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Talat N, Khan RA, Khan KA, Aziz MU, Tahir W, Mirza MB. Reliability and validity of Urdu PARENTS for assessing non-technical skills of paediatric residents in a teaching hospital in Pakistan. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:951. [PMID: 38087274 PMCID: PMC10717365 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of our study is twofold. First, we assessed nontechnical skills (NTSs), such as the cognitive, social, and personal skills of postgraduate residents (PGRs), from paediatric caregivers' perspectives in a paediatric emergency department (PED) of a tertiary care hospital. Second, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the 'Parents' Assessment of Residents Enacting Non-Technical Skills' (PARENTS) instrument in its Urdu-translated version, ensuring its applicability and accuracy in the Pakistani context. MATERIALS AND METHODS This mixed-method study used an instrument translation and validation design. We translated an existing instrument, PARENTS, into Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, and administered it to paediatric caregivers in the PED of a tertiary care hospital. We collected data from 471 paediatric caregivers and coded them for analysis in AMOS and SPSS. RESULTS The Urdu-translated version of the PARENTS demonstrated reliability and internal validity in our study. The findings from the assessment revealed that paediatric caregivers expressed satisfaction with the knowledge and skill of residents. However, there was comparatively lower satisfaction regarding the residents' display of patience or empathy towards the children under their care. CONCLUSION The study findings support the validity and reliability of the PARENTS as an effective instrument for assessing the NTS of PGRs from the perspective of paediatric caregivers. With its demonstrated efficacy, medical educators can utilize PARENTS to pinpoint specific areas that require attention regarding the NTS of PGRs, thus facilitating targeted interventions for enhanced patient care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Talat
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rehan Ahmed Khan
- Department of Medical Education, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ahmad Khan
- Department of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usama Aziz
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Warda Tahir
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Mirza
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of Child Health Sciences, The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
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Burke G, Melvin L, Ginsburg S. "Patients Are the People Who Teach Me the Most": Exploring the Development of Communication Skills During Internal Medicine Residency. J Grad Med Educ 2023; 15:59-66. [PMID: 36817542 PMCID: PMC9934842 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-22-00433.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician-patient communication training is a vital component of medical education, yet physicians do not always achieve the communication expertise expected of them. Despite extensive literature on the efficacy of various training interventions, little is known about how residents believe they learn to communicate. OBJECTIVE To understand residents' perspectives on the development of their communication skills. METHODS Between November 2020 and January 2021 recruitment emails were sent to all 225 internal medicine residents at the University of Toronto; one-on-one interviews were conducted with 15 residents. Participants were asked to reflect on communication skills development. Interviews were conducted and analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. RESULTS Participants credited the majority of their skills development to unsupervised interactions with patients, without explicit guidance from an attending physician. Attendings' contributions were primarily seen through role modeling, with little perceived learning coming from feedback on observed interactions. This was partly explained by residents' proclivity to alter their communication styles when observed, rendering feedback less relevant to their authentic practice, and by receiving generically positive feedback lacking in constructive features. Time constraints led to communication styles that prioritized efficiency at the cost of patient-centeredness. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that current models of communication training and assessment may fall short due to overreliance on observation by attendings and examiners, which may fail to unearth the authentic and largely self-taught communication behaviors of residents. Further research is required to ascertain the feasibility and potential value of other forms of communication training and assessment, such as through patient feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Burke
- All authors are with the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Gabriel Burke, MD, is a PGY-4 Resident in Respirology, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lindsay Melvin
- All authors are with the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lindsay Melvin, MD, MHPE, is Assistant Professor and Toronto Western Hospital Site Program Director for Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine
| | - Shiphra Ginsburg
- All authors are with the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shiphra Ginsburg, MD, MEd, PhD, is Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, and Scientist, Wilson Centre for Research in Education, and Canada Research Chair in Health Professions Education
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Bylund CL, Vasquez TS, Peterson EB, Ansell M, Bylund KC, Ditton-Phare P, Hines A, Manna R, Singh Ospina N, Wells R, Rosenbaum ME. Effect of Experiential Communication Skills Education on Graduate Medical Education Trainees' Communication Behaviors: A Systematic Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1854-1866. [PMID: 35857395 PMCID: PMC9712157 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A better understanding of how communication skills education impacts trainees' communication skills is important for continual improvement in graduate medical education (GME). Guided by the Kirkpatrick Model, this review focused on studies that measured communication skills in either simulated or clinical settings. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of experiential communication skills education on GME trainees' communication behaviors. METHOD Five databases were searched for studies published between 2001 and 2021 using terms representing the concepts of medical trainees, communication, training, and skills and/or behaviors. Included studies had an intervention design, focused only on GME trainees as learners, used experiential methods, and had an outcome measure of communication skills behavior that was assessed by a simulated or standardized patient (SP), patient, family member, or outside observer. Studies were examined for differences in outcomes based on study design; simulated versus clinical evaluation setting; outside observer versus SP, patient, or family member evaluator; and length of training. RESULTS Seventy-seven studies were ultimately included. Overall, 54 (70%) studies reported some positive findings (i.e., change in behavior). There were 44 (57%) single-group pre-post studies, 13 (17%) nonrandomized control studies, and 20 (26%) randomized control studies. Positive findings were frequent in single-group designs (80%) and were likely in nonrandomized (62%) and randomized (55%) control trials. Positive findings were likely in studies evaluating communication behavior in simulated (67%) and clinical (78%) settings as well as in studies with outside observer (63%) and SP, patient, and family member (64%) evaluators. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates strong support that experiential communication skills education can impact GME trainees' communication behaviors. Marked heterogeneity in communication trainings and evaluation measures, even among subgroups, did not allow for meta-analysis or comparative efficacy evaluation of different studies. Future studies would benefit from homogeneity in curricular and evaluation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carma L Bylund
- C.L. Bylund is professor, Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Taylor S Vasquez
- T.S. Vasquez is a doctoral student, Department of Public Relations, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily B Peterson
- E.B. Peterson is senior research analyst, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margaret Ansell
- M. Ansell is associate university librarian and associate chair, Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kevin C Bylund
- K.C. Bylund is associate professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Philippa Ditton-Phare
- P. Ditton-Phare is medical education support officer (psychiatry), Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - April Hines
- A. Hines is journalism and mass communications librarian, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ruth Manna
- R. Manna is associate director, Patient Experience Partnerships, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Naykky Singh Ospina
- N. Singh Ospina is associate professor, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert Wells
- R. Wells is science writer, Office of Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Marcy E Rosenbaum
- M.E. Rosenbaum is professor, Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Rivet EB, Edwards C, Bedros N, Haynes S, Anderson A, McDonough E, Khandelwal S, Cholyway R, Feldman M, Lange P. From chaos to creativity: Designing collaborative communication training for the delivery of bad news. Surgery 2022; 172:1323-1329. [PMID: 36008175 PMCID: PMC9395255 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Before the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching communication skills in health care focused primarily on developing skills during face-to-face conversation. Even experienced clinicians were unprepared for the transition in communication modalities necessitated due to physical distancing requirements and visitation restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to develop and pilot a comprehensive video-mediated communication training program and test its feasibility in multiple institutional settings and medical disciplines. Methods The education team, consisting of clinician-educators in general surgery and emergency medicine (EM) and faculty specialists in simulation and coaching, created the intervention. Surgery and EM interns in addition to senior medical students applying in these specialties were recruited to participate. Three 90-minute sessions were offered focusing on 3 communication topics that became increasingly complex and challenging: breaking bad news, goals of care discussions, and disclosure of medical error. This was a mixed-methods study using survey and narrative analysis of open comment fields. Results Learner recruitment varied by institution but was successful, and most (75%) learners found the experience to be valuable. All of the participants reported feeling able to lead difficult discussions, either independently or with minimal assistance. Only about half (52%) of the participants reported feeling confident to independently disclose medical error subsequent to the session. Conclusion We found the program to be feasible based on acceptability, demand, the ability to implement, and practicality. Of the 3 communication topics studied, confidence with disclosure of medical error proved to be the most difficult. The optimal length and structure for these programs warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Rivet
- Departments of Surgery and Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
| | - Cherie Edwards
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Nicole Bedros
- Department of Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Susan Haynes
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Aaron Anderson
- Department of Theatre, School of Medicine and School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Erin McDonough
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinatti, Cincinatti, OH
| | - Sorabh Khandelwal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Renee Cholyway
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Moshe Feldman
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Patricia Lange
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Haque A, Mansoor S, Malik F, Ahmed J, Haque Z. Comparison of Quality of Life of Medical Students in Annual and Modular System in Public Sector Medical Colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL STUDENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.5195/ijms.2022.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The annual system is regarded as the oldest but foundational trends of teaching, with its curriculum based on subject wise learning and clinical rotations accordingly. The modular system has a curriculum that encompasses modules based on different organ systems and processes, with the basic and clinical sciences taught cohesively.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out, including 404 students of three different public sector medical colleges in Karachi. QoL was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, which comprised of 26 items. Data analysis was done via SPSS v.20. Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare scores among different years of medical study and between different curricular systems, respectively.
Results: Out of 404 students, 81.3% were females, 18.3% were males. The mean age of the sample was 21.23±1.29 years. According to the year of study, significant differences were observed in physical health and overall QoL domain (p<0.05), with 3rd-year students having the highest scores. When comparing annual and modular systems, the modular system yielded a better QoL with a mean score of 83.34. The overall QoL of students in clinical years was found to be significantly better (p<0.05) than the students present in preclinical years.
Conclusion: Overall QoL score in the modular system was slightly higher than the annual system, but a significant difference was noted only in the environmental domain between the two systems. It was also noted that the QoL of students in clinical years was better than preclinical years.
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Møller JE, Henriksen J, Søjnæs C, Brøgger MN. Doctors' experiences of earlier mandatory postgraduate communication skills training: a qualitative study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 13:47-55. [PMID: 35247250 PMCID: PMC9017507 DOI: 10.5116/ijme.6213.7ee7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the question: what are doctors' perspectives on and experiences with their earlier mandatory postgraduate communication skills training? METHODS The study used a qualitative, exploratory design. We used purposeful sampling based on the principle of maximal variation to ensure different clinical perspectives. Thus, three focus groups were formed with 12 doctors who had attended mandatory postgraduate communication skills training within 1-9 years prior to the study. The doctors were from three specialties: internal medicine, oncology, and general practice. We used a semi-structured interview guide, and the focus groups were video-recorded. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data material. Through an iterative process, we identified main and sub-themes. RESULTS The first-year residency mandatory postgraduate communication skills training provided all participants with skills that had helped them in their ongoing clinical work. In addition, five dominant themes were observed: modes of use, the timing of course, experience with experiential methods, sharing challenges with peers, and need for continuous feedback and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Doctors value early mandatory postgraduate communication skills training even years after attending the course and request similar ongoing initiatives. Their experiences are positive, they found the timing relevant, and they used the learned skills in their ongoing clinical work, even years after the initial course. Our study indicates that more attention should be given to 'early career' postgraduate communication skills training that is tailored to specific clinical contexts, including hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ege Møller
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Jakob Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Søjnæs
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), Centre for Human Resources and Education, The Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Matilde Nisbeth Brøgger
- Center for Health Communication, School of Communication and Culture, ARTS, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Bosméan L, Chaffanjon P, Bellier A. Impact of physician-patient relationship training on medical students' interpersonal skills during simulated medical consultations: a cross-sectional study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:117. [PMID: 35193554 PMCID: PMC8862366 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In medicine, the patient-centered approach is based on interpersonal skills, including communication, structuring the medical interview, and empathy, which have an impact on health professionals' interpersonal relationships and the quality of care. Training courses on this issue are therefore being developed in universities. We hypothesized that specific training courses in the physician-patient relationship could improve interpersonal skills among medical students during simulated consultations and the immediate satisfaction of standardized patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled fourth-year medical students who participated in a simulated medical consultation session with standardized patients. The evaluation of interpersonal skills was carried out using the Four Habits Coding Scheme, producing a synthetic score out of 115 points used as the primary endpoint. Some students benefited from the training courses offered by the university or by other organizations, mainly based on communication, active listening, or patient-centered approach. A comparison was made with students from the same graduating class who had not received any training. RESULTS The analysis of the primary endpoint showed a difference of 5 points between the group of students who had attended at least one training course and those who did not (p = 0.001). This difference was even more marked when the students had completed several training courses, up to 14 points higher with three training courses (p = 0.001), each with positive results in different areas of the care relationship. CONCLUSIONS Physician-patient relationship training currently provided in initial education appears to be effective in improving interpersonal skills. A repetition of this training is necessary to increase its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bosméan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alexandre Bellier
- School of Medicine, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, CS10217, Cedex 09, 38043, Grenoble, France.
- Computational and Mathematical Biology Team, TIMC UMR 5525, CNRS, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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Bradshaw A, Dunleavy L, Walshe C, Preston N, Cripps RL, Hocaoglu M, Bajwah S, Maddocks M, Oluyase AO, Sleeman K, Higginson IJ, Fraser L, Murtagh F. Understanding and addressing challenges for advance care planning in the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of the UK CovPall survey data from specialist palliative care services. Palliat Med 2021; 35:1225-1237. [PMID: 34034585 DOI: 10.1177/02692163211017387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialist palliative care services play an important role in conducting advance care planning during COVID-19. Little is known about the challenges to advance care planning in this context, or the changes services made to adapt. AIM Describe the challenges that UK specialist palliative care services experienced regarding advance care planning during COVID-19 and changes made to support timely conversations. DESIGN Online survey of UK palliative/hospice services' response to COVID-19. Closed-ended responses are reported descriptively. Open-ended responses were analysed using a thematic Framework approach using the Social Ecological Model to understand challenges. RESPONDENTS Two hundred and seventy-seven services. RESULTS More direct advance care planning was provided by 38% of services, and 59% provided more support to others. Some challenges to advance care planning pre-dated the pandemic, whilst others were specific to/exacerbated by COVID-19. Challenges are demonstrated through six themes: complex decision making in the face of a new infectious disease; maintaining a personalised approach; COVID-19-specific communication difficulties; workload and pressure; sharing information; and national context of fear and uncertainty. Two themes demonstrate changes made to support: adapting local processes and adapting local structures. CONCLUSIONS Professionals and healthcare providers need to ensure advance care planning is individualised by tailoring it to the values, priorities, and ethnic/cultural/religious context of each person. Policymakers need to consider how high-quality advance care planning can be resourced as a part of standard healthcare ahead of future pandemic waves. In facilitating this, we provide questions to consider at each level of the Social Ecological Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Bradshaw
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Lesley Dunleavy
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Catherine Walshe
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Nancy Preston
- International Observatory on End of Life Care, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Rachel L Cripps
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mevhibe Hocaoglu
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sabrina Bajwah
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Maddocks
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adejoke O Oluyase
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Sleeman
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene J Higginson
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorna Fraser
- Martin House Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Fliss Murtagh
- Wolfson Palliative Care Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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Amen SS, Berndtson AE, Cain J, Onderdonk C, Cochran-Yu M, Gambles Farr S, Edwards SB. Communication and Palliation in Trauma Critical Care: Impact of Trainee Education and Mentorship. J Surg Res 2021; 266:236-244. [PMID: 34029763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical residency training requires Advance Care Planning (ACP) and Palliative Care (PC) education. To meet education needs and align with American College of Surgeons guidelines, our Surgical Intensivists and PC faculty developed courses on communication and palliation for residents (2017-18) and fellows (2018-19). We hypothesized that education in ACP would increase ACP communication and documentation. METHODS The trauma registry of an academic, level 1trauma center was queried for ICU admissions from 2016-2019, excluding incarcerated and pregnant patients. A retrospective chart review was performed, obtaining frequency of ACP documentation, ACP meetings, time from admission to documentation, and PC consultation. We collected ICU quality measures as secondary outcomes: ICU Length Of Stay (LOS), hospital LOS, ventilator days, invasive procedures, discharge disposition, and mortality. Comparisons were made between years prior to (Y 1) and following implementation (Y 2: residents, Y 3: fellows). RESULTS For 1732 patients meeting inclusion criteria, patient demographics, injuries, and injury severity score were comparable. ACP documentation increased from 19.5% in Y 1 to 57.2% in Y 3 (P < 0.001). Time to ACP documentation was reduced from 47.6 to 13.1 h (P < 0.001) from time of admission. ICU LOS decreased from 6 to 4.8 d (P = 0.004). Patients in Y 3 had fewer tracheostomies and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies. PC consultations decreased. Mortality was unchanged. CONCLUSION Following trainee education, we observed increases in ACP documentation, earlier communication and improvements in ICU quality measures. Our findings suggest that trainee education positively impacts ACP documentation, reduces LOS, and improves trauma critical care outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Amen
- Department Of Surgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, California
| | - Allison E Berndtson
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Julia Cain
- Doris A. Howell Palliative Teams, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher Onderdonk
- Doris A. Howell Palliative Teams, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Meghan Cochran-Yu
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California; Department Of Surgery, Loma Linda University School Of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Samantha Gambles Farr
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Sara B Edwards
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Of California - San Diego, San Diego, California; Department Of Surgery, Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center, Riverside University Health System and CECORC, Moreno Valley, California.
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Chang SL, Kuo MJ, Lin YJ, Chen SA, Yang YY, Cheng HM, Yang LY, Kao SY, Lee FY. Virtual reality informative aids increase residents' atrial fibrillation ablation procedures-related knowledge and patients' satisfaction. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:25-32. [PMID: 33230060 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and increasing numbers of patients receive AF ablation nowadays. Therefore, in the cardiology division, residents need to be familiar with the AF ablation procedure-related knowledge for primary care. This study evaluated the baseline residents and patients' self-efficacy to the AF ablation procedure-related knowledge, developed the specific virtual reality (VR) informative aids, and evaluated the effects of VR training and resident-led VR aids-based patient education on their self-efficacy, in the aspects of familiarity, confidence and anxiety, and satisfaction. METHODS From 2019, April to 2020, April, this 1-year prospective prestudy and poststudy was undergone in the cardiology division. Between 2019, April and 2019, December, the experienced physicians were invited to develop VR informative aids for AF ablation procedure-related knowledge. Between January 2020 and April 2020, newly developed VR informative aids were implemented in the educational program of training rotated residents for giving patient education. RESULT A total of 20 residents and 32 patients were enrolled. The baseline self-reported self-efficacy and knowledge scores were relatively low among rotated residents and their patients. In addition to the high level of satisfaction, self-efficacy and knowledge scores of residents and their patients were increased after VR aids-based training and resident-led patient education. Higher degree of improvement in self-efficacy was noted among patients with depression/anxiety history than those without history. The follow-up assessments among residents showed that the positive effects of VR aids were sustained until 2 weeks later. CONCLUSION Overall, residents and patients reported that the VR aids increase the effectiveness of patient education, achieve the purpose of a paperless environment, and motivate them to recommend it to others. The implementation of resident-to-patient education has a positive impact on trainees and patients understanding about AF ablation procedures-related knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Lin Chang
- Heart Rhythm Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Jen Kuo
- Heart Rhythm Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yenn-Jiang Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Vice Superintendent, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hao-Min Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Yu Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Vice Superintendent, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Vice Superintendent, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Nakagawa S, Fischkoff K, Berlin A, Arnell TD, Blinderman CD. Communication Skills Training for General Surgery Residents. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2019; 76:1223-1230. [PMID: 31005480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although good communication skills are essential for surgeons, there is no formal communication training during general surgery residency. OBJECTIVES To implement a communication skills training program based on evidence-based teaching methods in general surgery residency. DESIGN We developed a 2-hour communication skills training program for general surgery residents, consisting of a small group skill practice session using role play with simulated patients along with real-time feedback from facilitators and observing peer residents. A board-certified palliative care physician and a board-certified surgeon facilitated each session. Outcome measures were self-assessment of preparedness with the session immediately before and after the session and 2 months after the session, resident satisfaction, and self-report frequency of skill practice. Results were compared between junior residents (postgraduate year 1-3) and senior residents (postgraduate year 4-5). SETTING Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, a tertiary care, urban academic center with a 5-year General Surgery Residency program. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one out of 39 (79.4%) general surgery residents (20 junior and 11 senior) were trained over a 9-month period. All participants completed the immediate pre- and post-session surveys, and twenty residents (64.5%) completed the 2-month postsession follow-up survey. RESULTS Overall, self-assessment of preparedness for specific communication challenges improved significantly for 7 of 11 tasks. At baseline, senior residents felt significantly more prepared than junior residents in all 11 tasks. Junior residents' self-assessment of preparedness improved significantly in 10 of 11 tasks. Overall satisfaction with the session was very high (mean 4.74 on a 5-point scale). Residents reported high frequency of self-directed skill practice in the 2-month follow-up survey. CONCLUSIONS This 2-hour communication skills practice session for general surgery residents was feasible, and it improved resident self-assessment of preparedness in communication and augmented self-directed skill practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine, Adult Palliative Care Services, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Katherine Fischkoff
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ana Berlin
- Department of Medicine, Adult Palliative Care Services, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tracey D Arnell
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Craig D Blinderman
- Department of Medicine, Adult Palliative Care Services, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Wlodarczyk D, Lazarewicz M, Rzadkiewicz M, Chylinska J, Adamus M, Jaworski M, Lillefjell M, Haugan G, Espnes GA. Teaching general practitioners to activate older patients: The intervening role of changes in perceived communication skills. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:1687-1694. [PMID: 31036331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report examined whether a change in the perceived communication behaviour (PeCoBe) of general practitioners (GPs) influenced the effect of the Promoting Active Aging (PRACTA) intervention on activation of older patients as perceived by GPs. METHODS Pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were filled out by 225 GPs, who were assigned to three groups, e-learning, pdf-article, and control. GPs self-reported their communication behaviour and their perceptions of the attitudes of older patients toward treatment and health. RESULTS Participation in the e-learning intervention showed an increase in the PeCoBe of GPs, while reading the pdf-article resulted in a decrease of such behaviours. An increase in the PeCoBe of GPs was positively related to an increase in their perception of an active attitude among older patients. The indirect effects observed for e-learning and pdf-article interventions had opposite directions. CONCLUSION Both types of PRACTA intervention exerted an impact on GPs' perception of the attitudes of older patients, and change in PeCoBe of GPs could be considered as a mechanism driving this effect. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The methods based on a combination of knowledge delivery and modelling of communication skills are strongly recommended forms of teaching for GPs on how to communicate with and activate seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wlodarczyk
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Lazarewicz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Rzadkiewicz
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Chylinska
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Adamus
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaworski
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Communication, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Litewska 14-16, 00-575 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Monica Lillefjell
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU Center for Health Promotion Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tungasletta 2, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gørill Haugan
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Center for Health Promotion Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tungasletta 2, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir A Espnes
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Center for Health Promotion Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Tungasletta 2, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Hedegaard J. Communication about patients during ward rounds and verbal handovers: A gender perspective. J Interprof Care 2019; 33:753-761. [DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2019.1593116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hedegaard
- School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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Moore PM, Rivera S, Bravo‐Soto GA, Olivares C, Lawrie TA. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD003751. [PMID: 30039853 PMCID: PMC6513291 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003751.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the third update of a review that was originally published in the Cochrane Library in 2002, Issue 2. People with cancer, their families and carers have a high prevalence of psychological stress, which may be minimised by effective communication and support from their attending healthcare professionals (HCPs). Research suggests communication skills do not reliably improve with experience, therefore, considerable effort is dedicated to courses that may improve communication skills for HCPs involved in cancer care. A variety of communication skills training (CST) courses are in practice. We conducted this review to determine whether CST works and which types of CST, if any, are the most effective. OBJECTIVES To assess whether communication skills training is effective in changing behaviour of HCPs working in cancer care and in improving HCP well-being, patient health status and satisfaction. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2018, Issue 4), MEDLINE via Ovid, Embase via Ovid, PsycInfo and CINAHL up to May 2018. In addition, we searched the US National Library of Medicine Clinical Trial Registry and handsearched the reference lists of relevant articles and conference proceedings for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA The original review was a narrative review that included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled before-and-after studies. In updated versions, we limited our criteria to RCTs evaluating CST compared with no CST or other CST in HCPs working in cancer care. Primary outcomes were changes in HCP communication skills measured in interactions with real or simulated people with cancer or both, using objective scales. We excluded studies whose focus was communication skills in encounters related to informed consent for research. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials and extracted data to a pre-designed data collection form. We pooled data using the random-effects method. For continuous data, we used standardised mean differences (SMDs). MAIN RESULTS We included 17 RCTs conducted mainly in outpatient settings. Eleven trials compared CST with no CST intervention; three trials compared the effect of a follow-up CST intervention after initial CST training; two trials compared the effect of CST and patient coaching; and one trial compared two types of CST. The types of CST courses evaluated in these trials were diverse. Study participants included oncologists, residents, other doctors, nurses and a mixed team of HCPs. Overall, 1240 HCPs participated (612 doctors including 151 residents, 532 nurses, and 96 mixed HCPs).Ten trials contributed data to the meta-analyses. HCPs in the intervention groups were more likely to use open questions in the post-intervention interviews than the control group (SMD 0.25, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.48; P = 0.03, I² = 62%; 5 studies, 796 participant interviews; very low-certainty evidence); more likely to show empathy towards their patients (SMD 0.18, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.32; P = 0.008, I² = 0%; 6 studies, 844 participant interviews; moderate-certainty evidence), and less likely to give facts only (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.01; P = 0.05, I² = 68%; 5 studies, 780 participant interviews; low-certainty evidence). Evidence suggesting no difference between CST and no CST on eliciting patient concerns and providing appropriate information was of a moderate-certainty. There was no evidence of differences in the other HCP communication skills, including clarifying and/or summarising information, and negotiation. Doctors and nurses did not perform differently for any HCP outcomes.There were no differences between the groups with regard to HCP 'burnout' (low-certainty evidence) nor with regard to patient satisfaction or patient perception of the HCPs communication skills (very low-certainty evidence). Out of the 17 included RCTs 15 were considered to be at a low risk of overall bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Various CST courses appear to be effective in improving HCP communication skills related to supportive skills and to help HCPs to be less likely to give facts only without individualising their responses to the patient's emotions or offering support. We were unable to determine whether the effects of CST are sustained over time, whether consolidation sessions are necessary, and which types of CST programs are most likely to work. We found no evidence to support a beneficial effect of CST on HCP 'burnout', the mental or physical health and satisfaction of people with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Moore
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Solange Rivera
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Gonzalo A Bravo‐Soto
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileCentro Evidencia UCDiagonal Paraguay476SantiagoMetropolitanaChile7770371
| | - Camila Olivares
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de ChileFamily MedicineLira 44SantiagoChile
| | - Theresa A Lawrie
- Evidence‐Based Medicine ConsultancyThe Old BarnPipehouse, FreshfordBathUKBA2 7UJ
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Selman LE, Brighton LJ, Hawkins A, McDonald C, O'Brien S, Robinson V, Khan SA, George R, Ramsenthaler C, Higginson IJ, Koffman J. The Effect of Communication Skills Training for Generalist Palliative Care Providers on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Clinician Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:404-416.e5. [PMID: 28778560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT As most end-of-life care is provided by health care providers who are generalists rather than specialists in palliative care, effective communication skills training for generalists is essential. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of communication training interventions for generalist palliative care providers on patient-reported outcomes and trainee behaviors. METHODS Systematic review from searches of 10 databases to December 2015 (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, ICTRP, CORDIS, and OpenGrey) plus hand searching. Randomized controlled trials of training interventions intended to enhance generalists' communication skills in end-of-life care were included. Two authors independently assessed eligibility after screening, extracted data, and graded quality. Data were pooled for meta-analysis using a random-effects model. PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Nineteen of 11,441 articles were eligible, representing 14 trials. Eleven were included in meta-analyses (patients n = 3144, trainees n = 791). Meta-analysis showed no effect on patient outcomes (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.10, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.24) and high levels of heterogeneity (chi-square = 21.32, degrees of freedom [df] = 7, P = 0.003; I2 = 67%). The effect on trainee behaviors in simulated interactions (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.19-0.81) was greater than in real patient interactions (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.43) with moderate heterogeneity (chi-square = 8.90, df = 5, P = 0.11; I2 = 44%; chi-square = 5.96, df = 3, P = 0.11; I2 = 50%, respectively). Two interventions with medium effects on showing empathy in real patient interactions included personalized feedback on recorded interactions. CONCLUSIONS The effect of communication skills training for generalists on patient-reported outcomes remains unclear. Training can improve clinicians' ability to show empathy and discuss emotions, at least in simulated consultations. Personalized feedback on recorded patient interactions may be beneficial. REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014014777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ellen Selman
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Lisa J Brighton
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Hawkins
- Phyllis Tuckwell Hospice, Farnham, United Kingdom; Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley, United Kingdom
| | - Christine McDonald
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne O'Brien
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Robinson
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaheen A Khan
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob George
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom; St Christopher's Hospice, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene J Higginson
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Koffman
- King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Ditton-Phare P, Loughland C, Duvivier R, Kelly B. Communication skills in the training of psychiatrists: A systematic review of current approaches. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51:675-692. [PMID: 28462636 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417707820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A range of communication skills training programmes have been developed targeting trainees in various medical specialties, predominantly in oncology but to a lesser extent in psychiatry. Effective communication is fundamental to the assessment and treatment of psychiatric conditions, but there has been less attention to this in clinical practice for psychiatrists in training. This review examines the outcomes of communication skills training interventions in psychiatric specialty training. METHODS The published English-language literature was examined using multiple online databases, grey literature and hand searches. The review was conducted and reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Studies examining the efficacy of communication skills training were included. Randomised controlled trials, pseudo-randomised studies and quasi-experimental studies, as well as observational analytical studies and qualitative studies that met criteria, were selected and critically appraised. No limits were applied for date of publication up until 16 July 2016. RESULTS Total search results yielded 2574 records. Of these, 12 studies were identified and reviewed. Two were randomised controlled trials and the remaining 10 were one-group pretest/posttest designs or posttest-only designs, including self-report evaluations of communication skills training and objective evaluations of trainee skills. There were no studies with outcomes related to behaviour change or patient outcomes. Two randomised controlled trials reported an improvement in clinician empathy and psychotherapeutic interviewing skills due to specific training protocols focused on those areas. Non-randomised studies showed varying levels of skills gains and self-reported trainee satisfaction ratings with programmes, with the intervention being some form of communication skills training. CONCLUSION The heterogeneity of communication skills training is a barrier to evaluating the efficacy of different communication skills training programmes. Further validation studies examining specific models and frameworks would support a stronger evidence base for communication skills training in psychiatry. It remains a challenge to develop research to investigate behaviour change over time in clinical practice or to measure patient outcomes due to the effects of communication skills training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Ditton-Phare
- 1 Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,2 School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3 Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Carmel Loughland
- 1 Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,2 School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3 Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Robbert Duvivier
- 2 School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Kelly
- 1 Hunter New England Mental Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,2 School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,3 Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Gorniewicz J, Floyd M, Krishnan K, Bishop TW, Tudiver F, Lang F. Breaking bad news to patients with cancer: A randomized control trial of a brief communication skills training module incorporating the stories and preferences of actual patients. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2017; 100:655-666. [PMID: 27876220 PMCID: PMC5407084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the effectiveness of a brief, learner-centered, breaking bad news (BBN) communication skills training module using objective evaluation measures. METHODS This randomized control study (N=66) compared intervention and control groups of students (n=28) and residents' (n=38) objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) performance of communication skills using Common Ground Assessment and Breaking Bad News measures. RESULTS Follow-up performance scores of intervention group students improved significantly regarding BBN (colon cancer (CC), p=0.007, r=-0.47; breast cancer (BC), p=0.003, r=-0.53), attention to patient responses after BBN (CC, p<0.001, r=-0.74; BC, p=0.001, r=-0.65), and addressing feelings (BC, p=0.006, r=-0.48). At CC follow-up assessment, performance scores of intervention group residents improved significantly regarding BBN (p=0.004, r=-0.43), communication related to emotions (p=0.034, r=-0.30), determining patient's readiness to proceed after BBN and communication preferences (p=0.041, r=-0.28), active listening (p=0.011, r=-0.37), addressing feelings (p<0.001, r=-0.65), and global interview performance (p=0.001, r=-0.51). CONCLUSION This brief BBN training module is an effective method of improving BBN communication skills among medical students and residents. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Implementation of this brief individualized training module within health education programs could lead to improved communication skills and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gorniewicz
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA.
| | - Michael Floyd
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Bishop
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Fred Tudiver
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
| | - Forrest Lang
- Department of Family Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, USA
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Brown CE, Back AL, Ford DW, Kross EK, Downey L, Shannon SE, Curtis JR, Engelberg RA. Self-Assessment Scores Improve After Simulation-Based Palliative Care Communication Skill Workshops. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2016; 35:45-51. [PMID: 28273752 DOI: 10.1177/1049909116681972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a randomized trial of a simulation-based multisession workshop to improve palliative care communication skills (Codetalk). Standardized patient assessments demonstrated improved communication skills for trainees receiving the intervention; however, patient and family assessments failed to demonstrate improvement. This article reports findings from trainees' self-assessments. AIM To examine whether Codetalk resulted in improved self-assessed communication competence by trainees. DESIGN Trainees were recruited from the University of Washington and the Medical University of South Carolina. Internal medicine residents, medicine subspecialty fellows, nurse practitioner students, or community-based advanced practice nurses were randomized to Codetalk, a simulation-based workshop, or usual education. The outcome measure was self-assessed competence discussing palliative care needs with patients and was assessed at the start and end of the academic year. We used robust linear regression models to predict self-assessed competency, both as a latent construct and as individual indicators, including randomization status and baseline self-assessed competency. RESULTS We randomized 472 trainees to the intervention (n = 232) or usual education (n = 240). The intervention was associated with an improvement in trainee's overall self-assessment of competence in communication skills ( P < .001). The intervention was also associated with an improvement in trainee self-assessments of 3 of the 4 skill-specific indicators-expressing empathy, discussing spiritual issues, and eliciting goals of care. CONCLUSION Simulation-based communication training was associated with improved self-assessed competency in overall and specific communication skills in this randomized trial. Further research is needed to fully understand the importance and limitations of self-assessed competence in relation to other outcomes of improved communication skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal E Brown
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Anthony L Back
- 2 Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Dee W Ford
- 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Erin K Kross
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Lois Downey
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Sarah E Shannon
- 4 School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J Randall Curtis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Ruth A Engelberg
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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Communication Skills Training for Physicians Improves Patient Satisfaction. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:755-61. [PMID: 26921153 PMCID: PMC4907940 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skilled physician communication is a key component of patient experience. Large-scale studies of exposure to communication skills training and its impact on patient satisfaction have not been conducted. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the impact of experiential relationship-centered physician communication skills training on patient satisfaction and physician experience. DESIGN This was an observational study. SETTING The study was conducted at a large, multispecialty academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 1537 attending physicians who participated in, and 1951 physicians who did not participate in, communication skills training between 1 August 2013 and 30 April 2014. INTERVENTION An 8-h block of interactive didactics, live or video skill demonstrations, and small group and large group skills practice sessions using a relationship-centered model. MAIN MEASURES Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS), Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CGCAHPS), Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), self-efficacy, and post course satisfaction. KEY RESULTS Following the course, adjusted overall CGCAHPS scores for physician communication were higher for intervention physicians than for controls (92.09 vs. 91.09, p < 0.03). No significant interactions were noted between physician specialty or baseline CGCAHPS and improvement following the course. Significant improvement in the post-course HCAHPS Respect domain adjusted mean was seen in intervention versus control groups (91.08 vs. 88.79, p = 0.02) and smaller, non-statistically significant improvements were also seen for adjusted HCAHPS communication scores (83.95 vs. 82.73, p = 0.22). Physicians reported high course satisfaction and showed significant improvement in empathy (116.4 ± 12.7 vs. 124 ± 11.9, p < 0.001) and burnout, including all measures of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Less depersonalization and greater personal accomplishment were sustained for at least 3 months. CONCLUSIONS System-wide relationship-centered communication skills training improved patient satisfaction scores, improved physician empathy, self-efficacy, and reduced physician burnout. Further research is necessary to examine longer-term sustainability of such interventions.
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Feraco AM, Brand SR, Mack JW, Kesselheim JC, Block SD, Wolfe J. Communication Skills Training in Pediatric Oncology: Moving Beyond Role Modeling. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:966-72. [PMID: 26822066 PMCID: PMC5861499 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Communication is central to pediatric oncology care. Pediatric oncologists disclose life-threatening diagnoses, explain complicated treatment options, and endeavor to give honest prognoses, to maintain hope, to describe treatment complications, and to support families in difficult circumstances ranging from loss of function and fertility to treatment-related or disease-related death. However, parents, patients, and providers report substantial communication deficits. Poor communication outcomes may stem, in part, from insufficient communication skills training, overreliance on role modeling, and failure to utilize best practices. This review summarizes evidence for existing methods to enhance communication skills and calls for revitalizing communication skills training within pediatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Feraco
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Ariadne Labs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA
| | - Sarah R. Brand
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer W. Mack
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Center for Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer C. Kesselheim
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Center for Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Susan D. Block
- Ariadne Labs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,Harvard Medical School Center for Palliative Care
| | - Joanne Wolfe
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Brighton LJ, Bristowe K. Communication in palliative care: talking about the end of life, before the end of life. Postgrad Med J 2016; 92:466-70. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Liénard A, Delevallez F, Razavi D, Gibon AS, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Etienne AM, Bragard I, Reynaert C, Slachmuylder JL, Durieux JF, Farvacques C, Scalliet P, Van Houtte P, Coucke P, Merckaert I. Is it possible to improve communication around radiotherapy delivery: A randomized study to assess the efficacy of team training? Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:361-7. [PMID: 27072941 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a 38-h communication skills training program designed for multidisciplinary radiotherapy teams. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four radiotherapy teams were randomly assigned to a training program or to a waiting list. Assessments were scheduled at baseline (T1) and then after the training was completed or four months later (T2), respectively. Communication around radiotherapy delivery was assessed based on audio recordings of the first and last radiotherapy sessions in order to assess team members' communication skills and the expression of concerns by breast cancer patients (analyzed with content analysis software LaComm). RESULTS 198 radiotherapy sessions were recorded. During the first radiotherapy sessions, members of the trained teams exhibited more assessment skills (p=0.048), provided more setting information (p<0.001), and used more social words (p=0.019) compared to the members of the untrained teams. During the last radiotherapy session, members of the trained teams used more assessment skills (p=0.004) and patients interacting with members of the trained teams expressed more sadness words (p=0.023). CONCLUSION Training of multidisciplinary teams has the potential to transfer skills that affect the short exchanges that take place around radiotherapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Liénard
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - France Delevallez
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium
| | - Darius Razavi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Gibon
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium
| | - Yves Libert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nicole Delvaux
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Service de Psychologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Marchal
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Hôpital Universitaire Erasme, Service de Psychologie, Brussels, Belgium; C.P.O. (Centre de Psycho-Oncologie), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Etienne
- Université de Liège, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bragard
- Université de Liège, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium
| | - Christine Reynaert
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Université Catholique de Louvain, Faculté de Médecine, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Scalliet
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Faculté de Médecine, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Paul Van Houtte
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de Médecine, Belgium
| | | | - Isabelle Merckaert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Belgium; Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Lamba S, Tyrie LS, Bryczkowski S, Nagurka R. Teaching Surgery Residents the Skills to Communicate Difficult News to Patient and Family Members: A Literature Review. J Palliat Med 2016; 19:101-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2015.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Lamba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Leslie S. Tyrie
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sarah Bryczkowski
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Roxanne Nagurka
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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Maatouk-Bürmann B, Ringel N, Spang J, Weiss C, Möltner A, Riemann U, Langewitz W, Schultz JH, Jünger J. Improving patient-centered communication: Results of a randomized controlled trial. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2016; 99:117-24. [PMID: 26490488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patient-centered communication is a key element for improving the quality of care in terms of therapeutic relationship, patient participation, and treatment process. Postgraduate trainings provide an essential way of promoting patient centeredness on the job where learning opportunities are often limited by time, patient volume, and economic pressure. In the present study, changes in patient centeredness during clinical routines of postgraduate physicians (internal medicine) after a three-day communication training were assessed. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted in a primary care clinic. The intervention consisted of a communication training that aimed to enhance patient centeredness in postgraduate physicians. The training was based on a need assessment and the principles of deliberate practice. Workplace-based assessment of physicians' communication behavior was obtained using the Roter Interaction Analysis System. RESULTS Three months after the intervention, trained physicians showed significantly increased patient centeredness (F=5.36, p=.04; d=0.42). CONCLUSION The communication training significantly improved patient centeredness during routine clinical practice. Thus, this training provides a structured and theory-based concept to foster patient centeredness. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The results support the implementation of communication trainings as a part of faculty development and medical specialization training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Maatouk-Bürmann
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nadja Ringel
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Spang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Weiss
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Möltner
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urs Riemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, SLK Clinic Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Wolf Langewitz
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jobst-Hendrik Schultz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Jünger
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatic, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Loureiro E, Severo M, Ferreira MA. Attitudes of Portuguese medical residents' towards clinical communication skills. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2015; 98:1039-1043. [PMID: 25952927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the attitudes and perceptions of Portuguese residents towards Clinical Communication Skills (CCS) and the need for complementary training. METHODS 78 medical residents responded to an on-line questionnaire which comprised demographic data, open-ended questions and a Portuguese version of the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS). RESULTS Residents gave significantly higher scores (P<0.001) on CSAS1 (attitudes towards communication skills in general, compared to CSAS2 (attitudes towards the teaching/learning process of CCS). Residents doing their residency training in other parts of the country, other than the north, reveal a higher perception of insufficient training (72.7% vs. 38.7%, P=0.036). CONCLUSION Residents showed more positive attitudes towards communication skills than towards the teaching/learning process. They admit to need more training in CCS in their residency year and highlight that the clinical cycle of undergraduate education should integrate these topics. Content analysis indicates that residents' perceptions are context-influenced. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Integration of CCS in the undergraduate education, enhanced during post-graduate training. Training of clinical faculty and supervisors/tutors and the role that stakeholders have to play in order to promote continuous training in CCS; encourage patient-centeredness and reflective practice, as to facilitate transfer of acquired skills to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabete Loureiro
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Milton Severo
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Amélia Ferreira
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Merckaert I, Delevallez F, Gibon AS, Liénard A, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Marchal S, Etienne AM, Bragard I, Reynaert C, Slachmuylder JL, Scalliet P, Van Houtte P, Coucke P, Razavi D. Transfer of Communication Skills to the Workplace: Impact of a 38-Hour Communication Skills Training Program Designed for Radiotherapy Teams. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:901-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study assessed the efficacy of a 38-hour communication skills training program designed to train a multidisciplinary radiotherapy team. Methods Four radiotherapy teams were randomly assigned to a training program or a waiting list. Assessments were scheduled at baseline and after training for the training group and at baseline and 4 months later for the waiting list group. Assessments included an audio recording of a radiotherapy planning session to assess team members' communication skills and expression of concerns of patients with breast cancer (analyzed with content analysis software) and an adapted European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer satisfaction with care questionnaire completed by patients at the end of radiotherapy. Results Two hundred thirty-seven radiotherapy planning sessions were recorded. Compared with members of the untrained teams, members of the trained teams acquired, over time, more assessment skills (P = .003) and more supportive skills (P = .050) and provided more setting information (P = .010). Over time, patients interacting with members of the trained teams asked more open questions (P = .022), expressed more emotional words (P = .025), and exhibited a higher satisfaction level regarding nurses' interventions (P = .028). Conclusion The 38-hour training program facilitated transfer of team member learned communication skills to the clinical practice and improved patients' satisfaction with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Merckaert
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - France Delevallez
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Anne-Sophie Gibon
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Aurore Liénard
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Yves Libert
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Nicole Delvaux
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Serge Marchal
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Anne-Marie Etienne
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Isabelle Bragard
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Christine Reynaert
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Jean-Louis Slachmuylder
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Pierre Scalliet
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Paul Van Houtte
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Philippe Coucke
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
| | - Darius Razavi
- Isabelle Merckaert, France Delevallez, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Nicole Delvaux, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Isabelle Merckaert, Anne-Sophie Gibon, Aurore Liénard, Yves Libert, Paul Van Houtte, and Darius Razavi, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Nicole Delvaux, Hôpital Universitaire Erasme; Serge Marchal and Jean-Louis Slachmuylder, Centre de Psycho-Oncologie; Christine Reynaert and Pierre Scalliet, Université Catholique de
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Gillis AE, Morris MC, Ridgway PF. Communication skills assessment in the final postgraduate years to established practice: a systematic review. Postgrad Med J 2014; 91:13-21. [DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kelm Z, Womer J, Walter JK, Feudtner C. Interventions to cultivate physician empathy: a systematic review. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 14:219. [PMID: 25315848 PMCID: PMC4201694 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician empathy is both theoretically and empirically critical to patient health, but research indicates that empathy declines throughout medical school and is lower than ideal among physicians. In this paper, we synthesize the published literature regarding interventions that were quantitatively evaluated to detect changes in empathy among medical students, residents, fellows and physicians. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and PsychINFO in June of 2014 to identify articles that quantitatively assessed changes in empathy due to interventions among medical students, residents, fellows and physicians. RESULTS Of the 1,415 articles identified, 64 met inclusion criteria. We qualitatively synthesized the findings of qualified studies by extracting data for ten study metrics: 1) source population, 2) sample size, 3) control group, 4) random assignment, 5) intervention type, 6) intervention duration, 7) assessment strategy, 8) type of outcome measure, 9) outcome assessment time frame, and 10) whether a statistically significant increase in empathy was reported. Overall, the 64 included studies were characterized by relatively poor research designs, insufficient reporting of intervention procedures, low incidence of patient-report empathy assessment measures, and inadequate evaluations of long-term efficacy. 8 of 10 studies with highly rigorous designs, however, found that targeted interventions did increase empathy. CONCLUSIONS Physician empathy appears to be an important aspect of patient and physician well-being. Although the current empathy intervention literature is limited by a variety of methodological weaknesses, a sample of high-quality study designs provides initial support for the notion that physician empathy can be enhanced through interventions. Future research should strive to increase the sample of high-quality designs through more randomized, controlled studies with valid measures, explicit reporting of intervention strategies and procedures, and long-term efficacy assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak Kelm
- />Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH USA
| | - James Womer
- />Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- />Department of Medical Ethics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jennifer K Walter
- />Department of Medical Ethics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Chris Feudtner
- />Department of Medical Ethics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
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van den Eertwegh V, van Dalen J, van Dulmen S, van der Vleuten C, Scherpbier A. Residents' perceived barriers to communication skills learning: comparing two medical working contexts in postgraduate training. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2014; 95:91-7. [PMID: 24468200 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contextual factors are known to influence the acquisition and application of communication skills in clinical settings. Little is known about residents' perceptions of these factors. This article aims to explore residents' perceptions of contextual factors affecting the acquisition and application of communication skills in the medical workplace. METHOD We conducted an exploratory study comprising seven focus groups with residents in two different specialities: general practice (n=23) and surgery (n=18). RESULTS Residents perceive the use of summative assessment checklists that reduce communication skills to behavioural components as impeding the learning of their communication skills. Residents perceive encouragement to deliberately practise in an environment in which the value of communication skills is recognised and support is institutionalised with appropriate feedback from role models as the most important enhancing factors in communication skills learning. CONCLUSION To gradually realise a clinical working environment in which the above results are incorporated, we propose to use transformative learning theory to guide further studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Provided it is used continuously, an approach that combines self-directed learning with observation and discussion of resident-patient consultations seems an effective method for transformative learning of communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan van Dalen
- Skillslab, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Dulmen
- NIVEL (Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Buskerud University College, Drammen, Norway
| | - Cees van der Vleuten
- Department of Educational Development and Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Scherpbier
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Several factors complicate the attainment of expertise in clinical communication. Medical curricula and postgraduate training insufficiently provide the required learning conditions of deliberate practice to overcome these obstacles. In this paper we provide recommendations for learning objectives and teaching methods for the attainment of professional expertise in patient education. Firstly, we propose to use functional learning objectives derived from the goals and strategies of clinical communication. Secondly, we recommend using teaching and assessment methods which: (1) contain stimulating learning tasks with opportunities for immediate feedback, reflection and corrections, and (2) give ample opportunity for repetition, gradual refinements and practice in challenging situations. Video-on-the-job fits these requirements and can be used to improve the competency in patient education of residents and medical staff in clinical practice. However, video-on-the-job can only be successful if the working environment supports the teaching and learning of communication and if medical staff which supervises the residents, is motivated to improve their own communication and didactic skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Wouda
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Is it possible to improve the breaking bad news skills of residents when a relative is present? A randomised study. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2507-14. [PMID: 24129243 PMCID: PMC3833209 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although patients with cancer are often accompanied by a relative during breaking bad news (BBN) consultations, little is known regarding the efficacy of training programmes designed to teach residents the communication skills needed to break bad news in a triadic consultation. METHODS Residents were randomly assigned to a 40-h dyadic and triadic communication skills training programme (n=48) or a waiting list (n=47). A simulated BBN triadic consultation was audiotaped at baseline, and after training for the training group, and 8 months after baseline for the waiting list group. Transcripts were analysed using content analysis software (LaComm). A coder determined the moment of bad news delivery and the relative's first turn of speech regarding the bad news. A generalised estimating equation was used to evaluate residents' communication skills, BBN timing, and the relative's inclusion in the consultation. RESULTS Ninety-five residents were included. After training, the duration of the pre-delivery phase was found to be longer for the trained residents (relative risk (RR)=3.04; P<0.001). The simulated relative's first turn of speech about the bad news came more often during the pre-delivery phase (RR=6.68; P=0.008), and was more often initiated by the trained residents (RR=19.17; P<0.001). Trained residents also used more assessment (RR=1.83; P<0.001) and supportive utterances (RR=1.58; P<0.001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a training programme that focuses on the practice of dyadic and triadic communication skills can improve the communication skills of the participating residents in a BBN triadic consultation. Such a training should be included in resident curriculum.
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Meunier J, Merckaert I, Libert Y, Delvaux N, Etienne AM, Liénard A, Bragard I, Marchal S, Reynaert C, Slachmuylder JL, Razavi D. The effect of communication skills training on residents' physiological arousal in a breaking bad news simulated task. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2013; 93:40-7. [PMID: 23726746 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breaking bad news (BBN) is a complex task which involves dealing cognitively with different relevant dimensions and a challenging task which involves dealing with intense emotional contents. No study however has yet assessed in a randomized controlled trial design the effect of a communication skills training on residents' physiological arousal during a BBN task. METHODS Residents' physiological arousal was measured, in a randomized controlled trial design, by heart rate and salivary cortisol before, during and after a BBN simulated task. RESULTS Ninety-eight residents were included. MANOVA showed significant group-by-time effects. Trained residents' mean heart rate levels remained elevated after training and cortisol areas under the curve increased after training compared to untrained residents. CONCLUSION Communication skills training has an effect on residents' physiological arousal. Residents' self-efficacy and communication skills improvements in a BBN simulated task are associated with an elevated physiological arousal, which becomes proportional to the complexity of the task and reflects a better engagement and performance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Residents should be informed that, to perform a task, they need to engage in the task with a physiological arousal proportional to the complexity of this task. Communication skills training should be adapted.
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Moore PM, Rivera Mercado S, Grez Artigues M, Lawrie TA. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD003751. [PMID: 23543521 PMCID: PMC6457800 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003751.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of a review that was originally published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2004, Issue 2. People with cancer, their families and carers have a high prevalence of psychological stress which may be minimised by effective communication and support from their attending healthcare professionals (HCPs). Research suggests communication skills do not reliably improve with experience, therefore, considerable effort is dedicated to courses that may improve communication skills for HCPs involved in cancer care. A variety of communication skills training (CST) courses have been proposed and are in practice. We conducted this review to determine whether CST works and which types of CST, if any, are the most effective. OBJECTIVES To assess whether CST is effective in improving the communication skills of HCPs involved in cancer care, and in improving patient health status and satisfaction. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) Issue 2, 2012, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo and CINAHL to February 2012. The original search was conducted in November 2001. In addition, we handsearched the reference lists of relevant articles and relevant conference proceedings for additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA The original review was a narrative review that included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled before-and-after studies. In this updated version, we limited our criteria to RCTs evaluating 'CST' compared with 'no CST' or other CST in HCPs working in cancer care. Primary outcomes were changes in HCP communication skills measured in interactions with real and/or simulated patients with cancer, using objective scales. We excluded studies whose focus was communication skills in encounters related to informed consent for research. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials and extracted data to a pre-designed data collection form. We pooled data using the random-effects model and, for continuous data, we used standardised mean differences (SMDs). MAIN RESULTS We included 15 RCTs (42 records), conducted mainly in outpatient settings. Eleven studies compared CST with no CST intervention, three studies compared the effect of a follow-up CST intervention after initial CST training, and one study compared two types of CST. The types of CST courses evaluated in these trials were diverse. Study participants included oncologists (six studies), residents (one study) other doctors (one study), nurses (six studies) and a mixed team of HCPs (one study). Overall, 1147 HCPs participated (536 doctors, 522 nurses and 80 mixed HCPs).Ten studies contributed data to the meta-analyses. HCPs in the CST group were statistically significantly more likely to use open questions in the post-intervention interviews than the control group (five studies, 679 participant interviews; P = 0.04, I² = 65%) and more likely to show empathy towards patients (six studies, 727 participant interviews; P = 0.004, I² = 0%); we considered this evidence to be of moderate and high quality, respectively. Doctors and nurses did not perform statistically significantly differently for any HCP outcomes.There were no statistically significant differences in the other HCP communication skills except for the subgroup of participant interviews with simulated patients, where the intervention group was significantly less likely to present 'facts only' compared with the control group (four studies, 344 participant interviews; P = 0.01, I² = 70%).There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to outcomes assessing HCP 'burnout', patient satisfaction or patient perception of the HCPs communication skills. Patients in the control group experienced a greater reduction in mean anxiety scores in a meta-analyses of two studies (169 participant interviews; P = 0.02; I² = 8%); we considered this evidence to be of a very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Various CST courses appear to be effective in improving some types of HCP communication skills related to information gathering and supportive skills. We were unable to determine whether the effects of CST are sustained over time, whether consolidation sessions are necessary, and which types of CST programs are most likely to work. We found no evidence to support a beneficial effect of CST on HCP 'burnout', patients' mental or physical health, and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Moore
- Family Medicine, P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Lira 44, Santiago, Chile.
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van den Eertwegh V, van Dulmen S, van Dalen J, Scherpbier AJJA, van der Vleuten CPM. Learning in context: identifying gaps in research on the transfer of medical communication skills to the clinical workplace. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2013; 90:184-92. [PMID: 22796303 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to reduce the inconsistencies of findings and the apparent low transfer of communication skills from training to medical practice, this narrative review identifies some main gaps in research on medical communication skills training and presents insights from theories on learning and transfer to broaden the view for future research. METHODS Relevant literature was identified using Pubmed, GoogleScholar, Cochrane database, and Web of Science; and analyzed using an iterative procedure. RESULTS Research findings on the effectiveness of medical communication training still show inconsistencies and variability. Contemporary theories on learning based on a constructivist paradigm offer the following insights: acquisition of knowledge and skills should be viewed as an ongoing process of exchange between the learner and his environment, so called lifelong learning. This process can neither be atomized nor separated from the context in which it occurs. Four contemporary approaches are presented as examples. CONCLUSION The following shift in focus for future research is proposed: beyond isolated single factor effectiveness studies toward constructivist, non-reductionistic studies integrating the context. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Future research should investigate how constructivist approaches can be used in the medical context to increase effective learning and transition of communication skills.
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Wouda JC, van de Wiel HBM. Education in patient-physician communication: how to improve effectiveness? PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2013; 90:46-53. [PMID: 23068910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite educational efforts expertise in communication as required by the CanMEDS competency framework is not achieved by medical students and residents. Several factors complicate the learning of professional communication. METHODS We adapted the reflective-impulsive model of social behaviour to explain the complexities of learning professional communication behaviour. We formulated recommendations for the learning objectives and teaching methods of communication education. Our recommendations are based on the reflective-impulsive model and on the model of deliberate practice which complements the reflective-impulsive model. Our recommendations are substantiated by those we found in the literature. RESULTS The reflective-impulsive model explains why the results of communication education fall below expectations and how expertise in communication can be attained by deliberate practice. The model of deliberate practice specifies learning conditions which are insufficiently fulfilled in current communication programmes. CONCLUSION The implementation of our recommendations would require a great deal of effort. Therefore we doubt whether expertise in professional communication can be fully attained during medical training. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS We propose that the CanMEDS communication competencies not be regarded as endpoints in medical education but as guidelines to improve communication competency through deliberate practice throughout a professional career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Wouda
- Wenckebach Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Y, Qu B, Lun S, Wang D, Guo Y, Liu J. Quality of life of medical students in China: a study using the WHOQOL-BREF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49714. [PMID: 23209595 PMCID: PMC3507917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) of medical students during their medical education and explore the influencing factors of the QOL of students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2011. The study population was composed of 1686 medical students in years 1 to 5 at China Medical University. The Chinese version of WHOQOL-BREF instrument was used to assess the QOL of medical students. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were assessed by Cronbach’s α coefficient and factor analysis respectively. The relationships between QOL and the factors including gender, academic year level, and specialty were examined using t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman–Keuls test. Statistic analysis was performed by SPSS 13.0. Results The overall Cronbach’s α coefficient of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was 0.731. The confirmatory factor analysis provided an acceptable fit to a four-factor model in the medical student sample. The scores of different academic years were significantly different in the psychological health and social relations domains (p<0.05). Third year students had the lowest scores in psychological health and social relations domains. The scores of different specialties had significant differences in psychological health and social relations domains (p<0.05). Students from clinical medicine had the highest scores. Gender, interest in the area of study, confidence in career development, hometown location, and physical exercise were significantly associated with the quality of life of students in some domains (p<0.05). Conclusions The WHOQOL-BREF was reliable and valid in the assessment of the QOL of Chinese medical students. In order to cope with the influencing factors of the QOL, medical schools should carry out curriculum innovation and give the necessary support for medical students, especially for 3rd year students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Research Centre for Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Research Centre for Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shisi Lun
- Research Centre for Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Research Centre for Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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van der Leeuw RM, Lombarts KMJMH, Arah OA, Heineman MJ. A systematic review of the effects of residency training on patient outcomes. BMC Med 2012; 10:65. [PMID: 22742521 PMCID: PMC3391170 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents are vital to the clinical workforce of today and tomorrow. Although in training to become specialists, they also provide much of the daily patient care. Residency training aims to prepare residents to provide a high quality of care. It is essential to assess the patient outcome aspects of residency training, to evaluate the effect or impact of global investments made in training programs. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effects of relevant aspects of residency training on patient outcomes. METHODS The literature was searched from December 2004 to February 2011 using MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase and the Education Resources Information Center databases with terms related to residency training and (post) graduate medical education and patient outcomes, including mortality, morbidity, complications, length of stay and patient satisfaction. Included studies evaluated the impact of residency training on patient outcomes. RESULTS Ninety-seven articles were included from 182 full-text articles of the initial 2,001 hits. All studies were of average or good quality and the majority had an observational study design. Ninety-six studies provided insight into the effect of 'the level of experience of residents' on patient outcomes during residency training. Within these studies, the start of the academic year was not without risk (five out of 19 studies), but individual progression of residents (seven studies) as well as progression through residency training (nine out of 10 studies) had a positive effect on patient outcomes. Compared with faculty, residents' care resulted mostly in similar patient outcomes when dedicated supervision and additional operation time were arranged for (34 out of 43 studies). After new, modified or improved training programs, patient outcomes remained unchanged or improved (16 out of 17 studies). Only one study focused on physicians' prior training site when assessing the quality of patient care. In this study, training programs were ranked by complication rates of their graduates, thus linking patient outcomes back to where physicians were trained. CONCLUSIONS The majority of studies included in this systematic review drew attention to the fact that patient care appears safe and of equal quality when delivered by residents. A minority of results pointed to some negative patient outcomes from the involvement of residents. Adequate supervision, room for extra operation time, and evaluation of and attention to the individual competence of residents throughout residency training could positively serve patient outcomes. Limited evidence is available on the effect of residency training on later practice. Both qualitative and quantitative research designs are needed to clarify which aspects of residency training best prepare doctors to deliver high quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M van der Leeuw
- Professional Performance Research Group, Department of Quality Management and Process Innovation, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Chatterjee S, Choudhury N. Medical communication skills training in the Indian setting: Need of the hour. Asian J Transfus Sci 2011; 5:8-10. [PMID: 21572706 PMCID: PMC3082727 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.75968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in science and technology have revolutionized medical services in the last two decades. Medical education in the undergraduate and postgraduate courses has tried to keep pace with the changes and several curriculum modifications have taken effect. One of the commonly seen changes include active participation in "communication skills" training and implementation of the same in practice. This article discusses the practical issues one would face in day-to-day medical communication and highlights the necessity of the same in the Indian setting, with a focus on transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandita Choudhury
- Ex faculty, Nirma University, Ahmedabad; Highland Woods, Newtown, Kolkata, India
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