as precursors of physiological and pathological calcifications in the body. Our main objective was to examine the early stages of mineral NP formation in body fluids. MATERIALS & METHODS A nanomaterial approach based on atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy and spectroscopy was used. RESULTS The mineral particles, which contain the serum proteins albumin and fetuin-A, initially precipitate in the form of round amorphous NPs that gradually grow in size, aggregate and coalesce to form crystalline mineral films similar to the structures observed in calcified human arteries. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the early stages of particle formation and provides a platform to analyze the role(s) of mineralo-organic NPs in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Yin Wong
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Fu-Yung Hsu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Yaghobee S, Bayani M, Samiei N, Jahedmanesh N. What are the nanobacteria? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1052761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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15
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Wu CY, Young D, Martel J, Young JD. A story told by a single nanoparticle in the body fluid: demonstration of dissolution-reprecipitation of nanocrystals in a biological system. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2659-76. [PMID: 26014914 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Analysis of the chemical composition of mineral particles found in the body is critical to understand the formation and effects of these entities in vivo. Yet, the possibility that biological fluids may modulate particle composition over time has not been examined. Materials & methods: Mineralo-organic nanoparticles similar to the ones that spontaneously form in human tissues were analyzed using electron microscopy, spectroscopy and proteomic analyses. RESULTS We show that the mineralo-organic nanoparticles assimilate various ions and minerals during incubation in ionic solutions simulating body fluids. The particles undergo dissolution-reprecipitation reactions that affect the final protein composition of the particles. CONCLUSION The reactions occurring at the mineral-water interface therefore modulate the ionic and organic composition of mineral nanoparticles formed in biological fluids, producing changes that may alter the effects of mineral particles and stones in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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16
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Abdelhamid HN, Wu HF. Proteomics analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of nanoparticles and their interactions with proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Abrol N, Panda A, Kekre NS, Devasia A. Nanobacteria in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis: Myth or reality? Indian J Urol 2015; 31:3-7. [PMID: 25624568 PMCID: PMC4300568 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.134235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone formation in the urinary tract is a common phenomenon with associated morbidity. The exact physicochemical factors responsible for stone formation are not clearly known. Over the past decade considerable interest has been generated in defining the role of nanobacteria in urinary stone formation. A review of the available literature has been carried out to give insights into their nature and outline their role in stone formation. The two aspects of nanobacteria that need to be considered include its biological nature and the other merely as mineralo-protein complexes. Though the current literature favors the concept of mineralo-protein particles, further research is needed to clearly define their nature. Whether living or nonliving, these apatite forming nanoparticles appear to play role in kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Abrol
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arabind Panda
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nitin S Kekre
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Antony Devasia
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and immunologic methods for the detection of nanobacterial infection in type-III prostatitis. Urology 2014; 84:731.e9-13. [PMID: 25168570 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunologic methods for the detection of nanobacteria (NB) in the expressed prostatic secretions (EPSs) of patients with type-III prostatitis. METHODS In total, 150 patients with type-III prostatitis for whom conventional clinical treatment had failed were selected from September 2009 to April 2010. The EPS of each patient was divided into 3 parts, which were used for PCR analysis, indirect immunofluorescence staining (IIFS), and culture and subsequent indirect immunofluorescence staining (CIIFS). RESULTS PCR analysis has a higher sensitivity than IIFS for the detection of NB in EPSs. Of 83 CIIFS-positive EPS samples, 79 (95.2%) were positive by PCR. Of 67 EPS samples that were negative by CIIFS, 60 (89.6%) were negative by PCR. The sensitivity of PCR for the detection of NB compared with the CIIFS method was 95.2%, with a specificity of 89.6%. The positive predictive value was 91.9%, and the negative predictive value was 93.8%. A comparative evaluation showed no statistically significant difference between PCR and CIIFS in the detection of NB in EPSs. A strong agreement in the positive and the negative results obtained by PCR and CIIFS for NB detection was found for all EPS samples. CONCLUSION PCR analysis has a higher sensitivity than IIFS for NB detection in type-III prostatitis. PCR can detect nanobacterial infection in type-III prostatitis equally well as CIIFS and offers significant advantages for the rapid, simple, and economical detection of nanobacterial infection in type-III prostatitis.
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19
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Chabrière E, Gonzalez D, Azza S, Durand P, Shiekh FA, Moal V, Baudoin JP, Pagnier I, Raoult D. Fetuin is the key for nanon self-propagation. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Martel J, Peng HH, Young D, Wu CY, Young JD. Of nanobacteria, nanoparticles, biofilms and their role in health and disease: facts, fancy and future. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:483-99. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobacteria have been at the center of a major scientific controversy in recent years owing to claims that they represent not only the smallest living microorganisms on earth but also new emerging pathogens associated with several human diseases. We and others have carefully examined these claims and concluded that nanobacteria are in fact nonliving mineralo-organic nanoparticles (NPs) that form spontaneously in body fluids. We have shown that these mineral particles possess intriguing biomimetic properties that include the formation of cell- and tissue-like morphologies and the possibility to grow, proliferate and propagate by subculture. Similar mineral NPs (bions) have now been found in both physiological and pathological calcification processes and they appear to represent precursors of physiological calcification cycles, which may at times go awry in disease conditions. Furthermore, by functioning at the nanoscale, these mineralo-organic NPs or bions may shed light on the fate of nanomaterials in the body, from both nanotoxicological and nanopathological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Primordia Institute of New Sciences & Medicine, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA
| | - Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei 24301, Taiwan
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21
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Zhang MJ, Liu SN, Xu G, Guo YN, Fu JN, Zhang DC. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by nanobacteria in human breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 9:265-71. [PMID: 24403832 PMCID: PMC3883551 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The existing evidence that nanobacteria (NB) are closely associated with human disease is overwhelming. However, their potential toxicity against cancer cells has not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of NB and nanohydroxyapatites (nHAPs) against human breast cancer cells and to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying their cytotoxicity. Methodology/principal findings NB were isolated from calcified placental tissue, and nHAPs were artificially synthesized. The viability of the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line was tested by using the Kit-8 cell counting kit assay. Apoptosis was examined by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. The endocytosis of NB and nHAPs by MDA-MB-231 cells was initially confirmed by microscopy. Although both NB and nHAPs significantly decreased MDA-MB-231 cell viability and increased the population of apoptotic cells, NB were more potent than nHAPs. After 72 hours, NB also caused ultrastructural changes typical of apoptosis, such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, nuclear dissolution, mitochondrial swelling, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Conclusion/significance In MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, NB and nHAPs exerted cytotoxic effects that were associated with the induction of apoptosis. The effects exerted by NB were more potent than those induced by nHAPs. NB cytotoxicity probably emerged from toxic metabolites or protein components, rather than merely the hydroxyapatite shells. NB divided during culturing, and similar to cells undergoing binary fission, many NB particles were observed in culture by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting they are live microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-jun Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-nan Liu
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Xu
- Electron Microscopy Group, Department of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-nan Guo
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-nan Fu
- First People's Hospital of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-chun Zhang
- Molecular Medicine and Tumor Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, People's Republic of China
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22
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Alenazy MS, Mosadomi HA. Clinical implications of calcifying nanoparticles in dental diseases: a critical review. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 9:27-31. [PMID: 24376354 PMCID: PMC3865087 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unknown cell-culture contaminants were described by Kajander and Ciftçioğlu in 1998. These contaminants were called nanobacteria initially and later calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs). Their exact nature is unclear and controversial. CNPs have unique and unusual characteristics, which preclude placing them into any established evolutionary branch of life. AIM The aim of this systematic review was to assess published data concerning CNPs since 1998 in general and in relation to dental diseases in particular. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) electronic and manual searches were conducted. Nanobacteria and calcifying nanoparticles were used as keywords. The search yielded 135 full-length papers. Further screening of the titles and abstracts that followed the review criteria resulted in 43 papers that met the study aim. CONCLUSION The review showed that the existence of nanobacteria is still controversial. Some investigators have described a possible involvement of CNPs in pulpal and salivary gland calcifications, as well as the possible therapeutic use of CNPs in the treatment of cracked and/or eroded teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alenazy
- Restorative Dentistry Department, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiah A Mosadomi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center, Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Wu CY, Young L, Young D, Martel J, Young JD. Bions: a family of biomimetic mineralo-organic complexes derived from biological fluids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75501. [PMID: 24086546 PMCID: PMC3783384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineralo-organic nanoparticles form spontaneously in human body fluids when the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions exceed saturation. We have shown previously that these mineralo-organic nanoparticles possess biomimetic properties and can reproduce the whole phenomenology of the so-called nanobacteria-mineralized entities initially described as the smallest microorganisms on earth. Here, we examine the possibility that various charged elements and ions may form mineral nanoparticles with similar properties in biological fluids. Remarkably, all the elements tested, including sodium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, and barium form mineralo-organic particles with bacteria-like morphologies and other complex shapes following precipitation with phosphate in body fluids. Upon formation, these mineralo-organic particles, which we term bions, invariably accumulate carbonate apatite during incubation in biological fluids; yet, the particles also incorporate additional elements and thus reflect the ionic milieu in which they form. Bions initially harbor an amorphous mineral phase that gradually converts to crystals in culture. Our results show that serum produces a dual inhibition-seeding effect on bion formation. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, we identify a wide range of proteins that bind to these mineral particles during incubation in medium containing serum. The two main binding proteins identified, albumin and fetuin-A, act as both inhibitors and seeders of bions in culture. Notably, bions possess several biomimetic properties, including the possibility to increase in size and number and to be sub-cultured in fresh culture medium. Based on these results, we propose that bions represent biological, mineralo-organic particles that may form in the body under both physiological and pathological homeostasis conditions. These mineralo-organic particles may be part of a physiological cycle that regulates the function, transport and disposal of elements and minerals in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lena Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - John D. Young
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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24
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Kumon H, Matsuura E, Nagaoka N, Yamamoto T, Uehara S, Araki M, Matsunami Y, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto A. Ectopic calcification: importance of common nanoparticle scaffolds containing oxidized acidic lipids. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:441-50. [PMID: 24028895 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The term nanobacteria, sometimes referred to as nanobacteria-like particles (NLPs), is presently recognized as a misnomer for inert calcified nanoparticles. However, misinterpretation of its propagation as a living organism still continues. Ultrastructural and elemental analyses, combining immuno-electron microscopy with an original NLP isolate (P-17) derived from urinary stones, and an IgM monoclonal antibody (CL-15) raised against P-17 have now revealed that, oxidized lipids with acidified functional groups were key elements in NLP propagation. Lamellar structures composed of acidic/oxidized lipids provided structural scaffolds for carbonate apatite crystals. During in vitro culture, lipid peroxidation induced by γ-irradiation of FBS was a major cause of accelerated NLP propagation. In pathological tissue samples from hyperlipidemic atherosclerosis-prone mice, CL-15 co-localized with fatty plaques, macrophage infiltrates and osteocalcin staining of aortic valve lesions. These observations indicate that naturally occurring NLP composed of mineralo-oxidized lipids complexes are generated as by-products rather than etiological agents of chronic inflammation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The term "nanobacteria-like particles (NLPs)" is presently recognized as a misnomer for inert calcified nanoparticles as opposed to living organisms. This study convincingly demonstrates that naturally occurring NLPs composed of mineralo-oxidized lipid complexes are generated as by-products rather than etiological agents of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagaoka
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinya Uehara
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukana Matsunami
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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25
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Wu CY, Martel J, Cheng WY, He CC, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Membrane vesicles nucleate mineralo-organic nanoparticles and induce carbonate apatite precipitation in human body fluids. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30571-30584. [PMID: 23990473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that membrane vesicles (MVs) secreted by various cells are associated with human diseases, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. The possibility that MVs may induce the formation of mineralo-organic nanoparticles (NPs) and ectopic calcification has not been investigated so far. Here, we isolated MVs ranging in size between 20 and 400 nm from human serum and FBS using ultracentrifugation and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The MV preparations consisted of phospholipid-bound vesicles containing the serum proteins albumin, fetuin-A, and apolipoprotein A1; the mineralization-associated enzyme alkaline phosphatase; and the exosome proteins TNFR1 and CD63. Notably, we observed that MVs induced mineral precipitation following inoculation and incubation in cell culture medium. The mineral precipitates consisted of round, mineralo-organic NPs containing carbonate hydroxyapatite, similar to previous descriptions of the so-called nanobacteria. Annexin V-immunogold staining revealed that the calcium-binding lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) was exposed on the external surface of serum MVs. Treatment of MVs with an anti-PS antibody significantly decreased their mineral seeding activity, suggesting that PS may provide nucleating sites for calcium phosphate deposition on the vesicles. These results indicate that MVs may represent nucleating agents that induce the formation of mineral NPs in body fluids. Given that mineralo-organic NPs represent precursors of calcification in vivo, our results suggest that MVs may initiate ectopic calcification in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yeu Wu
- From the Laboratory of Nanomaterials,; the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and; the Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jan Martel
- From the Laboratory of Nanomaterials,; the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and
| | - Wei-Yun Cheng
- From the Laboratory of Nanomaterials,; the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and
| | - Chao-Chih He
- From the Laboratory of Nanomaterials,; the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and
| | - David M Ojcius
- the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and; the Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, California 95343
| | - John D Young
- From the Laboratory of Nanomaterials,; the Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, and; the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, and; the Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, Taipei 24301, Taiwan.
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26
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Peng HH, Wu CY, Young D, Martel J, Young A, Ojcius DM, Lee YH, Young JD. Physicochemical and biological properties of biomimetic mineralo-protein nanoparticles formed spontaneously in biological fluids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2297-2307. [PMID: 23255529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that mineral nanoparticles (NPs) form spontaneously in human body fluids. These biological NPs represent mineral precursors that are associated with ectopic calcifications seen in various human diseases. However, the parameters that control the formation of mineral NPs and their possible effects on human cells remain poorly understood. Here a nanomaterial approach to study the formation of biomimetic calcium phosphate NPs comparable to their physiological counterparts is described. Particle sizing using dynamic light scattering reveals that serum and ion concentrations within the physiological range yield NPs below 100 nm in diameter. While the particles are phagocytosed by macrophages in a size-independent manner, only large particles or NP aggregates in the micrometer range induce cellular responses that include production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, caspase-1 activation, and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). A comprehensive proteomic analysis reveals that the particle-bound proteins are similar in terms of their identity and number, regardless of particle size, suggesting that protein adsorption is independent of particle size and curvature. In conclusion, the conditions underlying the formation of mineralo-protein particles are similar to the ones that form in vivo. While mineral NPs do not activate immune cells, they may become pro-inflammatory and contribute to pathological processes once they aggregate and form larger mineral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa First Road, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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27
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Kutikhin AG, Brusina EB, Yuzhalin AE. The role of calcifying nanoparticles in biology and medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:339-50. [PMID: 22287843 PMCID: PMC3266001 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs) (nanobacteria, nanobacteria-like particles, nanobes) were discovered over 25 years ago; nevertheless, their nature is still obscure. To date, nobody has been successful in credibly determining whether they are the smallest self-replicating life form on Earth, or whether they represent mineralo-protein complexes without any relation to living organisms. Proponents of both theories have a number of arguments in favor of the validity of their hypotheses. However, after epistemological analysis carried out in this review, all arguments used by proponents of the theory about the physicochemical model of CNP formation may be refuted on the basis of the performed investigations, and therefore published data suggest a biological nature of CNPs. The only obstacle to establish CNPs as living organisms is the absence of a fairly accurately sequenced genome at the present time. Moreover, it is clear that CNPs play an important role in etiopathogenesis of many diseases, and this association is independent from their nature. Consequently, emergence of CNPs in an organism is a pathological, not a physiological, process. The classification and new directions of further investigations devoted to the role of CNPs in biology and medicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G Kutikhin
- Department of Epidemiology, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation.
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28
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Kawai K, Larson BJ, Ishise H, Carre AL, Nishimoto S, Longaker M, Lorenz HP. Calcium-based nanoparticles accelerate skin wound healing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27106. [PMID: 22073267 PMCID: PMC3206933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) are small entities that consist of a hydroxyapatite core, which can bind ions, proteins, and other organic molecules from the surrounding environment. These small conglomerations can influence environmental calcium levels and have the potential to modulate calcium homeostasis in vivo. Nanoparticles have been associated with various calcium-mediated disease processes, such as atherosclerosis and kidney stone formation. We hypothesized that nanoparticles could have an effect on other calcium-regulated processes, such as wound healing. In the present study, we synthesized pH-sensitive calcium-based nanoparticles and investigated their ability to enhance cutaneous wound repair. Methods Different populations of nanoparticles were synthesized on collagen-coated plates under various growth conditions. Bilateral dorsal cutaneous wounds were made on 8-week-old female Balb/c mice. Nanoparticles were then either administered intravenously or applied topically to the wound bed. The rate of wound closure was quantified. Intravenously injected nanoparticles were tracked using a FLAG detection system. The effect of nanoparticles on fibroblast contraction and proliferation was assessed. Results A population of pH-sensitive calcium-based nanoparticles was identified. When intravenously administered, these nanoparticles acutely increased the rate of wound healing. Intravenously administered nanoparticles were localized to the wound site, as evidenced by FLAG staining. Nanoparticles increased fibroblast calcium uptake in vitro and caused contracture of a fibroblast populated collagen lattice in a dose-dependent manner. Nanoparticles also increased the rate of fibroblast proliferation. Conclusion Intravenously administered, calcium-based nanoparticles can acutely decrease open wound size via contracture. We hypothesize that their contraction effect is mediated by the release of ionized calcium into the wound bed, which occurs when the pH-sensitive nanoparticles disintegrate in the acidic wound microenvironment. This is the first study to demonstrate that calcium-based nanoparticles can have a therapeutic benefit, which has important implications for the treatment of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kawai
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Barrett J. Larson
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Hisako Ishise
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Antoine Lyonel Carre
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Soh Nishimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Michael Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - H. Peter Lorenz
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martel J, Young D, Young A, Wu CY, Chen CD, Yu JS, Young JD. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of mineral nanoparticles derived from human body fluids and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:111-25. [PMID: 21741946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mineralo-protein nanoparticles (NPs) formed spontaneously in the body have been associated with ectopic calcifications seen in atherosclerosis, chronic degenerative diseases, and kidney stone formation. Synthetic NPs are also known to become coated with proteins when they come in contact with body fluids. Identifying the proteins found in NPs should help unravel how NPs are formed in the body and how NPs in general, be they synthetic or naturally formed, interact within the body. Here, we developed a proteomic approach based on liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to determine the protein composition of carbonate-apatite NPs derived from human body fluids (serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, ascites, pleural effusion, and synovial fluid). LC-MS/MS provided not only an efficient and comprehensive determination of the protein constituents, but also a semiquantitative ranking of the identified proteins. Notably, the identified NP proteins mirrored the protein composition of the contacting body fluids, with albumin, fetuin-A, complement C3, α-1-antitrypsin, prothrombin, and apolipoproteins A1 and B-100 being consistently associated with the particles. Since several coagulation factors, calcification inhibitors, complement proteins, immune regulators, protease inhibitors, and lipid/molecule carriers can all become NP constituents, our results suggest that mineralo-protein complexes may interface with distinct biochemical pathways in the body depending on their protein composition. We propose that LC-MS/MS be used to characterize proteins found in both synthetic and natural NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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Peng HH, Martel J, Lee YH, Ojcius DM, Young JD. Serum-derived nanoparticles: de novo generation and growth in vitro, and internalization by mammalian cells in culture. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:643-58. [PMID: 21506688 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM While nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to form spontaneously in body fluids such as serum, the possible implications of these NPs for cell cultures that use supporting media containing serum remain unclear. To understand the de novo formation of NPs, we delineated their growth characteristics, chemical composition and interaction with cells in culture. MATERIALS & METHODS Serum-derived particles were analyzed using a combination of dynamic light scattering, turbidity measurements, spectroscopic techniques and optical/electron microscopies. RESULTS NPs were found in serum and in serum-containing medium and they increased in size and number during incubation. The mineral particles, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate phosphate bound to organics such as proteins, underwent an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation with time. Serum-derived particles were internalized by the cells tested, eventually reaching lysosomal compartments. CONCLUSION The spontaneous formation of serum-derived NPs and their internalization by cells may have overlooked effects on cultured cells in vitro as well as potential pathophysiological consequences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Kumon H, Matsumoto A, Uehara S, Abarzua F, Araki M, Tsutsui K, Tomochika KI. Detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles from urinary stones: long-withheld data. Int J Urol 2011; 18:458-65. [PMID: 21488976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report our experimental results on detection and isolation of nanobacteria-like particles (NLP) from urinary stone samples. METHODS From March 2001 to August 2003, 47 urinary stone samples from Japanese patients and 18 from Paraguayan patients were collected and used for compositional analysis, direct survey of NLP by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their cultural isolation. For the isolation, culturing was carried out using strict aseptic techniques. Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium with 10% gamma-irradiated fetal bovine serum was used based on the original method described by Kajander and Ciftçioglu. RESULTS Positive NLP detection rates for Japanese and Paraguayan patient samples were 61.7% (29/47) and 66.7% (12/18), respectively. Positive NLP isolation rates for Japanese patient samples were 20.6% (7/34) and 20.0% (2/10) for Paraguayan patient samples. In the initial isolation, markedly different periods of incubation time were needed for each of the nine cases (6-220 days; median 36 days). Positive detection and isolation were obtained in stone samples with or without calcium phosphate. Growth modes and morphogenesis of NLP were divided into two phases; rod-shaped NLP was detected mainly as a floating form growing in culture medium and spherical NLP with a characteristic apatite shell was detected as an attached form growing on the surface of culture dishes. CONCLUSIONS Lifeless calcifying nanoparticles can be isolated from various human urinary stones, cultured in cell culture mediums and show two characteristic growth phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kumon
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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