1
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Rai G, Sharma S, Bhasin J, Aggarwal K, Ahuja A, Dang S. Nanotechnological advances in the treatment of epilepsy: a comprehensive review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:152002. [PMID: 38194705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1c95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders characterized by frequent unprovoked epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures can develop from a broad range of underlying abnormalities such as tumours, strokes, infections, traumatic brain injury, developmental abnormalities, autoimmune diseases, and genetic predispositions. Sometimes epilepsy is not easily diagnosed and treated due to the large diversity of symptoms. Undiagnosed and untreated seizures deteriorate over time, impair cognition, lead to injuries, and can sometimes result in death. This review gives details about epilepsy, its classification on the basis of International League Against Epilepsy, current therapeutics which are presently offered for the treatment of epilepsy. Despite of the fact that more than 30 different anti-epileptic medication and antiseizure drugs are available, large number of epileptic patients fail to attain prolonged seizure independence. Poor onsite bioavailability of drugs due to blood brain barrier poses a major challenge in drug delivery to brain. The present review covers the limitations with the state-of-the-art strategies for managing seizures and emphasizes the role of nanotechnology in overcoming these issues. Various nano-carriers like polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, lipidic nanoparticles such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nano-lipid carriers, have been explored for the delivery of anti-epileptic drugs to brain using oral and intranasal routes. Nano-carries protect the encapsulated drugs from degradation and provide a platform to deliver controlled release over prolonged periods, improved permeability and bioavailability at the site of action. The review also emphasises in details about the role of neuropeptides for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India
| | - Surbhi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India
| | - Jasveen Bhasin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India
| | - Kanica Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India
| | - Alka Ahuja
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Oman
| | - Shweta Dang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India
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2
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Reichart D, Lindberg EL, Maatz H, Miranda AMA, Viveiros A, Shvetsov N, Gärtner A, Nadelmann ER, Lee M, Kanemaru K, Ruiz-Orera J, Strohmenger V, DeLaughter DM, Patone G, Zhang H, Woehler A, Lippert C, Kim Y, Adami E, Gorham JM, Barnett SN, Brown K, Buchan RJ, Chowdhury RA, Constantinou C, Cranley J, Felkin LE, Fox H, Ghauri A, Gummert J, Kanda M, Li R, Mach L, McDonough B, Samari S, Shahriaran F, Yapp C, Stanasiuk C, Theotokis PI, Theis FJ, van den Bogaerdt A, Wakimoto H, Ware JS, Worth CL, Barton PJR, Lee YA, Teichmann SA, Milting H, Noseda M, Oudit GY, Heinig M, Seidman JG, Hubner N, Seidman CE. Pathogenic variants damage cell composition and single cell transcription in cardiomyopathies. Science 2022; 377:eabo1984. [PMID: 35926050 PMCID: PMC9528698 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in genes that cause dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) convey high risks for the development of heart failure through unknown mechanisms. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we characterized the transcriptome of 880,000 nuclei from 18 control and 61 failing, nonischemic human hearts with pathogenic variants in DCM and ACM genes or idiopathic disease. We performed genotype-stratified analyses of the ventricular cell lineages and transcriptional states. The resultant DCM and ACM ventricular cell atlas demonstrated distinct right and left ventricular responses, highlighting genotype-associated pathways, intercellular interactions, and differential gene expression at single-cell resolution. Together, these data illuminate both shared and distinct cellular and molecular architectures of human heart failure and suggest candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reichart
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Eric L Lindberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Maatz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio M A Miranda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Nikolay Shvetsov
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Gärtner
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Emily R Nadelmann
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kazumasa Kanemaru
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Orera
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria Strohmenger
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel M DeLaughter
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Giannino Patone
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew Woehler
- Systems Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Lippert
- Digital Health-Machine Learning group, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, 14482 Potsdam, Germany.,Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eleonora Adami
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua M Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sam N Barnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Kemar Brown
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel J Buchan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Rasheda A Chowdhury
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | | | - James Cranley
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Leanne E Felkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Henrik Fox
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Ahla Ghauri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Gummert
- Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Kanda
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ruoyan Li
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lukas Mach
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK
| | - Barbara McDonough
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
| | - Sara Samari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Farnoush Shahriaran
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Stanasiuk
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Pantazis I Theotokis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul J R Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NR, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Cellular Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Michela Noseda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Imperial College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Computational Health Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), 85748 Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Association, Partner Site Munich, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Hubner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD 20815, USA
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3
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Shi H, Fang Y, Huang L, Gao L, Lenahan C, Okada T, Travis ZD, Xie S, Tang H, Lu Q, Liu R, Tang J, Cheng Y, Zhang JH. Activation of Galanin Receptor 1 with M617 Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis via ERK/GSK-3β/TIP60 Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1905-1921. [PMID: 34086200 PMCID: PMC8609084 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease. Neuronal apoptosis plays an important pathological role in early brain injury after SAH. Galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) activation was recently shown to be anti-apoptotic in the setting of ischemic stroke. This study aimed to explore the anti-neuronal apoptosis effect of GalR1 activation after SAH, as well as the underlying mechanisms. GalR1 CRISPR and GalR1 selective agonist, M617, was administered, respectively. Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (U0126) and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β) CRISPR were administered to investigate the involvement of the ERK/GSK3-β pathway in GalR1-mediated neuroprotection after SAH. Outcome assessments included neurobehavioral tests, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that endogenous ligand galanin (Gal) and GalR1 were markedly increased in the ipsilateral brain hemisphere at 12 h and 24 h after SAH. GalR1 were expressed mainly in neurons, but expression was also observed in some astrocytes and microglia. GalR1 CRISPR knockdown exacerbated neurological deficits and neuronal apoptosis 24 h after SAH. Moreover, activation of GalR1 with M617 significantly improved short- and long-term neurological deficits but decreased neuronal apoptosis after SAH. Furthermore, GalR1 activation dysregulated the protein levels of phosphorylated ERK and GSK-3β, but downregulated the phosphorylated Tat-interactive protein 60 (TIP60) and cleaved caspase-3 at 24 h after SAH. GalR1 CRISPR, U0126, and GSK-3β CRISPR abolished the beneficial effects of GalR1 activation at 24 h after SAH in rats. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that activation of GalR1 using M617 attenuated neuronal apoptosis through the ERK/GSK-3β/TIP60 pathway after SAH in rats. GalR1 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Medical University, Yongchuan Hospital, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Takeshi Okada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shucai Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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4
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Yu Y, Nguyen DT, Jiang J. G protein-coupled receptors in acquired epilepsy: Druggability and translatability. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 183:101682. [PMID: 31454545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the targets of more than one-third of all modern medicinal drugs. In the central nervous system (CNS), widely distributed GPCRs in neuronal and nonneuronal cells mediate numerous essential physiological functions via regulating neurotransmission at the synapses. Whereas their abnormalities in expression and activity are involved in various neuropathological processes. CNS conditions thus remain highly represented among the indications of GPCR-targeted agents. Mounting evidence from a large number of animal studies suggests that GPCRs play important roles in the regulation of neuronal excitability associated with epilepsy, a common CNS disease afflicting approximately 1-2% of the population. Surprisingly, none of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved (>30) antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) suppresses seizures through acting on GPCRs. This disparity raises concerns about the translatability of these preclinical findings and the druggability of GPCRs for seizure disorders. The currently available AEDs intervene seizures predominantly through targeting ion channels and have considerable limitations, as they often cause unbearable adverse effects, fail to control seizures in over 30% of patients, and merely provide symptomatic relief. Thus, identifying novel molecular targets for epilepsy is highly desired. Herein, we focus on recent progresses in understanding the comprehensive roles of several GPCR families in seizure generation and development of acquired epilepsy. We also dissect current hurdles hindering translational efforts in developing GPCRs as antiepileptic and/or antiepileptogenic targets and discuss the counteracting strategies that might lead to a potential cure for this debilitating CNS condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Davis T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Drug Discovery Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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5
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Webling K, Groves-Chapman JL, Runesson J, Saar I, Lang A, Sillard R, Jakovenko E, Kofler B, Holmes PV, Langel Ü. Pharmacological stimulation of GAL1R but not GAL2R attenuates kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:83-92. [PMID: 26764217 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and part of a bigger family of bioactive peptides. Galanin exerts its biological activity through three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, GAL1-3R. Throughout the last 20years, data has accumulated that galanin can have a neuroprotective effect presumably mediated through the activation of GAL1R and GAL2R. In order to test the pharmaceutical potential of galanin receptor subtype selective ligands to inhibit excitotoxic cell death, the GAL1R selective ligand M617 and the GAL2R selective ligand M1145 were compared to the novel GAL1/2R ligand M1154, in their ability to reduce the excitotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injected kainate acid in rats. The peptide ligands were evaluated in vitro for their binding preference in a competitive (125)I-galanin receptor subtype binding assay, and G-protein signaling was evaluated using both classical signaling and a label-free real-time technique. Even though there was no significant difference in the time course or severity of the kainic acid induced epileptic behavior in vivo, administration of either M617 or M1154 before kainic acid administration significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the potential therapeutic value of agonists selective for GAL1R in the prevention of neuronal cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Galanin/analogs & derivatives
- Galanin/pharmacology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Humans
- Kainic Acid/toxicity
- Ligands
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica L Groves-Chapman
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rannar Sillard
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Jakovenko
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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6
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Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, Son GH, Kim NH, Kim DK, Yun S, Kim DH, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Development of Spexin-based Human Galanin Receptor Type II-Specific Agonists with Increased Stability in Serum and Anxiolytic Effect in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21453. [PMID: 26907960 PMCID: PMC4764904 DOI: 10.1038/srep21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered to activate galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and 3 (GALR3) but not galanin receptor 1 (GALR1). Although GALR2 is known to display a function, particularly in anxiety, depression, and appetite regulation, the further determination of its function would benefit from a more stable and selective agonist that acts only at GALR2. In the present study, we developed a GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability in serum. As galanin (GAL) showed a low affinity to GALR3, the residues in SPX were replaced with those in GAL, revealing that particular mutations such as Gln5 → Asn, Met7 → Ala, Lys11 → Phe, and Ala13 → Pro significantly decreased potencies toward GALR3 but not toward GALR2. Quadruple (Qu) mutation of these residues still retained potency to GALR2 but totally abolished the potency to both GALR3 and GALR1. The first amino acid modifications or D-Asn1 substitution significantly increased the stability when they are incubated in 100% fetal bovine serum. Intracerebroventricular administration of the mutant peptide with D-Asn1 and quadruple substitution (dN1-Qu) exhibited an anxiolytic effect in mice. Taken together, the GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability can greatly help delineation of GALR2-mediated functions and be very useful for treatments of anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoo-Na Lee
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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7
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Umpierre AD, Bennett IV, Nebeker LD, Newell TG, Tian BB, Thomson KE, White HS, White JA, Wilcox KS. Repeated low-dose kainate administration in C57BL/6J mice produces temporal lobe epilepsy pathology but infrequent spontaneous seizures. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:116-126. [PMID: 26896834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
More efficient or translationally relevant approaches are needed to model acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in genetically tractable mice. The high costs associated with breeding and maintaining transgenic, knock-in, or knock-out lines place a high value on the efficiency of induction and animal survivability. Herein, we describe our approaches to model acquired epilepsy in C57BL/6J mice using repeated, low-dose kainate (KA) administration paradigms. Four paradigms (i.p.) were tested for their ability to induce status epilepticus (SE), temporal lobe pathology, and the development of epilepsy. All four paradigms reliably induce behavioral and/or electrographic SE without mortality over a 7d period. Two of the four paradigms investigated produce features indicative of TLE pathology, including hippocampal cell death, widespread astrogliosis, and astrocyte expression of mGluR5, a feature commonly reported in TLE models. Three of the investigated paradigms were able to produce aberrant electrographic features, such as interictal spiking in cortex. However, only one paradigm, previously published by others, produces spontaneous recurrent seizures over an eight week period. Presentation of spontaneous seizures is rare (N=2/14), with epilepsy preferentially developing in animals having a high number of seizures during SE. Overall, repeated, low-dose KA administration improves the efficiency and pathological relevance of a systemic KA insult, but does not produce a robust epilepsy phenotype under the experimental paradigms described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Umpierre
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, 401 MREB, 20N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
| | - Isaiah V Bennett
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Lismore D Nebeker
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Thomas G Newell
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States; Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36S. Wasatch Drive, Rm. 3100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Bruce B Tian
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Kyle E Thomson
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States; Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 36S. Wasatch Drive, Rm. 3100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - H Steve White
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States; Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Box 357630, H375 Health Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - John A White
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Rm. 403, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, 401 MREB, 20N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30N. 1900E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, University of Utah, 417 Wakara Way, Suite 3211, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
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8
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Naserpour Farivar T, Nassiri-Asl M, Johari P, Najafipour R, Hajiali F. The Effects of Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure on Gene Expression of Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors in Mice Using RT 2 PCR Array. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016; 7:291-298. [PMID: 27872690 PMCID: PMC5102558 DOI: 10.15412/j.bcn.03070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Kainic acid (KA) induces neuropathological changes in specific regions of the mouse hippocampus comparable to changes seen in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). According to different studies, the expression of a number of genes are altered in the adult rat hippocampus after status epilepticus (SE) induced by KA. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate changes in the gene expression of brain neurotransmitter receptors one week after administration of kainic acid in the mouse hippocampus. Methods: We used 12 BALB/c mice in this study and randomly divided them into 2 groups. To both groups, saline (IP) was administered for 7 days, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, IP) was injected 30 minutes after administration of saline. Subsequently, behavioural changes were observed in mice. Then, in one group (1 day group), 2 hours and in another group (7 days group), 7 days after KA administration, the hippocampus tissue of mice was removed and used for gene expression analyses. Total brain RNA was isolated and reversely transcribed. We performed qPCR using RT2 Profiler TMPCR Array Mouse Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators (QIAGEN) containing primers for 84 genes. In this regard, we selected 50 related genes for KA model. Results: Our results showed significant changes in the gene expression of GABAA subunits receptors, including α1-α3, α5, α6, β2, β3, γ1, ρ, and rho1-2 on day 7 compared with the day 1. Conclusion: Expression of both inhibitory and excitatory receptors changed after one week. Further studies are needed to find more molecular changes in the gene expression of brain neurotransmitter receptors and regulators over longer periods of time in KA models using RT2 PCR array.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Pouran Johari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farid Hajiali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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9
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Roncon P, Soukupovà M, Binaschi A, Falcicchia C, Zucchini S, Ferracin M, Langley SR, Petretto E, Johnson MR, Marucci G, Michelucci R, Rubboli G, Simonato M. MicroRNA profiles in hippocampal granule cells and plasma of rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy--comparison with human epileptic samples. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14143. [PMID: 26382856 PMCID: PMC4585664 DOI: 10.1038/srep14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers of the transformation of normal to epileptic tissue would help to stratify patients at risk of epilepsy following brain injury, and inform new treatment strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an attractive option in this direction. In this study, miRNA microarrays were performed on laser-microdissected hippocampal granule cell layer (GCL) and on plasma, at different time points in the development of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in the rat: latency, first spontaneous seizure and chronic epileptic phase. Sixty-three miRNAs were differentially expressed in the GCL when considering all time points. Three main clusters were identified that separated the control and chronic phase groups from the latency group and from the first spontaneous seizure group. MiRNAs from rats in the chronic phase were compared to those obtained from the laser-microdissected GCL of epileptic patients, identifying several miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-23a-5p, miR-146a-5p and miR-181c-5p) that were up-regulated in both human and rat epileptic tissue. Analysis of plasma samples revealed different levels between control and pilocarpine-treated animals for 27 miRNAs. Two main clusters were identified that segregated controls from all other groups. Those miRNAs that are altered in plasma before the first spontaneous seizure, like miR-9a-3p, may be proposed as putative biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Roncon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marie Soukupovà
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Binaschi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Falcicchia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Zucchini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah R Langley
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital,UK
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK
| | - Michael R Johnson
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital,UK
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Section of Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Michelucci
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Rubboli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neurology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Danish Epilepsy Center, Filadelfia/University of Copenhagen, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Center, University of Ferrara, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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11
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Guipponi M, Chentouf A, Webling KE, Freimann K, Crespel A, Nobile C, Lemke JR, Hansen J, Dorn T, Lesca G, Ryvlin P, Hirsch E, Rudolf G, Rosenberg DS, Weber Y, Becker F, Helbig I, Muhle H, Salzmann A, Chaouch M, Oubaiche ML, Ziglio S, Gehrig C, Santoni F, Pizzato M, Langel Ü, Antonarakis SE. Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3082-91. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Neuropeptides play an important role in modulating seizures and epilepsy. Unlike neurotransmitters which operate on a millisecond time-scale, neuropeptides have longer half lives; this leads to modulation of neuronal and network activity over prolonged periods, so contributing to setting the seizure threshold. Most neuropeptides are stored in large dense vesicles and co-localize with inhibitory interneurons. They are released upon high frequency stimulation making them attractive targets for modulation of seizures, during which high frequency discharges occur. Numerous neuropeptides have been implicated in epilepsy; one, ACTH, is already used in clinical practice to suppress seizures. Here, we concentrate on neuropeptides that have a direct effect on seizures, and for which therapeutic interventions are being developed. We have thus reviewed the abundant reports that support a role for neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, ghrelin, somatostatin and dynorphin in suppressing seizures and epileptogenesis, and for tachykinins having pro-epileptic effects. Most in vitro and in vivo studies are performed in hippocampal tissue in which receptor expression is usually high, making translation to other brain areas less clear. We highlight recent therapeutic strategies to treat epilepsy with neuropeptides, which are based on viral vector technology, and outline how such interventions need to be refined in order to address human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepana Kovac
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK.
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13
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Agasse F, Xapelli S, Coronas V, Christiansen SH, Rosa AI, Sardá-Arroyo L, Santos T, Ferreira R, Schitine C, Harnois T, Bourmeyster N, Bragança J, Bernardino L, Malva JO, Woldbye DP. Galanin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Søren H. Christiansen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra I. Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Schitine
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Harnois
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - José Bragança
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Kainic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in hippocampal pyramidal neurons is driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors: analysis of FVB/N↔C57BL/6 chimeras. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12093-101. [PMID: 22933793 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6478-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitotoxic effects of kainic acid (KA) in the mouse hippocampus is strain dependent. Following KA administration, the large majority of hippocampal pyramidal cells die in the FVB/N (FVB) mouse, while the pyramidal cells of the C57BL/6 (B6) strain are largely spared. We generated aggregation chimeras between the sensitive FVB and the resistant B6 strains to investigate whether intrinsic or extrinsic features of a neuron confer cell vulnerability or resistance to KA. The constitutive expression of transgenic green fluorescence protein (GFP) or β-galactosidase expressed from the ROSA26 locus was used to mark cells in FVB or B6 mice, respectively. These makers enable the identification of cells from each parental genotype while TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling)-staining labeled dying cells. The analysis of the percentage of dying cells in FVB-GFP ↔ B6-ROSA chimeras yielded an intriguing mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the readout of cell phenotype. Thus, normally resistant B6-ROSA pyramidal neurons demonstrated an increasing sensitivity to KA, in a linear fashion, when the percentage of FVB-GFP cells was increased, either across chimeras or in different regions of the same chimera. However, the death of B6-ROSA pyramidal cells never exceeded ∼70% of the total amount of B6 neurons regardless of the amount of FVB cells in the chimeric hippocampus. In a similar manner, FVB-GFP cells show lower amounts of cell death in chimeras that are colonized by B6-ROSA cells, but again, are never fully rescued. These data indicate that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate the sensitivity of hippocampal pyramidal cells to kainic acid.
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15
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Webling KEB, Runesson J, Bartfai T, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors and ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:146. [PMID: 23233848 PMCID: PMC3516677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago. Today, the galanin family consists of galanin, galanin-like peptide (GALP), galanin-message associated peptide (GMAP), and alarin and this family has been shown to be involved in a wide variety of biological and pathological functions. The effect is mediated through three GPCR subtypes, GalR1-3. The limited number of specific ligands to the galanin receptor subtypes has hindered the understanding of the individual effects of each receptor subtype. This review aims to summarize the current data of the importance of the galanin receptor subtypes and receptor subtype specific agonists and antagonists and their involvement in different biological and pathological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. B. Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Kristin E. B. Webling, Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 21A, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamas Bartfai
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
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16
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Schauwecker PE. Strain differences in seizure-induced cell death following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:297-304. [PMID: 21878392 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse strains differ from one another in their susceptibility to seizure-induced excitotoxic cell death. Previously, we have demonstrated that mature inbred strains of mice show remarkable genetic differences in susceptibility to the neuropathological consequences of seizures in the kainate model of status epilepticus. At present, while the cellular mechanisms underlying strain-dependent differences in susceptibility remain unclear, some of this variation is assumed to have a genetic basis. However, it remains unclear whether strain differences in susceptibility to seizure-induced cell death observed following kainate administration are observed following systemic administration of other chemoconvulsants. In rodents, the cholinomimetic convulsant pilocarpine is widely used to induce status epilepticus (SE), followed by hippocampal damage and spontaneous recurrent seizures, resembling temporal lobe epilepsy. This model has initially been described in rats, but is increasingly used in mice. We characterized neuronal pathologies after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in eight inbred strains of mice focusing on the hippocampus. A ramping-up dose protocol for pilocarpine was used and behavior was monitored for 4-5 h. While we did not observe any significant differences in seizure latency or duration to pilocarpine among the inbred strains, we did observe a significant difference in susceptibility to the neuropathological consequences of pilocarpine-induced SE. Of the eight genetically diverse mouse strains screened for pilocarpine-induced status, BALB/cJ and BALB/cByJ were the only two strains that were resistant to the neuropathological consequences of seizure-induced cell death. Additional studies of these murine strains may be useful for investigating genetic influences on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Elyse Schauwecker
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, 1333 San Pablo Street, BMT 403, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9112, USA.
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