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Morris G, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Redox regulation of the immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1079-1101. [PMID: 36056148 PMCID: PMC9508259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The aim of this mechanistic review is to examine: (a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes, ROS/RNS production, and the activity of cellular antioxidants in the activation and performance of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells; (b) the involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and oxidized phospholipids in regulating the immune response; and (c) the detrimental effects of hypernitrosylation and chronic nitro-oxidative stress on the immune response. The redox changes during immune-inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the actions of nuclear factor-κB, HIF1α, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The performance and survival of individual immune cells is under redox control and depends on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. They are heavily influenced by cellular antioxidants including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and the HDL/ApoA1/PON1 complex. Chronic nitro-oxidative stress and hypernitrosylation inhibit the activity of those antioxidant systems, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial functions, and the metabolism of immune cells. In conclusion, redox-associated mechanisms modulate metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, macrophage and T helper cell polarization, phagocytosis, production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune training and tolerance, chemotaxis, pathogen sensing, antiviral and antibacterial effects, Toll-like receptor activity, and endotoxin tolerance.
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Kumar A, Gupta P, Rana M, Chandra T, Dikshit M, Barthwal MK. Role of pyruvate kinase M2 in oxidized LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation and inflammation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:351-364. [PMID: 31988148 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) links metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease; however, its role in oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage foam cell formation and inflammation is unknown and therefore was studied. In recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-differentiated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, early (1-6 h) Ox-LDL treatment induced PKM2 tyrosine 105 phosphorylation and promotes its nuclear localization. PKM2 regulates aerobic glycolysis and inflammation because PKM2 shRNA or Shikonin abrogated Ox-LDL-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α target genes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose transporter member 1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression, lactate, and secretory IL-1β production. PKM2 inhibition significantly increased Ox-LDL-induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression and NBD-cholesterol efflux to apoA1 and HDL. PKM2 shRNA significantly inhibited Ox-LDL-induced CD36, FASN protein expression, DiI-Ox-LDL binding and uptake, and cellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester content. Therefore, PKM2 regulates lipid uptake and efflux. DASA-58, a PKM2 activator, downregulated LXR-α, ABCA1, and ABCG1, and augmented FASN and CD36 protein expression. Peritoneal macrophages showed similar results. Ox-LDL induced PKM2- SREBP-1 interaction and FASN expression in a PKM2-dependent manner. Therefore, this study suggests a role for PKM2 in Ox-LDL-induced aerobic glycolysis, inflammation, and macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minakshi Rana
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tulika Chandra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Barthwal
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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α-synuclein-lipoprotein interactions and elevated ApoE level in cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson's disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15226-15235. [PMID: 31270237 PMCID: PMC6660770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821409116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important issues in Parkinson’s disease (PD) research are the identification of mechanisms underlying α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in the nervous system and the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers. Both of these issues are addressed in our current manuscript. Using multiple approaches, we present that α-synuclein interacts with lipoproteins within human cerebrospinal fluid and can be taken up by cells in such a state. Moreover, using cerebrospinal fluid samples from 3 large and independent cohorts of patients, we demonstrate that apolipoprotein E is elevated in early, not yet medicated, patients with PD. Finally, using postmortem brain tissue, we provide preliminary histological evidence that apolipoprotein E is enriched in a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons of human substantia nigra. The progressive accumulation, aggregation, and spread of α-synuclein (αSN) are common hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. Moreover, numerous proteins interact with αSN species, influencing its toxicity in the brain. In the present study, we extended analyses of αSN-interacting proteins to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Using coimmunoprecipitation, followed by mass spectrometry, we found that αSN colocalize with apolipoproteins on lipoprotein vesicles. We confirmed these interactions using several methods, including the enrichment of lipoproteins with a recombinant αSN, and the subsequent uptake of prepared vesicles by human dopaminergic neuronal-like cells. Further, we report an increased level of ApoE in CSF from early PD patients compared with matched controls in 3 independent cohorts. Moreover, in contrast to controls, we observed the presence of ApoE-positive neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of PD patients. In conclusion, the cooccurrence of αSN on lipoprotein vesicles, and their uptake by dopaminergic neurons along with an increase of ApoE in early PD, proposes a mechanism(s) for αSN spreading in the extracellular milieu of PD.
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Parohan M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, Foroushani AR, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali M. The synergistic effects of nano-curcumin and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:317-326. [PMID: 31241007 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1627770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Migraine is a disabling neurovascular disorder characterized by increasing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers. Curcumin and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can exert neuroprotective effects through modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the combined effects of nano-curcumin and CoQ10 supplementation on migraine symptoms and quality of life in migraine patients.Methods: One-hundred men and women (mean age 32 years) with episodic migraine based on the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups as (1) combination of nano-curcumin (80 mg) plus CoQ10 (300 mg), (2) nano-curcumin (80 mg), (3) CoQ10 (300 mg) and (4) the control (nano-curcumin and CoQ10 placebo included oral paraffin oil) beside usual prophylactic drugs for 8 weeks. Frequency, severity, duration of headache attacks, the headache diary results (HDR) and headache disability based on migraine-specific questionnaires were assessed at the baseline and end of the study.Results: Ninety-one of 100 patients completed the study. The results showed a significant effect of nano-curcumin and CoQ10 supplementation on frequency, severity, duration of migraine attacks and HDR compared to other groups (All P < 0.001). Nano-curcumin and CoQ10 group also had better scores in migraine-specific questionnaires at the end of the study compared to other groups (All P < 0.001). There were no side effects reported by the participants.Conclusions: These findings suggest a possible synergistic effect of nano-curcumin and CoQ10 on clinical features of migraine.Trial registration number: IRCT2017080135444N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Parohan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Sarraf
- Iranian Center of Neurological research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Ranji-Burachaloo
- Iranian Center of Neurological research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Modified LDL Immune Complexes and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1680-1692. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180524114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified forms of LDL, both spontaneously formed in the organism or prepared in the laboratory, are immunogenic. As a consequence, antigen-antibody complexes (immune complexes, IC) formed in vivo can be measured in the peripheral blood, and their levels are strong predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It has been possible to generate antibodies that recognize different LDL modifications, allowing the analysis of circulating IC constitution. Clinical studies showed that the antigenic constitution of the IC has a modulating effect on the development of CVD. Patients whose IC react strongly with antibodies to copper oxidized LDL (oxLDL) show progressive development of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by increased intima–media thickness and increased coronary calcification scores. In contrast, patients whose IC react strongly with antibodies to the heavily oxidized malondialdehyde LDL prepared in vitro (MDA-LDL) are at a high risk of acute vascular events, mainly myocardial infarction. In vitro studies have shown that while oxLDL IC induce both cell proliferation and mild to moderate macrophage apoptosis, MDA-LDL IC induce a more marked macrophage apoptosis but not cell proliferation. In addition, MDA-LDL IC induce the release of higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases and TNF than oxLDL IC. High levels of TNF are likely to be a major factor leading to apoptosis and high levels of metalloproteinases are likely to play a role in the thinning of the fibrous cap of the atheromatous plaque. The combination of apoptosis and fibrous cap thinning is a well-known characteristic of vulnerable plaques, which are more prone to rupture and responsible for the majority of acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph A. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gabriel Virella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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6
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Khan A, Mann L, Papanna R, Lyu MA, Singh CR, Olson S, Eissa NT, Cirillo J, Das G, Hunter RL, Jagannath C. Mesenchymal stem cells internalize Mycobacterium tuberculosis through scavenger receptors and restrict bacterial growth through autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15010. [PMID: 29118429 PMCID: PMC5678154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express scavenger receptors that internalize lipids, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We report that MSCs phagocytose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) through two types of scavenger receptors (SRs; MARCO and SR-B1), as blockade of the receptors with antibodies or siRNA knockdown decreased the uptake of Mtb. MSCs also expressed mannose receptor (MR) that was found to endocytose rhodamine-labeled mannosylated BSA (rMBSA), though the receptor was not involved in the uptake of Mtb. Dil-oxLDL and rMBSA taken up into MSC endosomes colocalized with Mtb phagosomes, thus suggesting that the latter were fusion competent. Phagocytosed Mtb did not replicate within MSCs, thus suggesting an intrinsic control of bacterial growth. Indeed, MSCs exhibited intrinsic autophagy, which was up-regulated after activation with rapamycin. SiRNA knockdown of autophagy initiator beclin-1 enhanced Mtb survival, whereas rapamycin-induced autophagy increased intracellular killing of Mtb. In addition, MSCs secreted nitric oxide after Mtb infection, and inhibition of NO by N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine enhanced intracellular survival of Mtb. MSCs can be grown in large numbers in vitro, and autologous MSCs transfused into tuberculosis patients have been found to be safe and improve lung immunity. Thus, MSCs are novel phagocytic cells with a potential for immunotherapy in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lovepreet Mann
- Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UTHSC-, Houston, USA
| | - Ramesha Papanna
- Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UTHSC-, Houston, USA
| | - Mi-Ae Lyu
- Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UTHSC-, Houston, USA
| | - Christopher R Singh
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott Olson
- Dept. of Pediatric Surgery, UTHSC-, Houston, USA
| | - N Tony Eissa
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cirillo
- Dept. of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Center for Airborne Pathogens Research and Imaging, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, USA
| | - Gobardhan Das
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Nambiar SS, Ashwini, Shetty NP, Ravi R, Prabhasankar P. Changes in Properties of Muffins Incorporated with Emblica officinalisFruit Osmodehydrated with Fructooligosaccharide. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinjitha S. Nambiar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore-570012 Karnataka India
| | - Ashwini
- Flour Milling, Baking and Confectionery Technology Department; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore-570012 Karnataka India
| | - Nandini Prasad Shetty
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore-570012 Karnataka India
| | - R. Ravi
- Department of Traditional Food & Sensory Science; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore-570012 Karnataka India
| | - P. Prabhasankar
- Flour Milling, Baking and Confectionery Technology Department; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore-570012 Karnataka India
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Stiebing C, Schmölz L, Wallert M, Matthäus C, Lorkowski S, Popp J. Raman imaging of macrophages incubated with triglyceride-enriched oxLDL visualizes translocation of lipids between endocytic vesicles and lipid droplets. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:876-883. [PMID: 28143895 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic imaging was used to investigate the uptake of oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) by human macrophages. To better understand the endocytic pathway and the intracellular fate of modified lipoproteins is of foremost interest with regard to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. To obtain information on the storage process of lipids caused by oxLDL uptake, Raman spectroscopic imaging was used because of its unique chemical specificity, especially for lipids. For the present study, a protocol was established to incorporate deuterated tripalmitate into oxLDL. Subsequently, human THP-1 macrophages were incubated for different time points and their chemical composition was analyzed using Raman spectroscopic imaging. β-Carotene was found to be a reliable marker molecule for the uptake of lipoproteins into macrophages. In addition, lipoprotein administration led to small endocytic vesicles with different concentrations of deuterated lipids within the cells. For the first time, the translocation of deuterated lipids from endocytic vesicles into lipid droplets over time is reported in mature human THP-1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Stiebing
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany .,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Myeloperoxidase-Oxidized LDLs Enhance an Anti-Inflammatory M2 and Antioxidant Phenotype in Murine Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8249476. [PMID: 27656049 PMCID: PMC5021486 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8249476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and oxidized LDLs play a key role in atherogenesis but their heterogeneity has been neglected up to now. Macrophages are prone to polarization and subsets of polarized macrophages have been described in atheromas. LDLs can be oxidized not only chemically by copper (Ox-LDLs) but also enzymatically by myeloperoxidase (MpOx-LDLs) resulting in oxidized LDLs poor in lipid peroxides. The effects of physiologically relevant myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDLs on macrophage polarization or on polarized macrophages remain largely unknown. In this study, the effects of LDLs on macrophage polarization were investigated by monitoring the expression of M1 and M2 genes following stimulation with native LDLs, Ox-LDLs, or MpOx-LDLs in RAW 264.7 cells. Except for MRC1, which is induced only by Ox-LDLs, MpOx-LDLs induced an overexpression of most of the selected marker genes at the mRNA level. MpOx-LDLs also modulate marker gene expression in polarized macrophages favoring notably anti-inflammatory Arg1 expression in M2 cells and also in the other phenotypes. Noteworthy, MpOx-LDLs were the most efficient to accumulate lipids intracellularly in (un)polarized macrophages whatever the phenotype. These data were largely confirmed in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our data suggest that MpOx-LDLs were the most efficient to accumulate within cells and to enhance an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phenotype in M2 cells and also in the other macrophage phenotypes.
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10
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IRAK regulates macrophage foam cell formation by modulating genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. Bioessays 2016; 38:591-604. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Liu L, Mao K, Wang W, Pan H, Wang F, Yang M, Liu H. Kolliphor® HS 15 Micelles for the Delivery of Coenzyme Q10: Preparation, Characterization, and Stability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:757-66. [PMID: 26340950 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the stability of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Kolliphor® HS 15 (HS15) was employed as a carrier to build up a stable CoQ10-loaded micelle delivery system. The impact of micellar compositions, the preparation condition, and the preparation method on size characteristics, the solubilization efficiency, and micellar stability were investigated. The optimal preparation conditions were 1:6, 4, 0.2%, 118°C, and 25 min for CoQ10/HS15 mass ratio, pH value, the concentration of glucose, and the sterilization conditions. Upon these conditions, the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, the entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CoQ10-loaded micelles were 19.76 nm, 0.112, -3.405 mV, 99.39%, 13.77%, and 5.623 × 10(-4) g/mL, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis collectively corroborated that CoQ10 was entrapped into the micelles in amorphous form. The release pattern of drug was analyzed and proved to follow the first order. Additionally, the samples were exposed to the temperatures of 30°C for 6 months with more significant impact on their stabilities as compared to 4 and 25°C based on particle size and PDI. Under constant humidity with light protection long-term (25 ± 2°C, relative humidity (RH) 60 ± 10%, 18 months) conditions, there was no variation except minor changes of CoQ10 content of the samples. The shelf life of the micellar samples could be predicted as 24 months based on the stability results. Consequently, the CoQ10-loaded micelles showed excellent stabilities below 25°C as a potential drug candidate for further clinical applications.
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Myricitrin attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis to prevent atherosclerosis: An insight into PI3K/Akt activation and STAT3 signaling pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 70:23-34. [PMID: 25849952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessel endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vasculopathy. The ox-LDL-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) release has been assumed to serve a critical function in endothelial damage. Myricitrin (from Myrica cerifera) is a natural antioxidant that has strong anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive activities. However, the protective effect of myricitrin on ROS-induced endothelial cell injury and its related molecular mechanisms have never been investigated. This study demonstrates that myricitrin can inhibit ox-LDL-induced endothelial apoptosis and prevent plaque formation at an early stage in an atherosclerotic mouse model. The administration of myricitrin in vivo decreases the thickness of the vascular wall in the aortic arch of ApoE-/- mice. In vitro study shows that ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis can be reduced upon receiving myricitrin pre-treatment. Treatment with myricitrin significantly attenuated ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting LOX-1 expression and by increasing the activation of the STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathways. At the same time, our result demonstrates that myricitrin treatment optimizes the balance of pro/anti-apoptosis proteins, including Bax, Bad, XIAP, cIAP-2, and survivin. Our study suggests that myricitrin treatment can effectively protect cells from ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, which results in reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation. This result indicates that myricitrin can be used as a drug candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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13
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Al Gadban MM, Alwan MM, Smith KJ, Hammad SM. Accelerated vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: role of macrophage. Clin Immunol 2015; 157:133-44. [PMID: 25638414 PMCID: PMC4410070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is considered a major cause of death worldwide. Striking phenomena of atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is its high incidence in young patients. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that differentiate from hematopoietic progenitors and reside in different tissues to preserve tissue integrity. Macrophages scavenge modified lipids and play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. When activated, macrophages secret inflammatory cytokines. This activation triggers apoptosis of cells in the vicinity of macrophages. As such, macrophages play a significant role in tissue remodeling including atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. In spite of studies carried on identifying the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis, this role has not been studied thoroughly in SLE-associated atherosclerosis. In this review, we address factors released by macrophages as well as extrinsic factors that may control macrophage behavior and their effect on accelerated development of atherosclerosis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Gadban
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mohamed M Alwan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kent J Smith
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein is a predictor of cardiac events in patients with stable angina on lipid-lowering therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stent. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:311-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Wu J, He Z, Gao X, Wu F, Ding R, Ren Y, Jiang Q, Fan M, Liang C, Wu Z. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells' function by activation of CD36-MAPK-TSP-1 pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:308-24. [PMID: 25313537 PMCID: PMC4298149 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels inversely correlate with cardiovascular events due to the protective effects on vascular wall and stem cells, which are susceptible to oxidative modifications and then lead to potential pro-atherosclerotic effects. We proposed that oxidized HDL (ox-HDL) might lead to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) dysfunction and investigated underlying mechanisms. RESULTS ox-HDL was shown to increase apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, but to reduce migration, angiogenesis, and cholesterol efflux of EPCs in a dose-dependent manner. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB were activated after ox-HDL stimulation, which also upregulated thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression without affecting vascular endothelial growth factor. Effects caused by ox-HDL could be significantly attenuated by pretreatment with short hairpin RNA-mediated CD36 knockdown or probucol. Data of in vivo experiments and the inverse correlation of ox-HDL and circulating EPC numbers among patients with coronary artery diseases (CAD) or CAD and type 2 diabetes also supported it. Meanwhile, HDL separated from such patients could significantly increase cultured EPC's caspase 3 activity, further supporting our proposal. INNOVATION This is the most complete study to date of how ox-HDL would impair EPCs function, which was involved with activation of CD36-p38 MAPK-TSP-1 pathways and proved by not only the inverse relationship between ox-HDL and circulating EPCs in clinic but also pro-apoptotic effects of HDL separated from patients' serum. CONCLUSION Activation of CD36-p38 MAPK-TSP-1 pathways contributes to the pathological effects of ox-HDL on EPCs' dysfunction, which might be one of the potential etiological factors responsible for the disturbed neovascularization in chronic ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Geriatrics, No. 411 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Research, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Ru Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonggui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Swarnakar NK, Thanki K, Jain S. Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles of CoQ10: Implication of Lipase Digestibility on Oral Bioavailability, in Vivo antioxidant activity, and in Vitro–in Vivo Relationships. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1435-49. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K. Swarnakar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical
Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab -160062, India
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- Centre for Pharmaceutical
Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab -160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical
Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab -160062, India
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Ramakrishnan R, Tyurin VA, Tuyrin VA, Veglia F, Condamine T, Amoscato A, Mohammadyani D, Johnson JJ, Zhang LM, Klein-Seetharaman J, Celis E, Kagan VE, Gabrilovich DI. Oxidized lipids block antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells in cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2920-31. [PMID: 24554775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation is one of the main features of dendritic cells (DCs), which is critically important for the development of spontaneous and therapy-inducible antitumor immune responses. Patients, at early stages of cancer, have normal presence of DCs. However, the difficulties in the development of antitumor responses in patients with low tumor burden raised the question of the mechanisms of DC dysfunction. In this study, we found that, in differentiated DCs, tumor-derived factors blocked the cross-presentation of exogenous Ags without inhibiting the Ag presentation of endogenous protein or peptides. This effect was caused by intracellular accumulation of different types of oxidized neutral lipids: triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and fatty acids. In contrast, the accumulation of nonoxidized lipids did not affect cross-presentation. Oxidized lipids blocked cross-presentation by reducing the expression of peptide-MHC class I complexes on the cell surface. Thus, this study suggests the novel role of oxidized lipids in the regulation of cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ramakrishnan
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
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Oxidized LDL and AGE-LDL in circulating immune complexes strongly predict progression of carotid artery IMT in type 1 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:315-22. [PMID: 24267245 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over 90% of modified LDL in circulation is associated to specific antibodies circulating as part of immune complexes (IC); however, few studies have examined their relationship with cardiovascular disease. METHODS We report the relationship between circulating concentrations of IC of oxidized LDL (oxLDL-IC), malondialdehyde-LDL (MDA-LDL-IC) and advanced glycation end products-LDL (AGE-LDL-IC) and progression of atherosclerosis over a 12 year period in 467 individuals with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. OxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC levels were measured at DCCT closeout. Internal carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) was measured at EDIC follow-up years 1, 6 and 12. RESULTS OxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC levels were significantly correlated with age, lipid levels, blood pressure levels and albumin excretion rates. Levels of oxLDL, AGE-LDL and MDA-LDL in isolated LDL-IC were highly inter-correlated (r = 0.66-0.84, P < 0.0001). After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors individuals in the upper quartile of oxLDL-IC had a 2.98-fold increased odds (CI: 1.34, 6.62) of having IMT ≥ 1.00 mm and had a 5.13-fold increased odds (CI: 1.98, 13.3) of having significant IMT progression, relative to those in the lowest quartile. Parallel odds ratios for AGE-LDL-IC were 2.95 (CI: 1.37, 6.34) and 3.50 (CI: 1.38, 8.86), while results for MDA-LDL-IC were 1.76 (0.87, 3.56) and 2.86 (1.20, 6.81). CONCLUSION Our study indicates that high levels of oxLDL-IC and AGE-LDL-IC are important predictors of carotid intima-medial thickening in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. Pathogenic role of modified LDL antibodies and immune complexes in atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 20:743-54. [PMID: 23965492 DOI: 10.5551/jat.19281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence supporting a key role of the adaptive immune response in atherosclerosis, given that both activated Th cells producing predominantly interferon-γ and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and the corresponding antibodies have been isolated from atheromatous plaques. Studies carried out using immune complexes (IC) prepared with human LDL and rabbit antibodies have demonstrated proatherogenic and pro-inflammatory properties, mostly dependent on the engagement of Fcγ receptors Ⅰ and Ⅱ in macrophages and macrophage-like cell lines. Following the development of a methodology for isolating modified LDL (mLDL) antibodies from serum and isolated IC, it was confirmed that antibodies reacting with oxLDL and advanced glycation end product-modified LDL are predominantly IgG of subtypes 1 and 3 and that mLDL IC prepared with human reagents possesses pro-inflammatory and proatherogenic properties. In previous studies, LDL separated from isolated IC has been analyzed for its modifications, and the reactivity of antibodies isolated from the same IC with different LDL modifications has been tested. Recently, we obtained strong evidence suggesting that the effects of mLDL IC on phagocytic cells are modulated by the composition of the mLDL. Clinical studies have shown that the level of mLDL in circulating IC is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, in diabetic patients, other significant complications, such as nephropathy and retinopathy. In conclusion, there is convincing ex vivo and clinical data supporting the hypothesis that, in humans, the humoral immune response to mLDL is pathogenic rather than protective.
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Uchida Y, Maezawa Y, Uchida Y, Hiruta N, Shimoyama E, Kawai S. Localization of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and its relation to plaque morphology in human coronary artery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55188. [PMID: 23393566 PMCID: PMC3564947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a key role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. However, its localization in human coronary arterial wall is not well understood. The present study was performed to visualize deposition sites and patterns of native oxLDL and their relation to plaque morphology in human coronary artery. METHODS Evans blue dye (EB) elicits a violet fluorescence by excitation at 345-nm and emission at 420-nm, and a reddish-brown fluorescence by excitation at 470-nm and emission at 515-nm characteristic of oxLDL only. Therefore, native oxLDL in excised human coronary artery were investigated by color fluorescent microscopy (CFM) using EB as a biomarker. RESULTS (1) By luminal surface scan with CFM, the % incidence of oxLDL in 38 normal segments, 41 white plaques and 32 yellow plaques that were classified by conventional angioscopy, was respectively 26, 44 and 94, indicating significantly (p<0.05) higher incidence in the latter than the former two groups. Distribution pattern was classified as patchy, diffuse and web-like. Web-like pattern was observed only in yellow plaques with necrotic core. (2) By transected surface scan, oxLDL deposited within superficial layer in normal segments and diffusely within both superficial and deep layers in white and yellow plaques. In yellow plaques with necrotic core, oxLDL deposited not only in the marginal zone of the necrotic core but also in the fibrous cap. CONCLUSION Taken into consideration of the well-known process of coronary plaque growth, the results suggest that oxLDL begins to deposit in human coronary artery wall before plaque formation and increasingly deposits with plaque growth, exhibiting different deposition sites and patterns depending on morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumi Uchida
- Japan Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Funabashi, Japan.
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21
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Lopes-Virella MF, Virella G. The role of immunity and inflammation in the development of diabetic complications. Diabetol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-013-0105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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22
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Ferreira PF, Zago VH, D'Alexandri FL, Panzoldo NB, Gidlund MA, Nakamura RT, Schreiber R, Parra ES, Santiago FD, Nakandakare ER, Quintão EC, de Faria EC. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins and their antibodies: Relationships with the reverse cholesterol transport and carotid atherosclerosis in adults without cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1472-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Truman JP, Al Gadban MM, Smith KJ, Jenkins RW, Mayroo N, Virella G, Lopes-Virella MF, Bielawska A, Hannun YA, Hammad SM. Differential regulation of acid sphingomyelinase in macrophages stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL immune complexes: role in phagocytosis and cytokine release. Immunology 2012; 136:30-45. [PMID: 22236141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and oxLDL-containing immune complexes (oxLDL-IC) contribute to the formation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells). Fcγ receptors mediate uptake of oxLDL-IC, whereas scavenger receptors internalize oxLDL. We have previously reported that oxLDL-IC, but not free oxLDL, activate macrophages and prolong their survival. Sphingomyelin is a major constituent of cell membranes and lipoprotein particles and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) hydrolyses sphingomyelin to generate the bioactive lipid ceramide. ASMase exists in two forms: lysosomal (L-ASMase) and secretory (S-ASMase). In this study we examined whether oxLDL and oxLDL-IC regulate ASMase differently, and whether ASMase mediates monocyte/macrophage activation and cytokine release. The oxLDL-IC, but not oxLDL, induced early and consistent release of catalytically active S-ASMase. The oxLDL-IC also consistently stimulated L-ASMase activity, whereas oxLDL induced a rapid transient increase in L-ASMase activity before it steadily declined below baseline. Prolonged exposure to oxLDL increased L-ASMase activity; however, activity remained significantly lower than that induced by oxLDL-IC. Further studies were aimed at defining the function of the activated ASMase. In response to oxLDL-IC, heat-shock protein 70B' (HSP70B') was up-regulated and localized with redistributed ASMase in the endosomal compartment outside the lysosome. Treatment with oxLDL-IC induced the formation and release of HSP70-containing and IL-1β-containing exosomes via an ASMase-dependent mechanism. Taken together, the results suggest that oxLDL and oxLDL-IC differentially regulate ASMase activity, and the pro-inflammatory responses to oxLDL-IC are mediated by prolonged activation of ASMase. These findings may contribute to increased understanding of mechanisms mediating macrophage involvement in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philip Truman
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Al Gadban MM, German J, Truman JP, Soodavar F, Riemer EC, Twal WO, Smith KJ, Heller D, Hofbauer AF, Oates JC, Hammad SM. Lack of nitric oxide synthases increases lipoprotein immune complex deposition in the aorta and elevates plasma sphingolipid levels in lupus. Cell Immunol 2012; 276:42-51. [PMID: 22560558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients display impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function required for normal vasodilatation. SLE patients express increased compensatory activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generating excess nitric oxide that may result in inflammation. We examined the effects of genetic deletion of NOS2 and NOS3, encoding iNOS and eNOS respectively, on accelerated vascular disease in MRL/lpr lupus mouse model. NOS2 and NOS3 knockout (KO) MRL/lpr mice had higher plasma levels of triglycerides (23% and 35%, respectively), ceramide (45% and 21%, respectively), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) (21%) compared to counterpart MRL/lpr controls. Plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) in NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice were lower (53% and 80%, respectively) than counterpart controls. Nodule-like lesions in the adventitia were detected in aortas from both NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the lesions revealed activated endothelial cells and lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells), elevated sphingosine kinase 1 expression, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein immune complexes (oxLDL-IC). The findings suggest that advanced vascular disease in NOS2 and NOS3 KO MRL/lpr mice maybe mediated by increased plasma triglycerides, ceramide and S1P; decreased plasma IL-10; and accumulation of oxLDL-IC in the vessel wall. The results expose possible new targets to mitigate lupus-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Gadban
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Virella G, Lopes-Virella MF. The Pathogenic Role of the Adaptive Immune Response to Modified LDL in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:76. [PMID: 22715334 PMCID: PMC3375400 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The main causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes are macro and microvascular complications, including atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and retinopathy. As the definition of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease became widely accepted, it became important to define the triggers of vascular inflammation. Oxidative and other modifications of lipids and lipoproteins emerged as major pathogenic factors in atherosclerosis. Modified forms of LDL (mLDL) are pro-inflammatory by themselves, but, in addition, mLDLs including oxidized, malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified, and advanced glycation end (AGE)-product-modified LDL induce autoimmune responses in humans. The autoimmune response involves T cells in the arterial wall and synthesis of IgG antibodies. The IgG auto-antibodies that react with mLDLs generate immune complexes (IC) both intra and extravascularly, and those IC activate the complement system as well as phagocytic cells via the ligation of Fcγ receptors. In vitro studies proved that the pro-inflammatory activity of IC containing mLDL (mLDL-IC) is several-fold higher than that of the modified LDL molecules. Clinical studies support the pathogenic role of mLDL-IC in the development of macrovascular disease patients with diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, high levels of oxidized and AGE-LDL in IC were associated with internal carotid intima-media thickening and coronary calcification. In type 2 diabetes, high levels of MDA-LDL in IC predicted the occurrence of myocardial infarction. There is also evidence that mLDL-IC are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. The pathogenic role of mLDL-IC is not unique to diabetic patients, because those IC are also detected in non-diabetic individuals. But mLDL-IC are likely to reach higher concentrations and have a more prominent pathogenic role in diabetes due to increased antigenic load secondary to high oxidative stress and to enhanced autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Virella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
- *Correspondence: Gabriel Virella, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 504, Charleston, SC 29425-5040, USA. e-mail:
| | - Maria F. Lopes-Virella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
- Ralph E. Johnson VA Medical CenterCharleston, SC, USA
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Oral bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties of coenzyme Q10-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6860-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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