1
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Jin S, Jeon H, Choe CP. Expression and Functional Analysis of cofilin1-like in Craniofacial Development in Zebrafish. Dev Reprod 2022; 26:23-36. [PMID: 35528320 PMCID: PMC9042393 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2022.26.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal pouches, a series of outgrowths of the pharyngeal endoderm, are a key
epithelial structure governing facial skeleton development in vertebrates. Pouch
formation is achieved through collective cell migration and rearrangement of
pouch-forming cells controlled by actin cytoskeleton dynamics. While essential
transcription factors and signaling molecules have been identified in pouch
formation, regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics have not been reported yet
in any vertebrates. Cofilin1-like (Cfl1l) is a fish-specific member of the
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/Cofilin family, a critical regulator of actin
cytoskeleton dynamics in eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the expression and
function of cfl1l in pouch development in zebrafish. We first
showed that fish cfl1l might be an ortholog of vertebrate
adf, based on phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate
adf and cfl genes. During pouch formation,
cfl1l was expressed sequentially in the developing pouches
but not in the posterior cell mass in which future pouch-forming cells are
present. However, pouches, as well as facial cartilages whose development is
dependent upon pouch formation, were unaffected by loss-of-function mutations in
cfl1l. Although it could not be completely ruled out a
possibility of a genetic redundancy of Cfl1l with other Cfls, our results
suggest that the cfl1l expression in the developing pouches
might be dispensable for regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics in pouch-forming
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Haewon Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.,Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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2
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Li Y, Gong Y, Chen Y, Qu B, Zhang S. Identification and functional characterization of Cofilin-1 as a new member of antimicrobial protein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104281. [PMID: 34601007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin-1 (Cfl1), a member of the ADF/cofilin family, has been identified as one of differentially expressed proteins in human dendritic cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that it may be involved in immune response. Here we showed that zebrafish cfl1 was markedly up-regulated by LPS and LTA treatment. We also showed that zebrafish recombinant Cfl1 (rCfl1) not only bound to the Gram-negative and positive bacteria A. hydrophila and S. aureus as well as their signature molecules LPS and LTA but also inhibited the growth of the bacteria. Moreover, we found that the heparin-binding motif-containing regions of Cfl1, i.e., Cfl19-25, Cfl134-51 and Cfl1108-125, like rCfl1, were also able to bind to LPS and LTA and to inhibit the bacterial growth. rCfl1, Cfl19-25, Cfl134-51, and Cfl1108-125 were all able to cause bacterial cell destruction, to induce membrane depolarization, and to stimulate intracellular ROS production. Finally, we showed that zebrafish Cfl1 could protect developing embryos/larvae against attack by the potential pathogen A. hydrophila. These data together indicate that zebrafish Cfl1 plays an immune-relevant role as a newly-characterized antimicrobial protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuai Li
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao Central Hospital, 127 Siliunan Road, Qingdao, 266042, China.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266003, China.
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3
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Li JT, Cheng XN, Zhang C, Shi DL, Shao M. The Adaptor Protein Lurap1 Is Required for Cell Cohesion during Epiboly Movement in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121337. [PMID: 34943252 PMCID: PMC8699034 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell adhesion and active cell shape changes play an important role in morphogenetic movements during embryonic development. Zebrafish is an attractive model for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. Epiboly is a conserved gastrulation cell movement, which describes the thinning and spreading of an external sheet of cells to cover other groups of cells in the embryo. It involves differential cellular adhesive properties and dynamic cytoskeletal organization across the embryo, but how these are regulated remains elusive. We found that the adaptor protein Lurap1, which interacts with other proteins required for cell migration, plays a role in cell adhesion during epiboly. In zebrafish mutants with loss of Lurap1 function, there is a reduced cellular cohesion in the epithelial blastoderm cells and a delayed epiboly movement. Our observations suggest that Lurap1 is implicated in the regulation of cellular behavior changes for coordinated morphogenetic movements in vertebrate embryos. Abstract Cell adhesion and polarized cellular behaviors play critical roles in a wide variety of morphogenetic events. In the zebrafish embryo, epiboly represents an important process of epithelial morphogenesis that involves differential cell adhesion and dynamic cell shape changes for coordinated movements of different cell populations, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The adaptor protein Lurap1 functions to link myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Rac/Cdc42-binding kinase with MYO18A for actomyosin retrograde flow in cell migration. We previously reported that it interacts with Dishevelled in convergence and extension movements during gastrulation. Here, we show that it regulates blastoderm cell adhesion and radial cell intercalation during epiboly. In zebrafish mutant embryos with loss of both maternal and zygotic Lurap1 function, deep cell multilayer of the blastoderm exhibit delayed epiboly with respect to the superficial layer. Time-lapse imaging reveals that these deep cells undergo unstable intercalation, which impedes their expansion over the yolk cell. Cell sorting and adhesion assays indicate reduced cellular cohesion of the blastoderm. These defects are correlated with disrupted cytoskeletal organization in the cortex of blastoderm cells. Thus, the present results extend our previous works by demonstrating that Lurap1 is required for cell adhesion and cell behavior changes to coordinate cell movements during epithelial morphogenesis. They provide insights for a further understanding of the regulation of cytoskeletal organization during gastrulation cell movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Tong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Ning Cheng
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China;
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - De-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China;
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, CNRS-UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.-L.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-T.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (D.-L.S.); (M.S.)
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4
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Devitt CC, Lee C, Cox RM, Papoulas O, Alvarado J, Shekhar S, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Twinfilin1 controls lamellipodial protrusive activity and actin turnover during vertebrate gastrulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs254011. [PMID: 34060614 PMCID: PMC8325956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of the actin cytoskeleton is a key aspect of essentially all animal cell movements. Experiments in single migrating cells and in vitro systems have provided an exceptionally deep understanding of actin dynamics. However, we still know relatively little of how these systems are tuned in cell-type-specific ways, for example in the context of collective cell movements that sculpt the early embryo. Here, we provide an analysis of the actin-severing and depolymerization machinery during vertebrate gastrulation, with a focus on Twinfilin1 (Twf1) in Xenopus. We find that Twf1 is essential for convergent extension, and loss of Twf1 results in a disruption of lamellipodial dynamics and polarity. Moreover, Twf1 loss results in a failure to assemble polarized cytoplasmic actin cables, which are essential for convergent extension. These data provide an in vivo complement to our more-extensive understanding of Twf1 action in vitro and provide new links between the core machinery of actin regulation and the specialized cell behaviors of embryonic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Devitt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachael M. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - José Alvarado
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Zou W, Zhang X, Ouyang S, Hu X, Zhou Q. Graphene oxide nanosheets mitigate the developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in zebrafish via activating the mitochondrial respiratory chain and energy metabolism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138486. [PMID: 32330713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), a novel two-dimension carbon nanomaterial, has showed tremendous potential for utilization in intelligent manufacturing and environmental protection. In parallel, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is widely distributed in the water environment and represents a great threat to ecosystem health. However, the related knowledge remained absent regarding the impact of GO on the biological risks of TDCIPP. Herein, GO significantly reduced the mortality and malformation rates of zebrafish induced by TDCIPP maximumly by 28.6% and 41.8%, respectively. Decreased mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) enzyme and ATP activity induced by TDCIPP were mitigated by GO. Integrating proteomics and metabolomics revealed TDCIPP obviously induced the downregulation of the proteins and metabolites involved in the cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and the TCA cycle, but the alterations were attenuated by GO. GO primarily promoted MRC activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and fatty acid β-oxidation, thus activating the energy metabolism of zebrafish and leading to antagonistic effects on the developmental toxicity of TDCIPP. These results provide a novel view on the co-exposure of GO with other pollutants and promote the reconsideration of the environmental risks of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shaohu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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6
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Hung IC, Chen TM, Lin JP, Tai YL, Shen TL, Lee SJ. Wnt5b integrates Fak1a to mediate gastrulation cell movements via Rac1 and Cdc42. Open Biol 2020; 10:190273. [PMID: 32097584 PMCID: PMC7058935 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates vital cellular pathways during development. Despite its necessity, how FAK regulates and integrates with other signals during early embryogenesis remains poorly understood. We found that the loss of Fak1a impaired epiboly, convergent extension and hypoblast cell migration in zebrafish embryos. We also observed a clear disturbance in cortical actin at the blastoderm margin and distribution of yolk syncytial nuclei. In addition, we investigated a possible link between Fak1a and a well-known gastrulation regulator, Wnt5b, and revealed that the overexpression of fak1a or wnt5b could cross-rescue convergence defects induced by a wnt5b or fak1a antisense morpholino (MO), respectively. Wnt5b and Fak1a were shown to converge in regulating Rac1 and Cdc42, which could synergistically rescue wnt5b and fak1a morphant phenotypes. Furthermore, we generated several alleles of fak1a mutants using CRISPR/Cas9, but those mutants only revealed mild gastrulation defects. However, injection of a subthreshold level of the wnt5b MO induced severe gastrulation defects in fak1a mutants, which suggested that the upregulated expression of wnt5b might complement the loss of Fak1a. Collectively, we demonstrated that a functional interaction between Wnt and FAK signalling mediates gastrulation cell movements via the possible regulation of Rac1 and Cdc42 and subsequent actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Even İ, Akiva İ, İyison NB. An in vivo RNAi mini-screen in Drosophila cancer models reveals novel potential Wnt targets in liver cancer. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 30:198-207. [PMID: 30541713 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which arises from the accumulation of mutant β-catenin in the cell, is one of the most common driving forces in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously identified several genes that are regulated on the overexpression of β-catenin in the HCC cell line that are suggested to be novel Wnt/β-catenin targets playing effective roles in cancer. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the roles of these putative target genes in tumorigenesis with an in vivo analysis in Drosophila. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected 15 genes downregulated in two Drosophila cancer models. RESULTS The results from the RNAi mini-screen revealed novel roles for the analyzed putative Wnt/β-catenin target genes in tumorigenesis. The downregulation of the analyzed nine genes led to tumor formation as well as metastasis in Drosophila, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. On the other hand, the knockdown of the other two genes suppressed tumor and metastasis formations and disturbed the development of the analyzed eye tissues, indicating an oncogenic or developmental role for these genes. CONCLUSION These findings could serve to identify novel subjects for cancer research in order to provide insight into the diagnostic and therapeutic processes of several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Even
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İzzet Akiva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Necla Birgül İyison
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey;Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey
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8
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Reig G, Cerda M, Sepúlveda N, Flores D, Castañeda V, Tada M, Härtel S, Concha ML. Extra-embryonic tissue spreading directs early embryo morphogenesis in killifish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15431. [PMID: 28580937 PMCID: PMC5465322 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The spreading of mesenchymal-like cell layers is critical for embryo morphogenesis and tissue repair, yet we know little of this process in vivo. Here we take advantage of unique developmental features of the non-conventional annual killifish embryo to study the principles underlying tissue spreading in a simple cellular environment, devoid of patterning signals and major morphogenetic cell movements. Using in vivo experimentation and physical modelling we reveal that the extra-embryonic epithelial enveloping cell layer, thought mainly to provide protection to the embryo, directs cell migration and the spreading of embryonic tissue during early development. This function relies on the ability of embryonic cells to couple their autonomous random motility to non-autonomous signals arising from the expansion of the extra-embryonic epithelium, mediated by cell membrane adhesion and tension. Thus, we present a mechanism of extra-embryonic control of embryo morphogenesis that couples the mechanical properties of adjacent tissues in the early killifish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Reig
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Néstor Sepúlveda
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 487-3, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Flores
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Castañeda
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Kannan N, Tang VW. Synaptopodin couples epithelial contractility to α-actinin-4-dependent junction maturation. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:407-34. [PMID: 26504173 PMCID: PMC4621826 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel tension-sensitive junctional protein, synaptopodin, can relay biophysical input from cellular actomyosin contractility to induce biochemical changes at cell–cell contacts, resulting in structural reorganization of the junctional complex and epithelial barrier maturation. The epithelial junction experiences mechanical force exerted by endogenous actomyosin activities and from interactions with neighboring cells. We hypothesize that tension generated at cell–cell adhesive contacts contributes to the maturation and assembly of the junctional complex. To test our hypothesis, we used a hydraulic apparatus that can apply mechanical force to intercellular junction in a confluent monolayer of cells. We found that mechanical force induces α-actinin-4 and actin accumulation at the cell junction in a time- and tension-dependent manner during junction development. Intercellular tension also induces α-actinin-4–dependent recruitment of vinculin to the cell junction. In addition, we have identified a tension-sensitive upstream regulator of α-actinin-4 as synaptopodin. Synaptopodin forms a complex containing α-actinin-4 and β-catenin and interacts with myosin II, indicating that it can physically link adhesion molecules to the cellular contractile apparatus. Synaptopodin depletion prevents junctional accumulation of α-actinin-4, vinculin, and actin. Knockdown of synaptopodin and α-actinin-4 decreases the strength of cell–cell adhesion, reduces the monolayer permeability barrier, and compromises cellular contractility. Our findings underscore the complexity of junction development and implicate a control process via tension-induced sequential incorporation of junctional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Kannan
- Program in Global Public Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
| | - Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801
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10
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Wang D, Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Baranwal S, Kuemmerle JF, Ivanov AI. Actin-Depolymerizing Factor and Cofilin-1 Have Unique and Overlapping Functions in Regulating Intestinal Epithelial Junctions and Mucosal Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:844-58. [PMID: 26878213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a crucial regulator of the intestinal mucosal barrier, controlling the assembly and function of epithelial adherens and tight junctions (AJs and TJs). Junction-associated actin filaments are dynamic structures that undergo constant turnover. Members of the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin protein family play key roles in actin dynamics by mediating filament severing and polymerization. We examined the roles of ADF and cofilin-1 in regulating the structure and functions of AJs and TJs in the intestinal epithelium. Knockdown of either ADF or cofilin-1 by RNA interference increased the paracellular permeability of human colonic epithelial cell monolayers to small ions. Additionally, cofilin-1, but not ADF, depletion increased epithelial permeability to large molecules. Loss of either ADF or cofilin-1 did not affect the steady-state morphology of AJs and TJs but attenuated de novo junctional assembly. The observed defects in AJ and TJ formation were accompanied by delayed assembly of the perijunctional filamentous actin belt. A total loss of ADF expression in mice did not result in a defective mucosal barrier or in spontaneous gut inflammation. However, ADF-null mice demonstrated increased intestinal permeability and exaggerated inflammation during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. Our findings demonstrate novel roles for ADF and cofilin-1 in regulating the remodeling and permeability of epithelial junctions, as well as the role of ADF in limiting the severity of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John F Kuemmerle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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11
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Roy-Zokan EM, Dyer KA, Meagher RB. Phylogenetic Patterns of Codon Evolution in the ACTIN-DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR/COFILIN (ADF/CFL) Gene Family. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145917. [PMID: 26717562 PMCID: PMC4696841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin-depolymerizing factor/cofilin (ADF/CFL) gene family encodes a diverse group of relatively small proteins. Once known strictly as modulators of actin filament dynamics, recent research has demonstrated that these proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes, from signal transduction to the cytonuclear trafficking of actin. In both plant and animal lineages, expression patterns of paralogs in the ADF/CFL gene family vary among tissue types and developmental stages. In this study we use computational approaches to investigate the evolutionary forces responsible for the diversification of the ADF/CFL gene family. Estimating the rate of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations (dN/dS) across phylogenetic lineages revealed that the majority of ADF/CFL codon positions were under strong purifying selection, with rare episodic events of accelerated protein evolution. In both plants and animals these instances of accelerated evolution were ADF/CFL subclass specific, and all of the sites under selection were located in regions of the protein that could serve in new functional roles. We suggest these sites may have been important in the functional diversification of ADF/CFL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. Roy-Zokan
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kelly A. Dyer
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Zhang C, Zhang W, Lu Y, Yan X, Yan X, Zhu X, Liu W, Yang Y, Zhou T. NudC regulates actin dynamics and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1. Cell Res 2015; 26:239-53. [PMID: 26704451 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that actin dynamics is associated with ciliogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we find that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC), an Hsp90 co-chaperone, is required for actin organization and dynamics. Depletion of NudC promotes cilia elongation and increases the percentage of ciliated cells. Further results show that NudC binds to and stabilizes cofilin 1, a key regulator of actin dynamics. Knockdown of cofilin 1 also facilitates ciliogenesis. Moreover, depletion of either NudC or cofilin 1 causes similar ciliary defects in zebrafish, including curved body, pericardial edema and defective left-right asymmetry. Ectopic expression of cofilin 1 significantly reverses the phenotypes induced by NudC depletion in both cultured cells and zebrafish. Thus, our data suggest that NudC regulates actin cytoskeleton and ciliogenesis by stabilizing cofilin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xiumin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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13
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Du HQ, Chen L, Wang Y, Wang LJ, Yan H, Liu HY, Xiao H. Increasing radiosensitivity with the downregulation of cofilin-1 in U251 human glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3354-60. [PMID: 25529407 PMCID: PMC4368146 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the association between cofilin-1 (CFL1) and radioresistance in human glioma U251 cells. CFL1 expression was downregulated and upregulated in U251 cells through the transfection of CFL1-small interfering (si)RNA and pcDNA3.1-CFL1, respectively. The radiosensitivity of U251 cells and established radioresistant U251 cells (RR-U251) was evaluated using cell viability, migration and invasion ability assays. Cell cycle distribution was also examined. The results showed that CFL1 expression was significantly increased in RR-U251 cells; in addition, the cell viability, migration and invasion ability of RR-U251 cells were significantly enhanced compared to those of the normal U251 cells, whereas the number of cells arrested in G2 phase was markedly decreased. In CFL1-silenced RR-U251 and CFL1-silenced U251 cells, the cell viability, migration and invasion abilities were significantly downregulated and the number of cells arrested in G2 phase was increased compared to that of the untransfected cells. In U251 cells overexpressing CFL1, cell viability, migration and invasion abilities were markedly upregulated and the number of cells arrested in G2 phase was decreased. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that downregulation of CFL1 may increase radiosensitivity in U251 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qing Du
- Neuro‑Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Neuro‑Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuro‑Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Neuro‑Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Neuro‑Psychiatric Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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14
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Webb SE, Miller AL. Calcium signaling in extraembryonic domains during early teleost development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 304:369-418. [PMID: 23809440 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming recognized that the extraembryonic domains of developing vertebrates, that is, those that make no cellular contribution to the embryo proper, act as important signaling centers that induce and pattern the germ layers and help establish the key embryonic axes. In the embryos of teleost fish, in particular, significant progress has been made in understanding how signaling activity in extraembryonic domains, such as the enveloping layer, the yolk syncytial layer, and the yolk cell, might help regulate development via a combination of inductive interactions, cellular dynamics, and localized gene expression. Ca(2+) signaling in a variety of forms that include propagating waves and standing gradients is a feature found in all three teleostean extraembryonic domains. This leads us to propose that in addition to their other well-characterized signaling activities, extraembryonic domains are well suited (due to their relative stability and continuity) to act as Ca(2+) signaling centers and conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Tang MK, Liang YJ, Chan JYH, Wong SW, Chen E, Yao Y, Gan J, Xiao L, Leung HC, Kung HF, Wang H, Lee KKH. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein plays important roles in regulating cell adhesion, morphology, proliferation and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59477. [PMID: 23555679 PMCID: PMC3605454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PML protein plays important roles in regulating cellular homeostasis. It forms PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that act like nuclear relay stations and participate in many cellular functions. In this study, we have examined the proteome of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from normal (PML+/+) and PML knockout (PML−/−) mice. The aim was to identify proteins that were differentially expressed when MEFs were incapable of producing PML. Using comparative proteomics, total protein were extracted from PML−/− and PML+/+ MEFs, resolved by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels and the differentially expressed proteins identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Nine proteins (PML, NDRG1, CACYBP, CFL1, RSU1, TRIO, CTRO, ANXA4 and UBE2M) were determined to be down-regulated in PML−/− MEFs. In contrast, ten proteins (CIAPIN1, FAM50A, SUMO2 HSPB1 NSFL1C, PCBP2, YWHAG, STMN1, TPD52L2 and PDAP1) were found up-regulated. Many of these differentially expressed proteins play crucial roles in cell adhesion, migration, morphology and cytokinesis. The protein profiles explain why PML−/− and PML+/+ MEFs were morphologically different. In addition, we demonstrated PML−/− MEFs were less adhesive, proliferated more extensively and migrated significantly slower than PML+/+ MEFs. NDRG1, a protein that was down-regulated in PML−/− MEFs, was selected for further investigation. We determined that silencing NDRG1expression in PML+/+ MEFs increased cell proliferation and inhibited PML expression. Since NDRG expression was suppressed in PML−/− MEFs, this may explain why these cells proliferate more extensively than PML+/+ MEFs. Furthermore, silencing NDRG1expression also impaired TGF-β1 signaling by inhibiting SMAD3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kuen Tang
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (MKT); (KKHL)
| | - Yong Jia Liang
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John Yeuk Hon Chan
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sing Wan Wong
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Elve Chen
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Yao Yao
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Jingyi Gan
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Lihai Xiao
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hin Cheung Leung
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hsiang Fu Kung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hua Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Thematic Research Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- Joint JNU-CUHK Key Laboratories for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, JiNan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MKT); (KKHL)
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16
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Characterization of Ca(2+) signaling in the external yolk syncytial layer during the late blastula and early gastrula periods of zebrafish development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:1641-56. [PMID: 23142640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Preferential loading of the complementary bioluminescent (f-aequorin) and fluorescent (Calcium Green-1 dextran) Ca(2+) reporters into the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) of zebrafish embryos, revealed the generation of stochastic patterns of fast, short-range, and slow, long-range Ca(2+) waves that propagate exclusively through the external YSL (E-YSL). Starting abruptly just after doming (~4.5h post-fertilization: hpf), and ending at the shield stage (~6.0hpf) these distinct classes of waves propagated at mean velocities of ~50 and ~4μm/s, respectively. Although the number and pattern of these waves varied between embryos, their initiation site and arcs of propagation displayed a distinct dorsal bias, suggesting an association with the formation and maintenance of the nascent dorsal-ventral axis. Wave initiation coincided with a characteristic clustering of YSL nuclei (YSN), and their associated perinuclear ER, in the E-YSL. Furthermore, the inter-YSN distance (IND) appeared to be critical such that Ca(2+) wave propagation occurred only when this was <~8μm; an IND >~8μm was coincidental with wave termination at shield stage. Treatment with the IP3R antagonist, 2-APB, the Ca(2+) buffer, 5,5'-dibromo BAPTA, and the SERCA-pump inhibitor, thapsigargin, resulted in a significant disruption of the E-YSL Ca(2+) waves, whereas exposure to the RyR antagonists, ryanodine and dantrolene, had no significant effect. These findings led us to propose that the E-YSL Ca(2+) waves are generated mainly via Ca(2+) release from IP3Rs located in the perinuclear ER, and that the clustering of the YSN is an essential step in providing a CICR pathway required for wave propagation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 12th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Hwang S, Zimmerman NP, Agle KA, Turner JR, Kumar SN, Dwinell MB. E-cadherin is critical for collective sheet migration and is regulated by the chemokine CXCL12 protein during restitution. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22227-40. [PMID: 22549778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and other immune mediators enhance epithelial barrier repair. The intestinal barrier is established by highly regulated cell-cell contacts between epithelial cells. The goal of these studies was to define the role for the chemokine CXCL12 in regulating E-cadherin during collective sheet migration during epithelial restitution. Mechanisms regulating E-cadherin were investigated using Caco2(BBE) and IEC-6 model epithelia. Genetic knockdown confirmed a critical role for E-cadherin in in vitro restitution and in vivo wound repair. During restitution, both CXCL12 and TGF-β1 tightened the monolayer by decreasing the paracellular space between migrating epithelial cells. However, CXCL12 differed from TGF-β1 by stimulating the significant increase in E-cadherin membrane localization during restitution. Chemokine-stimulated relocalization of E-cadherin was paralleled by an increase in barrier integrity of polarized epithelium during restitution. CXCL12 activation of its cognate receptor CXCR4 stimulated E-cadherin localization and monolayer tightening through Rho-associated protein kinase activation and F-actin reorganization. These data demonstrate a key role for E-cadherin in intestinal epithelial restitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonyean Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Cadherin-6B stimulates an epithelial mesenchymal transition and the delamination of cells from the neural ectoderm via LIMK/cofilin mediated non-canonical BMP receptor signaling. Dev Biol 2012; 366:232-43. [PMID: 22537493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously provided evidence that cadherin-6B induces de-epithelialization of the neural crest prior to delamination and is required for the overall epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, de-epithelialization induced by cadherin-6B was found to be mediated by BMP receptor signaling independent of BMP. We now find that de-epithelialization is mediated by non-canonical BMP signaling through the BMP type II receptor (BMPRII) and not by canonical Smad dependent signaling through BMP Type I receptor. The LIM kinase/cofilin pathway mediates non-canonical BMPRII induced de-epithelialization, in response to either cadherin-6B or BMP. LIMK1 induces de-epithelialization in the neural tube and dominant negative LIMK1 decreases de-epithelialization induced by either cadherin-6B or BMP. Cofilin is the major known LIMK1 target and a S3A phosphorylation deficient mutated cofilin inhibits de-epithelialization induced by cadherin-6B as well as LIMK1. Importantly, LIMK1 as well as cadherin-6B can trigger ectopic delamination when co-expressed with the competence factor SOX9, showing that this cadherin-6B stimulated signaling pathway can mediate the full EMT in the appropriate context. These findings suggest that the de-epithelialization step of the neural crest EMT by cadherin-6B/BMPRII involves regulation of actin dynamics via LIMK/cofilin.
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