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Wang HY, Li L, Nelson CS, Barfield R, Valencia S, Chan C, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Pardi N, An Z, Weissman D, Permar SR. Multivalent cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B nucleoside modified mRNA vaccines did not demonstrate a greater antibody breadth. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:38. [PMID: 38378950 PMCID: PMC10879498 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains the most common congenital infection and infectious complication in immunocompromised patients. The most successful HCMV vaccine to date, an HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine adjuvanted with MF59, achieved 50% efficacy against primary HCMV infection. A previous study demonstrated that gB/MF59 vaccinees were less frequently infected with HCMV gB genotype strains most similar to the vaccine strain than strains encoding genetically distinct gB genotypes, suggesting strain-specific immunity accounted for the limited efficacy. To determine whether vaccination with multiple HCMV gB genotypes could increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB humoral and cellular responses, we immunized 18 female rabbits with monovalent (gB-1), bivalent (gB-1+gB-3), or pentavalent (gB-1+gB-2+gB-3+gB-4+gB-5) gB lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated nucleoside-modified RNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. The multivalent vaccine groups did not demonstrate a higher magnitude or breadth of the IgG response to the gB ectodomain or cell-associated gB compared to that of the monovalent vaccine. Also, the multivalent vaccines did not show an increase in the breadth of neutralization activity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis against HCMV strains encoding distinct gB genotypes. Interestingly, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived gB-2-specific T-cell responses elicited by multivalent vaccines were of a higher magnitude compared to that of monovalent vaccinated animals against a vaccine-mismatched gB genotype at peak immunogenicity. Yet, no statistical differences were observed in T cell response against gB-3 and gB-5 variable regions among the three vaccine groups. Our data suggests that the inclusion of multivalent gB antigens is not an effective strategy to increase the breadth of anti-HCMV gB antibody and T cell responses. Understanding how to increase the HCMV vaccine protection breadth will be essential to improve the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceutical, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard Barfield
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sarah Valencia
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Waters S, Lee S, Ariyanto I, Kresoje N, Leary S, Munyard K, Gaudieri S, Irish A, Keil AD, Allcock RJN, Price P. Sequencing of the Viral UL111a Gene Directly from Clinical Specimens Reveals Variants of HCMV-Encoded IL-10 That Are Associated with Altered Immune Responses to HCMV. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4644. [PMID: 35563032 PMCID: PMC9104433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus carried by ~80% of adults worldwide. Acute infections are often asymptomatic in healthy individuals but generate diverse syndromes in neonates, renal transplant recipients (RTR), and people with HIV (PWH). The HCMV gene UL111a encodes a homolog of human interleukin-10 (IL-10) that interacts with the human IL-10 receptor. Deep sequencing technologies were used to sequence UL111a directly from 59 clinical samples from Indonesian PWH and Australian RTR, healthy adults, and neonates. Overall, 93% of samples contained more than one variant of HCMV, as defined by at least one nonsynonymous variation. Carriage of these variants differed between neonates and adults, Australians and Indonesians, and between saliva and blood leukocytes. The variant alleles of N41D and S71Y occurred together in Australian RTR and were associated with higher T-cell responses to HCMV pp65. The variant P122S was associated with lower levels of antibodies reactive with a lysate of HCMV-infected fibroblasts. L174F was associated with increased levels of antibodies reactive with HCMV lysate, immediate-early 1 (IE-1), and glycoprotein B (gB) in Australian RTR and Indonesians PWH, suggesting a higher viral burden. We conclude that variants of UL111a are common in all populations and may influence systemic responses to HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Waters
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; (S.W.); (S.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Silvia Lee
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; (S.W.); (S.L.); (K.M.)
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Ibnu Ariyanto
- Virology and Cancer Pathobiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia;
| | - Nina Kresoje
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (N.K.); (R.J.N.A.)
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia; (S.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Kylie Munyard
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; (S.W.); (S.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia; (S.L.); (S.G.)
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ashley Irish
- Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Australia;
| | - Anthony D. Keil
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Richard J. N. Allcock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (N.K.); (R.J.N.A.)
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Nedlands 6009, Australia
| | - Patricia Price
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; (S.W.); (S.L.); (K.M.)
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Sequencing Directly from Clinical Specimens Reveals Genetic Variations in HCMV-Encoded Chemokine Receptor US28 That May Influence Antibody Levels and Interactions with Human Chemokines. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0002021. [PMID: 34704798 PMCID: PMC8549752 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00020-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus carried by ∼80% of the world’s population. Acute infections are asymptomatic in healthy individuals but generate diverse syndromes in neonates, solid organ transplant recipients, and HIV-infected individuals. The HCMV gene US28 encodes a homolog of a human chemokine receptor that is able to bind several chemokines and HIV gp120. Deep sequencing technologies were used to sequence US28 directly from 60 clinical samples from Indonesian HIV patients and Australian renal transplant recipients, healthy adults, and neonates. Molecular modeling approaches were used to predict whether nine nonsynonymous mutations in US28 may alter protein binding to a panel of six chemokines and two variants of HIV gp120. Ninety-two percent of samples contained more than one variant of HCMV, as defined by at least one nonsynonymous mutation. Carriage of these variants differed between neonates and adults, Australian and Indonesian samples, and saliva samples and blood leukocytes. Two nonsynonymous mutations (N170D and R267K) were associated with increased levels of immediate early protein 1 (IE-1) and glycoprotein B (gB) HCMV-reactive antibodies, suggesting a higher viral burden. Seven of the nine mutations were predicted to alter binding of at least one ligand. Overall, HCMV variants are common in all populations and have the potential to affect US28 interactions with human chemokines and/or gp120 and alter responses to the virus. The findings relied on deep sequencing technologies applied directly to clinical samples, so the variants exist in vivo. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common viral pathogen of solid organ transplant recipients, neonates, and HIV-infected individuals. HCMV encodes homologs of several host genes with the potential to influence viral persistence and/or pathogenesis. Here, we present deep sequencing of an HCMV chemokine receptor homolog, US28, acquired directly from clinical specimens. Carriage of these variants differed between patient groups and was associated with different levels of circulating HCMV-reactive antibodies. These features are consistent with a role for US28 in HCMV persistence and pathogenesis. This was supported by in silico analyses of the variant sequences demonstrating altered ligand-binding profiles. The data delineate a novel approach to understanding the pathogenesis of HCMV and may impact the development of an effective vaccine.
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Pre-existing immunity to cytomegalovirus in macaques influences human CMV vaccine responses in preclinical models. Vaccine 2021; 39:5358-5367. [PMID: 34393017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccine is a Tier 1 priority by the National Institutes of Medicine, as HCMV is the most common congenital infection globally and most frequent infectious complication in transplant patients. Relevant preclinical non-human primate models used for testing HCMV vaccine immunogenicity are rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys. However, a complication in using these models is that species-specific CMV variants are endemic in non-human primate breeding colonies. We hypothesize that natural immunity to species-specific CMV in rhesus and cynomolgous monkeys impacts HCMV vaccine immunogenicity and may interfere with our ability to fully interpret vaccine immunogenicity. A modified mRNA vaccine encoding HCMV glycoprotein (gB) and the pentameric complex (PC) packaged in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) was delivered intramuscularly to groups of cynomolgous (n = 16, CyCMV-seropositive) and rhesus macaques (n = 24, RhCMV-seropositive). High pre-vaccination IgG binding responses to HCMV gB were present in both species, but pre-vaccination binding responses to PC were mostly present in rhesus macaques. Yet, at least a log increase in both PC and gB-specific plasma IgG levels was detected post-second HCMV mRNA vaccination in both species. Both species responded with high epithelial cell neutralizing antibody responses at 4 weeks post second HCMV mRNA vaccination, but limited fibroblast neutralizing antibodies. HCMV gB + PC mRNA/LNP vaccine also elicited IgG binding responses to cell-associated gB, an identified immune correlate of protection, in both species after the second vaccination, and there was a moderately strong direct correlation between this pre- and post-vaccination response in rhesus macaques. Based on the correlation between pre-existing and post-vaccine gB-specific binding responses in rhesus macaques, we conclude that species-specific CMV variant-specific antibody responses contribute to antibody responses to HCMV vaccination in primate models, indicating that pre-existing immunity must be taken into account in non-human primate preclinical models and will impact immunogenicity of HCMV vaccines seropositive human vaccinees.
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A Novel Multiplexed Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of IgG Seroreactivity to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL144. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0096421. [PMID: 34076473 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00964-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is common and may have grave consequences in transplant recipients and congenitally infected children. Diagnosis of CMV infection is based on detection of specific antibodies and molecular assays. The incorporation of CMV serological assays into diagnostic algorithms requires careful evaluation and interpretation. Very few serological assays measure CMV infection by a specific strain. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using CMV-encoded UL144 as the antigen. UL144 encodes three major genotypes, A, B, and C, and recombinants. The ELISA was developed with the three UL144 proteins and optimized as a multiplex assay. Sera from 55 positive and 59 negative CMV IgG, determined by the clinical microbiology laboratory, were used for evaluation and optimization. A cutoff optical density (OD) that distinguishes UL144 antibody-positive from antibody-negative sera was established. UL144 A, B, C, and combinations of these antigens were detected in sera. An assay threshold of 0.1 was established and, from a total of 303 sera, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the multiplex ELISA were 86.72% (95% confidence interval [CI] 79.59% to 92.07%), 96.57% (92.69% to 98.73%), 94.40% (88.45% to 97.38%), and 91.60% (87.50% to 94.44%), respectively. The inter- and intraassay median coefficients of variation were 0.06 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.56, 0.2) and 0.171 (IQR 0.038, 0.302), respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with HSV-positive CMV-negative sera. This ELISA gives simple and reproducible results for detection of anti-CMV UL144 IgG. It may assist in differentiating natural infection from CMV vaccines that lack UL144, and may provide an important tool for epidemiological studies of CMV strains.
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Jenks JA, Nelson CS, Roark HK, Goodwin ML, Pass RF, Bernstein DI, Walter EB, Edwards KM, Wang D, Fu TM, An Z, Chan C, Permar SR. Antibody binding to native cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B predicts efficacy of the gB/MF59 vaccine in humans. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/568/eabb3611. [PMID: 33148624 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant brain damage and posttransplant complications worldwide. Despite the high global burden of disease, vaccine development to prevent infection remains hampered by challenges in generating protective immunity. The most efficacious CMV vaccine candidate tested to date is a soluble glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine with MF59 adjuvant (gB/MF59), which achieved 50% protection in multiple historical phase 2 clinical trials. The vaccine-elicited immune responses that conferred this protection have remained unclear. We investigated the humoral immune correlates of protection from CMV acquisition in populations of CMV-seronegative adolescent and postpartum women who received the gB/MF59 vaccine. We found that gB/MF59 immunization elicited distinct CMV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)-binding profiles and IgG-mediated functional responses in adolescent and postpartum vaccinees, with heterologous CMV strain neutralization observed primarily in adolescent vaccinees. Using penalized multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined that protection against primary CMV infection in both cohorts was associated with serum IgG binding to gB present on a cell surface but not binding to the soluble vaccine antigen, suggesting that IgG binding to cell-associated gB is an immune correlate of vaccine efficacy. Supporting this, we identified gB-specific monoclonal antibodies that differentially recognized soluble or cell-associated gB, revealing that there are structural differences in cell-associated and soluble gB are relevant to the generation of protective immunity. Our results highlight the importance of the native, cell-associated gB conformation in future CMV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Cody S Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hunter K Roark
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Matthew L Goodwin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Robert F Pass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061106. [PMID: 34207868 PMCID: PMC8227702 DOI: 10.3390/v13061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of the most prevalent viruses across the globe, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised individuals. Recent clinical observations have demonstrated that mixed strain infections are common and may lead to more severe disease progression. This clinical observation illustrates the complexity of the HCMV genome and emphasizes the importance of taking a population-level view of genotypic evolution. Here we review frequently sampled polymorphisms in the glycoproteins of HCMV, comparing the variable regions, and summarizing their corresponding geographic distributions observed to date. The related strain-specific immunity, including neutralization activity and antigen-specific cellular immunity, is also discussed. Given that these glycoproteins are common targets for vaccine design and anti-viral therapies, this observed genetic variation represents an important resource for future efforts to combat HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-746-4111
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Hasing ME, Pang XL, Mabilangan C, Preiksaitis JK. Donor Cytomegalovirus Transmission Patterns in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With Primary Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:827-837. [PMID: 32706857 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of single versus multiple cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain transmission from donor (D+) to seronegative solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients (R-) is uncertain, as is whether "relapsing" recipient infection represents changing strain predominance when multiple strains are transmitted. Here we characterized CMV strain transmission patterns in D+/R- SOT recipients. METHODS We studied pairs or groups of D+/R- SOT recipients who received organs from a common donor (group A) and recipients who experienced ≥2 waves of CMV DNAemia (group B). CMV in plasma was characterized by genotype-specific real-time PCR for genes gB and gH. RESULTS Single concordant genotypes were identified in 12 of 18 recipient pairs/group sharing a common donor (group A); at least 6 of 18 (33%) donors transmitted > 1 strain. A single CMV strain was detected in 14 of 15 recipients in group B; only 1 recipient had coinfection. A shift in CMV strain predominance occurred after the first posttransplant year in at least 4 recipients with coinfection. CONCLUSIONS Using a common donor approach, we confirmed that multiple CMV strain transmission from donors to R- SOT recipients is not uncommon. D+/R- SOT recipients with CMV coinfection can undergo changes in strain predominance in late waves of CMV DNAemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Hasing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiaoli L Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory of Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
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Ross SA, Pati P, Jensen TL, Goll JB, Gelber CE, Singh A, McNeal M, Boppana SB, Bernstein DI. Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity Following Primary Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:715-720. [PMID: 31593588 PMCID: PMC7026889 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with multiple cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains (mixed infection) was reported in a variety of hosts. As the virus genetic diversity in primary CMV infection and the changes over time remain incompletely defined, we examined CMV diversity and changes in diversity over time in healthy adolescent females who participated in a phase 2 CMV gB/MF59 vaccine trial. METHODS CMV genetic diversity was determined by genotyping of 5 genes-gB (UL55), gH (UL75), gN (UL73), US28, and UL144-in urine, saliva, and plasma samples from 15 study subjects. RESULTS At the time of primary infection, 5 of 12 (42%) urine samples had multiple virus strains, and 50% of vaccine recipients were infected with gB1 genotype (vaccine strain). Mixed infection was documented in all 15 subjects within 3 months after primary infection, and the majority had different CMV genotypes in different compartments. Changes in genotypes over time were observed in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Infection with multiple CMV genotypes was common during primary infection and further diversification occurred over time. Infection with gB1 genotype in vaccine recipients suggests a lack of strain-specific protection from the vaccine. As only 5 polymorphic genes were assessed, this study likely underestimated the true genetic diversity in primary CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pravasini Pati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Singh
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Suresh B Boppana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Amin MM, Bialek SR, Dollard SC, Wang C. Urinary Cytomegalovirus Shedding in the United States: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:587-592. [PMID: 29471326 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no data on the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding from a representative sample of the US population. This information is critical for understanding and preventing CMV. Methods We tested urine specimens from CMV immunoglobulin (Ig) G-positive participants aged 6-49 years in 3 racial/ethnic groups from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2004 for the presence of CMV DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. We examined the association of sociodemographic characteristics with shedding prevalence and viral loads. Results Among 6828 CMV IgG-positive participants tested, 537 had CMV DNA detected in urine-a shedding prevalence of 9.70%. Among persons aged 6-49 years, shedding prevalence was 3.83%. The prevalence of urinary shedding was inversely associated with increasing age (26.60%, 6.50%, and 3.45% in CMV IgG-positive participants aged 6-11, 12-19, and 20-49 years, respectively; P < .001 for trend test and pairwise comparisons). Urinary viral load also decreased significantly with age (mean, 2.97, 2.69, and 2.43 log10 copies/mL in those age groups, respectively; P < .001 for trend test and pairwise comparisons). Conclusions Urinary CMV shedding and viral loads decreased dramatically with age, likely reflecting higher rates of primary CMV infection and longer duration of shedding in younger individuals. The findings demonstrate that children aged 6-11 years continue to shed CMV at higher rates and viral loads than adolescents and adults and thus may still be an important source for CMV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal M Amin
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie R Bialek
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sheila C Dollard
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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White JL, Patel EU, Abraham AG, Grabowski MK, Arav-Boger R, Avery RK, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. Prevalence, Magnitude, and Genotype Distribution of Urinary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Shedding Among CMV-Seropositive Children and Adolescents in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz272. [PMID: 31281866 PMCID: PMC6602884 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited nationally representative data on correlates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding among children and adolescents. In addition, the genotype distribution of CMV infections has not been well characterized among general populations in the United States. Methods This study characterized urinary CMV shedding among CMV immunoglobulin G-positive 6- to 19-year-olds in the US household population using data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were weighted and multiple imputation was performed to handle missing data (with the exception of CMV genotypes). Results Prevalence of urinary CMV shedding was significantly lower among 9- to 11-year-olds (20.6%; aPR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44-0.83) and 12- to 19-year-olds (7.0%; aPR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.14-0.30) compared with 6- to 8-year-olds (34.4%). Among CMV shedders, the youngest age group also had the highest urinary CMV viral loads. The prevalence of urinary CMV shedding among obese individuals was significantly lower compared with lean individuals (aPR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.47-0.99). Among CMV shedders, glycoprotein B (gB)1 (51%) was the most prevalent gB variant, followed by gB2 (29%), gB3 (21%), and gB4 (13%); glycoprotein H (gH)2 (60%) was more prevalent than gH1 (48%). Multiple (≥2) gB (14%) and multiple gH (7%) infections were detected among CMV shedders. Conclusions This study underscores the importance of young children even above the age of 5 years as a potential source of CMV transmission. The detection of multiple CMV strains among CMV shedders may have implications for the transmission of viral diversity as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L White
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Kate Grabowski
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Robin K Avery
- Department Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Intrahost Dynamics of Human Cytomegalovirus Variants Acquired by Seronegative Glycoprotein B Vaccinees. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01695-18. [PMID: 30518646 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01695-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide and a frequent cause of hearing loss and debilitating neurologic disease in newborn infants. Thus, a vaccine to prevent HCMV-associated congenital disease is a public health priority. One potential strategy is vaccination of women of child bearing age to prevent maternal HCMV acquisition during pregnancy. The glycoprotein B (gB) plus MF59 adjuvant subunit vaccine is the most efficacious tested clinically to date, demonstrating 50% protection against primary HCMV infection in a phase 2 clinical trial. Yet, the impact of gB/MF59-elicited immune responses on the population of viruses acquired by trial participants has not been assessed. In this analysis, we employed quantitative PCR as well as multiple sequencing methodologies to interrogate the magnitude and genetic composition of HCMV populations infecting gB/MF59 vaccinees and placebo recipients. We identified several differences between the viral dynamics in acutely infected vaccinees and placebo recipients. First, viral load was reduced in the saliva of gB vaccinees, though not in whole blood, vaginal fluid, or urine. Additionally, we observed possible anatomic compartmentalization of gB variants in the majority of vaccinees compared to only a single placebo recipient. Finally, we observed reduced acquisition of genetically related gB1, gB2, and gB4 genotype "supergroup" HCMV variants among vaccine recipients, suggesting that the gB1 genotype vaccine construct may have elicited partial protection against HCMV viruses with antigenically similar gB sequences. These findings suggest that gB immunization had a measurable impact on viral intrahost population dynamics and support future analysis of a larger cohort.IMPORTANCE Though not a household name like Zika virus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes permanent neurologic disability in one newborn child every hour in the United States, which is more than that for Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and neural tube defects combined. There are currently no established effective measures to prevent viral transmission to the infant following HCMV infection of a pregnant mother. However, the glycoprotein B (gB)/MF59 vaccine, which aims to prevent pregnant women from acquiring HCMV, is the most successful HCMV vaccine tested clinically to date. Here, we used viral DNA isolated from patients enrolled in a gB vaccine trial who acquired HCMV and identified several impacts that this vaccine had on the size, distribution, and composition of the in vivo viral population. These results have increased our understanding of why the gB/MF59 vaccine was partially efficacious, and such investigations will inform future rational design of a vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV.
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13
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Nelson CS, Herold BC, Permar SR. A new era in cytomegalovirus vaccinology: considerations for rational design of next-generation vaccines to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:38. [PMID: 30275984 PMCID: PMC6148244 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the beta-herpesvirus family, is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide as well as an important cause of morbidity in transplant recipients and immunosuppressed individuals. An estimated 1 in 150 infants are infected with HCMV at birth, which can result in lifelong, debilitating neurologic sequelae including microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, and cognitive impairment. Natural maternal immunity to HCMV decreases the frequency of reinfection and reduces risk of congenital transmission but does not completely protect against neonatal disease. Thus, a vaccine to reduce the incidence and severity of infant infection is a public health priority. A variety of candidate HCMV vaccine approaches have been tried previously, including live-attenuated viruses, glycoprotein subunit formulations, viral vectors, and single/bivalent DNA plasmids, but all have failed to reach target endpoints in clinical trials. Nevertheless, there is a great deal to be learned from the successes and failures of the HCMV vaccine field (both congenital and transplant-associated), as well as from vaccine development efforts for other herpesvirus pathogens including herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Here, we review those successes and failures, evaluating recent cutting-edge discoveries that have shaped the HCMV vaccine field and identifying topics of critical importance for future investigation. These considerations will inform rational design and evaluation of next-generation vaccines to prevent HCMV-associated congenital infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S. Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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14
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Talkhabifard M, Javid N, Moradi A, Ghaemi A, Tabarraei A. Evaluation of a Probe-Based PCR-ELISA System for Simultaneous Semi Quantitative Detection and Genotyping of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infection in Clinical Specimens. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:83-91. [PMID: 28694881 PMCID: PMC5481617 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common opportunistic pathogen that causes serious complications in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns. In this study, PCR-ELISA was optimized for semi-quantitative detection of infection in clinical specimens and simultaneous genotyping of glycoprotein B for 4 major genotypes, due to its significance. Method: During DIG-labeling PCR, a pair of primers amplifies a fragment of variable region of the glycoprotein B encoding sequence. Under optimized conditions, labeled Target amplicons hybridize to biotinated specific probes and are detected in an ELISA system. Results: PCR-ELISA system showed specific performance with detection limit of approximately 100 copies of CMV DNA. The linear correlation was observed between the PCR-ELISA results (OD) and logarithmic scale of CMV (r=0.979). Repeatability of PCR-ELISA detection system for intra-assay and inter-assay was evaluated for negative and positive samples. In optimized conditions of hybridization, differentiation between genotypes of glycoprotein B was feasible using genotype-specific probes in PCR-ELISA genotyping system. In comparison with sequencing method, genotyping system was confirmed with kappa index of 1. Conclusion: PCR-ELISA is proposed as an applicable and reliable technique for semi-quantitative diagnosis and typing of the infection. This technique is flexible to apply in a variety of molecular fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Talkhabifard
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Naeme Javid
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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15
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Pokalyuk C, Renzette N, Irwin KK, Pfeifer SP, Gibson L, Britt WJ, Yamamoto AY, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Kowalik TF, Jensen JD. Characterizing human cytomegalovirus reinfection in congenitally infected infants: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1980-1990. [PMID: 27988973 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the strong selective pressures often faced by populations when colonizing a novel habitat, the level of variation present on which selection may act is an important indicator of adaptive potential. While often discussed in an ecological context, this notion is also highly relevant in our clinical understanding of viral infection, in which the novel habitat is a new host. Thus, quantifying the factors determining levels of variation is of considerable importance for the design of improved treatment strategies. Here, we focus on such a quantification of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) - a virus which can be transmitted across the placenta, resulting in foetal infection that can potentially cause severe disease in multiple organs. Recent studies using genomewide sequencing data have demonstrated that viral populations in some congenitally infected infants diverge rapidly over time and between tissue compartments within individuals, while in other infants, the populations remain highly stable. Here, we investigate the underlying causes of these extreme differences in observed intrahost levels of variation by estimating the underlying demographic histories of infection. Importantly, reinfection (i.e. population admixture) appears to be an important, and previously unappreciated, player. We highlight illustrative examples likely to represent a single-population transmission from a mother during pregnancy and multiple-population transmissions during pregnancy and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Pokalyuk
- Institute for Mathematics, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Faculty for Mathematics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Renzette
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kristen K Irwin
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Susanne P Pfeifer
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Laura Gibson
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aparecida Y Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa M Mussi-Pinhata
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy F Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Jensen
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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16
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Strain Variation and Disease Severity in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: In Search of a Viral Marker. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2015; 29:401-14. [PMID: 26154664 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The wide spectrum of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and known differences in the biology and in vitro growth of CMV strains continue to drive studies in search for specific viral genetic determinants that may predict severity of congenital CMV disease. Several CMV genes have been studied in detail in congenitally infected children, but the complexity of the viral genome and differences in the definition of symptomatic disease versus asymptomatic CMV infection continue to raise questions related to what constitutes a pathogenic CMV strain.
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17
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High-throughput analysis of human cytomegalovirus genome diversity highlights the widespread occurrence of gene-disrupting mutations and pervasive recombination. J Virol 2015; 89:7673-7695. [PMID: 25972543 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00578-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a widespread pathogen of major medical importance. It causes significant morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and congenital infections can result in severe disabilities or stillbirth. Development of a vaccine is prioritized, but no candidate is close to release. Although correlations of viral genetic variability with pathogenicity are suspected, knowledge about strain diversity of the 235kb genome is still limited. In this study, 96 full-length human cytomegalovirus genomes from clinical isolates were characterized, quadrupling the available information for full-genome analysis. These data provide the first high-resolution map of human cytomegalovirus interhost diversity and evolution. We show that cytomegalovirus is significantly more divergent than all other human herpesviruses and highlight hotspots of diversity in the genome. Importantly, 75% of strains are not genetically intact, but contain disruptive mutations in a diverse set of 26 genes, including immunomodulative genes UL40 and UL111A. These mutants are independent from culture passaging artifacts and circulate in natural populations. Pervasive recombination, which is linked to the widespread occurrence of multiple infections, was found throughout the genome. Recombination density was significantly higher than in other human herpesviruses and correlated with strain diversity. While the overall effects of strong purifying selection on virus evolution are apparent, evidence of diversifying selection was found in several genes encoding proteins that interact with the host immune system, including UL18, UL40, UL142 and UL147. These residues may present phylogenetic signatures of past and ongoing virus-host interactions. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus has the largest genome of all viruses that infect humans. Currently, there is a great interest in establishing associations between genetic variants and strain pathogenicity of this herpesvirus. Since the number of publicly available full-genome sequences is limited, knowledge about strain diversity is highly fragmented and biased towards a small set of loci. Combined with our previous work, we have now contributed 101 complete genome sequences. We have used these data to conduct the first high-resolution analysis of interhost genome diversity, providing an unbiased and comprehensive overview of cytomegalovirus variability. These data are of major value to the development of novel antivirals and a vaccine and to identify potential targets for genotype-phenotype experiments. Furthermore, they have enabled a thorough study of the evolutionary processes that have shaped cytomegalovirus diversity.
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18
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Gonzalez-Sanchez HM, Alvarado-Hernandez DL, Guerra-Palomares S, Garcia-Sepulveda CA, Noyola DE. Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in Mexican children and women. Intervirology 2015; 58:115-21. [PMID: 25833320 DOI: 10.1159/000373922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is widely distributed and constitutes the main cause of congenital infections worldwide. CMV transmission during pregnancy represents one of the major impacts of this virus on public health. This study aimed at assessing glycoprotein B (gB) CMV genotypes in Mexican children and pregnant women, since there is limited information regarding CMV genomic diversity in Mexico. METHODS We analyzed CMV strains detected in Mexican children (n = 38) and women (n = 38) between 2001 and 2012. A fragment of the gB gene was amplified and sequenced, and genotypes were defined based on prototype sequences. RESULTS The gB1 genotype was detected more frequently in children (68.4%) compared to women (31.6%; p = 0.0028), while genotype 2 was more common in women (65.8%) compared to children (26.3%, p = 0.0012). Genotype 3 was uncommon in both groups (5.3 and 2.6%). Nucleotide sequences exhibited a high degree of similarity to prototype strains. However, we identified 17 distinct sequences that resulted in changes in the encoded amino acid sequence in four strains. CONCLUSIONS gB1 and gB2 are the most common strains associated with CMV infection in Mexican children and women. In addition, we found that the frequency for each genotype differed amongst them, possibly due to variability in transmission or reactivation dynamics.
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19
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Molecular and biological characterization of a new isolate of guinea pig cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2014; 6:448-75. [PMID: 24473341 PMCID: PMC3939465 DOI: 10.3390/v6020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus is complicated by the issue of re-infection, with subsequent vertical transmission, in women with pre-conception immunity to the virus. The study of experimental therapeutic prevention of re-infection would ideally be undertaken in a small animal model, such as the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) model, prior to human clinical trials. However, the ability to model re-infection in the GPCMV model has been limited by availability of only one strain of virus, the 22122 strain, isolated in 1957. In this report, we describe the isolation of a new GPCMV strain, the CIDMTR strain. This strain demonstrated morphological characteristics of a typical Herpesvirinae by electron microscopy. Illumina and PacBio sequencing demonstrated a genome of 232,778 nt. Novel open reading frames ORFs not found in reference strain 22122 included an additional MHC Class I homolog near the right genome terminus. The CIDMTR strain was capable of dissemination in immune compromised guinea pigs, and was found to be capable of congenital transmission in GPCMV-immune dams previously infected with salivary gland‑adapted strain 22122 virus. The availability of a new GPCMV strain should facilitate study of re-infection in this small animal model.
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20
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Ikuta K, Minematsu T, Inoue N, Kubo T, Asano K, Ishibashi K, Imamura T, Nakai H, Yoshikawa T, Moriuchi H, Fujiwara S, Koyano S, Suzutani T. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) glycoprotein H-based serological analysis in Japanese healthy pregnant women, and in neonates with congenital CMV infection and their mothers. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:474-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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DeBoever C, Reid EG, Smith EN, Wang X, Dumaop W, Harismendy O, Carson D, Richman D, Masliah E, Frazer KA. Whole transcriptome sequencing enables discovery and analysis of viruses in archived primary central nervous system lymphomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73956. [PMID: 24023918 PMCID: PMC3762708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) have a dramatically increased prevalence among persons living with AIDS and are known to be associated with human Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection. Previous work suggests that in some cases, co-infection with other viruses may be important for PCNSL pathogenesis. Viral transcription in tumor samples can be measured using next generation transcriptome sequencing. We demonstrate the ability of transcriptome sequencing to identify viruses, characterize viral expression, and identify viral variants by sequencing four archived AIDS-related PCNSL tissue samples and analyzing raw sequencing reads. EBV was detected in all four PCNSL samples and cytomegalovirus (CMV), JC polyomavirus (JCV), and HIV were also discovered, consistent with clinical diagnoses. CMV was found to express three long non-coding RNAs recently reported as expressed during active infection. Single nucleotide variants were observed in each of the viruses observed and three indels were found in CMV. No viruses were found in several control tumor types including 32 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma samples. This study demonstrates the ability of next generation transcriptome sequencing to accurately identify viruses, including DNA viruses, in solid human cancer tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher DeBoever
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erin G. Reid
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Smith
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wilmar Dumaop
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Schleiss MR. Could therapeutic vaccination of cytomegalovirus-seropositive persons prevent reinfection and congenital virus transmission? J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1513-6. [PMID: 21592979 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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