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Mead EB, Lee M, Trammell CE, Goodman AG. Drosophila melanogaster Limostatin and Its Human Ortholog Promote West Nile Virus Infection. INSECTS 2024; 15:446. [PMID: 38921161 PMCID: PMC11203814 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The arbovirus West Nile virus (WNV) is a danger to global health. Spread primarily by mosquitoes, WNV causes about 2000 cases per year in the United States. The natural mosquito immune response controls viral replication so that the host survives but can still transmit the virus. Using the genetically malleable Drosophila melanogaster model, we previously dissected innate immune pathways used to control WNV infection. Specifically, we showed that insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) activates a JAK/STAT-mediated immune response that reduces WNV. However, how factors that regulate IIS in insects control infection has not been identified. D. melanogaster Limostatin (Lst) encodes a peptide hormone that suppresses insulin secretion. Its mammalian ortholog, Neuromedin U (NMU), is a peptide that regulates the production and secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells. In this study, we used D. melanogaster and human cell culture models to investigate the roles of these insulin regulators in immune signaling. We found that D. melanogaster Lst mutants, which have elevated insulin-like peptide expression, are less susceptible to WNV infection. Increased levels of insulin-like peptides in these flies result in upregulated JAK/STAT activity, leading to protection from infection. Treatment of human cells with the insulin regulator NMU results in increased WNV replication. Further investigation of methods to target Lst in mosquitoes or NMU in mammals can improve vector control methods and may lead to improved therapeutics for human and animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra B. Mead
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Miyoung Lee
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Chasity E. Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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2
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Naveed A, Eertink LG, Wang D, Li F. Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches. Viruses 2024; 16:781. [PMID: 38793662 PMCID: PMC11125849 DOI: 10.3390/v16050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and equines are two dead-end hosts of the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) with similar susceptibility and pathogenesis. Since the introduction of WNV vaccines into equine populations of the United States of America (USA) in late 2002, there have been only sporadic cases of WNV infection in equines. These cases are generally attributed to unvaccinated and under-vaccinated equines. In contrast, due to the lack of a human WNV vaccine, WNV cases in humans have remained steadily high. An average of 115 deaths have been reported per year in the USA since the first reported case in 1999. Therefore, the characterization of protective immune responses to WNV and the identification of immune correlates of protection in vaccinated equines will provide new fundamental information about the successful development and evaluation of WNV vaccines in humans. This review discusses the comparative epidemiology, transmission, susceptibility to infection and disease, clinical manifestation and pathogenesis, and immune responses of WNV in humans and equines. Furthermore, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that are currently available and under development are described. In addition, the successful vaccination of equines against WNV and the potential lessons for human vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (A.N.); (L.G.E.); (D.W.)
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3
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Gokul A, Arumugam T, Ramsuran V. Genetic Ethnic Differences in Human 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase and Disease Associations: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:527. [PMID: 36833454 PMCID: PMC9956131 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have highlighted a skewed prevalence of infectious diseases within the African continent. Furthermore, a growing number of studies have demonstrated unique genetic variants found within the African genome are one of the contributing factors to the disease severity of infectious diseases within Africa. Understanding the host genetic mechanisms that offer protection against infectious diseases provides an opportunity to develop unique therapeutic interventions. Over the past two decades, several studies have linked the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family with a range of infectious diseases. More recently, the OAS-1 gene has also been associated with disease severity caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which led to a global pandemic. The OAS family serves as an antiviral factor through the interaction with Ribonuclease-Latent (RNase-L). This review explores the genetic variants observed within the OAS genes and the associations with various viral infections and how previously reported ethnic-specific polymorphisms drive clinical significance. This review provides an overview of OAS genetic association studies with a particular focus on viral diseases affecting individuals of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Gokul
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thilona Arumugam
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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4
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Li X, Zhou W, Wang D. Integrative bioinformatic analysis identified IFIT3 as a novel regulatory factor in psoriasis. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:2066-2078. [PMID: 36169003 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease with poor prognosis. Currently, there is no cure for psoriasis and the pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis remains unclear. Our study aims to explore key regulators underlying psoriasis and potential targets for psoriasis treatment. RNA-seq data of psoriasis and normal tissues were extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify key gene modules correlated with psoriasis. Enrichment analysis was used to characterize identified genes. The expression of identified genes was verified in a data set with various types of psoriasis lesion tissues and six psoriasis and healthy control tissues by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry assays. And the biological functions of IFIT3 in keratinocytes were determined by colony formation assays, Cell Counting Kit-8, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A total of 594 overlapped genes (370 upregulated and 224 downregulated) were selected as DEGs between psoriasis and normal tissues in three independent data sets. These genes were enriched in interferon-related pathway and cytokine-related pathway. Weighted correlation network analysis identified several gene modules that were associated with psoriasis. Overlapped genes between gene modules and DEGs were associated with interferon-related pathway and T cell activities. Among these genes, OAS1, USP18, and IFIT3 had higher expression levels in psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and nonpustular palmoplantar psoriasis (NPPP) tissues but not Palmoplantar Pustular Psoriasis (PPPP). Meanwhile, these results were confirmed in our independent psoriasis tissue cohort. And results of in vitro experiments showed that inhibition of IFIT3 significantly impaired the proliferation capacity and CXCL1, CCL20, IL-1β, and IL-6 secretion of keratinocytes. Our study identified key genes and pathways underlying the pathogenesis of psoriasis through the conduct of integrated analysis. OAS1, USP18, and IFIT3 could be potential targets for the treatment of psoriasis. IFIT3 can promote the proliferation and immune activation of keratinocytes and facilitates the development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Wolong Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center for Pulmonary Nodules Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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A Scoping Review of West Nile Virus Seroprevalence Studies among African Equids. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070899. [PMID: 34358049 PMCID: PMC8308515 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic flavivirus first identified in and endemic to Africa. The virus is transmitted between birds by biting mosquitoes, with equids and humans being incidental hosts. The majority of infected incidental hosts display no or only mild clinical signs, but a fraction develop encephalitis. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and evaluate primary research on the presence of antibodies to WNV among African equids. Three bibliographic databases and the grey literature were searched. Of 283 articles identified, only 16 satisfied all the inclusion criteria. Data were collated on study design and outcomes. The overall seroprevalence reported ranged from 17.4 to 90.3%, with 1998 (35%) of the 5746 horses, donkeys and mules having screened positive for WNV antibodies. Several articles determined that seroprevalence increased significantly with age. Due to co-circulation of other flaviviruses in Africa, in the majority of studies that screened samples by ELISA, positive results were confirmed using a more specific neutralization test. However, only eight studies tested against other flaviviruses, including Potiskum, Uganda S, Wesselsbron and yellow fever virus in one, Japanese encephalitis and Usutu virus (USUV) in one, tick-borne encephalitis and USUV in one and USUV only in three. Equids are regarded as useful sentinel animals for WNV, but variation in study design poses challenges when trying to determine risk factors for, and trends in, WNV seroprevalence.
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Bakre AA, Jones LP, Murray J, Reneer ZB, Meliopoulos VA, Cherry S, Schultz-Cherry S, Tripp RA. Innate Antiviral Cytokine Response to Swine Influenza Virus by Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069221. [PMID: 33980596 PMCID: PMC8274599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00692-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) can cause respiratory illness in swine. Swine contribute to influenza virus reassortment, as avian, human, and/or swine influenza viruses can infect swine and reassort, and new viruses can emerge. Thus, it is important to determine the host antiviral responses that affect SIV replication. In this study, we examined the innate antiviral cytokine response to SIV by swine respiratory epithelial cells, focusing on the expression of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Both primary and transformed swine nasal and tracheal respiratory epithelial cells were examined following infection with field isolates. The results show that IFN and ISG expression is maximal at 12 h postinfection (hpi) and is dependent on cell type and virus genotype. IMPORTANCE Swine are considered intermediate hosts that have facilitated influenza virus reassortment events that have given rise pandemics or genetically related viruses have become established in swine. In this study, we examine the innate antiviral response to swine influenza virus in primary and immortalized swine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells, and show virus strain- and host cell type-dependent differential expression of key interferons and interferon-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet A Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Les P Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Z Beau Reneer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Sánchez-González MT, Cienfuegos-Jiménez O, Álvarez-Cuevas S, Pérez-Maya AA, Borrego-Soto G, Marino-Martínez IA. Prevalence of the SNP rs10774671 of the OAS1 gene in Mexico as a possible predisposing factor for RNA virus disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2021; 12:52-60. [PMID: 34336138 PMCID: PMC8310884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the susceptibility of certain populations to RNA virus infection. This variety of agents is currently the cause of severe respiratory diseases (SARS-CoV2 and Influenza), Hepatitis C, measles and of high prevalence tropical diseases that are detected throughout the year (Dengue and Zika). The rs10774671 polymorphism is a base change from G to A in the last nucleotide of intron-5 of the OAS1 gene. This change modifies a splicing site and generates isoforms of the OAS1 protein with a higher molecular weight and a demonstrated lower enzymatic activity. The low activity of these OAS1 isoforms makes the innate immune response against RNA virus infections less efficient, representing a previously unattended risk factor for certain populations. OBJECTIVE Determine the distribution of rs10774671 in the open population of Mexico. METHODS In 98 healthy volunteers, allelic and genotypic frequencies were determined by qPCR using allele specific labeled probes, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was determined. RESULTS The A-allele turned out to be the most prevalent in the analyzed population. CONCLUSIONS Our population is genetically susceptible to RNA virus disease due to the predominant presence of the A allele of rs10774671 in the OAS1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Sánchez-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la SaludMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Oscar Cienfuegos-Jiménez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la SaludMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Salomón Álvarez-Cuevas
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de MedicinaMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Antonio Ali Pérez-Maya
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de MedicinaMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Gissela Borrego-Soto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Iván Alberto Marino-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la SaludMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de MedicinaMonterrey, Nuevo León, México
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8
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Nuclear localisation of West Nile virus NS5 protein modulates host gene expression. Virology 2021; 559:131-144. [PMID: 33866234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the nucleus during flavivirus infection has been observed in only a small number of cases and can be limited to primarily two viral proteins; the structural protein C and the RNA polymerase NS5. Previously we observed that by blocking nuclear transport, WNV strain Kunjin (WNVKUN) replication is severely affected and through mutation of the identified NLS in WNVKUN NS5 protein. In this study, we interrogated the potential nuclear functions of WNVKUN NS5 has on the host transcriptome, by means of RNA sequencing (RNAseq). In a direct comparison between wild type and mutant NS5, it can also be determined that the nuclear translocation of NS5 results in a significant down-regulation of host genes involved in the innate immune response. When compared to published RNAseq data from WNV infection, many of these genes were overlapping indicting the role of NS5 induced transcription during infection.
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9
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Insulin Potentiates JAK/STAT Signaling to Broadly Inhibit Flavivirus Replication in Insect Vectors. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1946-1960.e5. [PMID: 31722209 PMCID: PMC6871768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that more than half of the world’s population is at risk for vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses. Because many arboviruses are mosquito borne, investigation of the insect immune response will help identify targets to reduce the spread of arboviruses. Here, we use a genetic screening approach to identify an insulin-like receptor as a component of the immune response to arboviral infection. We determine that vertebrate insulin reduces West Nile virus (WNV) replication in Drosophila melanogaster as well as WNV, Zika, and dengue virus titers in mosquito cells. Mechanistically, we show that insulin signaling activates the JAK/STAT, but not RNAi, pathway via ERK to control infection in Drosophila cells and Culex mosquitoes through an integrated immune response. Finally, we validate that insulin priming of adult female Culex mosquitoes through a blood meal reduces WNV infection, demonstrating an essential role for insulin signaling in insect antiviral responses to human pathogens. The world’s population is at risk for infection with several flaviviruses. Ahlers et al. use a living library of insects to determine that an insulin-like receptor controls West Nile virus infection. Insulin signaling is antiviral via the JAK/STAT pathway in both fly and mosquito models and against a range of flaviviruses.
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Guerrero-Carvajal F, Bravo-Barriga D, Martín-Cuervo M, Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Ferraguti M, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Llorente F, Alonso JM, Frontera E. Serological evidence of co-circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in equids from western Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1432-1444. [PMID: 32853452 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne emerging virus in Europe with capacity to cause neurological complications such as encephalitis or meningoencephalitis in humans, birds or equids. In Spain, WNV is actively circulating in mosquitoes, birds and horses in different regions, but never has been deeply studied in Extremadura. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of WNV in equids of those areas and to analyse the risk factors associated with exposure to the virus. A total of 199 out of 725 equids presented antibodies against WNV by competition ELISA (27.45%), while 22 were doubtful (3.03%). Anti-WNV IgM antibodies were detected in 16 equids (2.21%), and 3 animals were doubtful (0.41%). All ELISA-reactive positive/doubtful sera (N = 226) were further tested by micro-virus neutralization test (VNT), and a total of 143 horses were confirmed as positive for WNV, obtaining a seroprevalence of 19.72% in equids of western Spain. In addition, specific antibodies against USUV were confirmed in 11 equids. In 24 equids, a specific flavivirus species (detected by ELISA test) could not be determined. The generalized linear mixed-effects models showed that the significant risk factors associated with individual WNV infection in equids were the age (adults) and hair coat colour (light), whereas in USUV infections, it was the breed (pure). Data demonstrated that WNV and USUV are circulating in regions of western Spain. Given the high WNV seroprevalence found in equids from the studied areas, it is important to improve the surveillance programmes of public health to detect undiagnosed human cases and to establish a vaccination programme in equid herds in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Animal Medicine Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martina Ferraguti
- Anatomy, Cellular Biology and Zoology Department, Science Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Animal Health Research Centre, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva Frontera
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura (UEx), Cáceres, Spain
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Tallmadge RL, Antczak DF, Felippe MJB. Genetics of Immune Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:273-288. [PMID: 32654783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are critical to survival. It has been estimated that upwards of 7% of the coding genes of mammals function in immunity and inflammation. This high level of genomic investment in defense has resulted in an immune system characterized by extraordinary complexity and many levels of redundancy. Because so many genes are involved with immunity, there are many opportunities for mutations to arise that have negative effects. However, redundancy in the mammalian defense system and the adaptive nature of key immune mechanisms buffer the untoward outcomes of many such deleterious mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Tallmadge
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Maria Julia Bevilaqua Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
Genetic alleles that contribute to enhanced susceptibility or resistance to viral infections and virally induced diseases have often been first identified in mice before humans due to the significant advantages of the murine system for genetic studies. Herein we review multiple discoveries that have revealed significant insights into virus-host interactions, all made using genetic mapping tools in mice. Factors that have been identified include innate and adaptive immunity genes that contribute to host defense against pathogenic viruses such as herpes viruses, flaviviruses, retroviruses, and coronaviruses. Understanding the genetic mechanisms that affect infectious disease outcomes will aid the development of personalized treatment and preventive strategies for pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kane
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA
| | - Tatyana V Golovkina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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13
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Stejskalova K, Janova E, Horecky C, Horecka E, Vaclavek P, Hubalek Z, Relling K, Cvanova M, D'Amico G, Mihalca AD, Modry D, Knoll A, Horin P. Associations between the presence of specific antibodies to the West Nile Virus infection and candidate genes in Romanian horses from the Danube delta. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4453-4461. [PMID: 31175514 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. Due to their particular susceptibility to WNV infection, horses serve as a sentinel species. In a population of Romanian semi-feral horses living in the Danube delta region, we have analyzed the distribution of candidate polymorphic genetic markers between anti WNV-IgG seropositive and seronegative horses. Thirty-six SNPs located in 28 immunity-related genes and 26 microsatellites located in the MHC and LY49 complex genomic regions were genotyped in 57 seropositive and 32 seronegative horses. The most significant association (pcorr < 0.0002) was found for genotypes composed of markers of the SLC11A1 and TLR4 genes. Markers of five other candidate genes (ADAM17, CXCR3, IL12A, MAVS, TNFA), along with 5 MHC class I and LY49-linked microsatellites were also associated with the WNV antibody status in this model horse population. The OAS1 gene, previously associated with WNV-induced clinical disease, was not associated with the presence of anti-WNV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stejskalova
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Janova
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - C Horecky
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-MENDELU, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Horecka
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-MENDELU, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Vaclavek
- SVU Jihlava, Rantirovska 93/20, Horni Kosov, 58601, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - Z Hubalek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 60365, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Relling
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Cvanova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G D'Amico
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400362, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400362, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D Modry
- CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - A Knoll
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC-MENDELU, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic. .,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Genetic susceptibility to West Nile virus infection in Camargue horses. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:284-292. [PMID: 31005660 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic neurotropic virus capable to cause lethal meningoencephalitis (WNE) in infected hosts such as birds, horses, and humans. Due to their sensitivity, horses serve as sentinel species in areas at risk. We studied a population of Camargue horses living in Southern France in two zones with endemic WNV circulation where WNV outbreaks were recorded in 2000 and 2003-4. Two sets of microsatellite markers located in MHC and Ly49 genomic regions were genotyped as well as multiple SNPs in ten immunity-related candidate gene regions. Associations between genetic polymorphisms and resistance/susceptibility to WNE were tested. While single marker associations were weak, compound two-gene genotypes of SNPs located within the MAVS, NCR2 and IL-10 genes and microsatellites HMS082 and CZM013 were associated with susceptibility to WNE. Combinations of microsatellite markers CZM009, ABGe17402 and ABGe9019 were associated with simple seroconversion without clinical signs of WNE (resistance). In addition, a distribution of polymorphic markers between WNV-IgG seropositive horses and a control group of WNV-IgG seronegative horses was tested. One SNP in the OAS1 gene (NC_009151.3:g.21961328A>G) was significantly associated with the seropositive phenotype (pcorr = 0.023; OR = 40.5 CI (4.28; 383.26); RR = 8.18 CI (1.27; 52.89) in the Camargue breed. In compound genotypes, SNP markers for SLC11A1, MAVS, OAS1, TLR4, ADAM17 and NCR2 genes and ten microsatellites showed non-random distribution between seropositive and seronegative groups of horses. Further analysis of associated markers could contribute to our understanding of anti-WNV defense mechanisms in horses.
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15
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Manet C, Roth C, Tawfik A, Cantaert T, Sakuntabhai A, Montagutelli X. Host genetic control of mosquito-borne Flavivirus infections. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:384-407. [PMID: 30167843 PMCID: PMC7614898 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses, several of which represent emerging or re-emerging pathogens responsible for widespread infections with consequences ranging from asymptomatic seroconversion to severe clinical diseases and congenital developmental deficits. This variability is due to multiple factors including host genetic determinants, the role of which has been investigated in mouse models and human genetic studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the host genes and variants which modify susceptibility or resistance to major mosquito-borne flaviviruses infections in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Manet
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claude Roth
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Group, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, International Network of Pasteur Institutes, Phnom Penh, 12201, Cambodia
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
- CNRS, UMR 2000-Génomique Evolutive, Modélisation et Santé, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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16
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Wang R, Ma H, Kang Y, Li C, Li H, Zhang E, Ji P, He J, Zhao M. Molecular Cloning and Identification of the 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase 2 Gene in Chinese Domestic Pigs Through Bioinformatics Analysis, and Determination of Its Antiviral Activity Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:332-344. [PMID: 30013278 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An interferon-mediated antiviral protein, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2, plays an important role in the antiviral response of interferons. In this study, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2 genes were cloned from Chinese domestic pigs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the 2024-bp long open reading fame encodes 707 amino acids. There are two conserved regions in this protein: the nucleotidyltransferase domain, and the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase domain (OAS). Genetic evolution analysis showed that the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2 gene in domestic pigs is closely related to that of cattle. There are multiple antigenic sites, no signal peptide, and no transmembrane region in the gene, which is predicted to be a hydrophilic protein. Secondary structures were found to be mainly alpha helix-based; its tertiary structure is close to that of humans and cattle, but not that of mice. Tissue distribution results indicated that this protein is distributed in multiple organs, with high distribution in the liver; it is mainly localized in the cytoplasm. PRRSV infection, interferon-beta, and Poly(I: C) treatment all promoted 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 2 gene expression. Overexpression and RNA silencing of porcine OAS2 inhibited and promoted PRRSV replication in cells, respectively. The inhibitory effect of porcine OAS2 was mainly dependent on RNase L, similar to what was predicted. This study has laid the foundation for future antiviral studies in pig, and provided a new way of preventing and treating PRRSV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Wang
- 1School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Ma
- 2College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- 3State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 467500 People's Republic of China
| | - Cunfa Li
- 1School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046 People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- 4College of Biology Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046 People's Republic of China
| | - Erqin Zhang
- 2College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- 2College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian He
- 2College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- 2College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 People's Republic of China
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17
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Yudin NS, Barkhash AV, Maksimov VN, Ignatieva EV, Romaschenko AG. Human Genetic Predisposition to Diseases Caused by Viruses from Flaviviridae Family. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317050223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Ahlers LRH, Goodman AG. The Immune Responses of the Animal Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Comparison of Insects, Birds, and Mammals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:96. [PMID: 29666784 PMCID: PMC5891621 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are transmitted to humans from insect vectors and can cause serious disease. In 2017, over 2,000 reported cases of WNV virus infection occurred in the United States, with two-thirds of cases classified as neuroinvasive. WNV transmission cycles through two different animal populations: birds and mosquitoes. Mammals, particularly humans and horses, can become infected through mosquito bites and represent dead-end hosts of WNV infection. Because WNV can infect diverse species, research on this arbovirus has investigated the host response in mosquitoes, birds, humans, and horses. With the growing geographical range of the WNV mosquito vector and increased human exposure, improved surveillance and treatment of the infection will enhance public health in areas where WNV is endemic. In this review, we survey the bionomics of mosquito species involved in Nearctic WNV transmission. Subsequently, we describe the known immune response pathways that counter WNV infection in insects, birds, and mammals, as well as the mechanisms known to curb viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the bacterium Wolbachia and its involvement in reducing flavivirus titer in insects. Finally, we highlight the similarities of the known immune pathways and identify potential targets for future studies aimed at improving antiviral therapeutic and vaccination design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R H Ahlers
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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19
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Alex R, Ramesha KP, Singh U, Kumar S, Alyethodi RR, Deb R, Sharma S, Sengar GS, Kumar A, Prakash B. Promoter variants of OAS1 gene are associated with reproductive performance and incidence of normal calving in cattle. Theriogenology 2018; 108:255-261. [PMID: 29258042 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) are important components of an interferon-mediated antiviral pathway. But no polymorphisms have yet been identified and associated with reproduction and reproduction traits in the bovine OAS1 gene. The objective of this study was to detect and evaluate the effects of mutations in the promoter region of bovine OAS1 gene with production and reproduction traits in cattle. Two single nuclear polymorphisms were identified, including A to T transversion (rs715937117:A>T) and A to G transition (rs480985443:A>G) and subsequently genotyped in Sahiwal and Frieswal populations. Three haplotypes were constructed including H1 (A-A), H2 (T-A) and H3 (T-G), among them H2 was the most abundant in the Sahiwal (0.677) and Frieswal (0.838) population. The analysis revealed that genotypes of promoter region had significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on age at first breeding, age at first calving, service period and pregnancy rate. The animals with H1H2 diplotype had higher age at first breeding and age at first calving compared to H2H2 genotyped animals. Further logistic regression analysis also revealed that the probability of normal calving was found more in H2H2 diplotype, as the odds ratios of H1H2 and H2H3 in comparison to H2H2 were 0.516 and 0.486, respectively. H2H2 diplotyped animals also exhibited higher milk production also in terms of total milk yield, 300 day milk yield and peak yield. These results outlined that the bovine OAS1 gene can be used as candidate genes for simultaneous improvement of both production and reproductive performance of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Alex
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - K P Ramesha
- Dairy Production, SRS, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bangalore, 560030, Karnataka, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rafeeque R Alyethodi
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh Sengar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B Prakash
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Section, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Grass Farm Road, P. O. Box 17, Meerut Cantt., Meerut 250 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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20
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ALEX RANI, RAMESHA KP, SINGH UMESH, KUMAR SUSHIL, ALYETHODI RAFEEQUER, DEB RAJIB, SHARMA SHEETAL, SENGAR GYANENDRAS, ASHISH ASHISH, PRAKASH B. Genomic variations in the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) gene in zebu cattle and its crossbreds of Indian origin. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
In the antiviral host defense mechanisms, the role of mammalian OAS/RNASEL pathway is very significant. These enzymes are interferon-inducible and activated by binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) which are present in virus infected cells. The OAS proteins functions through its receptor, the 2-5Adependent ribonuclease (RNaseL) and activated OAS-RNaseL system degrades viral and cellular RNA and subsequently inhibits protein synthesis. Polymorphisms in the human and equine OAS gene cluster have been previously utilized for casecontrol analysis of virus-induced disease. But no polymorphisms have yet been identified in the bovine OAS1 genes for use in similar case-control studies. The promoter and coding regions of the OAS1 gene was amplified and screened for polymorphisms by PCR-SSCP and sequencing in Sahiwal and Frieswal animals. Two SNPs have been identified in the promoter region of OAS1 gene, which have predicted to create/delete sites for transcription factors. Specific amplification of the exonic regions of the OAS1 gene have identified 26 SNPs and one dinucleotide repeats, among them 14 are mis-sense variants. These polymorphisms are the first to be reported in OAS1 gene and will facilitate future case-control studies of cattle susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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21
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García-Bocanegra I, Belkhiria J, Napp S, Cano-Terriza D, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Martínez-López B. Epidemiology and spatio-temporal analysis of West Nile virus in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:567-577. [PMID: 29034611 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks have increased sharply in both horses and human in Europe. The aims of this study were to evaluate characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in horses in Spain between 2010 and 2016 in order to identify the environmental variables most associated with WNV occurrence and to generate high-resolution WNV suitability maps to inform risk-based surveillance strategies in this country. Between August 2010 and November 2016, a total of 403 WNV suspected cases were investigated, of which, 177 (43.9%) were laboratory confirmed. Mean values of morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 7.5%, 1.6% and 21.2%, respectively. The most common clinical symptoms were as follows: tiredness/apathy, recumbency, muscular tremor, ataxia, incoordination and hyperaesthesia. The outbreaks confirmed during the last 7 years, with detection of WNV RNA lineage 1 in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016, suggest an endemic circulation of the virus in Spain. The spatio-temporal distribution of WNV outbreaks in Spain was not homogeneous, as most of them (92.7%) were concentrated in western part of Andalusia (southern Spain) and significant clusters were detected in this region in two non-consecutive years. These findings were supported by the results of the space-time scan statistics permutation model. A presence-only MaxEnt ecological niche model was used to generate a suitability map for WNV occurrence in Andalusia. The most important predictors selected by the Ecological Niche Modeling were as follows: mean annual temperature (49.5% contribution), presence of Culex pipiens (19.5% contribution), mean annual precipitation (16.1% contribution) and distance to Ramsar wetlands (14.9% contribution). Our results constitute an important step for understanding WNV emergence and spread in Spain and will provide valuable information for the development of more cost-effective surveillance and control programmes and improve the protection of horse and human populations in WNV-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Belkhiria
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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22
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Pronost S, Hue E, Fortier C, Foursin M, Fortier G, Desbrosse F, Rey FA, Pitel PH, Richard E, Saunier B. Prevalence of Equine Hepacivirus Infections in France and Evidence for Two Viral Subtypes Circulating Worldwide. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1884-1897. [PMID: 27882682 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Like hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans, the newly identified equine hepacivirus (NPHV) displays a predominating liver tropism that may evolve into chronic infections. The genomes of the two viruses share several organizational and functional features and are phylogenetically closest amongst the Hepacivirus genus. A limited amount of data is available regarding the spread of hepacivirus infections in horses. In this study, we asked whether in a more representative sample the prevalence and distribution of NPHV infections in France would resemble that reported so far in other countries. A total of 1033 horses sera from stud farms throughout France were analysed by qRT-PCR to determine the prevalence of ongoing NPHV infections and viral loads; in positive samples, partial sequences of NPHV's genome (5'UTR, NS3 and NS5B genes) were determined. Serum concentrations of biliary acids, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and L-gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) were measured for most horses. We detected NPHV infections in 6.2% of the horses, a prevalence that reached 8.3% in thoroughbreds and was significantly higher than in other breeds. The presence of circulating virus was neither significantly associated with biological disturbances nor with clinical hepatic impairment. Our phylogenetic analysis was based on both neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood approaches. Its result shows that, like almost everywhere else in the world so far, two major groups of NPHV strains infect French domestic horses. Based on genetic distances, we propose a classification into two separate NPHV subtypes. Viral loads in the serum of horses infected by the main subtype were, in average, four times higher than in those infected by the second subtype. We hypothesize that amino acid substitutions in the palm domain of NS5B between NPHV subtypes could underlie viral phenotypes that explain this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pronost
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - E Hue
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - C Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - M Foursin
- Clinique Equine de la Boisrie, Chailloué, France
| | - G Fortier
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - F Desbrosse
- Clinique Equine Desbrosse, Saint Lambert, France
| | - F A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit - CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - P-H Pitel
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - E Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - B Saunier
- Structural Virology Unit - CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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24
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Hoffman KW, Sachs D, Bardina SV, Michlmayr D, Rodriguez CA, Sum J, Foster GA, Krysztof D, Stramer SL, Lim JK. Differences in Early Cytokine Production Are Associated With Development of a Greater Number of Symptoms Following West Nile Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:634-43. [PMID: 27142077 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging cause of meningitis and encephalitis in the United States. Although severe neuroinvasive disease and death can occur in rare instances, the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic or present with a range of clinical manifestations associated with West Nile fever. METHODS To better understand the interindividual variability associated with the majority of WNV infections, we evaluated the association of cytokine/chemokine production and outcome of infection among 115 WNV-positive US blood donors identified in 2008-2011. All subjects self-reported symptoms as having occurred during the 2 weeks following blood donation, using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS We discovered that, prior to seroconversion, an early potent, largely type I interferon-mediated response correlated with development of a greater number of symptoms in WNV-infected individuals. Interestingly, individuals who developed fewer symptoms had not only a more modest type I interferon response initially, but also a protracted cytokine response after seroconversion, marked by the production of monocyte and T-cell-associated chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that, although an early type I interferon response appears to be crucial to control WNV infection, successful immunity may require a modest early response that is maintained during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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25
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Ahmed AM, Good B, Hanrahan JP, McGettigan P, Browne J, Keane OM, Bahar B, Mehta J, Markey B, Lohan A, Sweeney T. Variation in the Ovine Abomasal Lymph Node Transcriptome between Breeds Known to Differ in Resistance to the Gastrointestinal Nematode. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124823. [PMID: 25978040 PMCID: PMC4433221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Texel lambs are known to be more resistant to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection than Suffolk lambs, with a greater ability to limit infection. The objectives of this study were to: 1) profile the whole transcriptome of abomasal lymph node tissue of GIN-free Texel and Suffolk lambs; 2) identify differentially expressed genes and characterize the immune-related biological pathways and networks associated with these genes. Abomasal lymph nodes were collected from Texel (n = 6) and Suffolk (n = 4) lambs aged 19 weeks that had been GIN-free since 6 weeks of age. Whole transcriptome profiling was performed using RNA-seq on the Illumina platform. At the time of conducting this study, a well annotated Ovine genome was not available and hence the sequence reads were aligned with the Bovine (UMD3.1) genome. Identification of differentially expressed genes was followed by pathway and network analysis. The Suffolk breed accounted for significantly more of the differentially expressed genes, (276 more highly expressed in Suffolk v 162 in Texel; P < 0.001). The four most significant differentially expressed pathways were all related to immunity and were classified as: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Recognition of Bacteria and Viruses, Activation of IRF by Cytosolic Pattern Recognition Receptors, Role of RIG-I-like Receptors in Antiviral Innate Immunity, and Interferon Signaling. Of significance is the fact that all of these four pathways were more highly expressed in the Suffolk. These data suggest that in a GIN-free environment, Suffolk lambs have a more active immune profile relative to the Texel: this immune profile may contribute to the poorer efficiency of response to a GIN challenge in the Suffolk breed compared to the Texel breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin M. Ahmed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Barbara Good
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - James P. Hanrahan
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul McGettigan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Browne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M. Keane
- Teagasc Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jai Mehta
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bryan Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Amanda Lohan
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Dang XY, Chu WW, Shi HC, Yu SG, Han HY, Gu SH, Chen J. Genetic variants in ABCA1 promoter affect transcription activity and plasma HDL level in pigs. Gene 2014; 555:414-20. [PMID: 25445391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Excess accumulation of cholesterol in plasma may result in coronary artery disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) mediates the efflux of cholesterol and phospholipids to apolipoproteins, a process necessary for plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Higher plasma levels of HDL are associated with lower risk for cardiovascular disease. Studies of human disease and animal models had shown that an increased hepatic ABCA1 activity relates to an enhanced plasma HDL level. In this study, we hypothesized that functional mutations in the ABCA1 promoter in pigs may affect gene transcription activity, and consequently the HDL level in plasma. The promoter region of ABCA1 was comparatively scanned by direct sequencing with pool DNA of high- and low-HDL groups (n=30 for each group). Two polymorphisms, c. - 608A>G and c. - 418T>A, were revealed with reverse allele distribution in the two groups. The two polymorphisms were completely linked and formed only G-A or A-T haplotypes when genotyped in a larger population (n=526). Furthermore, we found that the G-A/G-A genotype was associated with higher HDL and ABCA1 mRNA level than A-T/A-T genotype. Luciferase assay also revealed that G-A haplotype promoter had higher activity than A-T haplotype. Single-nucleotide mutant assay showed that c.-418T>A was the causal mutation for ABCA1 transcription activity alteration. Conclusively, we identified two completely linked SNPs in porcine ABCA1 promoter region which have influence on the plasma HDL level by altering ABCA1 gene transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yong Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wei-wei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Heng-chuan Shi
- Laboratory Department, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing 210024, PR China
| | - Shi-gang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Hai-yin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shu-Hua Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases affect horses worldwide. Mosquito-borne diseases generally cause encephalomyelitis in the horse and can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. In addition to general disease, and diagnostic and treatment aspects, this review article summarizes the latest information on these diseases, covering approximately the past 5 years, with a focus on new equine disease encroachments, diagnostic and vaccination aspects, and possible therapeutics on the horizon.
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Epigenetic structure and the role of polymorphism in the shaping of DNA methylation patterns of equine OAS1 locus. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:231-8. [PMID: 25195205 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation patterns and their relation with genetic polymorphisms were determined in the equine OAS1 locus. Genetic variants of OAS1 were previously found to be associated with susceptibility to West Nile virus infections in horses. The subject of the study were white blood cells of 13 juvenile and 13 old horses from AA and HC breed and a set of solid tissues from a single adult horse. The aim was to determine the degree of variation of CpG methylation profiles with concern for tissue type, horse breed and age. Results of direct BSPCR and cloned BSPCR sequencing revealed that all of determined CpG islands (CGIs) were hypermethylated in exception to CGI covering OAS1 promoter and exon 1. One of intragenic CGIs displayed variability of methylation patterns across eight tissue types. The variability of particular sub-types of white blood cells between AA and HC horses were considered as the possible cause of interbreed differences of methylation levels. Comparison of sequence variability between converted and unconverted DNAs of both horse breeds showed polymorphisms of CpG sites to be the source of monoallelic methylation in exception to the polymorphic CpGs located in the OAS1 promoter. Two of them are new polymorphic variants in the OAS1 promoter region. Application of methylation data in conjunction with genetic variation detected at the OAS1 locus might be useful to deepen the knowledge about mechanisms underlying immunity to viral infections in the horse.
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Nath A, Tyler KL. Novel approaches and challenges to treatment of central nervous system viral infections. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:412-22. [PMID: 23913580 PMCID: PMC4052367 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing and emerging viral central nervous system (CNS) infections are major sources of human morbidity and mortality. Treatments of proven efficacy are currently limited predominantly to herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Development of new therapies has been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal model systems for some important viruses and by the difficulty in conducting human clinical trials for diseases that may be rare, or in the case of arboviral infections, often have variable seasonal and geographic incidence. Nonetheless, many novel approaches to antiviral therapy are available, including candidate thiazolide and pyrazinecarboxamide derivatives with potential broad‐spectrum antiviral efficacy. New herpesvirus drugs include viral helicase‐primase and terminase inhibitors. The use of antisense oligonucleotides and other strategies to interfere with viral RNA translation has shown efficacy in experimental models of CNS viral disease. Identifying specific molecular targets within viral replication cycles has led to many existing antiviral agents and will undoubtedly continue to be the basis of future drug design. A promising new area of research involves therapies based on enhanced understanding of host antiviral immune responses. Toll‐like receptor agonists and drugs that inhibit specific cytokines as well as interferon preparations have all shown potential therapeutic efficacy. Passive transfer of virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been used in humans and may provide an effective therapy for some herpesvirus infections and potentially for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Humanized monoclonal antibodies directed against specific viral proteins have been developed and in several cases evaluated in humans in settings including West Nile virus and HIV infection and in pre‐exposure prophylaxis for rabies. Ann Neurol 2013;74:412–422
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Affiliation(s)
- Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous Systems, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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West Nile viral infection of equids. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:168-80. [PMID: 24035480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted between certain species of birds and mosquito vectors. Tangential infections of equids and subsequent equine epizootics have occurred historically. Although the attack rate has been estimated to be below 10%, mortality rates can approach 50% in horses that present clinical disease. Symptoms are most commonly presenting in the form of encephalitis with ataxia as well as limb weakness, recumbency and muscle fasciculation. The most effective strategy for prevention of equine disease is proper vaccination with one of the numerous commercially available vaccines available in North America or the European Union. Recently, WNV has been increasingly associated with equine epizootics resulting from novel non-lineage-1a viruses in expanding geographic areas. However, specific experimental data on the virulence of these novel virus strains is lacking and questions remain as to the etiology of the expanded epizootics: whether it be a function of inherent virulence or ecological and/or climactic factors that could precipitate the altered epidemiological patterns observed.
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Learning from the messengers: innate sensing of viruses and cytokine regulation of immunity - clues for treatments and vaccines. Viruses 2013; 5:470-527. [PMID: 23435233 PMCID: PMC3640511 DOI: 10.3390/v5020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are a major global public health concern, and only via substantial knowledge of virus pathogenesis and antiviral immune responses can we develop and improve medical treatments, and preventive and therapeutic vaccines. Innate immunity and the shaping of efficient early immune responses are essential for control of viral infections. In order to trigger an efficient antiviral defense, the host senses the invading microbe via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), recognizing distinct conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The innate sensing of the invading virus results in intracellular signal transduction and subsequent production of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines, including IFNs and chemokines, are vital molecules of antiviral defense regulating cell activation, differentiation of cells, and, not least, exerting direct antiviral effects. Cytokines shape and modulate the immune response and IFNs are principle antiviral mediators initiating antiviral response through induction of antiviral proteins. In the present review, I describe and discuss the current knowledge on early virus–host interactions, focusing on early recognition of virus infection and the resulting expression of type I and type III IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and intracellular antiviral mediators. In addition, the review elucidates how targeted stimulation of innate sensors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular RNA and DNA sensors, may be used therapeutically. Moreover, I present and discuss data showing how current antimicrobial therapies, including antibiotics and antiviral medication, may interfere with, or improve, immune response.
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Abstract
West Nile Virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere during the late summer of 1999 and has been causing significant and sometimes severe human diseases since that time. This article briefly touches upon the biology of the virus and provides a comprehensive review regarding recent discoveries about virus transmission, virus acquisition, and human infection and disease.
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Rodríguez-Pulido M, Martín-Acebes MA, Escribano-Romero E, Blázquez AB, Sobrino F, Borrego B, Sáiz M, Saiz JC. Protection against West Nile virus infection in mice after inoculation with type I interferon-inducing RNA transcripts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49494. [PMID: 23166685 PMCID: PMC3498145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurovirulent single stranded RNA mosquito-borne flavivirus, whose main natural hosts are birds, but it also infects humans and horses. Nowadays, no human vaccine is commercially available and clinical treatment is only supportive. Recently, it has been shown that RNA transcripts, mimicking structural domains in the non-coding regions (NCRs) of the foot-and mouth disease virus (FMDV) induce a potent IFN response and antiviral activity in transfected cultured cells, and also reduced mice susceptibility to FMDV. By using different transcripts combinations, administration schedules, and infecting routes and doses, we have demonstrated that these FMDV RNA transcripts protect suckling and adult mice against lethal challenge with WNV. The protective activity induced by the transcripts was systemic and dependent on the infection route and dose. These results confirm the antiviral potential of these synthetic RNAs for fighting viruses of different families relevant for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rodríguez-Pulido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Borrego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Acebes MA, Saiz JC. West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited. World J Virol 2012; 1:51-70. [PMID: 24175211 PMCID: PMC3782267 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family, is maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between avian hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors, although the virus occasionally infects other vertebrates. WNV causes sporadic disease outbreaks in horses and humans, which may result in febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. Until recently, its medical and veterinary health concern was relatively low; however, the number, frequency and severity of outbreaks with neurological consequences in humans and horses have lately increased in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Since its introduction in the Americas, the virus spread across the continent with worrisome consequences in bird mortality and a considerable number of outbreaks among humans and horses, which have resulted in the largest epidemics of neuroinvasive WNV disease ever documented. Surprisingly, its incidence in human and animal health is very different in Central and South America, and the reasons for it are not yet understood. Even though great advances have been obtained lately regarding WNV infection, and although efficient equine vaccines are available, no specific treatments or vaccines for human use are on the market. This review updates the most recent investigations in different aspects of WNV life cycle: molecular virology, transmission dynamics, host range, clinical presentations, epidemiology, ecology, diagnosis, control, and prevention, and highlights some aspects that certainly require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes, Juan-Carlos Saiz, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, contains some of the most important arboviral pathogens of man. The genus includes several aetiological agents of encephalitis, the most significant being Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. In each case, the majority of exposed individuals will not develop disease, but a minority will develop a severe illness with a significant chance of permanent neurological damage or death. The factors that determine this are numerous, involving complex interactions between virus and host and are still being actively uncovered. In many cases it appears that the immune response, while crucial to containing the virus and limiting spread to the brain, is also responsible for causing neurological damage. Innate responses can limit viral replication but may also be responsible for generating pathological levels of inflammation. Neutralizing antibody responses are protective but take time to develop. The role of T cells is less clear, and may be either protective or pathogenic. This review summarizes recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of encephalitis caused by flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Turtle
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, The University of Liverpool, The Apex Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
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36
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Transgenic expression of full-length 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1b confers to BALB/c mice resistance against West Nile virus-induced encephalitis. Virology 2011; 417:147-53. [PMID: 21683973 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility of inbred strains to infection with West Nile virus (WNV) has been genetically associated with an arginine-to-a nonsense codon substitution at position 253 (R253X) in the predicted sequence of the murine 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1B (OAS1B) protein. We introduced by transgenesis the Oas1b cDNA from MBT/Pas mice carrying the R253 codon (Oas1b(MBT)) into BALB/c mice homozygous for the X253 allele (Oas1b(BALB/c)). Overexpression of Oas1b(MBT) mRNA in the brain of transgenic mice prior and in the time course of infection provided protection against the neuroinvasive WNV strain IS-98-ST1. A 200-fold induction of Oas1b(MBT) mRNA in the brain of congenic BALB/c mice homozygous for a MBT/Pas segment encompassing the Oas1b gene was also efficient in reducing both viral growth and mortality, whereas a 200-fold induction of Oas1b(BALB/c) mRNA was unable to prevent virally-induced encephalitis, confirming the critical role of the R253X mutation on Oas1b activity in live mice.
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Diaz LA, Nemeth NM, Bowen RA, Almiron WR, Contigiani MS. Comparison of argentinean saint louis encephalitis virus non-epidemic and epidemic strain infections in an avian model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1177. [PMID: 21629729 PMCID: PMC3101189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen in South America, with human SLEV encephalitis cases reported in Argentina and Brazil. Genotype III strains of SLEV were isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Cordoba, Argentina in 2005, during the largest SLEV outbreak ever reported in South America. The present study tested the hypothesis that the recent, epidemic SLEV strain exhibits greater virulence in birds as compared with a non-epidemic genotype III strain isolated from mosquitoes in Santa Fe Province 27 years earlier. The observed differences in infection parameters between adult House sparrows (Passer domesticus) that were needle-inoculated with either the epidemic or historic SLEV strain were not statistically significant. However, only the House sparrows that were infected with the epidemic strain achieved infectious-level viremia titers sufficient to infect Cx. spp. mosquitoes vectors. Furthermore, the vertebrate reservoir competence index values indicated an approximately 3-fold increase in amplification potential of House sparrows infected with the epidemic strain when pre-existing flavivirus-reactive antibodies were present, suggesting the possibility that antibody-dependent enhancement may increase the risk of avian-amplified transmission of SLEV in South America. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) is an emerging arbovirus in South America, with human SLEV encephalitis cases reported in Argentina and Brazil. Genotype III strains of SLEV were isolated from mosquitoes during the largest SLEV outbreak ever reported in South America (Córdoba, Argentina, 2005). These strains are related to a non-epidemic genotype III SLEV strain isolated in 1979 in Santa Fe Province, Argentina. There is currently no clear explanation for the reemergence of SLEV in Argentina. This study tested the hypothesis that the epidemic strain exhibited greater virulence compared to a non-epidemic genotype III strain in an avian model, the House sparrow (Passer domesticus). House sparrows were susceptible to infection with Argentinean SLEV strains; however, the proportion of birds that became detectably viremic was low for both strains. Although no significant difference was detected between both strains, House sparrows inoculated with epidemic strain developed higher and longer viremias than those inoculated with non-epidemic strain. The virus amplification role of House sparrows was apparently enhanced when they had previous flavivirus immunity. The evolutionary/introduction process of a more viremogenic SLEV strain and the immunological interactions among antigenically-related flaviviruses will undoubtedly affect the continued reemergence of SLEV in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Adrián Diaz
- Laboratorio Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic virus that circulates in birds and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Incidentally, humans, horses and other mammals can also be infected. Disease symptoms caused by WNV range from fever to neurological complications, such as encephalitis or meningitis. Mortality is observed mostly in older and immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, epidemics caused by WNV in humans and horses have become more frequent in several Southern European countries, such as Italy and Greece. In 1999, WNV was introduced into the USA and spread over North America within a couple of years. The increasing number of WNV outbreaks is associated with the emergence of novel viral strains, which display higher virulence and greater epidemic potential for humans. Upon infection with WNV, the mammalian immune system counteracts the virus at several different levels. On the other side, WNV has developed elaborated escape mechanisms to avoid its elimination. This review summarizes recent findings in WNV research that help to understand the complex biology associated with this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Vaccine Technologies Unit, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany. Sebastian.ulbert @ izi.fraunhofer.de
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Kutasi O, Bakonyi T, Lecollinet S, Biksi I, Ferenczi E, Bahuon C, Sardi S, Zientara S, Szenci O. Equine encephalomyelitis outbreak caused by a genetic lineage 2 West Nile virus in Hungary. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:586-91. [PMID: 21457323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) from sub-Saharan regions to Europe and the unpredictable change in pathogenicity indicate a potential public and veterinary health threat and requires scientific awareness. OBJECTIVES To describe the results of clinical and virological investigations of the 1st outbreak of a genetic lineage 2 WNV encephalomyelitis in horses. ANIMALS Seventeen horses with neurologic signs. METHODS Information regarding signalment, clinical signs, and outcome was obtained for each animal. Serology was performed in 15 cases, clinicopathological examination in 7 cases, and cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 2 horses. Histopathology was carried out in 4 horses, 2 of which were assessed for the presence of WNV in their nervous system. RESULTS WNV neutralizing antibody titers were between 10 and 270 (median, 90) and the results of other serological assays were in agreement with those of the plaque reduction neutralization test. Common signs included ataxia, weakness, asymmetric gait, muscle tremors, hypersensitivity, cranial nerve deficits, and recumbency. Twelve animals survived. Amplicons derived from the infection-positive specimens allowed molecular characterization of the viral strain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE From our results, we conclude that this outbreak was caused by a lineage 2 WNV strain, even though such strains often are considered nonpathogenic. Neurological signs and survival rates were similar to those reported for lineage 1 virus infections. The disease occurrence was not geographically limited as had been the typical case during European outbreaks; this report describes a substantial northwestern spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kutasi
- Large Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Ullo, Hungary.
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40
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Abstract
Zoonotic West Nile virus (WNV) circulates in natural transmission cycles involving certain mosquitoes and birds, horses, humans, and a range of other vertebrates are incidental hosts. Clinical infections in humans can range in severity from uncomplicated WNV fever to fatal meningoencephalitis. Since its introduction to the Western Hemisphere in 1999, WNV had spread across North America, Central and South America and the Caribbean, although the vast majority of severe human cases have occurred in the United States of America (USA) and Canada. By 2002-2003, the WNV outbreaks have involved thousands of patients causing severe neurologic disease (meningoencephalitis and poliomyelitis-like syndrome) and hundreds of associated fatalities in USA. The purpose of this review is to present recent information on the epidemiology and pathogenicity of WNV since its emergence in North America.
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