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Moezpoor MR, Stevenson M. Help or Hinder: Protein Host Factors That Impact HIV-1 Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:1281. [PMID: 39205255 PMCID: PMC11360189 DOI: 10.3390/v16081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the host factors or restriction factors of its target cells determine the cell's susceptibility to, and outcome of, infection. Factors intrinsic to the cell are involved at every step of the HIV-1 replication cycle, contributing to productive infection and replication, or severely attenuating the chances of success. Furthermore, factors unique to certain cell types contribute to the differences in infection between these cell types. Understanding the involvement of these factors in HIV-1 infection is a key requirement for the development of anti-HIV-1 therapies. As the list of factors grows, and the dynamic interactions between these factors and the virus are elucidated, comprehensive and up-to-date summaries that recount the knowledge gathered after decades of research are beneficial to the field, displaying what is known so that researchers can build off the groundwork of others to investigate what is unknown. Herein, we aim to provide a review focusing on protein host factors, both well-known and relatively new, that impact HIV-1 replication in a positive or negative manner at each stage of the replication cycle, highlighting factors unique to the various HIV-1 target cell types where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rameen Moezpoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Raymond F. Schinazi and Family Endowed Chair in Biomedicine; Professor of Medicine; Director, Institute of AIDS and Emerging Infectious Diseases; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Life Science Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Avenue, Room 2331B, Suite 200, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
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2
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D'Orso I. The HIV-1 Transcriptional Program: From Initiation to Elongation Control. J Mol Biol 2024:168690. [PMID: 38936695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A large body of work in the last four decades has revealed the key pillars of HIV-1 transcription control at the initiation and elongation steps. Here, I provide a recount of this collective knowledge starting with the genomic elements (DNA and nascent TAR RNA stem-loop) and transcription factors (cellular and the viral transactivator Tat), and later transitioning to the assembly and regulation of transcription initiation and elongation complexes, and the role of chromatin structure. Compelling evidence support a core HIV-1 transcriptional program regulated by the sequential and concerted action of cellular transcription factors and Tat to promote initiation and sustain elongation, highlighting the efficiency of a small virus to take over its host to produce the high levels of transcription required for viral replication. I summarize new advances including the use of CRISPR-Cas9, genetic tools for acute factor depletion, and imaging to study transcriptional dynamics, bursting and the progression through the multiple phases of the transcriptional cycle. Finally, I describe current challenges to future major advances and discuss areas that deserve more attention to both bolster our basic knowledge of the core HIV-1 transcriptional program and open up new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván D'Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Verdikt R, Bendoumou M, Bouchat S, Nestola L, Pasternak AO, Darcis G, Avettand-Fenoel V, Vanhulle C, Aït-Ammar A, Santangelo M, Plant E, Douce VL, Delacourt N, Cicilionytė A, Necsoi C, Corazza F, Passaes CPB, Schwartz C, Bizet M, Fuks F, Sáez-Cirión A, Rouzioux C, De Wit S, Berkhout B, Gautier V, Rohr O, Van Lint C. Novel role of UHRF1 in the epigenetic repression of the latent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:103985. [PMID: 35429693 PMCID: PMC9038550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multiplicity, heterogeneity, and dynamic nature of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) latency mechanisms are reflected in the current lack of functional cure for HIV-1. Accordingly, all classes of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been reported to present variable ex vivo potencies. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the potency variability of one LRA: the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC). METHODS We employed epigenetic interrogation methods (electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Infinium array) in complementary HIV-1 infection models (latently-infected T-cell line models, primary CD4+ T-cell models and ex vivo cultures of PBMCs from HIV+ individuals). Extracellular staining of cell surface receptors and intracellular metabolic activity were measured in drug-treated cells. HIV-1 expression in reactivation studies was explored by combining the measures of capsid p24Gag protein, green fluorescence protein signal, intracellular and extracellular viral RNA and viral DNA. FINDINGS We uncovered specific demethylation CpG signatures induced by 5-AzadC in the HIV-1 promoter. By analyzing the binding modalities to these CpG, we revealed the recruitment of the epigenetic integrator Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) to the HIV-1 promoter. We showed that UHRF1 redundantly binds to the HIV-1 promoter with different binding modalities where DNA methylation was either non-essential, essential or enhancing UHRF1 binding. We further demonstrated the role of UHRF1 in the epigenetic repression of the latent viral promoter by a concerted control of DNA and histone methylations. INTERPRETATION A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency allows for the development of innovative antiviral strategies. As a proof-of-concept, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of UHRF1 in ex vivo HIV+ patient cell cultures resulted in potent viral reactivation from latency. Together, we identify UHRF1 as a novel actor in HIV-1 epigenetic silencing and highlight that it constitutes a new molecular target for HIV-1 cure strategies. FUNDING Funding was provided by the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium), the « Fondation Roi Baudouin », the NEAT (European AIDS Treatment Network) program, the Internationale Brachet Stiftung, ViiV Healthcare, the Télévie, the Walloon Region (« Fonds de Maturation »), « Les Amis des Instituts Pasteur à Bruxelles, asbl », the University of Brussels (Action de Recherche Concertée ULB grant), the Marie Skodowska Curie COFUND action, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 691119-EU4HIVCURE-H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015, the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), the Sidaction and the "Alsace contre le Cancer" Foundation. This work is supported by 1UM1AI164562-01, co-funded by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Verdikt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Maryam Bendoumou
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Lorena Nestola
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Microbiologie clinique, Paris 75015, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France
| | - Caroline Vanhulle
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Amina Aït-Ammar
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Marion Santangelo
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Estelle Plant
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Valentin Le Douce
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nadège Delacourt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Aurelija Cicilionytė
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Coca Necsoi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRISLab, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | | | - Christian Schwartz
- Laboratoire DHPI EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France; IUT Louis Pasteur, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Départements de Virologie et Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Microbiologie clinique, Paris 75015, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Virginie Gautier
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Laboratoire DHPI EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France; IUT Louis Pasteur, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium.
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Wei J, Sun Y, Wang TT, Zhu G, Liu WH, He XH, Li Z. The Regulation of Prototype Foamy Virus 5'Long Terminal Repeats and Internal Promoter by Endogenous Transcription Factors. Intervirology 2021; 65:17-28. [PMID: 34438397 DOI: 10.1159/000517539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For foamy virus, the transactivator of spumaretrovirus (Tas) could bind directly to target DNA sequences termed as Tas responsive elements and trigger the viral internal promoter (IP) and long terminal repeat (LTR) promoters. The cellular endogenous factors also play an important role in viral gene expressions. We hypothesized that except the viral transcription factor Tas, the cellular endogenous factors also affect the viral gene expression. METHODS The full length of the prototype foamy virus (PFV) genome (U21247) was used to predict the potential binding sites of the transcription factors by online software JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net) and Softberry (http://linux1.softberry.com/berry.phtml?topic=index&group=programs&subgroup=promoter). The Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega, USA) was used to confirm the relative luciferase activities of the test groups. The different representative activating agents or inhibitors of each canonical signal pathway were used to identify the impact of these pathways on PFV 5'LTR and IP promoters. RESULTS The results showed different cellular endogenous factors might have respective effects on PFV 5'LTR and IP. It is worth mentioning that activator protein-1 and BCL2-associated athanogene 3, 2 kinds of vital proteins associated with NF-κB and PKC pathways, could activate the basal activity of 5'LTR and IP promoters but inhibit the Tas-regulated activity of both promoters. Furthermore, PFV Tas was identified to trigger the transcription of the NF-κB promoter. CONCLUSION NF-κB had a negative effect on PFV 5'LTR and IP promoter activities, the PKC pathway might upregulate 5'LTR and IP promoter activities, and the JNK and NF-AT signal pathway could increase the Tas-regulated promoter activity of PFV 5'LTR. This study sheds light on the interaction between PFV and the host cell and may help utilize the viral promoters in retroviral vectors designed for gene transfer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China,
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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5
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Hokello J, Lakhikumar Sharma A, Tyagi M. AP-1 and NF-κB synergize to transcriptionally activate latent HIV upon T-cell receptor activation. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:577-594. [PMID: 33421101 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Latent HIV-1 proviruses are capable of reactivating productive lytic infection, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying emergence from latency are poorly understood. In this study, we determined the contribution of the transcription factors NF-κB, NFAT, and AP-1 in the reactivation of latent HIV following T-cell receptor (TCR) activation using Jurkat T-cell clones harboring single latent HIV proviruses. Our findings demonstrate that during reactivation from latency, NF-κB enhances HIV transcription while NFAT inhibits it by competing with NF-κB for overlapping binding sites on the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR). We have also demonstrated for the first time the molecular contribution of AP-1 in the reactivation of HIV from latency, whereby AP-1 synergizes with NF-κB to regulate HIV transcriptional elongation following TCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hokello
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Depicting HIV-1 Transcriptional Mechanisms: A Summary of What We Know. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121385. [PMID: 33287435 PMCID: PMC7761857 DOI: 10.3390/v12121385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV-1 infection cannot be cured and is still one of the major health issues worldwide. Indeed, as soon as cART is interrupted, a rapid rebound of viremia is observed. The establishment of viral latency and the persistence of the virus in cellular reservoirs constitute the main barrier to HIV eradication. For this reason, new therapeutic approaches have emerged to purge or restrain the HIV-1 reservoirs in order to cure infected patients. However, the viral latency is a multifactorial process that depends on various cellular mechanisms. Since these new therapies mainly target viral transcription, their development requires a detailed and precise understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying HIV-1 transcription. In this review, we discuss the complex molecular transcriptional network regulating HIV-1 gene expression by focusing on the involvement of host cell factors that could be used as potential drug targets to design new therapeutic strategies and, to a larger extent, to reach an HIV-1 functional cure.
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7
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Chromatin maturation of the HIV-1 provirus in primary resting CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008264. [PMID: 31999790 PMCID: PMC6991963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a chronic condition, where viral DNA integrates into the genome. Latently infected cells form a persistent, heterogeneous reservoir that at any time can reactivate the integrated HIV-1. Here we confirmed that latently infected cells from HIV-1 positive study participants exhibited active HIV-1 transcription but without production of mature spliced mRNAs. To elucidate the mechanisms behind this we employed primary HIV-1 latency models to study latency establishment and maintenance. We characterized proviral transcription and chromatin development in cultures of resting primary CD4+ T-cells for four months after ex vivo HIV-1 infection. As heterochromatin (marked with H3K9me3 or H3K27me3) gradually stabilized, the provirus became less accessible with reduced activation potential. In a subset of infected cells, active marks (e.g. H3K27ac) and elongating RNAPII remained detectable at the latent provirus, despite prolonged proviral silencing. In many aspects, latent HIV-1 resembled an active enhancer in a subset of resting cells. The enhancer chromatin actively promoted latency and the enhancer-specific CBP/P300-inhibitor GNE049 was identified as a new latency reversal agent. The division of the latent reservoir according to distinct chromatin compositions with different reactivation potential enforces the notion that even though a relatively large set of cells contains the HIV-1 provirus, only a discrete subset is readily able to reactivate the provirus and spread the infection. HIV infection is a devastating disease affecting 35 million people worldwide. Current anti-retroviral treatment is highly effective and has made the HIV infection chronic. However, despite more effective treatments, the prospects of a cure are distant. The problem for an HIV cure is that, even though the virus particles are eradicated, the infected cells maintain the information of remake the virus. This information is integrated in the host cell as a provirus. The provirus switches between active and inactive states. Thereby, the infected cells evade both the immune system and death associated with massive viral production. We have characterized the composition of proviral chromatin and how it connects with transcription and viral production. In resting primary CD4+ T-cells, we follow the fate of the provirus starting at infection until latency is firmly established. Only in a fraction of intact proviruses were we able to reverse latency and that this was highly regulated by the chromatin composition. Whereas the proviruses encompassed in heterochromatin were refractory to activation, latent proviruses with “enhancer” characteristics were readily activated. Our study provides key insights as to detect the remaining HIV-1 infected cells capable of reseeding the infection, and the mechanisms whereby they are maintained.
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Mirzaei H, Khodadad N, Karami C, Pirmoradi R, Khanizadeh S. The AP-1 pathway; A key regulator of cellular transformation modulated by oncogenic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2088. [PMID: 31788897 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is critically associated with modulation of host cell signaling pathways. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling is one such pathway whose deregulation renders the host more susceptible to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, are common causes of cancer. This review discusses how these oncoviruses by acting through various aspects of the host cell signaling machinery such as the AP-1 pathway might affect oncoviral tumorigenesis, replication, and pathogenesis. The review also briefly considers how the pathway might be targeted during infections with these oncogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khodadad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Pirmoradi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Mbondji-wonje C, Dong M, Wang X, Zhao J, Ragupathy V, Sanchez AM, Denny TN, Hewlett I. Distinctive variation in the U3R region of the 5' Long Terminal Repeat from diverse HIV-1 strains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195661. [PMID: 29664930 PMCID: PMC5903597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional mapping of the 5’LTR has shown that the U3 and the R regions (U3R) contain a cluster of regulatory elements involved in the control of HIV-1 transcription and expression. As the HIV-1 genome is characterized by extensive variability, here we aimed to describe mutations in the U3R from various HIV-1 clades and CRFs in order to highlight strain specific differences that may impact the biological properties of diverse HIV-1 strains. To achieve our purpose, the U3R sequence of plasma derived virus belonging to different clades (A1, B, C, D, F2) and recombinants (CRF02_AG, CRF01_AE and CRF22_01A1) was obtained using Illumina technology. Overall, the R region was very well conserved among and across different strains, while in the U3 region the average inter-strains nucleotide dissimilarity was up to 25%. The TAR hairpin displayed a strain-distinctive cluster of mutations affecting the bulge and the loop, but mostly the stem. Like in previous studies we found a TATAA motif in U3 promoter region from the majority of HIV-1 strains and a TAAAA motif in CRF01_AE; but also in LTRs from CRF22_01A1 isolates. Although LTRs from CRF22_01A1 specimens were assigned CRF01_AE, they contained two NF-kB sites instead of the single TFBS described in CRF01_AE. Also, as previously describe in clade C isolates, we found no C/EBP binding site directly upstream of the enhancer region in CRF22_01A1 specimens. In our study, one-third of CRF02_AG LTRs displayed three NF-kB sites which have been mainly described in clade C isolates. Overall, the number, location and binding patterns of potential regulatory elements found along the U3R might be specific to some HIV-1 strains such as clade F2, CRF02_AG, CRF01_AE and CRF22_01A1. These features may be worth consideration as they may be involved in distinctive regulation of HIV-1 transcription and replication by different and diverse infecting strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Mbondji-wonje
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biomedical sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (CM); (IH)
| | - Ming Dong
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland United States of America
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viswanath Ragupathy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CM); (IH)
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10
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Khoury G, Darcis G, Lee MY, Bouchat S, Van Driessche B, Purcell DFJ, Van Lint C. The Molecular Biology of HIV Latency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1075:187-212. [PMID: 30030794 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0484-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV remains incurable due to the existence of a reservoir of cells that harbor intact integrated genomes of the virus in the absence of viral replication. This population of infected cells remains invisible to the immune system and is not targeted by the drugs used in the current antiretroviral therapies (cART). Reversal of latency by the use of inhibitors of chromatin-remodeling enzymes has been studied extensively in an attempt to purge this reservoir of latent HIV but has thus far not shown any success in clinical trials. The full complexity of latent HIV infection has still not been appreciated, and the gaps in knowledge prevent development of adequate small-molecule compounds that can effectively perturb this reservoir. In this review, we will examine the role of epigenetic silencing of HIV transcription, posttranscriptional regulation, and mRNA processing in promoting HIV-1 latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michelle Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Benoit Van Driessche
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
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11
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Biological or pharmacological activation of protein kinase C alpha constrains hepatitis E virus replication. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Thierry S, Thierry E, Subra F, Deprez E, Leh H, Bury-Moné S, Delelis O. Opposite transcriptional regulation of integrated vs unintegrated HIV genomes by the NF-κB pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25678. [PMID: 27167871 PMCID: PMC4863372 DOI: 10.1038/srep25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of HIV-1 linear DNA into host chromatin is required for high levels of viral expression, and constitutes a key therapeutic target. Unintegrated viral DNA (uDNA) can support only limited transcription but may contribute to viral propagation, persistence and/or treatment escape under specific situations. The molecular mechanisms involved in the differential expression of HIV uDNA vs integrated genome (iDNA) remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the expression of HIV uDNA is mainly supported by 1-LTR circles, and regulated in the opposite way, relatively to iDNA, following NF-κB pathway modulation. Upon treatment activating the NF-κB pathway, NF-κB p65 and AP-1 (cFos/cJun) binding to HIV LTR iDNA correlates with increased iDNA expression, while uDNA expression decreases. On the contrary, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway promotes the expression of circular uDNA, and correlates with Bcl-3 and AP-1 binding to its LTR region. Finally, this study identifies NF-κB subunits and Bcl-3 as transcription factors binding the HIV promoter differently depending on viral genome topology, and opens new insights on the potential roles of episomal genomes during the HIV-1 latency and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Thierry
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Eloïse Thierry
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Frédéric Subra
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Eric Deprez
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Hervé Leh
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bury-Moné
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
| | - Olivier Delelis
- LBPA, ENS Cachan, CNRS UMR8113, IDA FR3242, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94235 Cachan, France
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13
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Wang W, Xu L, Brandsma JH, Wang Y, Hakim MS, Zhou X, Yin Y, Fuhler GM, van der Laan LJW, van der Woude CJ, Sprengers D, Metselaar HJ, Smits R, Poot RA, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Convergent Transcription of Interferon-stimulated Genes by TNF-α and IFN-α Augments Antiviral Activity against HCV and HEV. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25482. [PMID: 27150018 PMCID: PMC4858707 DOI: 10.1038/srep25482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-α has been used for decades to treat chronic hepatitis B and C, and as an off-label treatment for some cases of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. TNF-α is another important cytokine involved in inflammatory disease, which can interact with interferon signaling. Because interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are the ultimate antiviral effectors of the interferon signaling, this study aimed to understand the regulation of ISG transcription and the antiviral activity by IFN-α and TNF-α. In this study, treatment of TNF-α inhibited replication of HCV by 71 ± 2.4% and HEV by 41 ± 4.9%. Interestingly, TNF-α induced the expression of a panel of antiviral ISGs (2-11 fold). Blocking the TNF-α signaling by Humira abrogated ISG induction and its antiviral activity. Chip-seq data analysis and mutagenesis assay further revealed that the NF-κB protein complex, a key downstream element of TNF-α signaling, directly binds to the ISRE motif in the ISG promoters and thereby drives their transcription. This process is independent of interferons and JAK-STAT cascade. Importantly, when combined with IFN-α, TNF-α works cooperatively on ISG induction, explaining their additive antiviral effects. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism of convergent transcription of ISGs by TNF-α and IFN-α, which augments their antiviral activity against HCV and HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Brandsma
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Genetics Cluster, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamad S Hakim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - C Janneke van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Genetics Cluster, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 CE, The Netherlands
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14
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Yao D, Ruan L, Xu X, Shi H. Identification of a c-Jun homolog from Litopenaeus vannamei as a downstream substrate of JNK in response to WSSV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:282-289. [PMID: 25530093 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun, a major substrate of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), participates in regulating gene transcription in response to various stimuli, including cytokines, stress signals, bacterial and viral infection. Results from our previous studies suggested that Litopenaeus vannamei JNK (LvJNK) could be utilized by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) to facilitate viral replication and gene expression. In this article, a c-Jun homolog from Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as Lvc-Jun) was cloned and its role in WSSV infection was studied. Sequence analysis displayed that Lvc-Jun was a novel homolog of c-Jun family, which contained characteristic Jun and basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domains, and two conserved serine phosphorylation sites (Ser49/59). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Lvc-Jun mRNAs were expressed in all examined tissues. Further investigation determined that Lvc-Jun was located in the nucleus through self-interaction and its phosphorylation levels could be reduced by JNK inhibitor, suggesting that Lvc-Jun could be regulated by LvJNK through phosphorylation and function as a transcription regulator in a homodimer. During the process of WSSV infection, the transcription levels of Lvc-Jun were up-regulated associating with the raising expression and phosphorylation levels of its protein. Moreover, TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), a potent inducer of c-Jun, could remarkably promote viral immediate-early gene wsv069 transcription in crayfish hemocytes. Conclusively, our results provided experimental evidences that Lvc-Jun was engaged in WSSV infection and further implied that JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway might be important for WSSV replication and viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Yao
- School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Lingwei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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15
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Regulatory roles of c-jun in H5N1 influenza virus replication and host inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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De Crignis E, Mahmoudi T. HIV eradication: combinatorial approaches to activate latent viruses. Viruses 2014; 6:4581-608. [PMID: 25421889 PMCID: PMC4246239 DOI: 10.3390/v6114581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of eradication of the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) from infected patients has gained much attention in the last few years. While combination Anti-Retroviral Therapy (c-ART) has been extremely effective in suppressing viral replication, it is not curative. This is due to the presence of a reservoir of latent HIV infected cells, which persist in the presence of c-ART. Recently, pharmaceutical approaches have focused on the development of molecules able to induce HIV-1 replication from latently infected cells in order to render them susceptible to viral cytopathic effects and host immune responses. Alternative pathways and transcription complexes function to regulate the activity of the HIV promoter and might serve as molecular targets for compounds to activate latent HIV. A combined therapy coupling various depressors and activators will likely be the most effective in promoting HIV replication while avoiding pleiotropic effects at the cellular level. Moreover, in light of differences among HIV subtypes and variability in integration sites, the combination of multiple agents targeting multiple pathways will increase likelihood of therapeutic effectiveness and prevent mutational escape. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms that can be targeted to induce HIV activation focusing on potential combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
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17
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Colin L, Verdin E, Van Lint C. HIV-1 chromatin, transcription, and the regulatory protein Tat. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1087:85-101. [PMID: 24158816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon integration into the host cell genome, the nucleosomal organization and epigenetic control of the HIV-1 provirus play an active role in its transcriptional regulation. Therefore, characterization of the chromatin changes that occur in the viral promoter region in response to different cellular stimuli or drug treatments represents an important aspect of our understanding of HIV-1 transcription. Moreover, the viral transactivator Tat protein potently activates HIV-1 transcription by recruiting the cellular positive transcription elongation factor p-TEFb to the TAR element located at the 5' end of all nascent viral transcripts, thereby promoting efficient elongation. This chapter describes two complementary techniques for analyzing chromatin structure. The first technique is called indirect end-labeling and uses DNase I, micrococcal nuclease (MNase) or specific restriction enzymes to provide a view of nucleosome positions and of nucleosome-free regions within genes that are usually associated with transcriptional regulatory elements. The second technique, called chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), provides a detailed analysis of chromatin structure by determining the pattern of histone modification marks in the DNA region of interest and by identifying the transcription factors as well as the components of the transcriptional initiation and elongation machineries that are recruited in vivo to this chromosomal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Colin
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires (IBMM), University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Van Lint C, Bouchat S, Marcello A. HIV-1 transcription and latency: an update. Retrovirology 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 23803414 PMCID: PMC3699421 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy, despite being potent and life-prolonging, is not curative and does not eradicate HIV-1 infection since interruption of treatment inevitably results in a rapid rebound of viremia. Reactivation of latently infected cells harboring transcriptionally silent but replication-competent proviruses is a potential source of persistent residual viremia in cART-treated patients. Although multiple reservoirs may exist, the persistence of resting CD4+ T cells carrying a latent infection represents a major barrier to eradication. In this review, we will discuss the latest reports on the molecular mechanisms that may regulate HIV-1 latency at the transcriptional level, including transcriptional interference, the role of cellular factors, chromatin organization and epigenetic modifications, the viral Tat trans-activator and its cellular cofactors. Since latency mechanisms may also operate at the post-transcriptional level, we will consider inhibition of nuclear RNA export and inhibition of translation by microRNAs as potential barriers to HIV-1 gene expression. Finally, we will review the therapeutic approaches and clinical studies aimed at achieving either a sterilizing cure or a functional cure of HIV-1 infection, with a special emphasis on the most recent pharmacological strategies to reactivate the latent viruses and decrease the pool of viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, 12, Rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
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19
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Human serum protein enhances HIV-1 replication and up-regulates the transcription factor AP-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17639-44. [PMID: 23047699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206893109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies on HIV (HIV-1) replication and neutralization are usually performed in human cell cultures supplemented with FBS instead of human serum (HS). Here we show that in contrast to FBS, addition of increasing amounts of human serum from noninfected donors to the cell culture directly correlates with an increase in HIV-1 replication in vitro. This effect is independent of cell line, virus strain, or batch of pooled human serum used. We found that human serum affects viral transcription in a dose-dependent manner by activating the activator protein-1 (AP-1) member proteins c-FOS, JunD, and JunB in TZM-bl cells. Analysis of the human serum component responsible for this effect indicates that it is a protein having a molecular mass between 250 and 300 kDa. This serum protein, HIV-1 enhancing serum protein (HESP), might promote viral transcription in vivo and consequently play a role in disease progression.
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20
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Steiner KL, Malhotra I, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Dent AE, King CL. In utero activation of fetal memory T cells alters host regulatory gene expression and affects HIV susceptibility. Virology 2012; 425:23-30. [PMID: 22280894 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In utero priming to malaria antigens renders cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) more susceptible to productive HIV infection in vitro in the absence of exogenous stimulation. This provides a unique model to better understand mechanisms affecting lymphocyte susceptibility to HIV infection in vivo. Effector memory CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells (T(EM)) were the exclusive initial targets of HIV with rapid spread to central memory cells. HIV susceptibility correlated with increased expression of CD25 and HLA-DR on T(EM). Virus entered all samples equally, however gag/pol RNA was only detected in HIV susceptible samples, suggesting regulation of proviral gene transcription. Targeted analysis of human genes in memory T cells showed greater expression of IFNG, NFATc1, IRF1, FOS, and PPIA and decreased expression YY1 and TFCP2 in HIV susceptible samples. Thus fetal priming to exogenous antigens enhances specific proviral gene transcription pathways in effector memory cells that may increase risk of vertical transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Steiner
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7286, USA
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