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Sorvina A, Antoniou M, Esmaeili Z, Kochetkova M. Unusual Suspects: Bone and Cartilage ECM Proteins as Carcinoma Facilitators. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030791. [PMID: 36765749 PMCID: PMC9913341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the complex three-dimensional network of fibrous proteins and proteoglycans that constitutes an essential part of every tissue to provide support for normal tissue homeostasis. Tissue specificity of the ECM in its topology and structure supports unique biochemical and mechanical properties of each organ. Cancers, like normal tissues, require the ECM to maintain multiple processes governing tumor development, progression and spread. A large body of experimental and clinical evidence has now accumulated to demonstrate essential roles of numerous ECM components in all cancer types. Latest findings also suggest that multiple tumor types express, and use to their advantage, atypical ECM components that are not found in the cancer tissue of origin. However, the understanding of cancer-specific expression patterns of these ECM proteins and their exact roles in selected tumor types is still sketchy. In this review, we summarize the latest data on the aberrant expression of bone and cartilage ECM proteins in epithelial cancers and their specific functions in the pathogenesis of carcinomas and discuss future directions in exploring the utility of this selective group of ECM components as future drug targets.
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Roht L, Tooming M, Rekker K, Roomere H, Toome K, Murumets Ü, Šamarina U, Õunap K, Kahre T. The prevalence of germline pathogenic variants in Estonian colorectal cancer patients: results from routine clinical setting 2016-2021. Front Genet 2022; 13:1020543. [PMID: 36425062 PMCID: PMC9679410 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Estonia in both women and men. According to the Estonian National Institute for Health Development, in 2017, there were 357 new colon cancer only cases in women and 282 in men. For colorectal cancer, the number for men and women altogether was 1040 in the same year. In 2018, there were over 1.8 million new cases worldwide. The Mayo Clinic found in a prospective, two-year multi-site study of CRC patients that 15.5% of patients carried pathogenic germline variants (PGV), using an >80 gene Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) panel. Material and methods: This retrospective study aimed to analyse the estimated prevalence of pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline variants in Estonian colorectal cancer patients using NGS in a routine clinical setting. We gathered five-year data (July 2016-July 2021) of colorectal cancer patients (mostly not selected for age or family history) tested with either Illumina TruSight Cancer (94 genes) or TruSight Hereditary Cancer (113 genes) NGS panels. Results: Three hundred and fourteen NGS analyses were performed due to either CRC or polyposis in anamnesis and/or family anamnesis, including 126 CRC cases and 44 colorectal polyposis cases, while 144 were either healthy family members or had other types of cancers. While a known disease-causing variant was identified in 16.4% of all cancer patients tested, we found that 21.4% of CRC patients had such a variant. Among the 44 colorectal polyps cases MLH1, gene was the most affected one (25%), the second and third most affected genes were MSH2 and CHEK2. Other genes with disease-causing variants found in CRC patients included APC, BLM, BMPR1A, BRCA1, FANCM, MSH6, MUTYH, PMS2, SMAD4, SPINK1 and VHL. Conclusion: Our result give an overview of genetic testing of CRC patients, the prevalence of disease-causing variants and their landscape in Estonia. According to Estonian data, only 2.7-6.1% of CRC patients are genetically tested, which is around ten times less frequently than breast cancer patients and their family members. The diagnostic yield of CRC patients is 21.4%, suggesting that genetic testing will likely improve timely diagnosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roht
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikk Tooming
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Rekker
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanno Roomere
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Toome
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Murumets
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ustina Šamarina
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiina Kahre
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Laboratory Genetics, Genetics and Personalized Medicine Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Bányai L, Trexler M, Kerekes K, Csuka O, Patthy L. Use of signals of positive and negative selection to distinguish cancer genes and passenger genes. eLife 2021; 10:e59629. [PMID: 33427197 PMCID: PMC7877913 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal of cancer genomics is to identify all genes that play critical roles in carcinogenesis. Most approaches focused on genes positively selected for mutations that drive carcinogenesis and neglected the role of negative selection. Some studies have actually concluded that negative selection has no role in cancer evolution. We have re-examined the role of negative selection in tumor evolution through the analysis of the patterns of somatic mutations affecting the coding sequences of human genes. Our analyses have confirmed that tumor suppressor genes are positively selected for inactivating mutations, oncogenes, however, were found to display signals of both negative selection for inactivating mutations and positive selection for activating mutations. Significantly, we have identified numerous human genes that show signs of strong negative selection during tumor evolution, suggesting that their functional integrity is essential for the growth and survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Bányai
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Maria Trexler
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Krisztina Kerekes
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Orsolya Csuka
- Department of Pathogenetics, National Institute of OncologyBudapestHungary
| | - László Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural SciencesBudapestHungary
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Effects of DSPP and MMP20 Silencing on Adhesion, Metastasis, Angiogenesis, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Proteins in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134734. [PMID: 32630820 PMCID: PMC7370022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports highlight the potential tumorigenic role of Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and its cognate partner Matrix Metalloproteinase 20 (MMP-20) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCCs). However, the function/mechanism of these roles is yet to be fully established. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of DSPP and MMP20 silencing on specific proteins involved in oral cancer cell adhesion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Stable lines of DSPP/MMP20 silenced OSCC cell line (OSC2), previously established via lentiviral-mediated shRNA transduction, were analyzed for the effects of DSPP, MMP20, and combined DSPP–MMP20 silencing on MMP2, MMP9, integrins αvβ3 and αvβ6, VEGF, Kallikerin- 4,-5,-8,-10, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, met, src, snail, and Twist by Western blot. Results show a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the expression of MMP2, MMP9, integrin αvβ3, αvβ6, VEGF, Kallikerins -4, -5, -8, -10, N-cadherin, vimentin met, src, snail and twist following DSPP and MMP20 silencing, individually and in combination. On the other hand, the expression of E-cadherin was found to be significantly increased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the tumorigenic effect of DSPP and MMP20 on OSC2 cells is mediated via the upregulation of the genes involved in invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Musolf AM, Moiz BA, Sun H, Pikielny CW, Bossé Y, Mandal D, de Andrade M, Gaba C, Yang P, Li Y, You M, Govindan R, Wilson RK, Kupert EY, Anderson MW, Schwartz AG, Pinney SM, Amos CI, Bailey-Wilson JE. Whole Exome Sequencing of Highly Aggregated Lung Cancer Families Reveals Linked Loci for Increased Cancer Risk on Chromosomes 12q, 7p, and 4q. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:434-442. [PMID: 31826912 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer in the United States. In addition to environmental factors, lung cancer has genetic risk factors as well, though the genetic etiology is still not well understood. We have performed whole exome sequencing on 262 individuals from 28 extended families with a family history of lung cancer. METHODS Parametric genetic linkage analysis was performed on these samples using two distinct analyses-the lung cancer only (LCO) analysis, where only patients with lung cancer were coded as affected, and the all aggregated cancers (AAC) analysis, where other cancers seen in the pedigree were coded as affected. RESULTS The AAC analysis yielded a genome-wide significant result at rs61943670 in POLR3B at 12q23.3. POLR3B has been implicated somatically in lung cancer, but this germline finding is novel and is a significant expression quantitative trait locus in lung tissue. Interesting genome-wide suggestive haplotypes were also found within individual families, particularly near SSPO at 7p36.1 in one family and a large linked haplotype spanning 4q21.3-28.3 in a different family. The 4q haplotype contains potential causal rare variants in DSPP at 4q22.1 and PTPN13 at 4q21.3. CONCLUSIONS Regions on 12q, 7p, and 4q are linked to increased cancer risk in highly aggregated lung cancer families, 12q across families and 7p and 4q within a single family. POLR3B, SSPO, DSPP, and PTPN13 are currently the best candidate genes. IMPACT Functional work on these genes is planned for future studies and if confirmed would lead to potential biomarkers for risk in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bilal A Moiz
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiming Sun
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Diptasri Mandal
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Colette Gaba
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Dana Cancer Center, Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Yafang Li
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming You
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Ann G Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Susan M Pinney
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Aseervatham J, Geetu S, Anunobi CC, Koli K, Ogbureke KUE. Survey of dentin sialophosphoprotein and its cognate matrix metalloproteinase-20 in human cancers. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2167-2178. [PMID: 30932369 PMCID: PMC6537041 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases‐20 (MMP20) expression is widely regarded as tooth specific, with expression limited to dental hard tissues. Recently, we reported MMP20 expression and interaction with dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), a member of the Small Integrin Binding Ligand N‐linked Glycoproteins (SIBLINGs), in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and dysplastic oral premalignant lesions (OPLs), suggesting a role for MMP20‐DSPP interaction in oral carcinogenesis. Methods This study aimed to survey the expression of MMP20 and its cognate DSPP partner in the breast, colon, prostate, thyroid, and cervical neoplasms. Using commercially available tissue microarrays (TMAs) and cell lines, we performed immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, proximity ligation assay, and western blot experiments to determine the expressions of MMP20 and DSPP in the breast, colon, prostate, thyroid, cervical neoplasms, and their normal counterparts. Results Significantly high expression levels of MMP20 and DSPP were observed in the malignant breast, colon, prostate, thyroid, and cervical neoplasms compared with their benign and normal counterparts. Furthermore, MMP20 levels increased with advanced stages of colon and thyroid cancers. DSPP expression increased significantly with tumor stage in all cancers examined. Conclusions The co‐localization and potential MMP20‐DSPP interaction previously reported in oral cancers are present in other cancers. These results suggest MMP20‐DSPP pairing as a potential marker of disease activity in some epithelial cancers with diagnostic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Saxena Geetu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles C Anunobi
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Komal Koli
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kalu U E Ogbureke
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Gorlov IP, Gorlova OY, Amos CI. Untouchable genes in the human genome: Identifying ideal targets for cancer treatment. Cancer Genet 2019; 231-232:67-79. [PMID: 30803560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usually, genes with a higher-than-expected number of somatic mutations in tumor samples are assumed to be cancer related. We identified genes with a fewer-than-expected number of somatic mutations - "untouchable genes". METHODS To predict the expected number of somatic mutations, we used a linear regression model with the number of mutations in the gene as an outcome, and gene characteristics, including gene size, nucleotide composition, level of evolutionary conservation, expression level and others, as predictors. Analysis of residuals from the regression model was used to compare the observed and predicted number of mutations. RESULTS We have identified 19 genes with a less-than-expected number of loss-off-function (nonsense, frameshift or pathogenic missense) mutations - i.e., untouchable genes. The number of silent or neutral missense mutations in untouchable genes was equal or higher than the expected number. Many mucins, including MUC16, MUC17, MUC6, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC12, are untouchable. We hypothesized that untouchable mucins help tumor cells to avoid immune response by providing a protective coat that prevents direct contact between effector immune cells, e.g., cytotoxic T-cells, and tumor cells. Survival analysis of available TCGA data demonstrated that overall survival of patients with low (below the median) expression of untouchable mucins was better compared to patients with high expression of untouchable mucins. Aside from mucins, we have identified a number of other untouchable genes. CONCLUSIONS Untouchable genes may be ideal targets for cancer treatment since suppression of untouchable genes is expected to inhibit survival of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Gorlov
- The Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, HB7936, One Medical Center Dr., Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
| | - Olga Y Gorlova
- The Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, HB7936, One Medical Center Dr., Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Knockdown of DSPP inhibits the migration and invasion of glioma cells. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:2025-2030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gkouveris I, Nikitakis NG, Aseervatham J, Ogbureke KUE. Interferon γ suppresses dentin sialophosphoprotein in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells resulting in antitumor effects, via modulation of the endoplasmic reticulum response. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2423-2432. [PMID: 30320380 PMCID: PMC6203152 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of proinflammatory cytokines in various malignant neoplasms is widely considered to represent the host immune response to tumor development. The role of interferon (IFN)γ in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, remains a subject of ongoing investigation. Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), which is a member of the small integrin-binding N-linked glycoproteins family, has been implicated in malignant transformation and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Recent studies have established matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)20 as the cognate MMP partner of DSPP. The present study examined the effects of IFNγ treatment on DSPP and MMP20 expression, ER stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and calcium (Ca) homeostasis regulatory mechanisms in OSCC cells. The OSC2 OSCC cell line was treated with IFNγ at specific time-points. At each time-point, the mRNA expression levels of DSPP and MMP20, and those of ER-stress-, UPR- and Ca homeostasis-associated proteins [78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2b), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3r), protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)], were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cytochrome c were analyzed by western blotting. Cell viability, apoptosis and migration were evaluated by MTT, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometry and wound-healing assays, respectively. IFNγ treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of the major ER stress regulator GRP78 and, to a lesser extent, the UPR-associated molecule IRE1; however, IFNγ had no significant effect on PERK. With regards to ER Ca homeostasis molecules, treatment with IFNγ downregulated the mRNA expression levels of SERCA2b and upregulated those of IP3r. Furthermore, DSPP and MMP20 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced following IFNγ treatment. Notably, treatment with IFNγ hampered OSC2 migration, reduced cell viability and PCNA protein expression, enhanced apoptosis, downregulated Bcl-2, and upregulated Bax and cytochrome c. Overall, IFNγ inhibited OSCC cell viability and migration, and increased apoptosis, possibly by regulating ER stress and UPR mechanisms. In addition, IFNγ-induced DSPP and MMP20 downregulation may correspond with alteration in ER Ca homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkouveris
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kalu U E Ogbureke
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Gkouveris I, Nikitakis NG, Aseervatham J, Ogbureke KUE. The tumorigenic role of DSPP and its potential regulation of the unfolded protein response and ER stress in oral cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1743-1751. [PMID: 30015841 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is upregulated in various human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer cells are commonly found under constant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and exhibit increased levels of misfolded proteins, due to gene mutations and a stressful microenvironment. The present study examined the effects of DSPP silencing on the regulation of ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in oral cancer cells. A recently established stable DSPP short hairpin (sh)RNA-silenced OSC2 oral cancer cell line was used. The mRNA expression levels of ER stress-associated proteins, including 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2b (SERCA2b), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3r), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20), were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of apoptosis-related [B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) and cytochrome c] and cell proliferation-related [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)] proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Cell viability, apoptosis and migration were monitored by MTT assay, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometry and wound-healing assay, respectively. In transiently transfected puromycin‑free OSC2 cells, DSPP silencing markedly downregulated the mRNA expression levels of major ER stress regulators, including GRP78, SERCA2b, PERK, IRE1 and ATF6, as well as MMP20. DSPP silencing also resulted in decreased cell viability and migration, and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, PCNA and Bcl2 levels were decreased, whereas Bax and cytochrome c protein levels were increased in DSPP-silenced OSC2 cells. Sustained puromycin treatment partially counteracted the effects of DSPP silencing on the mRNA expression levels of ER stress-related proteins and MMP20, and on the migratory capacity of OSC2 cells. However, following puromycin treatment of DSPP-silenced cells, cell viability was further reduced and apoptosis was enhanced. In conclusion, these data provide evidence to suggest that DSPP may be involved in ER stress mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma, since its downregulation in OSC2 cells led to significant alterations in the levels of major ER stress-associated proteins, and subsequent collapse of the UPR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkouveris
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Nikitakis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kalu U E Ogbureke
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Nikitakis NG, Gkouveris I, Aseervatham J, Barahona K, Ogbureke KUE. DSPP-MMP20 gene silencing downregulates cancer stem cell markers in human oral cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:30. [PMID: 30002682 PMCID: PMC6040065 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings indicate that dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 20 interact in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DSPP/MMP20 gene silencing on oral cancer stem cell (OCSC) markers. METHODS The expression of well-established OCSC markers: ABCG2; ALDH1; CD133; CD44; BMI1; LGR4, and Podoplanin in DSPP/MMP20-silenced OSCC cell line, OSC2, and controls were assayed by western blot (WB), and flow cytometry techniques. The sensitivity of OSC2 cells to cisplatin following DSPP/MMP20 silencing was also determined. RESULTS DSPP/MMP20 silencing resulted in downregulation of OCSC markers, more profoundly ABCG2 (84%) and CD44 (81%), following double silencing. Furthermore, while treatment of parent (pre-silenced) OSC2 cells with cisplatin resulted in upregulation of OCSC markers, DSPP/MMP20-silenced OSC2 cells similarly treated resulted in profound downregulation of OCSC markers (72 to 94% at 50 μM of cisplatin), and a marked reduction in the proportion of ABCG2 and ALDH1 positive cells (~ 1%). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the downregulation of OCSC markers may signal a reduction in OCSC population following MMP20/DSPP silencing in OSCC cells, while also increasing their sensitivity to cisplatin. Thus, our findings suggest a potential role for DSPP and MMP20 in sustaining OCSC population in OSCCs, possibly, through mechanism(s) that alter OCSC sensitivity to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G. Nikitakis
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gkouveris
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Kelvin Barahona
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Kalu U. E. Ogbureke
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Houston, TX 77054 USA
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Rajendran BK, Deng CX. Characterization of potential driver mutations involved in human breast cancer by computational approaches. Oncotarget 2018; 8:50252-50272. [PMID: 28477017 PMCID: PMC5564847 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most frequently occurring form of cancer and is also the second most lethal cancer in women worldwide. A genetic mutation is one of the key factors that alter multiple cellular regulatory pathways and drive breast cancer initiation and progression yet nature of these cancer drivers remains elusive. In this article, we have reviewed various computational perspectives and algorithms for exploring breast cancer driver mutation genes. Using both frequency based and mutational exclusivity based approaches, we identified 195 driver genes and shortlisted 63 of them as candidate drivers for breast cancer using various computational approaches. Finally, we conducted network and pathway analysis to explore their functions in breast tumorigenesis including tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barani Kumar Rajendran
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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13
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Wang H, Wang X, Li Y, Yu H, Wang C, Feng C, Xu G, Chen J, You J, Wang P, Wu X, Zhao R, Zhang G. Chronic ethanol exposure induces SK-N-SH cell apoptosis by increasing N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor expression and intracellular calcium. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3791-3800. [PMID: 29581737 PMCID: PMC5863573 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been identified that chronic ethanol exposure damages the nervous system, particularly neurons. There is scientific evidence suggesting that neuronal loss caused by chronic ethanol exposure has an association with neuron apoptosis and intracellular calcium oscillation is one of the primary inducers of apoptosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the inductive effects of intracellular calcium oscillation on apoptosis in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells and the protective effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, memantine, on SK-N-SH cell apoptosis caused by chronic ethanol exposure. SK-N-SH cells were treated with 100 mM ethanol and memantine (4 µM) for 2 days. Protein expression of NR1 was downregulated by RNA interference (RNAi). Apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining and flow cytometry and cell viability was detected using an MTS kit. Fluorescence dual wavelength spectrophotometry was used to determine the intracellular calcium concentration and the levels of NR1 and caspase-3 were detected using western blotting. NR1 mRNA levels were also detected using qPCR. It was found that chronic ethanol exposure reduced neuronal cell viability and caused apoptosis of SK-N-SH cells, and the extent of damage in SK-N-SH cells was associated with ethanol exposure concentration and time. In addition, chronic ethanol exposure increased the concentration of intracellular calcium in SK-N-SH cells by inducing the expression of NMDAR, resulting in apoptosis, and memantine treatment reduced ethanol-induced cell apoptosis. The results of the present study indicate that the application of memantine may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of alcoholic dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- No.1 English Department, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Feng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Jiabin You
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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14
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Dentin sialophosphoprotein is a potentially latent bioactive protein in dentin. J Oral Biosci 2016; 58:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Suzuki S, Kobuke S, Haruyama N, Hoshino H, Kulkarni AB, Nishimura F. Adhesive and migratory effects of phosphophoryn are modulated by flanking peptides of the integrin binding motif. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112490. [PMID: 25396425 PMCID: PMC4232355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphophoryn (PP) is generated from the proteolytic cleavage of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). Gene duplications in the ancestor dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) genomic sequence created the DSPP gene in toothed animals. PP and DMP-1 are phosphorylated extracellular matrix proteins that belong to the family of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). Many SIBLING members have been shown to evoke various cell responses through the integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) domain; however, the RGD-dependent function of PP is not yet fully understood. We demonstrated that recombinant PP did not exhibit any obvious cell adhesion ability, whereas the simultaneously purified recombinant DMP-1 did. A cell adhesion inhibitory analysis was performed by pre-incubating human osteosarcoma MG63 cells with various PP peptides before seeding onto vitronectin. The results obtained revealed that the incorporation of more than one amino acid on both sides of the PP-RGD domain was unable to inhibit the adhesion of MG63 cells onto vitronectin. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of a peptide containing the PP-RGD domain with an open carboxyl-terminal side (H-463SDESDTNSESANESGSRGDA482-OH) was more potent than that of a peptide containing the RGD domain with an open amino-terminal side (H-478SRGDASYTSDESSDDDNDSDSH499-OH). This phenomenon was supported by the potent cell adhesion and migration abilities of the recombinant truncated PP, which terminated with Ala482. Furthermore, various point mutations in Ala482 and/or Ser483 converted recombinant PP into cell-adhesive proteins. Therefore, we concluded that the Ala482-Ser483 flanking sequence, which was detected in primates and mice, was the key peptide bond that allowed the PP-RGD domain to be sequestered. The differential abilities of PP and DMP-1 to act on integrin imply that DSPP was duplicated from DMP-1 to serve as a crucial extracellular protein for tooth development rather than as an integrin-mediated signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Seiji Kobuke
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoto Haruyama
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hoshino
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan
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Bingham C, Dickinson D, Cray J, Koli K, Ogbureke KUE. Expression of p8 in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 9:214-22. [PMID: 25155047 PMCID: PMC4424217 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression of p8, a transcription factor upregulated in some human cancers, in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Immunohistochemical analysis of p8 expression was carried out on 20 archived surgical specimens of human OSCCs, and expression correlated with clinical outcome parameters in a retrospective study. Expression of p8 in a number of OSCC cell lines also was investigated by western blot and RT-PCR analyses. p8 was expressed in 80 % (16/20) of the samples with levels of expression exhibiting a significant difference (χ(2) = 8.352, df = 3, p = 0.039) by patient age. Furthermore, greater levels of p8 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with advanced tumor grade (p = 0.008). p8 also was upregulated in OSCC cell lines. p8 is expressed in a significant proportion of OSCCs, and in human OSCC cell lines, suggesting a potential value of p8 as a diagnostic and/prognostic tool for oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bingham
- />Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Douglas Dickinson
- />College of Graduate Studies, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - James Cray
- />Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Reagents University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Komal Koli
- />Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, 7500 Cambridge Street, SOD 5460, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Kalu U. E. Ogbureke
- />Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, 7500 Cambridge Street, SOD 5460, Houston, TX 77054 USA
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Lamour V, Nokin MJ, Henry A, Castronovo V, Bellahcène A. [SIBLING proteins: molecular tools for tumor progression and angiogenesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:1018-25. [PMID: 24280506 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20132911019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family consists of osteopontin (OPN), bonesialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). These proteins, initially identified in bone and teeth, share many structural characteristics. It is now well established that they are over expressed in many tumors and play a critical role at different steps of cancer development. In this review, we describe the roles of SIBLING proteins at different stages of cancer progression including cancer cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lamour
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les métastases, GIGA (groupe interdisciplinaire de génoprotéomique appliquée)-Cancer, Université de Liège, Building 23, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgique
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18
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Odontoblasts in odontogenic tumors. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:371-3. [PMID: 23786903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are secretory cells displaying epithelial and mesenchymal features, which exist in a monolayer at the interface between the dentin and pulp of a tooth. During embryogenesis, these cells form a dentin shell and throughout life continue to produce dentin while, also acting as sensor cells helping to mediate tooth sensitivity. In this process, odontoblasts are forced to migrate inwards, resulting in an ongoing loss of pulp volume. Correspondingly, there is also a decrease in the surface area of the dentin which supports the odontoblast cell layer. As these events transpire, odontoblasts maintain a tightly controlled monolayer relationship to each other as well as to their dentin substrate. Stability is maintained laterally by epithelial attachment structures and transversely by complex cytoplasmic extensions into the supporting dentin. As a result, it is not possible for the layer to buckle to relieve the mechanical stresses, which develop during the inward migration. A theoretical consequence of this distinctive self-generated niche is the development of long term compressive stresses within the odontoblast population. We present a mechanobiology model, which causally relates the increase in cellular compressive stresses to contact inhibition of proliferation. We link this hypothesis to the observation that there are no reports of pulpal odontoblasts showing neoplasia or acquisition of changes suggestive of a pre-neoplastic phenotype.
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19
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Suzuki S, Haruyama N, Nishimura F, Kulkarni AB. Dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1: Two highly phosphorylated proteins in mineralized tissues. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1165-75. [PMID: 22534175 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) are highly phosphorylated proteins that belong to the family of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs), and are essential for proper development of hard tissues such as teeth and bones. In order to understand how they contribute to tissue organization, DSPP and DMP-1 have been analyzed for over a decade using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. Among the five SIBLINGs, the DSPP and DMP-1 genes are located next to each other and their gene and protein structures are most similar. In this review we examine the phenotypes of the genetically engineered mouse models of DSPP and DMP-1 and also introduce complementary in vitro studies into the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. DSPP affects the mineralization of dentin more profoundly than DMP-1. In contrast, DMP-1 significantly affects bone mineralization and importantly controls serum phosphate levels by regulating serum FGF-23 levels, whereas DSPP does not show any systemic effects. DMP-1 activates integrin signalling and is endocytosed into the cytoplasm whereupon it is translocated to the nucleus. In contrast, DSPP only activates integrin-dependent signalling. Thus it is now clear that both DSPP and DMP-1 contribute to hard tissue mineralization and the tissues affected by each are different presumably as a result of their different expression levels. In fact, in comparison with DMP-1, the functional analysis of cell signalling by DSPP remains relatively unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Yohannes E, Ghosh SK, Jiang B, McCormick TS, Weinberg A, Hill E, Faddoul F, Chance MR. Proteomic signatures of human oral epithelial cells in HIV-infected subjects. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27816. [PMID: 22114700 PMCID: PMC3218055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral epithelium, the most abundant structural tissue lining the oral mucosa, is an important line of defense against infectious microorganisms. HIV infected subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are susceptible to comorbid viral, bacterial and fungal infections in the oral cavity. To provide an assessment of the molecular alterations of oral epithelia potentially associated with susceptibility to comorbid infections in such subjects, we performed various proteomic studies on over twenty HIV infected and healthy subjects. In a discovery phase two Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) analyses of human oral gingival epithelial cell (HOEC) lysates were carried out; this identified 61 differentially expressed proteins between HIV-infected on HAART subjects and healthy controls. Down regulated proteins in HIV-infected subjects include proteins associated with maintenance of protein folding and pro- and anti-inflammatory responses (e.g., heat-shock proteins, Cryab, Calr, IL-1RA, and Galectin-3-binding protein) as well as proteins involved in redox homeostasis and detoxification (e.g., Gstp1, Prdx1, and Ero1). Up regulated proteins include: protein disulfide isomerases, proteins whose expression is negatively regulated by Hsp90 (e.g., Ndrg1), and proteins that maintain cellular integrity (e.g., Vimentin). In a verification phase, proteins identified in the protein profiling experiments and those inferred from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis were analyzed using Western blotting analysis on separate HOEC lysate samples, confirming many of the discovery findings. Additionally in HIV-infected patient samples Heat Shock Factor 1 is down regulated, which explains the reduced heat shock responses, while activation of the MAPK signal transduction cascade is observed. Overall, HAART therapy provides an incomplete immune recovery of the oral epithelial cells of the oral cavity for HIV-infected subjects, and the toxic side effects of HAART and/or HIV chronicity silence expression of multiple proteins that in healthy subjects function to provide robust innate immune responses and combat cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yohannes
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Santosh K. Ghosh
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bin Jiang
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Edward Hill
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Faddy Faddoul
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Chance
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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