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Alexandrova M, Manchorova D, Dimova T. Immunity at maternal-fetal interface: KIR/HLA (Allo)recognition. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:55-76. [PMID: 35610960 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both KIR and HLA are the most variable gene families in the human genome. The recognition of the semi-allogeneic embryo-derived trophoblasts by maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells is essential for the establishment of the functional placenta. This recognition is based on the KIR-HLA interactions and trophoblast expresses a specific HLA profile that constitutes classical polymorphic HLA-C and non-classical oligomorphic HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G molecules. This review highlights some features of the KIR/HLA-C (allo)recognition by decidual NK (dNK) cells as a main immune cell population specifically enriched at maternal-fetal interface during human early pregnancy. How KIR/HLA-C axis operates in pregnancy disorders and in the context of transplacental infections is discussed as well. We summarized old and new data on dNK-cell functional plasticity, their selective expression of KIR and fetal maternal/paternal HLA-C haplotypes present. Results showed that KIR-HLA-C combinations and the corresponding axis operate differently in each pregnancy, determined by the variability of both maternal KIR haplotypes and fetus' maternal/paternal HLA-C allotype combinations. Moreover, the maturation of NK cells strongly depends on if or not HLA allotypes for certain KIR are present. We suggest that the unique KIR/HLA combinations reached in each pregnancy (normal and pathological) should be studied according to well-defined guidelines and unified methodologies to have comparable results ease to interpret and use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alexandrova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Manchorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, consisting of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among the known NK cell receptors, the family of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory receptors that interact with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells. In particular, the expression of peculiar KIRs have been reported to be associated to viral infection susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant association between the development and onset of different human pathologies, such as tumors, neurodegeneration and infertility, and a clonal KIRs expression on NK cells has been described in presence of viral infections, supporting the crucial role of KIRs in defining the effect of viral infections in different tissues and organs. This review aims to report the state of art about the role of KIRs receptors in NK cell activation and viral infection control.
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Kyobe S, Mwesigwa S, Kisitu GP, Farirai J, Katagirya E, Mirembe AN, Ketumile L, Wayengera M, Katabazi FA, Kigozi E, Wampande EM, Retshabile G, Mlotshwa BC, Williams L, Morapedi K, Kasvosve I, Kyosiimire-Lugemwa J, Nsangi B, Tsimako-Johnstone M, Brown CW, Joloba M, Anabwani G, Bhekumusa L, Mpoloka SW, Mardon G, Matshaba M, Kekitiinwa A, Hanchard NA. Exome Sequencing Reveals a Putative Role for HLA-C*03:02 in Control of HIV-1 in African Pediatric Populations. Front Genet 2021; 12:720213. [PMID: 34512729 PMCID: PMC8428176 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.720213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules present endogenously processed antigens to T-cells and have been linked to differences in HIV-1 disease progression. HLA allelotypes show considerable geographical and inter-individual variation, as does the rate of progression of HIV-1 disease, with long-term non-progression (LTNP) of disease having most evidence of an underlying genetic contribution. However, most genetic analyses of LTNP have occurred in adults of European ancestry, limiting the potential transferability of observed associations to diverse populations who carry the burden of disease. This is particularly true of HIV-1 infected children. Here, using exome sequencing (ES) to infer HLA allelotypes, we determine associations with HIV-1 LTNP in two diverse African pediatric populations. We performed a case-control association study of 394 LTNPs and 420 rapid progressors retrospectively identified from electronic medical records of pediatric HIV-1 populations in Uganda and Botswana. We utilized high-depth ES to perform high-resolution HLA allelotyping and assessed evidence of association between HLA class I alleles and LTNP. Sixteen HLA alleles and haplotypes had significantly different frequencies between Uganda and Botswana, with allelic differences being more prominent in HLA-A compared to HLA-B and C allelotypes. Three HLA allelotypes showed association with LTNP, including a novel association in HLA-C (HLA-B∗57:03, aOR 3.21, Pc = 0.0259; B∗58:01, aOR 1.89, Pc = 0.033; C∗03:02, aOR 4.74, Pc = 0.033). Together, these alleles convey an estimated population attributable risk (PAR) of non-progression of 16.5%. We also observed novel haplotype associations with HLA-B∗57:03-C∗07:01 (aOR 5.40, Pc = 0.025) and HLA-B∗58:01-C∗03:02 (aOR 4.88, Pc = 0.011) with a PAR of 9.8%, as well as a previously unreported independent additive effect and heterozygote advantage of HLA-C∗03:02 with B∗58:01 (aOR 4.15, Pc = 0.005) that appears to limit disease progression, despite weak LD (r 2 = 0.18) between these alleles. These associations remained irrespective of gender or country. In one of the largest studies of HIV in Africa, we find evidence of a protective effect of canonical HLA-B alleles and a novel HLA-C association that appears to augment existing HIV-1 control alleles in pediatric populations. Our findings outline the value of using multi-ethnic populations in genetic studies and offer a novel HIV-1 association of relevance to ongoing vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kyobe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Savannah Mwesigwa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace P. Kisitu
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Farirai
- Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Eric Katagirya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Lesego Ketumile
- Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Misaki Wayengera
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Ashaba Katabazi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edgar Kigozi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward M. Wampande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gaone Retshabile
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Busisiwe C. Mlotshwa
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lesedi Williams
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Koketso Morapedi
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Betty Nsangi
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Chester W. Brown
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Anabwani
- Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lukhele Bhekumusa
- Eswatini - Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | - Sununguko W. Mpoloka
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Graeme Mardon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
- Pediatric Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Adeodata Kekitiinwa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Foundation, Kampala, Uganda
- Pediatric Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Neil A. Hanchard
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Celerino da Silva R, Segat L, Kuhn L, Chies JAB, Crovella S. Association of SNPs in HLA-C and ZNRD1 Genes With HIV-1 Mother-to-Child Transmission in Zambia Population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:509-515. [PMID: 33252547 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) and Zinc ribbon domain containing 1 (ZNRD1) are considered HIV-1 restriction factors and are expressed in the placenta. Variations in HLA-C and ZNRD1 genes are known to influence HIV-1 infection, including viral replication and progression to AIDS. Little is known about the role of variants in these genes in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. METHODS We evaluated the distribution of HLA-C (rs10484554, rs9264942) and ZNRD1 (rs8321, rs3869068) variants in a Zambian population composed of 333 children born to HIV-1+ mothers (248 HIV-1 noninfected/85 HIV-1 infected) and 97 HIV-1+ mothers. RESULTS Genotypic distribution of HLA-C and ZNRD1 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for HLA-C rs10484554 in both groups. In mothers, no significant differences were observed in their allele and genotypic distributions for both genes. The T and TT variants (rs10484554-HLA-C) were significantly more frequent among HIV-1+ children, specifically those who acquired the infection in utero (IU) and intrapartum (IP). For ZNRD1, the T allele (rs3869068) was more frequent in HIV-1- children, showing significant differences in relation to those infected via IP and postpartum (PP). The CT and TT genotypes were significantly more frequent in HIV-1- children. CONCLUSIONS Variations in HLA-C (T and TT-rs10484554) and ZNRD1 (T and CT/TT-rs3869068) can increase and decrease the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection via mother-to-child transmission, respectively. Further studies are encouraged focusing on a greater number of variants and sample size, with functional validation and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) Recife, Brazil
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Department of Surgical and Health Medical Sciences, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), UCO Hygiene and Public Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; and
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE) Recife, Brazil
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Killer-Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors (KIR) in HIV-Exposed Infants in Cameroon. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9053280. [PMID: 33521134 PMCID: PMC7817297 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9053280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological reason(s) behind persistent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (albeit at reduced rate compared to the preantiretroviral therapy era) in spite of the successful implementation of advanced control measures in many African countries remains a priority concern to many HIV/AIDS control programs. This may be partly due to differences in host immunogenetic factors in highly polymorphic regions of the human genome such as those encoding the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) molecules which modulate the activities of natural killer cells. The primary aim of this study was to determine the variants of KIR genes that may have a role to play in MTCT in a cohort of infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon. We designed a cross-sectional study to molecularly determine the frequencies of 15 KIR genes in 14 HIV-exposed infected (HEI), 39 HIV-exposed/uninfected (HEU), and 27 HIV-unexposed/uninfected (HUU) infants using the sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. We found that all 15 KIR genes were present in our cohort. The frequency of KIR2DL1 was significantly higher in the unexposed (control) group than in the HIV-exposed group (OR = 0.22, P = 0.006). Stratifying analysis by infection status but focusing only on exposed infants revealed that KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS5 were significantly overrepresented among the HIV-exposed/uninfected compared to infected infants (OR = 0.20, P = 0.006). Similarly, the frequencies of KIR2DS1, KIR2DS5, and KIR2DL5 were significantly different between infants perinatally infected with HIV (HIV+ by 6 months of age) and HIV-negative infants. Our study demonstrates that KIR genes may have differential effects with regard to MTCT of HIV-1.
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de Sá NBR, Ribeiro-Alves M, da Silva TP, Pilotto JH, Rolla VC, Giacoia-Gripp CBW, Scott-Algara D, Morgado MG, Teixeira SLM. Clinical and genetic markers associated with tuberculosis, HIV-1 infection, and TB/HIV-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome outcomes. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:59. [PMID: 31959123 PMCID: PMC6971853 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS are the leading causes of infectious disease death worldwide. In some TB-HIV co-infected individuals treated for both diseases simultaneously, a pathological inflammatory reaction termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may occur. The risk factors for IRIS are not fully defined. We investigated the association of HLA-B, HLA-C, and KIR genotypes with TB, HIV-1 infection, and IRIS onset. METHODS Patients were divided into four groups: Group 1- TB+/HIV+ (n = 88; 11 of them with IRIS), Group 2- HIV+ (n = 24), Group 3- TB+ (n = 24) and Group 4- healthy volunteers (n = 26). Patients were followed up at INI/FIOCRUZ and HGNI (Rio de Janeiro/Brazil) from 2006 to 2016. The HLA-B and HLA-C loci were typed using SBT, NGS, and KIR genes by PCR-SSP. Unconditional logistic regression models were performed for Protection/risk estimation. RESULTS Among the individuals with TB as the outcome, KIR2DS2 was associated with increased risk for TB onset (aOR = 2.39, P = 0.04), whereas HLA-B*08 and female gender were associated with protection against TB onset (aOR = 0.23, P = 0.03, and aOR = 0.33, P = 0.01, respectively). Not carrying KIR2DL3 (aOR = 0.18, P = 0.03) and carrying HLA-C*07 (aOR = 0.32, P = 0.04) were associated with protection against TB onset among HIV-infected patients. An increased risk for IRIS onset was associated with having a CD8 count ≤500 cells/mm3 (aOR = 18.23, P = 0.016); carrying the KIR2DS2 gene (aOR = 27.22, P = 0.032), the HLA-B*41 allele (aOR = 68.84, P = 0.033), the KIR2DS1 + HLA-C2 pair (aOR = 28.58, P = 0.024); and not carrying the KIR2DL3 + HLA-C1/C2 pair (aOR = 43.04, P = 0.034), and the KIR2DL1 + HLA-C1/C2 pair (aOR = 43.04, P = 0.034), CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the participation of these genes in the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to the conditions studied. This is the first study demonstrating an association of HLA-B*41, KIR2DS2, and KIR + HLA-C pairs with IRIS onset among TB-HIV co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Beatriz Ramos de Sá
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pereira da Silva
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jose Henrique Pilotto
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
- Nova Iguaçu General Hospital, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Cavalcanti Rolla
- Clinical Research Laboratory on Mycobacteria, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmem B W Giacoia-Gripp
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire des Lymphocytes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariza Gonçalves Morgado
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Sylvia Lopes Maia Teixeira
- Laboratory of AIDS & Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ. Av. Brasil 4365, Leonidas Deane Building, room 401, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
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Angulo JMC, Cuesta TAC, Menezes EP, Pedroso C, Brites C. HLA-B*14 allele predicts HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission, in Salvador, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:71-78. [PMID: 31112676 PMCID: PMC9425689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Class I human leukocyte antigens, especially the molecules encoded at the B locus (HLA-B), are associated with AIDS progression risk. Different groups of HLA-B alleles have been associated to a protective effect or increasing susceptibility to HIV infection and are expressed from the earliest stages of gestation. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate which variants of HLA-B are associated with the risk of HIV vertical transmission in infected pregnant women and in their offspring, in a referral center in Salvador Bahia. Methods We performed HLA-B genotyping in 52 HIV-infected mothers and their children exposed to HIV-1 during pregnancy (N = 65) in Salvador, Brazil. We compared the HLA-B alleles frequency in mothers, uninfected and infected children, according to the use of antiretroviral prophylaxis. Results Absence of antiretroviral antenatal and postnatal prophylaxis was significantly associated with vertical transmission of HIV-1 (p = <0.01, and p = <0.01 respectively). Frequency of HLA-B*14 (29.2%, p = 0.002), HLA-B*18 (16.7%, p = 0.04) or HLA-B*14:1 (20.8%, p = 0.01) alleles subgroups were significantly higher in HIV-1 infected children and persisted (HLA-B*14, p = 0.04) even after adjusting for use of antiretroviral prophylaxis. No significant difference in expression of HLA-B alleles was observed among mothers who transmitted the virus compared to those who did not. Conclusions Expression of HLA-B*14 allele in children exposed to HIV-1 is predictive of vertical transmission and reinforces the important role of genetics in mother-to-child transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Cubillos Angulo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola de Medicina Salvador, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Taryn Ariadna Castro Cuesta
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola de Medicina Salvador, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Eliane Pereira Menezes
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola de Medicina Salvador, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Celia Pedroso
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Mori M, Leitman E, Walker B, Ndung’u T, Carrington M, Goulder P. Impact of HLA Allele-KIR Pairs on HIV Clinical Outcome in South Africa. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1456-1463. [PMID: 30520960 PMCID: PMC6467198 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA class I contributes to HIV immune control through antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast to investigations of CTL, studies of NK cells in HIV control through HLA-killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) interactions remain sparse in African cohorts. METHODS Treatment-naive, chronically HIV-infected adults (N = 312) were recruited from South Africa, and the effects of HLA-KIR pairs on clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in viral load among all subjects with HLA alleles from the HLA-C1 group (P = .1). However, differences in HLA-C type significantly influenced viremia among 247 KIR2DL3 positives (P = .04), suggesting that specific HLA-KIR interactions contribute to immune control. Higher viral load (P = .02) and lower CD4+ T-cell counts (P = .008) were observed in subjects with HLA-C*16:01+KIR2DL3+. Longitudinal analysis showed more rapid progression to AIDS among HLA-C*16:01+KIR2DL3+ subjects (adjusted hazard ratio 1.9, P = .03) than those without this genotype, independent of CD4+ T-cell count and viral load. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the existence of unique anti-HIV innate immunity within distinct populations and the contribution of KIR on NK cells and some CTLs to the well-described HLA-mediated impact on HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Mori
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | | | - Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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Angulo JMC, Cuesta TAC, Menezes EP, Pedroso C, Brites C. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE INFLUENCE OF HLA-B POLYMORPHISMS ON HIV-1 MOTHER-TO-CHILD-TRANSMISSION. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:53-59. [PMID: 30772367 PMCID: PMC9428023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) is the main route of HIV-1 infection in children. Genetic studies suggest HLA-B alleles play an important role on HIV-1 transmission, progression, and control of HIV-1 infection. Objective To evaluate which polymorphisms of HLA-B are involved in HIV-1 MTCT. Methods Two independent reviewers performed a systematic review on search engines PubMed, Europe PMC, Cochrane, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), using the following key terms: “HIV infection”, “HIV newborn”, “HLA polymorphisms”, “HLA-B”, and “Mother to child transmission”. All studies focusing on evaluation of HIV-1 MTCT, HIV infection evolution, and molecular analyses of HLA-B in children were selected. Results Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Sixteen HLA-B alleles groups were associated with HIV-1 infection; seven of them (43.8%) were related to slow disease progression or reduced risk of MTCT, while six (37.5%) alleles groups were linked to a faster progression of HIV infection in children and to increased risk of MTCT. The available evidence suggest that HLA-B*57 group allele is associated with slow disease progression, while HLA-B*35 group allele is associated to increased risk of MTCT and rapid disease progression in infected children. The role of HLA-B*18, B*58 and B*44 are still controversial because they were associated to both, protection against MTCT, and to higher HIV replicative capacity, in different studies. Conclusion HLA-B*57 group allele can be protective against MTCT while HLA-B*35 groups alleles are consistently associated with HIV-1 MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Cubillos Angulo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane Pereira Menezes
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Celia Pedroso
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Complexo Hospitalar Prof. Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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A child with perinatal HIV infection and long-term sustained virological control following antiretroviral treatment cessation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:412. [PMID: 30679439 PMCID: PMC6345921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding HIV remission in rare individuals who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) soon after infection and then discontinued, may inform HIV cure interventions. Here we describe features of virus and host of a perinatally HIV-1 infected child with long-term sustained virological control. The child received early limited ART in the Children with HIV Early antiRetroviral therapy (CHER) trial. At age 9.5 years, diagnostic tests for HIV are negative and the child has characteristics similar to uninfected children that include a high CD4:CD8 ratio, low T cell activation and low CCR5 expression. Virus persistence (HIV-1 DNA and plasma RNA) is confirmed with sensitive methods, but replication-competent virus is not detected. The child has weak HIV-specific antibody and T cell responses. Furthermore, we determine his HLA and KIR genotypes. This case aids in understanding post-treatment control and may help design of future intervention strategies. Some perinatally HIV infected children who have received early antiretroviral therapy (ART) show long-term sustained virological control after ART cessation. Here the authors describe a case who, at age 9.5 years, shows normal CD4:CD8 T cell ratios and has no detectable levels of replication-competent virus.
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Mhandire K, Zijenah LS, Tshabalala M, Yindom LM, Mlambo T, Mhandire DZ, Musarurwa C, Duri K, Rowland-Jones S, Dandara C, Stray-Pedersen B. KIR and HLA-C Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Plasma IP-10 Concentration in Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive HIV-Infected Adult Zimbabweans. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:111-118. [PMID: 30614763 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2018.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Past studies on the relationship between Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genetic variation and chronic immune activation (CIA) in HIV infection are not uniformly consistent. Moreover, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is a soluble biomarker of immune activation, with high plasma concentrations predicting accelerated disease progression in HIV infection. Thus, we investigated the association of KIR and HLA-C genetic polymorphisms with plasma IP-10 concentration in 183 treatment-naive chronically HIV-infected adults of Bantu origin from Zimbabwe. KIR genetic variation was determined using allele-specific primer PCR while HLA-C typing was characterized by sequencing. Plasma IP-10 was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The KIR2DL3 gene was significantly associated with CIA as observed from IP-10 concentrations among KIR2DL3 carriers (265.20 pg/mL, IQR: 179.99-385.19) compared with KIR2DL3 noncarriers (183.56 pg/mL; IQR: 110.98-230.81; p = 0.001) and among KIR2DL3+HLA-C2 carriers (226.23 pg/mL, IQR: 187.96-394.73) compared with KIR2DL3+HLA-C2 noncarriers (212.86 pg/mL, IQR: 160.15-344.99; p = 0.017), respectively. Similarly, IP-10 concentrations were significantly higher (p = 0.030) in the KIR3DS1 carriers (313.86 pg/mL, IQR: 230.05-469.20) compared with KIR3DS1 noncarriers (246.01 pg/mL, IQR: 169.58-373.32). Thus, KIR and HLA-C could be playing important roles in HIV-associated immune activation. The elevation of IP-10 in KIR2DL3 and KIR2DL3+C2 could potentially be explained by increased IFN-γ secretion from activated NK cell activation due to the absence of KIR2DL3's cognate C1 ligand. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on a potential link between KIR and HLA-C genetic determinants and plasma IP-10 concentration in this population sample. Future studies are called for in other world populations for biomarkers of disease progression and mechanisms of IP-10 variability in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- 2 Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Lynn Sodai Zijenah
- 3 Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Mqondisi Tshabalala
- 3 Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Louis-Marie Yindom
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Mlambo
- 3 Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Doreen Zvipo Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- 2 Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe
- 5 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cuthbert Musarurwa
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kerina Duri
- 3 Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Collet Dandara
- 5 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- 2 Letten Foundation Research House, Harare, Zimbabwe
- 6 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Women's Clinic, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Omosun YO, Blackstock AJ, Williamson J, van Eijk AM, Ayisi J, Otieno J, Lal RB, ter Kuile FO, Slutsker L, Shi YP. Association of maternal KIR gene content polymorphisms with reduction in perinatal transmission of HIV-1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191733. [PMID: 29360870 PMCID: PMC5779696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in the transmission of HIV-1 has not been extensively studied. Here, we investigated the association of KIR gene content polymorphisms with perinatal HIV-1 transmission. The KIR gene family comprising 16 genes was genotyped in 313 HIV-1 positive Kenyan mothers paired with their infants. Gene content polymorphisms were presented as presence of individual KIR genes, haplotypes, genotypes and KIR gene concordance. The genetic data were analyzed for associations with perinatal transmission of HIV. There was no association of infant KIR genes with perinatal HIV-1 transmission. After adjustment for gravidity, viral load, and CD4 cell count, there was evidence of an association between reduction in perinatal HIV-1 transmission and the maternal individual KIR genes KIR2DL2 (adjusted OR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.24–1.02, P = 0.06), KIR2DL5 (adjusted OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23–0.95, P = 0.04) and KIR2DS5 (adjusted OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18–0.80, P = 0.01). Furthermore, these maternal KIR genes were only significantly associated with reduction in perinatal HIV transmission in women with CD4 cell count ≥ 350 cells/ μl and viral load <10000 copies/ml. Concordance analysis showed that when both mother and child had KIR2DS2, there was less likelihood of perinatal HIV-1 transmission (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.20–0.96, P = 0.039). In conclusion, the maternal KIR genes KIR2DL2, KIR2DL5, KIR2DS5, and KIR2DS2 were associated with reduction of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child. Furthermore, maternal immune status is an important factor in the association of KIR with perinatal HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf O. Omosun
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Williamson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne Maria van Eijk
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Ayisi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Juliana Otieno
- New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Renu B. Lal
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ya Ping Shi
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mhandire K, Zijenah LS, Yindom LM, Duri K, Mlambo T, Tshabalala M, Mazengera LR, Mhandire DZ, Musarurwa C, Dandara C, Rowland-Jones S, Matarira HT, Stray-Pedersen B. KIR Gene Content Diversity in a Zimbabwean Population: Does KIR2DL2 Have a Role in Protection Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 20:727-735. [PMID: 27930093 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) mediate natural killer cell function through interaction with their cognate human leukocyte antigen ligands. Thus, KIR gene variants have been implicated in resistance or susceptibility to viral infections. However, research on the role of these variants remains contradictory and inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated KIR gene content diversity and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an adult Black Zimbabwean population. Presence or absence of 15 KIR genes was determined in 189 HIV-infected adults and 97 HIV-uninfected blood donors using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction. Frequencies of KIR genes, genotypes, and haplotypes were compared between the cases and controls to identify putative associations between KIR gene variants and HIV status. We report in this study the frequencies of 15 KIR genes and 43 KIR genotypes (40 known and 3 novel) among Zimbabweans. Importantly, the frequency of the inhibitory KIR2DL2 gene was significantly higher in the uninfected group (62%) compared to the HIV-infected group (47%) (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.90, p = 0.019). KIR2DL2/2DL2 homozygosity was also significantly higher in the uninfected group (35%) compared to HIV-infected group (53%) (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.16-0.72, p = 0.005) under a recessive model. We conclude that the KIR2DL2 gene may be involved in protection against HIV infection. It may be possible that inhibitory KIR genes may have an important role to play in HIV acquisition among populations of African origin in whom the activating KIR genes are less frequent compared to among Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudakwashe Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe .,2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Louis-Marie Yindom
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerina Duri
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tommy Mlambo
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Doreen Zvipo Mhandire
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe .,2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Cuthbert Musarurwa
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Collet Dandara
- 5 Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- 4 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hilda Tendisa Matarira
- 1 Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe , Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Babill Stray-Pedersen
- 2 Letten Foundation Research House , Harare, Zimbabwe .,6 Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Womens' Clinic, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
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15
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Gentle NL, Loubser S, Paximadis M, Puren A, Tiemessen CT. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genetic diversity in four South African populations. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:503-509. [PMID: 28571758 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) genotypes vary considerably between individuals and populations due to KIR/HLA allelic variation and variable haplotype configurations of KIR. HLA mediate natural killer cell activity by serving as KIR ligands. KIR/HLA polymorphisms associate with both disease susceptibility and severity. We determined the frequencies of KIR, KIR genotypes and KIR-HLA combinations in 364 healthy individuals from four South African populations. Study participants included black African (n=167), Caucasian (n=97), Mixed ancestry (n=50) and Indian (n=50) individuals. We identified 48 KIR genotypes that included two genotypes not previously reported. Based on KIR gene content, Indian individuals represented the most distinct group, showing the highest frequencies of KIR2DL2, KIR2DL5, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3 and KIR3DS1, the lowest frequencies of KIR2DL3, KIR2DS4 and KIR3DL1; and a KIR2DL4-negative individual. KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1 were infrequent in black African populations. HLA-C2 was more common in black African individuals, while HLA-C1 predominated in the other populations. Indian individuals were more likely to possess KIR2DL2 paired with HLA-C1, while Caucasian individuals exhibited the highest frequencies of KIR2DL3 paired with HLA-C1. This report provides comprehensive reference data for further study of the roles of KIR/HLA in non-communicable and infectious diseases in South African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Gentle
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Shayne Loubser
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Adrian Puren
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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Ruiz-Extremera A, Pavón-Castillero EJ, Florido M, Muñoz de Rueda P, Muñoz-Gámez JA, Casado J, Carazo A, Quiles R, Jiménez-Ruiz SM, Gila A, Luna JD, León J, Salmerón J. Influence of HLA class I, HLA class II and KIRs on vertical transmission and chronicity of hepatitis C virus in children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172527. [PMID: 28225833 PMCID: PMC5321427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aim There is evidence that maternal viral load of HCV during delivery influences the risk for Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), but this does not explain all cases. We study the role of the immunogenetic profile (HLA, KIRs and KIR-ligand binding) of mothers and children in HCV-MTCT and in chronicity in the children. Methodology 79 HCV-RNA (+) mothers and their 98 children were included. 24 children were infected, becoming chronic in 8 cases and clearing in 16. HLA-class-I and II and KIRs were determined by Luminex. Results MTCT study: The presence of HLA-C1-ligand in mothers and/or their children reduces the risk of transmission (mothers: Pc = 0.011, children: P = 0.033), whereas the presence of HLA-C2C2-ligand in mothers increases it (Pc = 0.011). In children KIR2DL3-HLA-C1 is a protector factor (Pc = 0.011). Chronicity in children study: Maternal DQA1*01 allele (Pc = 0.027), KIR2DS1 (Pc = 0.011) or KIR3DS1 (Pc = 0.011) favours chronicity in the child. The presence of the DQB1*03 allele (Pc = 0.027) and KIR2DS3 (P = 0.056) in the child and homozygosity for KIR3DL1/3DL1 (Pc = 0.011) and for the HLA-Bw4/Bw4 ligand (P = 0.027) is associated with viral clearance, whereas the presence of HLA-Bw6 ligand (P = 0.027), the binding of KIR3DS1-HLA-Bw4 (P = 0.037) and heterozygosity for KIR3DL1/3DS1 (Pc = 0.011) favour viral chronicity. Mother/child allele matching: In the joint HLA analysis, matching was greater between mothers and children with chronic infection vs those who had cleared the virus (67%±4.1 vs 57%±1.2, P = 0.003). Conclusions The HLA-C1 ligand in the mother is related to MTCT, while several genetic factors of the mother or child are involved in the chronification or clearance of infection in the child. Matching allelic data is considered to be an indicator of HCV chronicity in the child and can be used as a potential prognostic test. This implies that NK cells may play a previously undocumented role in protecting against MTCT and that both NK cell immunity and adaptive T-cell responses may influence viral clearance in infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ruiz-Extremera
- Paediatric Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital and Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Paediatric Department, Granada University, Granada, Spain
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
| | - E. J. Pavón-Castillero
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Florido
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - P. Muñoz de Rueda
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - J. A. Muñoz-Gámez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - J. Casado
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Carazo
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Quiles
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - S. M. Jiménez-Ruiz
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Medicine Department, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Gila
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - J. D. Luna
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Biostatistic Department, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - J. León
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - J. Salmerón
- CIBER for Liver and Digestive Disease (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Spain
- Clinical Management Unit of Digestive Diseases, Research Unit, San Cecilio University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Medicine Department, Granada University, Granada, Spain
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Hens J, Jennes W, Kestens L. The role of NK cells in HIV-1 protection: autologous, allogeneic or both? AIDS Res Ther 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 26997965 PMCID: PMC4799629 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-016-0099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells specialize in killing virally infected- or tumor cells and are part of the innate immune system. The activational state of NK cells is determined by the balance of incoming activating and inhibitory signals mediated by receptor-ligand binding with the target cell. These receptor-ligand bonds mainly consist of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), which are expressed at the cell surface of NK cells, and their ligands: the highly variable human leukocyte antigen -class I molecules (HLA). Absence of an inhibitory receptor-ligand bond lowers the NK cell activation threshold, whereas an activating receptor-ligand bond stimulates the cell, potentially overcoming this threshold and triggering NK cell activation. NK cells influence the course of infection as well as the acquisition of HIV-1. Several lines of evidence relate the activating NK cell receptor KIR3DS1, in the presence or absence of its putative ligand HLA-Bw4, with slower disease progression as well as resistance to HIV-1 infection. Overall, resistance to HIV-1 infection predominantly correlates with activating KIR/HLA profiles, consisting of e.g. activating KIRs, group B haplotypes, or inhibitory KIRs in absence of their ligands. Such a conclusion is less evident for studies of HIV-1 disease progression, with studies reporting beneficial as well as detrimental effects of activating KIR/HLA genotypes. It is likely that KIR/HLA association studies are complicated by the complexity of the KIR and HLA loci and their mutual interactions, as well as by additional factors like route of HIV exposure, immune activation, presence of co-infections, and the effect of anti-HIV-1 antibodies. One newly discovered NK cell activation pathway associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection involves the presence of an iKIR/HLA mismatch between partners. The absence of such an iKIR/HLA bond renders donor-derived allogeneic HIV-1 infected cells vulnerable to NK cell responses during HIV-1 transmission. Therefore, theoretically, HIV-1 would be eliminated before it has the chance to infect the autologous cells in the recipient. While this “alloreactive” NK cell mechanism is especially relevant to HIV transmission in monogamous couples, it would be interesting to investigate how it could influence resistance to HIV in other settings. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge about these autologous and alloreactive NK cell responses with regard to HIV-1 outcome.
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Singh KK, Qin M, Brummel SS, Angelidou K, Trout RN, Fenton T, Spector SA. Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Alleles Alter HIV Disease in Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151364. [PMID: 26983081 PMCID: PMC4794224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA class I molecules are ligands for killer cell immunoglobin like receptors (KIR) that control the antiviral response of natural killer (NK) cells. However, the effects of KIR and HLA (KIR/HLA) alleles on HIV disease of children have not been studied. METHODS 993 antiretroviral naïve children with symptomatic HIV infection from PACTG protocols P152 and P300 were genotyped for KIR and HLA alleles using the Luminex platform. Linear regression was used to test the association between genotypes and baseline pre-ART HIV RNA, CD4+ lymphocyte count, and cognitive score, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity and study. The interaction between genetic markers and age was investigated. To account for multiple testing the false discovery rate (FDR) was controlled at 0.05. RESULTS Children with the KIR2DS4*ALL FULL LENGTH (KIR2DS4*AFL) allele had higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Among children ≤2 years of age, the KIR2DS4*AFL was associated with lower plasma HIV RNA and higher cognitive index scores. KIR Cent2DS3/5_1 had lower CD4+ lymphocyte counts in children ≤2 years of age, while the presence of Tel1, Tel2DS4_2, Tel2DS4_4, Tel8, Tel2DS4_6 had higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts in all children. Presence of Cent2, Cent4 and Cent8 was associated with increased HIV RNA load in children ≤2 years. Presence of KIR3DL1+Bw4 was associated with higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts in all children. Among children >2 years old, KIR3DS1+Bw4-80I was associated with higher plasma HIV RNA, and Bw6/Bw6 was associated with lower plasma HIV RNA compared to children with KIR3DS1+Bw4-80I. CONCLUSIONS Presented data show for the first time that specific KIR alleles independently or combined with HLA ligands are associated with HIV RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in infected, antiretroviral naive children; and many of these effect estimates appear to be age dependent. These data support a role for specific KIR alleles in HIV pathogenesis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud K. Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Min Qin
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean S. Brummel
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Konstantia Angelidou
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rodney N. Trout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Terence Fenton
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
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The effects of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes on susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in the Polish population. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:327-37. [PMID: 26888639 PMCID: PMC4842214 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are the most polymorphic receptors of natural killer (NK) cells. Their activity diversifies the functions of NK cells in the antiviral immune response, so the presence of certain KIR may affect transmission of HIV-1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of KIR genes on the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in the Polish population depending on the route of exposure. We determined the frequencies of activating (2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS4f, 2DS4del, 2DS5, 3DS1) and inhibitory (2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DL5, 3DL1) KIRs in HIV-1-positive patients (n = 459), individuals exposed to HIV-1 but uninfected (EU, n = 118) and in uninfected, healthy blood donors (BD, n = 98). Analysis was performed using stepwise logistic regression. Apart from KIRs, CCR5-∆32, and CCR2-64I, alleles were also analyzed, as we knew or suspected that these features could affect susceptibility to HIV infection. The regression confirmed the protective effect of CCR5-∆32 (OR = 0.25, p = 0.006) and CCR2-64I (OR = 0.59, p = 0.032) against HIV infection. Among KIR genes, 2DL3 was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.30, p = 0.015). A similar effect was seen for 3DS1 but only in intravenous drug users (IDUs) (OR = 0.30, p = 0.019), not in sexually exposed people. 2DL5 was found to be a factor facilitating HIV infection (OR = 2.13, p = 0.013). A similar effect was observed for 2DL2 but only in females (OR = 2.15, p = 0.040), and 2DS1 in IDUs (OR = 3.03, p = 0.022). Our results suggest a beneficial role of KIR3DS1 and 2DL3 supporting resistance to HIV infection and a harmful effect of 2DS1, 2DL5, and 2DL2 genes promoting HIV acquisition.
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20
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Naranbhai V, de Assis Rosa D, Werner L, Moodley R, Hong H, Kharsany A, Mlisana K, Sibeko S, Garrett N, Chopera D, Carr WH, Abdool Karim Q, Hill AVS, Abdool Karim SS, Altfeld M, Gray CM, Ndung'u T. Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) gene profiles modify HIV disease course, not HIV acquisition in South African women. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:27. [PMID: 26809736 PMCID: PMC4727384 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) interact with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) to modify natural killer- and T-cell function. KIR are implicated in HIV acquisition by small studies that have not been widely replicated. A role for KIR in HIV disease progression is more widely replicated and supported by functional studies. METHODS To assess the role of KIR and KIR ligands in HIV acquisition and disease course, we studied at-risk women in South Africa between 2004-2010. Logistic regression was used for nested case-control analysis of 154 women who acquired vs. 155 who did not acquire HIV, despite high exposure. Linear mixed-effects models were used for cohort analysis of 139 women followed prospectively for a median of 54 months (IQR 31-69) until 2014. RESULTS Neither KIR repertoires nor HLA alleles were associated with HIV acquisition. However, KIR haplotype BB was associated with lower viral loads (-0.44 log10 copies/ml; SE = 0.18; p = 0.03) and higher CD4+ T-cell counts (+80 cells/μl; SE = 42; p = 0.04). This was largely explained by the protective effect of KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 on the B haplotype and reciprocal detrimental effect of KIR2DL3 on the A haplotype. CONCLUSIONS Although neither KIR nor HLA appear to have a role in HIV acquisition, our data are consistent with involvement of KIR2DL2 in HIV control. Additional studies to replicate these findings are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naranbhai
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - D de Assis Rosa
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa. .,University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - L Werner
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - R Moodley
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - H Hong
- Division of Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - A Kharsany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - K Mlisana
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - S Sibeko
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - N Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - D Chopera
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - W H Carr
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,City University of New York - Medgar Evers College, New York, USA. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA.
| | - Q Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - A V S Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - S S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - M Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA. .,Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - C M Gray
- National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa. .,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, USA. .,KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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The effect of KIR2D-HLA-C receptor-ligand interactions on clinical outcome in a HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected Thai population. AIDS 2015; 29:1607-15. [PMID: 26372271 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles interact with both cytotoxic T lymphocytes through their T-cell receptors, and natural killer cells through their killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Compared with the reported protective effect of KIR3DL1/S1-HLA-Bw4 interactions in HIV-infected patients, the effect of KIR2D-HLA-C combinations on HIV control remains unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of KIR2D-HLA-C combinations on HIV disease progression. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of a Thai HIV cohort. METHODS Two hundred and nine HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected, treatment-naive Thai patients (CD4 T-cell counts of >200/μl) and 104 exposed seronegatives were studied. The effect of KIR-HLA receptor-ligand combinations on viral transmission and survival rate was statistically analyzed. RESULTS We found the following results: higher frequency of patients expressing both KIR2DL3 and HLA-C1 among infected patients compared with exposed seronegative (odds ratio 4.8, P = 0.004), higher viral load in patients expressing HLA-C1 with KIR2DL3 compared with those without this receptor-ligand combination (median 4.8 vs. 4.2 log copies/ml, P = 0.033), higher numbers of KIR2DL3-HLA-C1 interactions was associated with a higher viral load (β = 0.13, P = 0.039 by linear regression model), and higher mortality rate in carriers of the KIR2DL3-HLA-C1 combination (adjusted hazard ratio 1.9, P = 0.012 by Cox hazard model). CONCLUSION We have identified a deleterious effect of the KIR2DL3-HLA-C1 receptor-ligand combination on HIV clinical outcomes in a Thai cohort. Further investigation into mechanisms underlying this susceptibility may aid the understanding of the role of natural killer cells in HIV disease control and pathogenesis.
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Chavan VR, Ahir S, Ansari Z, Samant-Mawani P, Nanavati R, Mehta P, Mania-Pramanik J. Diversity in KIR gene repertoire in HIV-1 exposed infected and uninfected infants: A study from India. J Med Virol 2015; 88:417-25. [PMID: 26255774 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have antiviral activity mediated through killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs). Studies have shown the importance of KIR receptors in HIV infection. However reports on association of KIR genes in HIV infection from Indian population are limited, not a single study is reported in HIV exposed uninfected (EU) and infected infants. This study compared the KIR gene repertoire of HIV-1 positive (n = 29) with EU (n = 76) infants to elucidate its association with transmission. KIR genotyping was analysed using the PCR-SSP method. Viral load of mothers, CD4 count of both mothers and infected infants were done using commercial kits. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Results revealed presence of significantly high frequencies of activating gene KIR 2DS5 (P = 0.040) and inhibitory gene KIR 2DL3 (P = 0.013) in EU infants as compared to HIV-1 positive infants, confirmed with multivariable linear regression modelling. Fifty-nine KIR genotypes were identified in these 105 infants. Nine genotypes were unique, reported for the first time. Twenty six genotypes were shared with the World populations. Twenty four genotypes were reported for the first time from India. Specific KIR genotype combinations (GIDs) were exclusively present either in HIV-1 positive (n = 19) or in EU infants (n = 30). The Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis shows a strong linkage between four pairs of genes in HIV-1 positive and three pairs of genes in EU infants. In conclusion, this study revealed that, besides maternal confounding factors such as ART and viral load, specific KIR genes are associated independently with perinatal HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Chavan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swati Ahir
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zakiya Ansari
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Padmaja Samant-Mawani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchi Nanavati
- Department of Neonatology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preeti Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayanti Mania-Pramanik
- Department of Infectious Diseases Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Augusto DG, Petzl-Erler ML. KIR and HLA under pressure: evidences of coevolution across worldwide populations. Hum Genet 2015; 134:929-40. [PMID: 26099314 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) and HLA (human leukocyte antigens) are two distinct gene families with remarkable importance for human immune responses. The recognition of HLA molecules by activating and inhibitory KIR promotes a balance of signals that regulates NK cell function and is especially important for the innate defense against pathogens and early placentation. There is no documented gametic association between these two gene families and no evidence of common regulation. However, due to the critical role of KIR recognition for immunity and reproduction, the possibility of KIR-HLA combinations being under selective pressure is not surprising. In this manuscript, we first summarize the HLA-KIR system, the HLA molecules that are the putative ligands for KIR, and then we review the evidences that suggest these two gene families are coevolving as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo G Augusto
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19071, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil,
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24
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Hong HA, Paximadis M, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Maternal human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) genetic variants associate with in utero mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Black South Africans. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:147-158. [PMID: 25541520 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A 14-bp insertion/deletion (indel) within the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) that affects HLA-G expression has been associated with HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, other 3'UTR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that influence HLA-G mRNA stability have been described but not analysed in the context of MTCT, and little is known about the role of HLA-G alleles. We examined HLA-G alleles and 3'UTR SNPs, including the 14-bp indel, in 216 mother-infant pairs from Johannesburg, South Africa. Mother-infant pairs were classified as HIV-1 non-transmitting (NT, n=144) or HIV-1 transmitting (TR, n=72) with either intrapartum (IP, n=29) or in utero (IU, n=19) infected infants. We found HLA-G allele, G(∗)01:01:02 (in strong linkage disequilibrium with the 14-bp insertion) and +3187G SNP were significantly over-represented in IU-TR mothers compared to NT mothers (P=0.036, OR=2.26; P=0.011, OR=2.96, respectively). These findings suggest that maternal HLA-G alleles and/or SNPs that might alter expression of HLA-G potentially influence IU HIV-1 MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Hong
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Paximadis
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Centre, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- Centre for HIV & STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Samandary S, Kridane-Miledi H, Sandoval JS, Choudhury Z, Langa-Vives F, Spencer D, Chentoufi AA, Lemonnier FA, BenMohamed L. Associations of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles frequency with prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and diseases across global populations: implication for the development of an universal CD8+ T-cell epitope-based vaccine. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:715-29. [PMID: 24798939 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant portion of the world's population is infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 and/or type 2 (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2), that cause a wide range of diseases including genital herpes, oro-facial herpes, and the potentially blinding ocular herpes. While the global prevalence and distribution of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections cannot be exactly established, the general trends indicate that: (i) HSV-1 infections are much more prevalent globally than HSV-2; (ii) over a half billion people worldwide are infected with HSV-2; (iii) the sub-Saharan African populations account for a disproportionate burden of genital herpes infections and diseases; (iv) the dramatic differences in the prevalence of herpes infections between regions of the world appear to be associated with differences in the frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The present report: (i) analyzes the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections across various regions of the world; (ii) analyzes potential associations of common HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles with the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in the Caucasoid, Oriental, Hispanic and Black major populations; and (iii) discusses how our recently developed HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C transgenic/H-2 class I null mice will help validate HLA/herpes prevalence associations. Overall, high prevalence of herpes infection and disease appears to be associated with high frequency of HLA-A(∗)24, HLA-B(∗)27, HLA-B(∗)53 and HLA-B(∗)58 alleles. In contrast, low prevalence of herpes infection and disease appears to be associated with high frequency of HLA-B(∗)44 allele. The finding will aid in developing a T-cell epitope-based universal herpes vaccine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Samandary
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hédia Kridane-Miledi
- UNITE INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 82, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Jacqueline S Sandoval
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zareen Choudhury
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Plate-Forme Technologique, Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine, Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Doran Spencer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aziz A Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - François A Lemonnier
- UNITE INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 82, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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KIR2DS4 allelic variants: Differential effects on in utero and intrapartum HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:498-508. [PMID: 24239756 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DS4 is the only activating gene within the A haplotype, and alleles of KIR2DS4 can encode either functional (KIR2DS4-f) or non-functional (KIR2DS4-v) variants. To establish the role of KIR2DS4 in the context of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission, we KIR genotyped 145 HIV-1 non-transmitting mothers (NT) and their exposed uninfected infants (EU), and 72 HIV-1 transmitting mothers (TR) and their infected infants [intrapartum (IP), in utero (IU) or IU2 (an IU-enriched infected group)]. The frequency of KIR2DS4-v was significantly higher in IU2 infants compared to EU infants (P=0.022, OR=2.88); this association was more significant amongst AA haplotypes (P=0.004, OR=18.4). Possession of KIR2DS4-f in the mother with absence in the infant (M+I- discordance) was associated with a higher risk of IP transmission (P=0.005, OR=3.84); whilst in M-I+ discordance, infant possession of KIR2DS4-v was associated with increased risk of IU acquisition (P=0.002; OR=6.40). This study highlights the importance of KIR2DS4 in HIV-1 transmission/acquisition.
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Epstein-Barr virus negativity among individuals older than 60 years is associated with HLA-C and HLA-Bw4 variants and tonsillectomy. J Virol 2013; 87:6526-9. [PMID: 23536655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00169-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects ≈ 95% of the adult population. The factors that confer protection in the remaining ≈ 5% remain unknown. In an exploratory study, we assessed immunogenetic factors and tonsillectomy in a cohort of 17 EBV-negative and 39 EBV-positive healthy individuals aged >60 years. Analyses of HLA genotypes revealed an association between EBV negativity and the presence of HLA-C-35T/T and/or HLA-Bw4 alleles. In addition, EBV-negative donors presented with a history of tonsillectomy more often than EBV-positive donors.
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da Silva RC, Bedin E, Mangano A, Aulicino P, Pontillo A, Brandão L, Guimarães R, Arraes LC, Sen L, Crovella S. HIV mother-to-child transmission: a complex genetic puzzle tackled by Brazil and Argentina research teams. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:312-22. [PMID: 23524206 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mother-to-child transmission is a complex event, depending upon environmental factors and is affected by host genetic factors from mother and child, as well as viral genetic elements. The integration of multiple parameters (CD4 cell count, virus load, HIV subtype, and host genetic markers) could account for the susceptibility to HIV infection, a multifactorial trait. The goal of this manuscript is to analyze the immunogenetic factors associated to HIV mother-to-child transmission, trying to unravel the genetic puzzle of HIV mother-to-child transmission and considering the experience in this topic of two research groups from Brazil and Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n°, CEP 50.670-420, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n°, CEP 50.670-420, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Li H, Reeves RK. Functional perturbation of classical natural killer and innate lymphoid cells in the oral mucosa during SIV infection. Front Immunol 2013; 3:417. [PMID: 23316201 PMCID: PMC3539714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the majority of human pathogens are transmitted across mucosal surfaces, including the oral mucosae, oral immunity is poorly understood. Furthermore, because the normal flora of the oral cavity is vast and significantly diverse, host immunity must balance a complex system of tolerance and pathogen recognition. Due to the rapid recognition and response to pathogens, the innate immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, likely plays a critical role in mediating this balance. Because logistical and ethical restraints limit access to significant quantities of human mucosal tissues, non-human primate models offer one of the best opportunities to study mucosal NK cells. In this study we have identified both classical NK cells, as well as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in tonsillar and buccal tissues and oral-draining lymph nodes. Identified by mutually exclusive expression of NKG2A and NKp44, NK cells, and ILCs in the oral mucosa are generally phenotypically and functionally analogous to their gut counterparts. NKG2A+ NK cells were more cytotoxic while NKp44+ ILCs produced copious amounts of IL-17 and TNF-α. However, in contrast to gut, oral NK cells and ILCs both produced large quantities of IFN-γ and the beta-chemokine, MIP-1β. Also in contrast to what we have previously found in gut tissues of SIV-infected macaques, we found no reduction in NK cells during chronic SIV infection, but rather an expansion of ILCs in oral-draining lymph nodes and tonsils. These data suggest that the lentivirus-induced depletion of the NK cell/ILC compartment in the gut may be absent in the oral mucosa, but the inherent differences and SIV-induced alterations are likely to have significant impact on preventing oral opportunistic infections in lentiviral disease. Furthermore, these data extend our understanding of the oral innate immune system in general and could aid future studies evaluating the regulation of both normal oral flora and limiting transmission of oral mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive Southborough, MA, USA
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Inhibitory KIR/HLA incompatibility between sexual partners confers protection against HIV-1 transmission. Blood 2012; 121:1157-64. [PMID: 23243280 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-455352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) regulate natural killer (NK) cells in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-dependent manner. KIR/HLA mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplants induce alloreactive NK cells, which prevent leukemia relapse. Certain KIR/HLA combinations protect against HIV-1 infection, but the effect of KIR/HLA mismatches between sexual partners has never been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the effect of allogeneic KIR/HLA combinations on HIV-1 transmission in a West African population of HIV-1-discordant and concordant couples. HIV-1-discordant couples were characterized by recipient partners with homozygous KIR2DL2, and by a mismatched recipient partner KIR2DL1/HLA-C2 with index partner HLA-C1/C1 combination expected to allow licensed missing self NK cell killing of index partners' cells. HIV-1-concordant couples on the other hand were characterized by KIR2DL3 homozygous recipient partners with HLA-C1/C2 bearing index partners, resulting in a matched KIR/HLA combination expected to inhibit NK cell killing. In vitro cocultures of healthy donor-derived NK cells and HIV-1 patient-derived CD4(+) T cells confirmed the involvement of these allogeneic KIR/HLA combinations in NK cell-mediated CD4(+) T-cell killing. Our data suggest that KIR/HLA incompatibility between sexual partners confers protection against HIV-1 transmission and that this may be due to alloreactive NK cell killing of the HIV-1-infected partner's cells.
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Omosun YO, Blackstock AJ, Gatei W, Hightower A, van Eijk AM, Ayisi J, Otieno J, Lal RB, Steketee R, Nahlen B, ter Kuile FO, Slutsker L, Shi YP. Differential association of gene content polymorphisms of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with placental malaria in HIV- and HIV+ mothers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38617. [PMID: 22715396 PMCID: PMC3371008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women have abundant natural killer (NK) cells in their placenta, and NK cell function is regulated by polymorphisms of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Previous studies report different roles of NK cells in the immune responses to placental malaria (PM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections. Given these references, the aim of this study was to determine the association between KIR gene content polymorphism and PM infection in pregnant women of known HIV-1 status. Sixteen genes in the KIR family were analyzed in 688 pregnant Kenyan women. Gene content polymorphisms were assessed in relation to PM in HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive women, respectively. Results showed that in HIV-1 negative women, the presence of the individual genes KIR2DL1 and KIR2DL3 increased the odds of having PM, and the KIR2DL2/KIR2DL2 homozygotes were associated with protection from PM. However, the reverse relationship was observed in HIV-1 positive women, where the presence of individual KIR2DL3 was associated with protection from PM, and KIR2DL2/KIR2DL2 homozygotes increased the odds for susceptibility to PM. Further analysis of the HIV-1 positive women stratified by CD4 counts showed that this reverse association between KIR genes and PM remained only in the individuals with high CD4 cell counts but not in those with low CD4 cell counts. Collectively, these results suggest that inhibitory KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3, which are alleles of the same locus, play a role in the inverse effects on PM and PM/HIV co-infection and the effect of KIR genes on PM in HIV positive women is dependent on high CD4 cell counts. In addition, analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) of the PM relevant KIR genes showed strong LD in women without PM regardless of their HIV status while LD was broken in those with PM, indicating possible selection pressure by malaria infection on the KIR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf O. Omosun
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wangeci Gatei
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Allen Hightower
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne Maria van Eijk
- Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Ayisi
- Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenyan Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Juliana Otieno
- New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Renu B. Lal
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Steketee
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bernard Nahlen
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feiko O. ter Kuile
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ya Ping Shi
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aranda-Romo S, Garcia-Sepulveda CA, Comas-García A, Lovato-Salas F, Salgado-Bustamante M, Gómez-Gómez A, Noyola DE. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in severe A (H1N1) 2009 influenza infections. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:653-62. [PMID: 22652695 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of a novel influenza virus into the human population leads to the occurrence of pandemic events, such as the one caused by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus. The severity of infections caused by this virus in young adults was greater than that observed in patients with seasonal influenza. Fatal cases have been associated with an abnormal innate, proinflammatory immune response. A critical role for natural killer cells during the initial responses to influenza infections has been suggested. In this study, we assessed the association of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) with disease severity by comparing KIR gene content in patients with mild and severe pandemic influenza virus infections to a control group. We found that activator (KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS5) and inhibitory (KIR2DL5) genes, encoded in group B haplotypes containing the cB01, cB03 and tB01 motifs, are associated with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections. Better understanding of how genetic variability contributes to influenza virus pathogenesis may help to the development of immune intervention strategies aiming at controlling the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Aranda-Romo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza #2405, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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34
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Hong HA, Loubser AS, de Assis Rosa D, Naranbhai V, Carr W, Paximadis M, Lewis DA, Tiemessen CT, Gray CM. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genotyping and HLA killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor-ligand identification by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 78:185-94. [PMID: 21810083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effector function of natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by surface expression of a range of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands. We describe the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that allow easy and quick detection of 16 KIR genes and the presence/absence of KIR-ligands based on allelic discrimination at codon 80 in the HLA-A/B Bw4 and HLA-C C1/C2 genes. These methods overcome the tedious and expensive nature of conventional KIR genotyping and HLA class I typing using sequence-specific primer (SSP) PCR, sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) hybridization or sequence-based typing (SBT). Using these two cost-effective assays, we measured the frequencies of KIRs, KIR-ligands and KIR/KIR-ligand pairs in a cohort of Black women recruited in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Hong
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sobieszczyk ME, Lingappa JR, McElrath MJ. Host genetic polymorphisms associated with innate immune factors and HIV-1. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011; 6:427-34. [PMID: 21734565 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283497155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding of the early events in HIV-1 infection continues to grow, along with the heightened recognition of the important contribution that innate immunity plays in response to HIV-1. Here, we review the epidemiological and functional studies of genetic polymorphisms associated with innate immune factors that are believed to modulate host responses, focusing specifically on recent findings related to Toll-like receptor, cytokine, host restriction and KIR genes and their activities. RECENT FINDINGS A growing number of genomic studies have described polymorphisms in innate immune genes that are associated with early postseroconversion events, including TLR4, TLR9, IRF-3, TRIM5α and the ABOBEC3 gene family. Genetic and functional data confirm the importance of KIR-HLA interactions and provide new understanding of the role of innate restriction factors in resistance to HIV-1 and disease progression. SUMMARY Single-gene, genome-wide association and expression studies have permitted the identification of innate immune genes and their variants that contribute to protection from disease progression. Characterization of the pathogen-innate immune system interactions and discovery of new and rare host genetic variants that account for a portion of the observed variance in the HIV-1 phenotype is critical to gain new insights into promising treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
NK cell effector function is regulated by a range of activating and inhibitory receptors, and many of their known ligands are MHC class I molecules. Human NK receptors encoded by the Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene family recognize polymorphic HLA-C as well as some HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. KIRs are expressed by uterine NK (uNK) cells, which are distinctive NK cells directly in contact with the invading fetal placental cells that transform the uterine arteries during the first trimester. Trophoblast cells express both maternal and paternal HLA-C allotypes and can therefore potentially interact with KIRs expressed by uNK. Therefore, allorecognition of paternal HLA-C by maternal KIR might influence trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling, with subsequent effects on placental development and the outcome of pregnancy. We discuss here the studies relating to KIR/HLA-C interactions with an emphasis on how these function during pregnancy to regulate placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympe Chazara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Tiemessen CT, Paximadis M, Minevich G, Winchester R, Shalekoff S, Gray GE, Sherman GG, Coovadia AH, Kuhn L. Natural killer cell responses to HIV-1 peptides are associated with more activating KIR genes and HLA-C genes of the C1 allotype. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 57:181-9. [PMID: 21407082 PMCID: PMC3280081 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3182174a76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND What characterizes individuals whose natural killer (NK) cells are able to respond to HIV-1 peptides is not known. METHODS The association between NK cell responses and KIR gene profiles and HLA-B and HLA-C alleles was investigated among 76 HIV-1-infected women in South Africa previously categorized as responders (n = 39) or nonresponders (n = 37) to HIV-1 peptide pools in a whole blood intracellular cytokine assay. Viral load was significantly lower and CD4 T-cell counts higher among responders compared with nonresponders (P = 0.023 and P = 0.030, respectively). RESULTS Possession of one HLA-C1 allele associated with increased magnitude of NK cell responses to Env (P = 0.031) and significantly decreased viral load (P = 0.027) compared with its absence. There was a trend to increased possession of KIR2DL3+HLA-C1 in responders (71.8% vs 51.4%, P = 0.098) and decreased possession of KIR2DL3/2DL3+C2C2 (2.6% vs 16.2%, P = 0.053). A total of 64.1% of responders versus 32.4% of nonresponders had 13 or more KIR genes (P = 0.0067). Notably, the 13-KIR gene containing the Bx21 genotype (has eight inhibitory and three activating genes KIR2DS2, 2DS4, 2DS5) showed substantially higher representation among the responders (28.2% vs 2.6%, P = 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of responders had both KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS5 compared with either gene alone (72.4% vs 37%; P = 0.015). At least one HLA-C1 allele together with 13 or more KIR genes was associated with NK cell responsiveness (48.7% vs 13.5%; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION NK cell responses to HIV-1 peptides are more likely to occur among individuals with a genotype supporting a more activating NK cell phenotype and who possess at least one HLA-C1 allele.
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