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Ren H, Jin Z, Pei X, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang J. Assessment of immunization procedures for foot-and-mouth disease in large-scale pig farms in China based on actual data and dynamics. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly infectious and pathogenic animal disease. In recent years, with the rapid development of the swine breeding industry in China, pig farms have shown a trend of larger-scale development. Large-scale pig farms employ standardized management, a high level of automation, and a strict system. However, these farms have a large trading volume, and increased transmission intensity of FMD is noted inside the farm. At present, the main control measure against FMD is pig vaccination. However, a standard for immunization procedures is not available, and currently adopted immunization procedures have not been effectively and systematically evaluated. Taking a typical large-scale pig farm in China as the research subject and considering the breeding pattern, piggery structure, age structure and immunization procedures, an individual-based state probability model is established to evaluate the effectiveness of the immune procedure. Based on numerical simulation, it is concluded that the optimal immunization program involves primary immunization at 40 days of age and secondary immunization at 80 days of age for commercial pigs. Breeding boars and breeding sows are immunized 4 times a year, and reserve pigs are immunized at 169 and 259 days of age. According to the theoretical analysis, the average control reproduction number of individuals under the optimal immunization procedure in the farm is 0.4927. In the absence of immunization, the average is 1.7498, indicating that the epidemic cannot be controlled without immunization procedures.
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Belsham GJ. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:20. [PMID: 32434544 PMCID: PMC7240906 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of the FMD virus continue to circulate in different parts of the world. Within each serotype there is also extensive diversity as the virus constantly changes. Vaccines need to be “matched” to the outbreak strain, not just to the serotype, to confer protection. Vaccination has been used successfully to assist in the eradication of the disease from Europe but is no longer employed there unless outbreaks occur. Thus the animal population in Europe, as in North America, is fully susceptible to the virus if it is accidentally (or deliberately) introduced. Almost 3 billion doses of the vaccine are made each year to control the disease elsewhere. Current vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated virus that has to be grown, on a large scale, under high containment conditions. The vaccine efficiently prevents disease but the duration of immunity is rather limited (about 6 months) and vaccination does not provide sterile immunity or block the development of carriers. Furthermore, the vaccine is quite unstable and a cold chain needs to be maintained to preserve the efficacy of the vaccine. This can be a challenge in the parts of the world where the disease is endemic. There is a significant interest in developing improved vaccines and significant progress in this direction has been made using a variety of approaches. However, no alternative vaccines are yet available commercially. Improved disease control globally is clearly beneficial to all countries as it reduces the risk of virus incursions into disease free areas.
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Jamal SM, Nazem Shirazi MH, Ozyoruk F, Parlak U, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Evidence for multiple recombination events within foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in West Eurasia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:979-993. [PMID: 31758840 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic studies on foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) circulating in the West Eurasian region have largely focused on the genomic sequences encoding the structural proteins that determine the serotype. The present study has compared near-complete genome sequences of FMDVs representative of the viruses that circulate in this region. The near-complete genome sequences (ca. 7,600 nt) were generated from multiple overlapping RT-PCR products. These amplicons were from FMDVs belonging to serotypes O, A and Asia-1, including members of the O-PanAsia-II and the A-Iran05 lineages, and of Group-II and Group-VII (Sindh-08) within serotype Asia-1, which are currently predominant and widespread in West Eurasia. These new sequences were analysed together with other sequences obtained from GenBank. Comparison of different regions of the FMDVs genomes revealed evidence for multiple, inter-serotypic, recombination events between FMDVs belonging to the serotypes O, A and Asia-1. It is concluded from the present study that dramatic changes in virus sequences can occur in the field through recombination between different FMDV genomes. These analyses provide information about the ancestry of the serotype O, A and Asia-1 FMDVs that are currently circulating within the West Eurasian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Preben Normann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Denmark
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Horsington J, Eschbaumer M, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W. Inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in epithelium samples for safe transport and processing in low-containment laboratories. J Virol Methods 2019; 276:113770. [PMID: 31705919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak, transport and testing of potentially infectious samples, including epithelium from suspect lesions, presents a biosafety risk, particularly in FMD-free countries. Therefore, treatment to inactivate virus prior to transport is important. Tongue epithelium from cattle infected with FMD virus (FMDV) serotype O (O ALG/3/2014 - Lineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d) or A (A IRN/22/2015 - Lineage A/ASIA/G-VII) was incubated in RNAlater, RNA Shield or phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at room temperature for 2, 6, 24 or 48 h. After incubation, tissues were homogenised and tested by virus titration. Viral RNA in the homogenate was quantified by RT-qPCR, used for sequencing, and transfected into LFBKαVβ6 cells to recover infectious virus. RNAlater reduced A IRN/22/2015 titres by 4 log10 after 24 h, and completely after 48 h incubation. While O ALG/3/2014 was detected by VI after 2, 6 and 24 h, titration yielded no infectious virus, likely as a result of freeze-thawing. RNA Shield was cytotoxic at high concentrations but was effective at inactivating both strains after 24 h. Regardless of reagent or inactivation period, RT-qPCR, VP1 sequencing, and transfection of RNA to recover infectious virus were possible. RNA Shield appears a better choice for FMDV inactivation in tissues, however 24 h incubation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Li SF, Gong MJ, Shao JJ, Sun YF, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Antiviral activity of merimepodib against foot and mouth disease virus in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:226-232. [PMID: 31386979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of family Picornaviridae, belongs to the genus Aphthovirus, which causes foot and mouth disease (FMD), a highly transmissible disease that affects cloven-hoof animals. In spite of the fact that efficient vaccines are available, effective antiviral molecules for FMD are needed to reduce viral infection during early stages of infection. In this study, merimepodib was found to efficiently inhibit FMDV replication in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of merimepodib antiviral activity against two distinct FMDV strains (O/MYA98/BY/2010 and A/GD/MM/CHA/2013) was estimated to be 7.859 and 2.876 μM, respectively, while the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of merimepodib was found to be 47.74 μM. Furthermore, treatment with 30 μg merimepodib efficiently prolonged the survival time of suckling mice infected with FMDV. Taken together, these results suggested that merimepodib has the potential to be a novel antiviral agent against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yue-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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Comparison of different inactivation methods on the stability of Indian vaccine strains of foot and mouth disease virus. Biologicals 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Guan SH, Belsham GJ. Separation of foot-and-mouth disease virus leader protein activities; identification of mutants that retain efficient self-processing activity but poorly induce eIF4G cleavage. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:671-680. [PMID: 28452293 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a picornavirus and its RNA genome encodes a large polyprotein. The N-terminal part of this polyprotein is the leader protein, a cysteine protease, termed Lpro. The virus causes the rapid inhibition of host cell cap-dependent protein synthesis within infected cells. This results from the Lpro-dependent cleavage of the cellular translation initiation factor eIF4G. Lpro also releases itself from the virus capsid precursor by cleaving the L/P1 junction. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the Lpro coding sequence, we have investigated the role of 51 separate amino acid residues in the functions of this protein. These selected residues either are highly conserved or are charged and exposed on the protein surface. Using transient expression assays, within BHK-21 cells, it was found that residues around the active site (W52, L53 and A149) of Lpro and others located elsewhere (K38, K39, R44, H138 and W159) are involved in the induction of eIF4G cleavage but not in the processing of the L/P1 junction. Modified viruses, encoding such amino acid substitutions within Lpro, can replicate in BHK-21 cells but did not grow well in primary bovine thyroid cells. This study characterizes mutant viruses that are deficient in blocking host cell responses to infection (e.g. interferon induction) and can assist in the rational design of antiviral agents targeting this process and in the production of attenuated viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hua Guan
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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Romey A, Relmy A, Gorna K, Laloy E, Zientara S, Blaise-Boisseau S, Bakkali Kassimi L. Safe and cost-effective protocol for shipment of samples from Foot-and-Mouth Disease suspected cases for laboratory diagnostic. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:197-204. [PMID: 28387065 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An essential step towards the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the identification of circulating virus strains in endemic regions to implement adequate outbreak control measures. However, due to the high biological risk and the requirement for biological samples to be shipped frozen, the cost of shipping samples becomes one of major obstacles hindering submission of suspected samples to reference laboratories for virus identification. In this study, we report the development of a cost-effective and safe method for shipment of FMD samples. The protocol is based on the inactivation of FMD virus (FMDV) on lateral flow device (LFD, penside test routinely used in the field for rapid immunodetection of FMDV), allowing its subsequent detection and typing by RT-PCR and recovery of live virus upon RNA transfection into permissive cells. After live FMDV collection onto LFD strip and soaking in 0.2% citric acid solution, the virus is totally inactivated. Viral RNA is still detectable by real-time RT-PCR following inactivation, and the virus strain can be characterized by sequencing of the VP1 coding region. In addition, live virus can be rescued by transfecting RNA extract from treated LFD into cells. This protocol should help promoting submission of FMD suspected samples to reference laboratories (by reducing the cost of sample shipping) and thus characterization of FMDV strains circulating in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Romey
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Relmy
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Gorna
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Laloy
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Blaise-Boisseau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bakkali Kassimi
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, Laboratoire OIE de référence Fièvre Aphteuse, UMR Virologie 1161, Université Paris-Est, Anses, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Pattnaik B. Evaluation of FTA ® card for the rescue of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus by chemical transfection of extracted RNA in cultured cells. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:225-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kumar N, Barua S, Riyesh T, Chaubey KK, Rawat KD, Khandelwal N, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Chandel SS, Sharma S, Singh MK, Sharma DK, Singh SV, Tripathi BN. Complexities in Isolation and Purification of Multiple Viruses from Mixed Viral Infections: Viral Interference, Persistence and Exclusion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156110. [PMID: 27227480 PMCID: PMC4881941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful purification of multiple viruses from mixed infections remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) mixed infection in goats. Rather than in a single cell type, cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus was observed in cocultured Vero/BHK-21 cells at 6th blind passage (BP). PPRV, but not FMDV could be purified from the virus mixture by plaque assay. Viral RNA (mixture) transfection in BHK-21 cells produced FMDV but not PPRV virions, a strategy which we have successfully employed for the first time to eliminate the negative-stranded RNA virus from the virus mixture. FMDV phenotypes, such as replication competent but noncytolytic, cytolytic but defective in plaque formation and, cytolytic but defective in both plaque formation and standard FMDV genome were observed respectively, at passage level BP8, BP15 and BP19 and hence complicated virus isolation in the cell culture system. Mixed infection was not found to induce any significant antigenic and genetic diversity in both PPRV and FMDV. Further, we for the first time demonstrated the viral interference between PPRV and FMDV. Prior transfection of PPRV RNA, but not Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and rotavirus RNA resulted in reduced FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells suggesting that the PPRV RNA-induced interference was specifically directed against FMDV. On long-term coinfection of some acute pathogenic viruses (all possible combinations of PPRV, FMDV, NDV and buffalopox virus) in Vero cells, in most cases, one of the coinfecting viruses was excluded at passage level 5 suggesting that the long-term coinfection may modify viral persistence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented evidence describing a natural mixed infection of FMDV and PPRV. The study not only provides simple and reliable methodologies for isolation and purification of two epidemiologically and economically important groups of viruses, but could also help in establishing better guidelines for trading animals that could transmit further infections and epidemics in disease free nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan K. Chaubey
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Krishan Dutt Rawat
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Surender S. Chandel
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj K. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh K. Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Shoor V. Singh
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India
| | - Bhupendra N. Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Culture Collections, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Fu N, Wu J, Lv L, He J, Jiang S. Anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus effects of Chinese herbal kombucha in vivo. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1245-55. [PMID: 26691487 PMCID: PMC4704643 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is sensitive to acids and can be inactivated
by exposure to low pH conditions. Spraying animals at risk of infection with
suspensions of acid-forming microorganisms has been identified as a potential
strategy for preventing FMD. Kombucha is one of the most strongly acid-forming
symbiotic probiotics and could thus be an effective agent with which to implement
this strategy. Moreover, certain Chinese herbal extracts are known to have
broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Chinese herbal kombucha can be prepared by
fermenting Chinese herbal extracts with a kombucha culture. Previous studies
demonstrated that Chinese herbal kombucha prepared in this way efficiently inhibits
FMDV replication in vitro. To assess the inhibitory effects of
Chinese herbal kombucha against FMDV in vitro, swine challenged by
intramuscular injection with 1000 SID50 of swine FMDV serotype O strain
O/China/99 after treatment with Chinese herbal kombucha were partially protected
against infection, as demonstrated by a lack of clinical symptoms and qRT-PCR
analysis. In a large scale field trial, spraying cattle in an FMD outbreak zone with
kombucha protected against infection. Chinese herbal kombucha may be a useful
probiotic agent for managing FMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naifang Fu
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncai Wu
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Lv Lv
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijun He
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
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13
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Development and Characterization of Probe-Based Real Time Quantitative RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Serotyping of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Viruses Circulating in West Eurasia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135559. [PMID: 26270532 PMCID: PMC4535879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and virus serotyping are of paramount importance for control of this disease in endemic areas where vaccination is practiced. Ideally this virus characterization should be achieved without the need for virus amplification in cell culture. Due to the heterogeneity of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in different parts of the world, region specific diagnostic tests are required. In this study, hydrolysable probe-based real time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays were developed for specific detection and serotyping of the FMDVs currently circulating in West Eurasia. These assays were evaluated, in parallel with pan-FMDV diagnostic assays and earlier serotype-specific assays, using field samples originating from Pakistan and Afghanistan containing FMD viruses belonging to different sublineages of O-PanAsia, A-Iran05 and Asia-1 (Group-II and Group-VII (Sindh-08)). In addition, field samples from Iran and Bulgaria, containing FMDVs belonging to the O-PanAsiaANT-10 sublineage were also tested. Each of the three primer/probe sets was designed to be specific for just one of the serotypes O, A and Asia-1 of FMDV and detected the RNA from the target viruses with cycle threshold (CT) values comparable with those obtained with the serotype-independent pan-FMDV diagnostic assays. No cross-reactivity was observed in these assays between the heterotypic viruses circulating in the region. The assays reported here have higher diagnostic sensitivity (100% each for serotypes O and Asia-1, and 92% [95% CI = 81.4–100%] for serotype A positive samples) and specificity (100% each for serotypes O, A and Asia-1 positive samples) for the viruses currently circulating in West Eurasia compared to the serotyping assays reported earlier. Comparisons of the sequences of the primers and probes used in these assays and the corresponding regions of the circulating viruses provided explanations for the poor recognition of some of the viruses by the earlier assays. These new assays should help in the early detection and typing of serotype O, A and Asia-1 FMDVs circulating in West Eurasia to enable improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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14
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Gilchrist CA, Turner SD, Riley MF, Petri WA, Hewlett EL. Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:541-63. [PMID: 25876885 PMCID: PMC4399107 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the ever-present concern of medical professionals about epidemics of infectious diseases, the relative ease of access and low cost of obtaining, producing, and disseminating pathogenic organisms or biological toxins mean that bioterrorism activity should also be considered when facing a disease outbreak. Utilization of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in outbreak analysis facilitates the rapid and accurate identification of virulence factors of the pathogen and can be used to identify the path of disease transmission within a population and provide information on the probable source. Molecular tools such as WGS are being refined and advanced at a rapid pace to provide robust and higher-resolution methods for identifying, comparing, and classifying pathogenic organisms. If these methods of pathogen characterization are properly applied, they will enable an improved public health response whether a disease outbreak was initiated by natural events or by accidental or deliberate human activity. The current application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to microbial WGS and microbial forensics is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Margaret F Riley
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Meyer D, Schmeiser S, Postel A, Becher P. Transfection of RNA from organ samples of infected animals represents a highly sensitive method for virus detection and recovery of classical swine fever virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126806. [PMID: 25961582 PMCID: PMC4427382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation and replication of positive stranded RNA viruses are directly initiated in the cellular cytoplasm after uncoating of the viral genome. Accordingly, infectious virus can be generated by transfection of RNA genomes into susceptible cells. In the present study, efficiency of conventional virus isolation after inoculation of cells with infectious sample material was compared to virus recovery after transfection of total RNA derived from organ samples of pigs infected with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Compared to the conventional method of virus isolation applied in three different porcine cell lines used in routine diagnosis of CSF, RNA transfection showed a similar efficiency for virus rescue. For two samples, recovery of infectious virus was only possible by RNA transfection, but not by the classical approach of virus isolation. Therefore, RNA transfection represents a valuable alternative to conventional virus isolation in particular when virus isolation is not possible, sample material is not suitable for virus isolation or when infectious material is not available. To estimate the potential risk of RNA prepared from sample material for infection of pigs, five domestic pigs were oronasally inoculated with RNA that was tested positive for virus rescue after RNA transfection. This exposure did not result in viral infection or clinical disease of the animals. In consequence, shipment of CSFV RNA can be regarded as a safe alternative to transportation of infectious virus and thereby facilitates the exchange of virus isolates among authorized laboratories with appropriate containment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Meyer
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmeiser
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- EU and OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, Institute of Virology,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover,Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Madhanmohan M, Yuvaraj S, Manikumar K, Kumar R, Nagendrakumar SB, Rana SK, Srinivasan VA. Evaluation of the Flinders Technology Associates Cards for Storage and Temperature Challenges in Field Conditions for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:675-680. [PMID: 25598192 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) samples transported to the laboratory from far and inaccessible areas for diagnosis and identification of FMDV pose a major problem in a tropical country like India, where wide fluctuation of temperature over a large geographical area is common. Inadequate storage methods lead to spoilage of FMDV samples collected from clinically positive animals in the field. Such samples are declared as non-typeable by the typing laboratories with the consequent loss of valuable epidemiological data. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the robustness of Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) cards for storage and transportation of FMDV samples in different climatic conditions which will be useful for FMDV surveillance. Simulation transport studies were conducted using FTA impregnated FMDV samples during post-monsoon (September-October 2010) and summer season (May-June 2012). FMDV genome or serotype could be identified from the FTA cards after the simulation transport studies with varying temperature (22-45°C) and relative humidity (20-100%). The stability of the viral RNA, the absence of infectivity and ease of processing the sample for molecular methods make the FTA cards an useful option for transport of FMDV genome for identification and type determination. The method can be used routinely for FMDV research as it is economical and the cards can be transported easily in envelopes by regular courier/postal systems. The absence of live virus in FTA card can be viewed as an advantage as it restricts the risk of transmission of live virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madhanmohan
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S Yuvaraj
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Manikumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - R Kumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S B Nagendrakumar
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - S K Rana
- National Dairy Development Board, C/O Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - V A Srinivasan
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Laboratory, Research and Development Centre, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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17
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Fowler VL, Bankowski BM, Armson B, Di Nardo A, Valdazo-Gonzalez B, Reid SM, Barnett PV, Wadsworth J, Ferris NP, Mioulet V, King DP. Recovery of viral RNA and infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from positive lateral-flow devices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109322. [PMID: 25313787 PMCID: PMC4196899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) is an economically important, highly contagious picornavirus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven hooved animals. In developing countries, the effective laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is often hindered by inadequate sample preservation due to difficulties in the transportation and storage of clinical material. These factors can compromise the ability to detect and characterise FMD virus in countries where the disease is endemic. Furthermore, the high cost of sending infectious virus material and the biosecurity risk it presents emphasises the need for a thermo-stable, non-infectious mode of transporting diagnostic samples. This paper investigates the potential of using FMDV lateral-flow devices (LFDs) for dry transportation of clinical samples for subsequent nucleic acid amplification, sequencing and recovery of infectious virus by electroporation. FMDV positive samples (epithelial suspensions and cell culture isolates) representing four FMDV serotypes were applied to antigen LFDs: after which it was possible to recover viral RNA that could be detected using real-time RT-PCR. Using this nucleic acid, it was also possible to recover VP1 sequences and also successfully utilise protocols for amplification of complete FMD virus genomes. It was not possible to recover infectious FMDV directly from the LFDs, however following electroporation into BHK-21 cells and subsequent cell passage, infectious virus could be recovered. Therefore, these results support the use of the antigen LFD for the dry, non-hazardous transportation of samples from FMD endemic countries to international reference laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L. Fowler
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej M. Bankowski
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Valdazo-Gonzalez
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V. Barnett
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P. Ferris
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
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18
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Ringa N, Bauch CT. Impacts of constrained culling and vaccination on control of foot and mouth disease in near-endemic settings: a pair approximation model. Epidemics 2014; 9:18-30. [PMID: 25480131 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries have eliminated foot and mouth disease (FMD), but outbreaks remain common in other countries. Rapid development of international trade in animals and animal products has increased the risk of disease introduction to FMD-free countries. Most mathematical models of FMD are tailored to settings that are normally disease-free, and few models have explored the impact of constrained control measures in a 'near-endemic' spatially distributed host population subject to frequent FMD re-introductions from nearby endemic wild populations, as characterizes many low-income, resource-limited countries. Here we construct a pair approximation model of FMD and investigate the impact of constraints on total vaccine supply for prophylactic and ring vaccination, and constraints on culling rates and cumulative culls. We incorporate natural immunity waning and vaccine waning, which are important factors for near-endemic populations. We find that, when vaccine supply is sufficiently limited, the optimal approach for minimizing cumulative infections combines rapid deployment of ring vaccination during outbreaks with a contrasting approach of careful rationing of prophylactic vaccination over the year, such that supplies last as long as possible (and with the bulk of vaccines dedicated toward prophylactic vaccination). Thus, for optimal long-term control of the disease by vaccination in near-endemic settings when vaccine supply is limited, it is best to spread out prophylactic vaccination as much as possible. Regardless of culling constraints, the optimal culling strategy is rapid identification of infected premises and their immediate contacts at the initial stages of an outbreak, and rapid culling of infected premises and farms deemed to be at high risk of infection (as opposed to culling only the infected farms). Optimal culling strategies are similar when social impact is the outcome of interest. We conclude that more FMD transmission models should be developed that are specific to the challenges of FMD control in near-endemic, low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ringa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - C T Bauch
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, West Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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19
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Lin YL, Chang CY, Pan CH, Deng MC, Tsai HJ, Lee F. First finding of Southeast Asia topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Kinmen, Taiwan, in the 2012 outbreak. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1479-85. [PMID: 25056674 PMCID: PMC4272980 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus, a member of genus Aphthovirus within the family Picornaviridae, affects cloven-hoofed animals, causing foot-and-mouth disease characterized by vesicle development. The Southeast Asia topotype, one of the topotypes within serotype O of the virus, is prevalent in some Asian countries, but had not previously been found in Taiwan. The topotype was first found in pigs in Kinmen Island, Taiwan, in 2012 and identified by nucleotide sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Outbreaks were reported at 4 farms, resulting in the culling of 628 pigs and 1 cattle. Pigs were the only species infected during the outbreak. The incursion of Southeast Asia topotype into Taiwan implies the expansion of the topotype in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeou-Liang Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
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20
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Ringa N, Bauch CT. Dynamics and control of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic countries: a pair approximation model. J Theor Biol 2014; 357:150-9. [PMID: 24853274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous mathematical models of spatial farm-to-farm transmission of foot and mouth disease (FMD) have explored the impacts of control measures such as culling and vaccination during a single outbreak in a country normally free of FMD. As a result, these models do not include factors that are relevant to countries where FMD is endemic in some regions, like long-term waning natural and vaccine immunity, use of prophylactic vaccination and disease re-importations. These factors may have implications for disease dynamics and control, yet few models have been developed for FMD-endemic settings. Here we develop and study an SEIRV (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-vaccinated) pair approximation model of FMD. We focus on long term dynamics by exploring characteristics of repeated outbreaks of FMD and their dependence on disease re-importation, loss of natural immunity, and vaccine waning. We find that the effectiveness of ring and prophylactic vaccination strongly depends on duration of natural immunity, rate of vaccine waning, and disease re-introduction rate. However, the number and magnitude of FMD outbreaks are generally more sensitive to the duration of natural immunity than the duration of vaccine immunity. If loss of natural immunity and/or vaccine waning happen rapidly, then multiple epidemic outbreaks result, making it difficult to eliminate the disease. Prophylactic vaccination is more effective than ring vaccination, at the same per capita vaccination rate. Finally, more frequent disease re-importation causes a higher cumulative number of infections, although a lower average epidemic peak. Our analysis demonstrates significant differences between dynamics in FMD-free settings versus FMD-endemic settings, and that dynamics in FMD-endemic settings can vary widely depending on factors such as the duration of natural and vaccine immunity and the rate of disease re-importations. We conclude that more mathematical models tailored to FMD-endemic countries should be developed that include these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ringa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Canada ON N1G 2W1.
| | - C T Bauch
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Canada ON N1G 2W1; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, Canada ON N2L 3G1
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21
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Bisht P, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Das B, Pande V, Biswal JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Ranjan R, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Efficient rescue of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cultured cells transfected with RNA extracted from clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2013; 196:65-70. [PMID: 24239633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an RNA transfection was used to rescue infectious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus from clinical samples in BHK-21 cell line for diagnosis of FMD. Tissue samples (n=190) were subjected to FMD virus isolation by conventional cell culture and also by RNA transfection. FMD virus was isolated from 62% of the clinical samples by RNA transfection, whereas virus was isolated only from 16% of the clinical samples in conventional cell culture method, suggesting better performance of the RNA transfection. Virus was rescued from 67% and 10% of ELISA negative but multiplex PCR positive samples by RNA transfection and conventional cell culture, respectively. The efficiency of transfection was studied on clinical samples subjected to temperature as high as 37°C and varying pH (pH 4-9). Except up to 1 week of storage at 4°C at pH 7.5, virus isolation was not possible by cell culture. Virus was rescued by transfection from samples stored at 4°C for any of the applied pH up to 4 weeks, and when stored at 37°C virus could be rescued up to 4 weeks at pH 7.5 suggesting the fitness of transfection to isolate virus from clinical samples stored under inappropriate conditions. The sequence data and antigenic relationships with the vaccine strains, between virus rescued by transfection and conventional cell culture, were comparable. The RNA transfection will help to increase the efficiency of virus isolation, diagnosis and molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Bisht
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bana B Dash
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
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22
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Effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination programs for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda, 2001–2010. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:35-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Brito BP, Perez AM, Jamal SM, Belsham GJ, Pauszek SJ, Ahmed Z, Rodriguez LL. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Phylodynamics: Genetic Variability Associated with Epidemiological Factors in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:516-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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King DP, Madi M, Mioulet V, Wadsworth J, Wright CF, Valdazo-González B, Ferris NP, Knowles NJ, Hammond J. New technologies to diagnose and monitor infectious diseases of livestock: challenges for sub-Saharan Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2012; 79:456. [PMID: 23327376 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) as an example, this review describes new tools that can be used to detect and characterise livestock diseases. In recent years, molecular tests that can detect and characterise pathogens in a diverse range of sample types have revolutionised laboratory diagnostics. In addition to use in centralised laboratories, there are opportunities to locate diagnostic technologies close to the animals with suspected clinical signs. Work in this area has developed simple-to-use lateral-flow devices for the detection of FMD virus (FMDV), as well as new hardware platforms to allow molecular testing to be deployed into the field for use by non-specialists. Once FMDV has been detected, nucleotide sequencing is used to compare field strains with reference viruses. Transboundary movements of FMDV are routinely monitored using VP1 sequence data, while higher resolution transmission trees (at the farm-to-farm level) can be reconstructed using full-genome sequencing approaches. New technologies such as next-generation sequencing technologies are now being applied to dissect the viral sequence populations that exist within single samples. The driving force for the use of these technologies has largely been influenced by the priorities of developed countries with FMD-free (without vaccination) status. However, it is important to recognise that these approaches also show considerable promise for use in countries where FMD is endemic, although further modifications (such as sample archiving and strain and serotype characterisation) may be required to tailor these tests for use in these regions. Access to these new diagnostic and sequencing technologies in sub-Saharan Africa have the potential to provide novel insights into FMD epidemiology and will impact upon improved strategies for disease control.Effective control of infectious diseases is reliant upon accurate diagnosis of clinical cases using laboratory tests, together with an understanding of factors that impact upon the epidemiology of the infectious agent. A wide range of new diagnostic tools and nucleotide sequencing methods are used by international reference laboratories to detect and characterise the agents causing outbreaks of infectious diseases. In the past, high costs (initial capital expenses, as well as day-to-day maintenance and running costs) and complexity of the protocols used to perform some of these tests have limited the use of these methods in smaller laboratories. However, simpler and more cost-effective formats are now being developed that offer the prospect that these technologies will be even more widely deployed into laboratories particularly those in developing regions of the world such as sub-Saharan Africa.
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Tsujimura M, Thammakarn C, Yamada Y, Satoh K, Hasegawa T, Ruenphet S, Takehara K. Antiviral Activity of Scallop-Shell Powder against Avian Influenza Virus and Goose Parvovirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.14723/tmrsj.37.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misato Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Chanathip Thammakarn
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Keisuke Satoh
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tomomi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Sakchai Ruenphet
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuaki Takehara
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Jamal SM, Ferrari G, Ahmed S, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Molecular characterization of serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Pakistan and Afghanistan; emergence of a new genetic Group and evidence for a novel recombinant virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:2049-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Jamal SM, Ferrari G, Ahmed S, Normann P, Curry S, Belsham GJ. Evolutionary analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Pakistan and Afghanistan during 2002-2009. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2849-2864. [PMID: 21813704 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Three different serotypes of the virus, namely O, A and Asia-1, are responsible for the outbreaks of this disease in these countries. In the present study, the nucleotide-coding sequences for the VP1 capsid protein (69 samples) or for all four capsid proteins (P1, seven representative samples) of the serotype A FMD viruses circulating in Pakistan and Afghanistan were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1-coding sequences from these countries collected between 2002 and 2009 revealed the presence of at least four lineages within two distinct genotypes, all belonging to the Asia topotype, within serotype A. The predominant lineage observed was A-Iran05 but three other lineages (a new one is named here A-Pak09) were also identified. The A-Iran05 lineage is still evolving as revealed by the presence of seven distinct variants, the dominant being the A-Iran05AFG-07 and A-Iran05BAR-08 sublineages. The rate of evolution of the A-Iran05 lineage was found to be about 1.2×10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide per year. This high rate of change is consistent with the rapid appearance of new variants of FMDV serotype A in the region. The A22/Iraq FMDV vaccine is antigenically distinct from the A-Iran05BAR-08 viruses. Mapping of the amino acid changes between the capsid proteins of the A22/Iraq vaccine strain and the A-Iran05BAR-08 viruses onto the A22/Iraq capsid structure identified candidate amino acid substitutions, exposed on the virus surface, which may explain this antigenic difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Park Road, 45500 Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Giancarlo Ferrari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Preben Normann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Stephen Curry
- Biophysics Section, Blackett Laboratory, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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Jamal SM, Ferrari G, Ahmed S, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 1997–2009. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1229-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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