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Rajankunte Mahadeshwara M, Al-Jawad M, Hall RM, Pandit H, El-Gendy R, Bryant M. How Do Cartilage Lubrication Mechanisms Fail in Osteoarthritis? A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:541. [PMID: 38927777 PMCID: PMC11200606 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration is a characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA), which is often observed in aging populations. This degeneration is due to the breakdown of articular cartilage (AC) mechanical and tribological properties primarily attributed to lubrication failure. Understanding the reasons behind these failures and identifying potential solutions could have significant economic and societal implications, ultimately enhancing quality of life. This review provides an overview of developments in the field of AC, focusing on its mechanical and tribological properties. The emphasis is on the role of lubrication in degraded AC, offering insights into its structure and function relationship. Further, it explores the fundamental connection between AC mechano-tribological properties and the advancement of its degradation and puts forth recommendations for strategies to boost its lubrication efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Rajankunte Mahadeshwara
- Institute of Functional Surfaces, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
| | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
| | - Richard M. Hall
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Hemant Pandit
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK;
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 3, Ismailia Governorate 8366004, Egypt
| | - Michael Bryant
- Institute of Functional Surfaces, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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2
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Jia Y, Le H, Wang X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Ding J, Zheng C, Chang F. Double-edged role of mechanical stimuli and underlying mechanisms in cartilage tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1271762. [PMID: 38053849 PMCID: PMC10694366 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1271762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli regulate the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the homeostasis of chondrocytes, thus affecting implant success in cartilage tissue engineering. The mechanical microenvironment plays fundamental roles in the maturation and maintenance of natural articular cartilage, and the progression of osteoarthritis Hence, cartilage tissue engineering attempts to mimic this environment in vivo to obtain implants that enable a superior regeneration process. However, the specific type of mechanical loading, its optimal regime, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still under investigation. First, this review delineates the composition and structure of articular cartilage, indicating that the morphology of chondrocytes and components of the extracellular matrix differ from each other to resist forces in three top-to-bottom overlapping zones. Moreover, results from research experiments and clinical trials focusing on the effect of compression, fluid shear stress, hydrostatic pressure, and osmotic pressure are presented and critically evaluated. As a key direction, the latest advances in mechanisms involved in the transduction of external mechanical signals into biological signals are discussed. These mechanical signals are sensed by receptors in the cell membrane, such as primary cilia, integrins, and ion channels, which next activate downstream pathways. Finally, biomaterials with various modifications to mimic the mechanical properties of natural cartilage and the self-designed bioreactors for experiment in vitro are outlined. An improved understanding of biomechanically driven cartilage tissue engineering and the underlying mechanisms is expected to lead to efficient articular cartilage repair for cartilage degeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hanxiang Le
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- The Fourth Treatment Area of Trauma Hip Joint Surgery Department, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianggang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jiacheng Ding
- The Second Bethune Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Changjun Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Fei Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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3
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Impact of Fluid Flow Shear Stress on Osteoblast Differentiation and Cross-Talk with Articular Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169505. [PMID: 36012760 PMCID: PMC9408926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cells, in particular osteoblasts, are capable of communication with each other during bone growth and homeostasis. More recently it has become clear that they also communicate with other cell-types; including chondrocytes in articular cartilage. One way that this process is facilitated is by interstitial fluid movement within the pericellular and extracellular matrices. This stimulus is also an important mechanical signal in skeletal tissues, and is known to generate shear stresses at the micron-scale (known as fluid flow shear stresses (FFSS)). The primary aim of this study was to develop and characterize an in vitro bone–cartilage crosstalk system, to examine the effect of FFSS on these cell types. Specifically, we evaluated the response of osteoblasts and chondrocytes to FFSS and the effect of FFSS-induced soluble factors from the former, on the latter. This system will ultimately be used to help us understand the role of subchondral bone damage in articular cartilage degeneration. We also carried out a comparison of responses between cell lines and primary murine cells in this work. Our findings demonstrate that primary cells produce a more reliable and reproducible response to FFSS. Furthermore we found that at lower magnitudes , direct FFSS produces anabolic responses in both chondrocytes and osteoblasts, whereas higher levels produce more catabolic responses. Finally we show that exposure to osteoblast-derived factors in conditioned media experiments produced similarly catabolic changes in primary chondrocytes.
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4
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Hodgkinson T, Amado IN, O'Brien FJ, Kennedy OD. The role of mechanobiology in bone and cartilage model systems in characterizing initiation and progression of osteoarthritis. APL Bioeng 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0068277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hodgkinson
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabel N. Amado
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Singh YP, Moses JC, Bhardwaj N, Mandal BB. Overcoming the Dependence on Animal Models for Osteoarthritis Therapeutics - The Promises and Prospects of In Vitro Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100961. [PMID: 34302436 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of osteochondral tissues. Current treatment is restricted to the reduction of pain and loss of function of the joint. To better comprehend the OA pathophysiological conditions, several models are employed, however; there is no consensus on a suitable model. In this review, different in vitro models being developed for possible therapeutic intervention of OA are outlined. Herein, various in vitro OA models starting from 2D model, co-culture model, 3D models, dynamic culture model to advanced technologies-based models such as 3D bioprinting, bioassembly, organoids, and organ-on-chip-based models are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Besides, different growth factors, cytokines, and chemicals being utilized for induction of OA condition are reviewed in detail. Furthermore, there is focus on scrutinizing different molecular and possible therapeutic targets for better understanding the mechanisms and OA therapeutics. Finally, the underlying challenges associated with in vitro models are discussed followed by future prospective. Taken together, a comprehensive overview of in vitro OA models, factors to induce OA-like conditions, and intricate molecular targets with the potential to develop personalized osteoarthritis therapeutics in the future with clinical translation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
| | - Joseph Christakiran Moses
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
| | - Nandana Bhardwaj
- Department of Science and Mathematics Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati Bongora Guwahati Assam 781015 India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
- School of Health Sciences and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam 781039 India
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6
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Bartolotti I, Roseti L, Petretta M, Grigolo B, Desando G. A Roadmap of In Vitro Models in Osteoarthritis: A Focus on Their Biological Relevance in Regenerative Medicine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1920. [PMID: 33925222 PMCID: PMC8124812 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifaceted musculoskeletal disorder, with a high prevalence worldwide. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane are among the main biological targets in the OA microenvironment. Gaining more knowledge on the accuracy of preclinical in vitro OA models could open innovative avenues in regenerative medicine to bridge major gaps, especially in translation from animals to humans. Our methodological approach entailed searches on Scopus, the Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select the most relevant preclinical in vitro models for studying OA. Predicting the biological response of regenerative strategies requires developing relevant preclinical models able to mimic the OA milieu influencing tissue responses and organ complexity. In this light, standard 2D culture models lack critical properties beyond cell biology, while animal models suffer from several limitations due to species differences. In the literature, most of the in vitro models only recapitulate a tissue compartment, by providing fragmented results. Biotechnological advances may enable scientists to generate new in vitro models that combine easy manipulation and organ complexity. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of preclinical in vitro models in OA and outline how the different preclinical systems (inflammatory/biomechanical/microfluidic models) may be valid tools in regenerative medicine, describing their pros and cons. We then discuss the prospects of specific and combinatorial models to predict biological responses following regenerative approaches focusing on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapies to reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bartolotti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Livia Roseti
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Mauro Petretta
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
- RegenHu Company, Z.I Du Vivier 22, 1690 Villaz-St-Pierre, Switzerland
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Giovanna Desando
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.B.); (M.P.); (B.G.)
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7
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Mousavi MS, Amoabediny G, Mahfouzi SH, Safiabadi Tali SH. Enhanced articular cartilage decellularization using a novel perfusion-based bioreactor method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104511. [PMID: 33915440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current decellularization methods for articular cartilages require many steps, various and high amounts of detergents, and a relatively long time to produce decellularized scaffolds. In addition, such methods often damage the essential components and the structure of the tissue. This study aims to introduce a novel perfusion-based bioreactor (PBB) method to decellularize bovine articular cartilages efficiently while reducing the harmful physical and chemical steps as well as the duration of the process. This leads to better preservation of the structure and the essential components of the native tissue. Firstly, a certain number of channels (Ø 180 μm) were introduced into both sides of cylindrical articular bovine cartilage disks (5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness). Next, the disks were decellularized in the PBB and a shaker as the control. Using the PBB method resulted in ∼90% reduction of DNA content in the specimens, which was significantly higher than those of the shaker results with ∼60%. Also, ∼50% sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content and ∼92% of the compression properties were maintained implying the efficient preservation of the structure and components of the scaffolds. Moreover, the current study indicated that the PBB specimens supported the adherence and proliferation of the new cells effectively. In conclusion, the results show that the use of PBB method increases the efficiency of producing decellularized cartilage scaffolds with a better maintenance of essential components and structure, while reducing the chemicals and steps required for the process. This will pave the way for producing close-to-natural scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Sadat Mousavi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Amoabediny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Mahfouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Putignano C, Burris D, Moore A, Dini D. Cartilage rehydration: The sliding-induced hydrodynamic triggering mechanism. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:90-99. [PMID: 33676047 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Loading-induced cartilage exudation causes loss of fluid from the tissue, joint space thinning and, in a long term prospective, the insurgence of osteoarthritis. Fortunately, experiments show that joints recover interstitial fluid and thicken during articulation after static loading, thus reversing the exudation process. Here, we provide the first original theoretical explanation to this crucial phenomenon, by implementing a numerical model capable of accounting for the multiscale porous lubrication occurring in joints. We prove that sliding-induced rehydration occurs because of hydrodynamic reasons and is specifically related to a wedge effect at the contact inlet. Furthermore, numerically predicted rehydration rates are consistent with experimentally measured rates and corroborate the robustness of the model here proposed. The paper provides key information, in terms of fundamental lubrication multiscale mechanisms, to understand the rehydration of cartilage and, more generally, of any biological tissue exhibiting a significant porosity: such a theoretical framework is, thus, crucial to inform the design of new effective cartilage-mimicking biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Motion and, precisely, joints articulation ensures that cartilage tissues preserve adequate level of hydration and, thus, maintain excellent mechanical properties in terms of high resilience, considerable load-carrying capacity and remarkably low friction. Conversely, when statically loaded, cartilage starts to exudate, causing joint space thinning and, in the long term, possible osteoarthritis; joints motion is, thus, the key to prevent the degradation of the tissues. By developing a numerical multiscale lubrication theory, and by corroborating this approach with experiments, we provide the first original theoretical explanation to this motion-induced cartilage rehydration mechanism. Assessing the rehydration hydrodynamic origin is, in fact, fundamental not only to understand the joints physiology, but also to highlight a key requirement for cartilage-mimicking biomaterials.
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9
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Sanada Y, Tan SJO, Adachi N, Miyaki S. Pharmacological Targeting of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Osteoarthritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030419. [PMID: 33803317 PMCID: PMC8001640 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common aging-associated disease that clinically manifests as joint pain, mobility limitations, and compromised quality of life. Today, OA treatment is limited to pain management and joint arthroplasty at the later stages of disease progression. OA pathogenesis is predominantly mediated by oxidative damage to joint cartilage extracellular matrix and local cells such as chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and synovial fibroblasts. Under normal conditions, cells prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under oxidatively stressful conditions through their adaptive cytoprotective mechanisms. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an iron-dependent cytoprotective enzyme that functions as the inducible form of HO. HO-1 and its metabolites carbon monoxide and biliverdin contribute towards the maintenance of redox homeostasis. HO-1 expression is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level through transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), specificity protein 1 (Sp1), transcriptional repressor BTB-and-CNC homology 1 (Bach1), and epigenetic regulation. Several studies report that HO-1 expression can be regulated using various antioxidative factors and chemical compounds, suggesting therapeutic implications in OA pathogenesis as well as in the wider context of joint disease. Here, we review the protective role of HO-1 in OA with a focus on the regulatory mechanisms that mediate HO-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sanada
- Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan; (S.J.O.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Sho Joseph Ozaki Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan; (S.J.O.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan; (S.J.O.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Shigeru Miyaki
- Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 7348551, Japan; (S.J.O.T.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5231
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10
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Rieder B, Weihs AM, Weidinger A, Szwarc D, Nürnberger S, Redl H, Rünzler D, Huber-Gries C, Teuschl AH. Hydrostatic pressure-generated reactive oxygen species induce osteoarthritic conditions in cartilage pellet cultures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17010. [PMID: 30451865 PMCID: PMC6242959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability and represents a major socio-economic burden. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of OA remain inconclusive. In recent years experimental findings revealed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a major factor contributing to the onset and progression of OA. Hence, we designed a hydrostatic pressure bioreactor system that is capable of stimulating cartilage cell cultures with elevated ROS levels. Increased ROS levels in the media did not only lead to an inhibition of glycosaminoglycans and collagen II formation but also to a reduction of already formed glycosaminoglycans and collagen II in chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cell pellet cultures. These effects were associated with the elevated activity of matrix metalloproteinases as well as the increased expression of several inflammatory cytokines. ROS activated different signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK which are known to be involved in OA initiation and progression. Utilizing the presented bioreactor system, an OA in vitro model based on the generation of ROS was developed that enables the further investigation of ROS effects on cartilage degradation but can also be used as a versatile tool for anti-oxidative drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Rieder
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna M Weihs
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorota Szwarc
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Nürnberger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma-Surgery, Division of Trauma-Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Huber-Gries
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H Teuschl
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, 1200, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Chang SF, Huang KC, Chang HI, Lee KC, Su YP, Chen CN. 2 dyn/cm 2 shear force upregulates kruppel-like factor 4 expression in human chondrocytes to inhibit the interleukin-1β-activated nuclear factor-κB. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:958-968. [PMID: 30132856 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The shear force effect on human chondrocytes is time and magnitude dependent. Recently, kruppel-like factor (KLF) 4 has been identified as a pleiotropic protein and its activity in cells is dependent on different stimuli and/or cell types. The role of KLF4 in chondrocytes is still unclear and there has been no report determining whether shear force regulates KLF4 levels in chondrocytes. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the role of KLF4 in human chondrocytes under shear force stimulation and the underlying mechanism. Human primary and SW1353 chondrocytes were used in this study. The shear forces at 2, 5, or 15 dyn/cm2 intensity were applied to both types of human chondrocytes. The specific small interfering RNAs, activators, and inhibitors were used to study the detailed mechanism of shear force. The presented results showed that 2, but not 5 and 15, dyn/cm2 shear force increases KLF4 expression in human primary and SW1353 chondrocytes. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ transcription activity to increase KLF4 transcription. Moreover, the KLF4 induction in human chondrocytes in response to 2 dyn/cm2 shear force could attenuate interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated nuclear factor-κB activation. These results elucidate the role of KLF4 in antagonizing the effect of IL-1β in human chondrocytes under 2 dyn/cm2 shear force stimulation and provide a possible mechanism to demonstrate the protection of moderate forces or exercises in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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12
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Bao X, Li Z, Liu H, Feng K, Yin F, Li H, Qin J. Stimulation of chondrocytes and chondroinduced mesenchymal stem cells by osteoinduced mesenchymal stem cells under a fluid flow stimulus on an integrated microfluidic device. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:2277-2288. [PMID: 29207069 PMCID: PMC5783459 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulation of osteoinduced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrogenically predifferentiated MSCs and chondrocytes in a mechanical environment. A novel two‑layer microfluidic chip was used to mimic the interstitial flow in the superficial zones of articular cartilage. The morphology, proliferation rate and the expression of collagen I, collagen II and aggrecan of chondrocytes and chondro‑MSCs were investigated. The results revealed that the cells in the bottom layer were influenced by the top layer's osteoinduced MSCs and the bottom layer's shear flow. The expression of collagen I, which may signify the effect of the shear stress on the dedifferentiation change, was weakened by the stimulation of osteoinduced MSCs on the top layer. The expression of collagen II and aggrecan was increased in the fluidic environment by osteoinduced MSCs. These results indicate that osteoinduced MSCs have a significant effect on the phenotype of chondro‑MSCs and chondrocytes in the fluidic microenvironment. The present study described a simple and promising way to rapidly evaluate cell responses to other cells in a fluidic environment, which may help to better promote the utilization of MSCs and chondrocytes in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Bao
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ke Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Fangchao Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongjing Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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Moore AC, Burris DL. Tribological rehydration of cartilage and its potential role in preserving joint health. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:99-107. [PMID: 27693500 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During exercise, cartilage recovers interstitial fluid lost during inactivity, which explains how tissue thickness and joint space are maintained over time. This recovery phenomenon is currently explained by a combination of osmotic swelling during intermittent bath exposure and sub-ambient pressurization during unloading. This paper tests an alternate hypothesis that cartilage can retain and recover interstitial fluid in the absence of bath exposure and unloading when physiological hydrodynamics are present. METHOD Stationary cartilage-on-flat experiments were conducted to eliminate intermittent bath exposure as a potential contributor to fluid uptake. In situ compression measurements were used to monitor the loss, retention, and recovery of interstitial fluid during testing in saline. Samples were left larger than the contact area to preserve a convergence zone for hydrodynamic pressurization. RESULTS Interstitial fluid lost during static loading was recovered during sliding in the absence of unloading and contact migration; fluid recovery in a stationary contact cannot be explained by biphasic theory and suggests a fundamentally new contributor to the recovery process. We call the phenomenon 'tribological rehydration' because recovery was induced by sliding rather than by unloading or migration. Sensitivities to sliding speed, surface permeability, and nature of the convergence wedge are consistent with the hypothesis that hydrodynamic effects underlie the tribological rehydration phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that cartilage can retain and recover interstitial fluid without migration or unloading. The results suggest that hydrodynamic effects in the joint are not only important contributors to lubrication, they are likely equally important to the preservation of joint space.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - D L Burris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Su YP, Chen CN, Chang HI, Huang KC, Cheng CC, Chiu FY, Lee KC, Lo CM, Chang SF. Low Shear Stress Attenuates COX-2 Expression Induced by Resistin in Human Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1448-1457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Surgery; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology; National Chiayi University; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology; National Chiayi University; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Branch; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Branch; Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yao Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Surgery; School of Medicine; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chao Lee
- Division of Colorectal Surgery; Department of Surgery; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chun-Min Lo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chiayi Branch; Chiayi Taiwan
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15
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Hill A, Waller KA, Cui Y, Allen JM, Smits P, Zhang LX, Ayturk UM, Hann S, Lessard SG, Zurakowski D, Warman ML, Jay GD. Lubricin restoration in a mouse model of congenital deficiency. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016. [PMID: 26216721 DOI: 10.1002/art.39276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital deficiency of the principal boundary lubricant in cartilage (i.e., lubricin, encoded by the gene PRG4) increases joint friction and causes progressive joint failure. This study was undertaken to determine whether restoring lubricin expression in a mouse model would prevent, delay, or reverse the disease process caused by congenital deficiency. METHODS Using genetically engineered lubricin-deficient mice, we restored gene function before conception or at ages 3 weeks, 2 months, or 6 months after birth. The effect of restoring gene function (i.e., expression of lubricin) on the tibiofemoral patellar joints of mice was evaluated histologically and by ex vivo biomechanical testing. RESULTS Restoring gene function in mice prior to conception prevented joint disease. In 3-week-old mice, restoring gene function improved, but did not normalize, histologic features of the articular cartilage and whole-joint friction. In addition, cyclic loading of the joints produced fewer activated caspase 3-containing chondrocytes when lubricin expression was restored, as compared to that in littermate mice whose gene function was not restored (nonrestored controls). Restoration of lubricin expression in 2-month-old or 6-month-old mice had no beneficial effect on histopathologic cartilage damage, extent of whole-joint friction, or activation of caspase 3 when compared to nonrestored controls. CONCLUSION When boundary lubrication is congenitally deficient and cartilage becomes damaged, the window of opportunity for restoring lubrication and slowing disease progression is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hill
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly A Waller
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Yajun Cui
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin M Allen
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ling X Zhang
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Ugur M Ayturk
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Hann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Matthew L Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island
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Ashraf S, Cha BH, Kim JS, Ahn J, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. Regulation of senescence associated signaling mechanisms in chondrocytes for cartilage tissue regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:196-205. [PMID: 26190795 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes undergo slow senescence and dedifferentiation during in vitro expansion, restricting successful cartilage regeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in the senescence and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes is essential in order to better characterize chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering applications. During expansion, cell fate is determined by the change in expression of various genes in response to aspects of the microenvironment, including oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and unsuitable culture conditions. Rapid senescence or dedifferentiation not only results in the loss of the chondrocytic phenotype but also enhances production of inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. This review focuses on the two groups of genes that play direct and indirect roles in the induction of senescence and dedifferentiation. Numerous degenerative signaling pathways associated with these genes have been reported. Upregulation of the genes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), p53, p16, p21, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is responsible for the direct induction of senescence, whereas downregulation of the genes transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indirectly induces senescence. In senescent and dedifferentiated chondrocytes, it was found that TGF-β, BMP-2, SOX9, and IGF-1 are downregulated, while the levels of IL-1β, p53, p16, p21, and p38 MAPK are upregulated followed by inhibition of the normal molecular functioning of the chondrocytes. This review helps to elucidate the underlying mechanism in degenerative cartilage disease, which may help to improve cartilage tissue regeneration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyeunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea.
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
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The synergistic effects of shear stress and cyclic hydrostatic pressure modulate chondrogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Artif Organs 2015; 38:557-64. [PMID: 26541277 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined chondrogenic regulation of 2 types of mesenchymal stem cells seeded on the bioengineered substrate in monolayer cultures under mechanically defined conditions to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of chondrocytes within articular cartilage tissues. METHODS Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BSCs) were exposed to 0.2 Pa shear stress, 3 MPa cyclic hydrostatic pressure, and combined loading with different sequences on chemically designed medical-grade silicone rubber, while no soluble growth factors were added to the culture medium. The expression levels of chondrogenic-specific genes of SOX9, aggrecan, and type II collagen (Col II) were measured. Results were compared to those of cells treated by biological growth factor. RESULTS Gene expression patterns were dependent on the loading regime. Moreover, the source of mesenchymal stem cells (adipose or bone marrow) was influential in gene expression. Overall, enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers was found through application of mechanical stimuli. The response was generally found to be significantly promoted when the 2 loading regimes were superimposed. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of ASCs was shown by a modest increase in gene expression profiles. In general, BSCs expressed higher levels of chondrogenic gene expression than ASCs after 3 weeks. A greater effect on Col II and SOX9 mRNA expression was observed when combined loadings were applied. Results may be applied in determining the proper loading sequence for obtaining functional target cells in cartilage engineering applications.
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Pierce DM, Unterberger MJ, Trobin W, Ricken T, Holzapfel GA. A microstructurally based continuum model of cartilage viscoelasticity and permeability incorporating measured statistical fiber orientations. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:229-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Guan PP, Guo JW, Yu X, Wang Y, Wang T, Konstantopoulos K, Wang ZY, Wang P. The role of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-1β and fibroblast growth factor-2 in the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in sheared-chondrocytes and articular cartilage. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10412. [PMID: 25992485 PMCID: PMC4438667 DOI: 10.1038/srep10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MMP-1 expression is detected in fluid shear stress (20 dyn/cm2)-activated and osteoarthritic human chondrocytes, however, the precise mechanisms underlying shear-induced MMP-1 synthesis remain unknown. Using primary chondrocytes and T/C-28a2 chondrocytic cells as model systems, we report that prolonged application of high fluid shear to human chondrocytes induced the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), which led to a marked increase in MMP-1 expression. IL-1β, COX-2-dependent PGE2 activated the PI3-K/AKT and p38 signaling pathways, which were in turn responsible for MMP-1 synthesis via NF-κB- and c-Jun-transactivating pathways. Prolonged shear stress exposure (>12 h) induced 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) synthesis. Although 15d-PGJ2 suppressed PI3-K/AKT and p38 signaling pathways, it stimulated MMP-1 expression via activating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). The critical role of COX-2 in regulating MMP-1 expression in articular cartilage in vivo was demonstrated using COX-2+/− transgenic mice in the absence or presence of rofecoxib oral administration. These findings provide novel insights for developing therapeutic strategies to combat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Jing-Wen Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering [2] Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology [3] Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center [4] Center of Cancer Nanotechonology Excellence, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 21218
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China, 110819
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Su SC, Tanimoto K, Tanne Y, Kunimatsu R, Hirose N, Mitsuyoshi T, Okamoto Y, Tanne K. Celecoxib exerts protective effects on extracellular matrix metabolism of mandibular condylar chondrocytes under excessive mechanical stress. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:845-51. [PMID: 24721459 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive mechanical stress is considered a major cause of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). High magnitude cyclic tensile strain (CTS) up-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in chondrocytes, while selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition has been shown to be beneficial to cytokine-induced cartilage damage. However, the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on mechanically stimulated chondrocytes remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, on extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism of mandibular condylar chondrocytes under CTS. METHODS Porcine mandibular chondrocytes were subjected to CTS of 0.5 Hz, 10% elongation with celecoxib for 24 h. The gene expressions of COX-2, MMPs, aggrecanase (ADAMTS), type II collagen and aggrecan were examined by real-time PCR. Also, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassay kit. The levels of MMP and transcription factor NF-κB were measured by western blot while MMP activity was determined by casein zymography. RESULTS The presence of celecoxib normalized the release of PGE2 and diminished the CTS-induced COX-2, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9 and ADAMTS-5 gene expressions while recovered the downregulated type II collagen and aggrecan gene expressions. Concurrently, celecoxib showed inhibition of NF-κB and suppression of MMP production and activity. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib exerts protective effects on mandibular condylar chondrocytes under CTS stimulation by diminishing degradation and restoring synthesis of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Su
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - K Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Y Tanne
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - R Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - N Hirose
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - T Mitsuyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Y Okamoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - K Tanne
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Applied Biosciences, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Shim JW, Hamamura K, Chen A, Wan Q, Na S, Yokota H. Rac1 mediates load-driven attenuation of mRNA expression of nerve growth factor beta in cartilage and chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2013; 13:372-379. [PMID: 23989259 PMCID: PMC4030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine effect of gentle loads applied to the knee on mRNA expression of nerve growth factor, particularly, the active beta subunit (NGFβ) in cartilage and chondrocyte. METHODS Cyclic compressive loads in vivo and fluid flow in vitro were used to determine the mRNA levels. Alteration of Rac1 GTPase as well as effect of salubrinal, a specific inhibitor of eIF2α phosphatase was assessed using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Rac1 biosensor. RESULTS Knee loading at 1 N reduced mRNA levels of NGFβ and its low affinity receptor, p75 in cartilage and subchondral bone. In cartilage, knee loading at 1 N reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK (p38-p) and activity of Rac1 GTPase. Consistent with in vivo results, fluid flow at 5 and 10 dyn/cm(2) reduced mRNA levels of NGFβ and p75 in C28/I2 human chondrocytes. SB203580, which decreases p38-p, reduced the mRNA levels of NGFβ and p75. Silencing Rac1 by siRNA decreased the levels of p38-p and NGFβ mRNA but not p75. Furthermore, administration of salubrinal reduced FRET-based activity of Rac1 as well as the mRNA levels of NGFβ and p75. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence that mechanical stimulation and salubrinal may attenuate pain perception-linked NGFβ signaling through Rac1-mediated p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon W. Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Colavite-Machado PM, Ishikawa LLW, França TGD, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, da Rosa LC, Chiuso-Minicucci F, da Cunha MDLRDS, Garlet GP, Sartori A. Differential arthritogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from biological samples. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:400. [PMID: 23988021 PMCID: PMC3846911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the most common agent of septic arthritis that is a severe, rapidly progressive and destructive joint disease. Superantigens produced by S. aureus are considered the major arthritogenic factors. In this study, we compared the arthritogenic potential of five superantigen-producing staphylococcal strains. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were intravenously infected with ATCC 19095 SEC+, N315 ST5 TSST-1+, S-70 TSST-1+, ATCC 51650 TSST-1+ and ATCC 13565 SEA+ strains. Clinical parameters as body weight, arthritis incidence and clinical score were daily evaluated. Joint histopathological analysis and spleen cytokine production were evaluated at the 14th day after infection. RESULTS Weight loss was observed in all infected mice. ATCC 19095 SEC+, N315 ST5 TSST-1+ and S-70 TSST-1+ were arthritogenic, being the highest scores observed in ATCC 19095 SEC+ infected mice. Intermediate and lower clinical scores were observed in N315 ST5 TSST-1+ and S-70 TSST-1+ infected mice, respectively. The ATCC 13565 SEA+ strain caused death of 85% of the animals after 48 h. Arthritis triggered by the ATCC 19095 SEC+ strain was characterized by accentuated synovial hyperplasia, inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Similar joint alterations were found in N315 ST5 TSST-1+ infected mice, however they were strikingly more discrete. Only minor synovial proliferation and inflammation were triggered by the S-70 TSST-1+ strain. The lowest levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 production in response to S. aureus stimulation were found in cultures from mice infected with the less arthritogenic strains (S-70 TSST-1+ and ATCC 51650 TSST-1+). The highest production of IL-17 was detected in mice infected with the most arthritogenic strains (ATCC 19095 SEC+ and N315 ST5 TSST-1+). CONCLUSIONS Together these results demonstrated that S. aureus strains, isolated from biological samples, were able to induce a typical septic arthritis in mice. These results also suggest that the variable arthritogenicity of these strains was, at least in part, related to their differential ability to induce IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Maria Colavite-Machado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Univ, Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618-070 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Wang P, Guan PP, Guo C, Zhu F, Konstantopoulos K, Wang ZY. Fluid shear stress-induced osteoarthritis: roles of cyclooxygenase-2 and its metabolic products in inducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. FASEB J 2013; 27:4664-77. [PMID: 23964078 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical overloading of cartilage is involved in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) by both biochemical and mechanical pathways. The application of fluid shear stress to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA, as evidenced by the release of proinflammatory cytokines (PICs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and apoptotic factors. Dysregulations or mutations in these genes might directly cause OA in addition to determining the stage at which OA becomes apparent, the joint sites involved, and the severity of the disease and how rapidly it progresses. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this review, we propose that the dysregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is associated with fluid shear stress-induced OA via its metabolic products at different stages of the disease. Indeed, high fluid shear stress rapidly induces the production of PICs and MMPs via COX-2-derived prostaglandin (PG)E2 at the early stage of OA. In contrast, prolonged shear exposure (>12 h) aggravates the condition by concurrently up-regulating the expression of proapoptotic genes and down-regulating the expression of antiapoptotic genes in a 15-deoxy-Δ (12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2)-dependent manner at the late stage of disease. These observations may help to resolve long-standing questions in OA progression and provide insight for development of strategies to treat and combat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- 1Z.-Y.W., College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110004, P. R. China.
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Pierce DM, Ricken T, Holzapfel GA. Modeling sample/patient-specific structural and diffusional responses of cartilage using DT-MRI. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2013; 29:807-821. [PMID: 23345039 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new 3D biphasic constitutive model designed to incorporate structural data on the sample/patient-specific collagen fiber network. The finite strain model focuses on the load-bearing morphology, that is, an incompressible, poroelastic solid matrix, reinforced by an inhomogeneous, dispersed fiber fabric, saturated with an incompressible fluid at constant electrolytic conditions residing in strain-dependent pores of the collagen-proteoglycan solid matrix. In addition, the fiber network of the solid influences the fluid permeability and an intrafibrillar portion that cannot be 'squeezed out' from the tissue. We implement the model into a finite element code. To demonstrate the utility of our proposed modeling approach, we test two hypotheses by simulating an indentation experiment for a human tissue sample. The simulations use ultra-high field diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging that was performed on the tissue sample. We test the following hypotheses: (i) the through-thickness structural arrangement of the collagen fiber network adjusts fluid permeation to maintain fluid pressure (Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 7:367-378, 2008); and (ii) the inhomogeneity of mechanical properties through the cartilage thickness acts to maintain fluid pressure at the articular surface (J. Biomech. Eng. 125:569-577, 2003). For the tissue sample investigated, both through-thickness inhomogeneities of the collagen fiber distribution and of the material properties serve to influence the interstitial fluid pressure distribution and maintain fluid pressure underneath the indenter at the cartilage surface. Tissue inhomogeneity appears to have a larger effect on fluid pressure retention in this tissue sample and on the advantageous pressure distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pierce
- Institute of Biomechanics, Center of Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
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Grabias BM, Konstantopoulos K. Notch4-dependent antagonism of canonical TGF-β1 signaling defines unique temporal fluctuations of SMAD3 activity in sheared proximal tubular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F123-33. [PMID: 23576639 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00594.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is thought to drive fibrogenesis in numerous organ systems. However, we recently established that ectopic expression of TGF-β1 abrogates collagen accumulation via canonical SMAD signaling mechanisms in a shear-induced model of kidney fibrosis. We herein delineate the temporal control of endogenous TGF-β1 signaling that generates sustained synchronous fluctuations in TGF-β1 cascade activation in shear-stimulated proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). During 8-h exposure to physiological shear stress (0.3 dyn/cm²), PTECs experience in situ oscillatory concentrations of active endogenous TGF-β1 that are ~10-fold greater than those detected under higher stress regimes (2-4 dyn/cm²). The elevated levels of intrinsic TGF-β1 maturation observed under physiological conditions are accompanied by persistent downstream SMAD3 activation. Pathological shear stresses (2 dyn/cm²) first elicit temporal variations in phosphorylated SMAD3 with an apparent period of ~6 h, whereas even higher stresses (4 dyn/cm²) abolish SMAD3 activation. These divergent patterns of SMAD3 activation are attributed to varying levels of Notch4-dependent phospho-SMAD3 degradation. Depletion of Notch4 in shear-stimulated PTECs eventually increases the levels of active TGF-β1 protein by approximately fivefold, recovers stable SMAD phosphorylation and ubiquitinated SMAD species, and attenuates collagen accumulation. Collectively, these data establish Notch4 as a critical mediator of shear-induced fibrosis and further reinforce the renoprotective effects of canonical TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Grabias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Zhong W, Tian K, Zheng X, Li L, Zhang W, Wang S, Qin J. Mesenchymal stem cell and chondrocyte fates in a multishear microdevice are regulated by Yes-associated protein. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2083-93. [PMID: 23442010 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues exert considerable influence on the fates of stem cells and terminally differentiated chondrocytes. The elucidation of the interactions between cell fate and mechanical cues in nuclear mechanotransduction will provide new clues to modulate tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In this study, we used an integrated microfluidic perfusion device to simultaneously generate multiple-parameter fluid shear stresses to investigate the role of fluid flow stimuli in the regulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) expression and the fates of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and primary chondrocytes. YAP expression was regulated by the level of fluid flow stimulus in both MSCs and chondrocytes. An increase in the magnitude of stimulation enhanced the expression of YAP, ultimately resulting in an increase in osteogenesis and a decrease in adipogenesis for MSCs, and initiating dedifferentiation for chondrocytes. Cytochalasin D not only repressed nuclear YAP accumulation in the flow state, but also abrogated flow-induced effects on MSC differentiation and the chondrocyte phenotype, resulting in MSC adipogenesis and the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype. Our findings reveal the connection between YAP and MSC/chondrocyte fates in a fluid flow-induced mechanical microenvironment and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which mechanical cues regulate the fates of MSCs and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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Effect of body-weight loading onto the articular cartilage on the occurrence of quinolone-induced chondrotoxicity in juvenile rats. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Elsaid KA, Zhang L, Waller K, Tofte J, Teeple E, Fleming BC, Jay GD. The impact of forced joint exercise on lubricin biosynthesis from articular cartilage following ACL transection and intra-articular lubricin's effect in exercised joints following ACL transection. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:940-8. [PMID: 22579916 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of forced joint exercise following acute knee injury on lubricin metabolism and its relationship to cartilage degeneration and to assess chondroprotection of a single-dose purified human lubricin injection in exercised injured joints. METHODS Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was performed in rats with six experimental groups; 3-week post-ACLT, 3-week post-ACLT + exercise, 5-week post-ACLT, 5-week post-ACLT + exercise, and 5-week post-ACLT + exercise treated with intra-articular phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or lubricin. Joint exercise was achieved using a rotating cylinder at a speed of 6 rpm for 30 min daily, 5 days a week starting 1 week following surgery. Cartilage lubricin expression in injured joints was determined. Histological analyses included Safranin O/Fast Green, activated caspase-3, and lubricin mRNA in-situ hybridization. Assessment of cartilage damage was performed by osteoarthritis research society international (OARSI) modified Mankin scoring and urinary CTXII (uCTXII) levels. RESULTS At 3 weeks, lubricin expression in exercised ACLT joints was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to ACLT joints. The OARSI scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the ACLT + exercise animals compared to ACLT animals at 5 weeks. Compared to 3-week ACLT, 3-week ACLT + exercise cartilage showed increased caspase-3 staining. Compared to ACLT + exercise and PBS-treated ACLT + exercise, lubricin intra-articular treatment resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.001) in cartilage lubricin gene expression and a reduction (P < 0.05) in uCTXII levels. CONCLUSION Joint exercise resulted in decreased lubricin cartilage expression, increased cartilage degeneration and reduced superficial zone chondrocyte viability in the ACLT joint. Intra-articular lubricin administration ameliorated cartilage damage due to exercise and preserved superficial zone chondrocytes' viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Elsaid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wang P, Zhu F, Konstantopoulos K. The antagonistic actions of endogenous interleukin-1β and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 regulate the temporal synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in sheared chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31877-93. [PMID: 22829602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overloading of articular cartilage producing hydrostatic stress, tensile strain, and fluid flow results in irreversible cartilage erosion and osteoarthritis (OA). Application of high fluid shear to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA as evidenced by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins, which are capable of inducing the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) synthesis is detected at early but not late stages of OA. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of the MMP-9 temporal regulation remains unknown. Using the T/C-28a2 chondrocyte cell line as a model system, we demonstrated that high fluid shear induces a marked increase in MMP-9 expression at short shear exposure times (3-6 h), which falls below basal levels after prolonged shear exposure (12-48 h). High fluid shear stress induced the rapid and sustained synthesis of IL-1β, activating PI3K, ERK1/2, and JNK, which are in turn responsible for MMP-9 expression. Prolonged shear exposure (>12 h) induced 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) synthesis, which exerted an antagonistic effect on IL-1β-mediated PI3K-, ERK1/2-, and JNK-dependent NF-κB activation, thereby suppressing MMP-9 expression in human chondrocytes. Reconstructing the signaling network that regulates shear-mediated MMP-9 expression in human chondrocytes may provide insights for developing strategies to treat arthritic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Wang P, Zhu F, Konstantopoulos K. Interleukin-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes is regulated via the antagonistic actions of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27630. [PMID: 22096605 PMCID: PMC3214064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin (PG)E(2), PGD(2) and its dehydration end product 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) have been detected in joint synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PGE(2) directly stimulates IL-6 production in human articular chondrocytes. However, the effects of PGD(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) in the absence or presence of PGE(2) on IL-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes have yet to be determined. It is believed that dysregulated overproduction of IL-6 is responsible for the systemic inflammatory manifestations and abnormal laboratory findings in RA patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using the T/C-28a2 chondrocyte cell line as a model system, we report that exogenous PGE(2) and PGD(2)/15d-PGJ(2) exert antagonistic effects on IL-6 synthesis in human T/C-28a2 chondrocytes. Using a synthesis of sophisticated molecular biology techniques, we determined that PGE(2) stimulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) synthesis, which is in turn responsible for the activation of the ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt and PKA/CREB pathways that phosphorylate the NF-κB p65 subunit leading to NF-κB activation. Binding of the activated NF-κB p65 subunit to IL-6 promoter induces IL-6 synthesis in human T/C28a2 chondrocytes. PGD(2) or 15d-PGJ(2) concurrently downregulates TLR4 and upregulates caveolin-1, which in turn inhibit the PGE(2)-dependent ERK1/2, PI3-K and PKA activation, and ultimately with NF-κB-dependent IL-6 synthesis in chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have delineated the signaling cascade by which PGE(2) and PGD(2)/15d-PGJ(2) exert opposing effects on IL-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes. Elucidation of the molecular pathway of IL-6 synthesis and secretion by chondrocytes will provide insights for developing strategies to reduce inflammation and pain in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Biomechanical influence of cartilage homeostasis in health and disease. ARTHRITIS 2011; 2011:979032. [PMID: 22046527 PMCID: PMC3196252 DOI: 10.1155/2011/979032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent demand for long term solutions to improve osteoarthritis treatments in the ageing population. There are drugs that control the pain but none that stop the progression of the disease in a safe and efficient way. Increased intervention efforts, augmented by early diagnosis and integrated biophysical therapies are therefore needed. Unfortunately, progress has been hampered due to the wide variety of experimental models which examine the effect of mechanical stimuli and inflammatory mediators on signal transduction pathways. Our understanding of the early mechanopathophysiology is poor, particularly the way in which mechanical stimuli influences cell function and regulates matrix synthesis. This makes it difficult to identify reliable targets and design new therapies. In addition, the effect of mechanical loading on matrix turnover is dependent on the nature of the mechanical stimulus. Accumulating evidence suggests that moderate mechanical loading helps to maintain cartilage integrity with a low turnover of matrix constituents. In contrast, nonphysiological mechanical signals are associated with increased cartilage damage and degenerative changes. This review will discuss the pathways regulated by compressive loading regimes and inflammatory signals in animal and in vitro 3D models. Identification of the chondroprotective pathways will reveal novel targets for osteoarthritis treatments.
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De Maria C, Giusti S, Mazzei D, Crawford A, Ahluwalia A. Squeeze Pressure Bioreactor: A Hydrodynamic Bioreactor for Noncontact Stimulation of Cartilage Constructs. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:757-64. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo De Maria
- Interdepartmental Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Giusti
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Mazzei
- Interdepartmental Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aileen Crawford
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Interdepartmental Research Center E. Piaggio, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Wang P, Zhu F, Tong Z, Konstantopoulos K. Response of chondrocytes to shear stress: antagonistic effects of the binding partners Toll-like receptor 4 and caveolin-1. FASEB J 2011; 25:3401-15. [PMID: 21715681 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-184861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is often a consequence of excessive mechanical loading of cartilage, which produces hydrostatic stress, tensile strain, and fluid flow. Application of high fluid shear to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA, as evidenced by the induction of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandins (PGs), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here, we delineated the signaling pathway by which high fluid shear mediates the temporal regulation of IL-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes. We determined that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and caveolin-1 are binding partners in chondrocytes. Their expression is temporally regulated by fluid shear via the sequential up-regulation of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and L-PGDS. High shear stress rapidly induces an 8-fold up-regulation of TLR4 expression via an mPGES-1-dependent pathway, whereas prolonged shear exposure concurrently down-regulates TLR4 by >4-fold and up-regulates caveolin-1 expression by > 2.5-fold in an L-PGDS-dependent manner. TLR4 and caveolin-1 exert opposing effects on the activation of ERK1/2, PI3-K and PKA signaling pathways, which, in turn, regulate the NF-κB-dependent IL-6 synthesis in a time-dependent fashion. Reconstructing the signaling network regulating shear-induced IL-6 expression in chondrocytes may provide insights for developing therapeutic strategies to combat osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Silva Z, Tong Z, Cabral MG, Martins C, Castro R, Reis C, Trindade H, Konstantopoulos K, Videira PA. Sialyl Lewisx-dependent binding of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to selectins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:459-64. [PMID: 21596017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited efficacy of monocyte-derived dendritic cell (mo-DC)-based vaccines is primarily attributed to the reduced mo-DC migratory capacity. One undefined aspect is the initial binding of mo-DCs to endothelial cells and vascular selectins. In this study, we investigated the role and modulation of the selectin binding determinant sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x)) in selectin-dependent mo-DC binding. Our data reveal that sLe(x) is required for maximal binding of mo-DCs to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-activated endothelial cells under static conditions, as evidenced by the use of sialidase. Sialidase treatment also abrogated mo-DC cell tethering to immobilized, purified P-, L-, or E-selectin under flow. The requirement of sLe(x)-dependent binding of mo-DC to selectins was further substantiated by using sLe(x) free sugar and anti-sLe(x) antibody, which significantly suppressed mo-DC-selectin binding. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is required for mo-DC binding to both P- and L-selectin, but it is dispensable for E-selectin recognition. Interestingly, the extent of mo-DC tethering was maximal on P-selectin, followed by E- and L- selectin. Accordingly, L-selectin mediated faster mo-DC rolling than E- or P-selectin. Interferon (IFN)-γ induces a significant increase in mo-DC surface sLe(x) expression, which is probably due to the enhanced synthesis of C2GnT-I. These findings may contribute to improving mo-DC-based vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélia Silva
- CEDOC, Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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