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Alves PM, Barrias CC, Gomes P, Martins MCL. How can biomaterial-conjugated antimicrobial peptides fight bacteria and be protected from degradation? Acta Biomater 2024; 181:98-116. [PMID: 38697382 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a serious threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are a powerful alternative to antibiotics due to their low propensity to induce bacterial resistance. However, cytotoxicity and short half-lives have limited their clinical translation. To overcome these problems, AMP conjugation has gained relevance in the biomaterials field. Nevertheless, few studies describe the influence of conjugation on enzymatic protection, mechanism of action and antimicrobial efficacy. This review addresses this gap by providing a detailed comparison between conjugated and soluble AMP. Additionally, commonly employed chemical reactions and factors to consider when promoting AMP conjugation are reviewed. The overall results suggested that AMP conjugated onto biomaterials are specifically protected from degradation by trypsin and/or pepsin. However, sometimes, their antimicrobial efficacy was reduced. Due to limited conformational freedom in conjugated AMP, compared to their soluble forms, they appear to act initially by creating small protuberances on bacterial membranes that may lead to the alteration of membrane potential and/or formation of holes, triggering cell death. Overall, AMP conjugation onto biomaterials is a promising strategy to fight infection, particularly associated to the use of medical devices. Nonetheless, some details need to be addressed before conjugated AMP reach clinical practice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Covalent conjugation of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) has been one of the most widely used strategies by bioengineers, in an attempt to not only protect AMP from proteolytic degradation, but also to prolong their residence time at the target tissue. However, an explanation for the mode of action of conjugated AMP is still lacking. This review extensively gathers works on AMP conjugation and puts forward a mechanism of action for AMP when conjugated onto biomaterials. The implications of AMP conjugation on antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and resistance to proteases are all discussed. A thorough review of commonly employed chemical reactions for this conjugation is also provided. Finally, details that need to be addressed for conjugated AMP to reach clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Alves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Venice F, Spina F, Davolos D, Ghignone S, Varese GC. The genomes of Scedosporium between environmental challenges and opportunism. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:25. [PMID: 38049914 PMCID: PMC10694956 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging fungal pathogens are a global challenge for humankind. Many efforts have been made to understand the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity in bacteria, and OMICs techniques are largely responsible for those advancements. By contrast, our limited understanding of opportunism and antifungal resistance is preventing us from identifying, limiting and interpreting the emergence of fungal pathogens. The genus Scedosporium (Microascaceae) includes fungi with high tolerance to environmental pollution, whilst some species can be considered major human pathogens, such as Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium boydii. However, unlike other fungal pathogens, little is known about the genome evolution of these organisms. We sequenced two novel genomes of Scedosporium aurantiacum and Scedosporium minutisporum isolated from extreme, strongly anthropized environments. We compared all the available Scedosporium and Microascaceae genomes, that we systematically annotated and characterized ex novo in most cases. The genomes in this family were integrated in a Phylum-level comparison to infer the presence of putative, shared genomic traits in filamentous ascomycetes with pathogenic potential. The analysis included the genomes of 100 environmental and clinical fungi, revealing poor evolutionary convergence of putative pathogenicity traits. By contrast, several features in Microascaceae and Scedosporium were detected that might have a dual role in responding to environmental challenges and allowing colonization of the human body, including chitin, melanin and other cell wall related genes, proteases, glutaredoxins and magnesium transporters. We found these gene families to be impacted by expansions, orthologous transposon insertions, and point mutations. With RNA-seq, we demonstrated that most of these anciently impacted genomic features responded to the stress imposed by an antifungal compound (voriconazole) in the two environmental strains S. aurantiacum MUT6114 and S. minutisporum MUT6113. Therefore, the present genomics and transcriptomics investigation stands on the edge between stress resistance and pathogenic potential, to elucidate whether fungi were pre-adapted to infect humans. We highlight the strengths and limitations of genomics applied to opportunistic human pathogens, the multifactoriality of pathogenicity and resistance to drugs, and suggest a scenario where pressures other than anthropic contributed to forge filamentous human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Venice
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Spina
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Domenico Davolos
- Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements (DIT), INAIL, Research Area, Via R. Ferruzzi 38/40, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), SS Turin-National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen Y, Hou T, Zhao Y, Ma Z. The sphinganine C4-hydroxylase FgSur2 regulates sensitivity to azole antifungal agents and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127347. [PMID: 36907072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts consisting of ergosterol and sphingolipids in the lipid membrane of cells play important roles in various cellular processes. However, the functions of sphingolipids and their synthetic genes in phytopathogenic fungi have not been well understood yet. In this study, we conducted genome-wide searches and carried out systematic gene deletion analysis of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat and other cereal crops worldwide. Mycelial growth assays showed that deletion of FgBAR1, FgLAC1, FgSUR2 or FgSCS7 resulted in markedly reduced hyphal growth. Fungicide sensitivity tests showed that the sphinganine C4-hydroxylase gene FgSUR2 deletion mutant (ΔFgSUR2) exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to azole fungicides. In addition, this mutant displayed a remarkable increase in cell membrane permeability. Importantly, ΔFgSUR2 was defective in deoxynivalenol (DON) toxisome formation, leading to dramatically decreased DON biosynthesis. Moreover, the deletion of FgSUR2 resulted in dramatically decreased virulence of the pathogen on host plants. Taken together, these results indicate that FgSUR2 plays an important role in regulating the susceptibility to azoles and virulence of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Yang S, Yuan Z, Aweya JJ, Deng S, Weng W, Zhang Y, Liu G. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of peptide PvGBP2 against pathogenic bacteria that contaminate Auricularia auricular culture bags. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Shahi G, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Banerjee A, Sarkar P, Kumari S, Esquivel BD, Chauhan N, Chattopadhyay A, White TC, Gaur NA, Singh A, Prasad R. Inositol Phosphoryl Transferase, Ipt1, Is a Critical Determinant of Azole Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes in Candida glabrata. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070651. [PMID: 35887407 PMCID: PMC9322651 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have specifically blocked a key step of sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis in Candida glabrata by disruption of the orthologs of ScIpt1 and ScSkn1. Based on their close homology with S. cerevisiae counterparts, the proteins are predicted to catalyze the addition of a phosphorylinositol group onto mannosyl inositolphosphoryl ceramide (MIPC) to form mannosyl diinositolphosphoryl ceramide (M(IP)2C), which accounts for the majority of complex SL structures in S. cerevisiae membranes. High throughput lipidome analysis confirmed the accumulation of MIPC structures in ΔCgipt1 and ΔCgskn1 cells, albeit to lesser extent in the latter. Noticeably, ΔCgipt1 cells showed an increased susceptibility to azoles; however, ΔCgskn1 cells showed no significant changes in the drug susceptibility profiles. Interestingly, the azole susceptible phenotype of ΔCgipt1 cells seems to be independent of the ergosterol content. ΔCgipt1 cells displayed altered lipid homeostasis, increased membrane fluidity as well as high diffusion of radiolabeled fluconazole (3H-FLC), which could together influence the azole susceptibility of C. glabrata. Furthermore, in vivo experiments also confirmed compromised virulence of the ΔCgipt1 strain. Contrarily, specific functions of CgSkn1 remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | | | - Atanu Banerjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Brooke D. Esquivel
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; (P.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Theodore C. White
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.D.E.); (T.C.W.)
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.K.); (N.A.G.)
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology and Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Gurgaon 122412, India; (G.S.); (M.K.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.P.)
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A Proteomic Landscape of Candida albicans in the Stepwise Evolution to Fluconazole Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0210521. [PMID: 35343782 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02105-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans is a major cause of superficial and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. The increasing rate of azole resistance in C. albicans has brought further challenges to clinical therapy. In this study, we collected five isogenic C. albicans strains recovered over discrete intervals from an HIV-infected patient who suffered 2-year recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. Azole resistance was known from the clinical history to have developed gradually in this patient, and this was confirmed by MIC assays of each strain. Proteomic techniques can be used to investigate more comprehensively how resistance develops in pathogenic fungi over time. Our study is the first to use tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology to investigate the acquired resistance mechanisms of serial C. albicans isolates at the proteomic level. A total of 4,029 proteins have been identified, of which 3,766 have been quantified. Compared with Ca1, bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with aspects such as the downregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and oxidative stress response proteins in all four subsequent strains but, remarkably, the activation of amino acid metabolism in Ca8 and Ca14 and increased protection against osmotic stress or excessive copper toxicity, upregulation of respiratory chain activity, and suppression of iron transport in Ca17. By tracing proteomic alterations in this set of isogenic resistance isolates, we acquire mechanistic insight into the steps involved in the acquisition of azole resistance in C. albicans.
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Staniszewska M, Zdrojewski T, Gizińska M, Rogalska M, Kuryk Ł, Kowalkowska A, Łukowska-Chojnacka E. Tetrazole derivatives bearing benzodiazepine moiety—synthesis and action mode against virulence of Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kumar M, Prasad R, Singh A. High-Throughput Phospholipidomics of Candida Cells: From Sample Preparation to Data Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:127-140. [PMID: 36008661 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory identification of Candida species is often complicated by overlapping features. Species specificity is critical to the appropriate use of interventions.Accurate identification and quantification of lipid species in complex lipid mixtures are crucial for assigning biological functions to lipids of fungi. Recently, much has been achieved in the field of mass spectrometry, allowing high-throughput screening of simple and complex lipid structures. The next-generation, high-resolution mass spectrometers allow accurate analysis and a much broader spectrum for lipidomic studies; nonetheless, these are often expensive, and data analysis is complex, which presents a challenge in routine lipid studies. Alternatively, by coupling the ion trap with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) platform, we can achieve rapid, sensitive, and accurate quantification of lipids in Candida extracts. Moreover, the approach is simple and relatively cost-effective. Below, we discuss the key features of ion trap HPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based comparative lipidomics of Candida cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hans S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Mass spectrometry-based untargeted lipidomics reveals new compositional insights into membrane dynamics of Candida albicans under magnesium deprivation. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:978-993. [PMID: 34424599 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There is growing appreciation in adopting new approaches to disrupt multidrug resistance in human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. The plasma membrane of C. albicans comprises potential lipid moieties that contribute towards the survival of pathogen and could be utilized as antifungal targets. Considering promising applications of developments in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the aim of the study was to analyse lipidome profile and expose lipid-dependent changes in response to Mg deprivation. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) were decreased. Increased flip (inward translocation) in the fluorophore labelled NBD-PC was ascribed to enhanced PC-specific flippase activity. Furthermore, a decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) leading to altered membrane fluidity and loss of cellular material was prominent. Additionally, we observed decreased phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) leading to genotoxic stress. Besides, we could detect enhanced levels of phosphatidylserine (PS), diacylglycerol (DAG) and triacylglycerides (TAG). The altered gene expressions of lipid biosynthetic pathway by RT-PCR correlated with the lipidome profile. Lastly, we explored abrogated ionic (Na+ and K+ ) transport across the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS We propose that C. albicans exposed to Mg deprivation could reorganize plasma membrane (lipid species, membrane fluidity and ionic transport), and possibly redirected carbon flux to store energy in TAGs as an adaptive stress response. This work unravels several vulnerable targets governing lipid metabolism in C. albicans and pave way for better antifungal strategies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study demonstrates that magnesium availability is important when one considers dissecting drug resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans. Through mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics technology, the study analyses lipidome profile and exposes lipid-dependent changes that are vulnerable to magnesium availability and presents an opportunity to employ this new information in improving treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Hans
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurugram, India
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Huan Y, Kong Q, Mou H, Yi H. Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:582779. [PMID: 33178164 PMCID: PMC7596191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms. AMPs have a wide range of inhibitory effects against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the increasing of concerns about the use of antibiotics resulted in the development of AMPs, which have a good application prospect in medicine, food, animal husbandry, agriculture and aquaculture. This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. The research progress on antivirus peptides, especially anti-coronavirus (COVID-19) peptides, has been introduced given the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Sphingolipidomics of drug resistant Candida auris clinical isolates reveal distinct sphingolipid species signatures. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158815. [PMID: 32942047 PMCID: PMC7695621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Independent studies from our group and others have provided evidence that sphingolipids (SLs) influence the antimycotic susceptibility of Candida species. We analyzed the molecular SL signatures of drug-resistant clinical isolates of Candida auris, which have emerged as a global threat over the last decade. This included Indian hospital isolates of C. auris, which were either resistant to fluconazole (FLCR) or amphotericin B (AmBR) or both drugs. Relative to Candida glabrata and Candida albicans strains, these C. auris isolates were susceptible to SL pathway inhibitors such as myriocin and aureobasidin A, suggesting that SL content may influence azole and AmB susceptibilities. Our analysis of SLs confirmed the presence of 140 SL species within nine major SL classes, namely the sphingoid bases, Cer, αOH-Cer, dhCer, PCer, αOH-PCer, αOH-GlcCer, GlcCer, and IPC. Other than for αOH-GlcCer, most of the SLs were found at higher concentrations in FLCR isolates as compared to the AmBR isolates. SLs were at intermediate levels in FLCR + AmBR isolates. The observed diversity of molecular species of SL classes based on fatty acyl composition was further reflected in their distinct specific imprint, suggesting their influence in drug resistance. Together, the presented data improves our understanding of the dynamics of SL structures, their synthesis, and link to the drug resistance in C. auris. Candida auris isolates are susceptible to sphingolipid inhibitors myriocin and aureobasidin A. The distribution of sphingolipid species is distinct among C. auris isolates resistant to different antifungals. Phytoceramides are the most abundant class of sphingolipid. Cer(d18:1/18:1) is the major of ceramide species in C. auris. d19:2 glucosylceramide backbone is typically in abundance in AmB resistant C. auris isolates.
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Shahi G, Kumar M, Kumari S, Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Gaur NA, Singh A, Prasad R. A detailed lipidomic study of human pathogenic fungi Candida auris. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:foaa045. [PMID: 32756963 PMCID: PMC8189018 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to determine the lipid composition of Candida auris and to highlight if the changes in lipids can be correlated to high drug resistance encountered in C. auris. For this, the comparative lipidomics landscape between drug-susceptible (CBS10913T) and a resistant hospital isolate (NCCPF_470033) of C. auris was determined by employing high throughput mass spectrometry. All major groups of phosphoglycerides (PGL), sphingolipids, sterols, diacylglycerols (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG), were quantitated along with their molecular lipid species. Our analyses highlighted several key changes where the NCCPF_470033 showed an increase in PGL content, specifically phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine; odd chain containing lipids and accumulation of 16:1-DAG and 16:0-DAG; depletion of 18:1-TAG and 18:0-TAG. The landscape of molecular species displayed a distinct imprint between isolates. For example, the levels of unsaturated PGLs, contributed by both odd and even-chain fatty acyls were higher in resistant NCCPF_470033 isolate, resulting in a higher unsaturation index. Notwithstanding, several commonalities of lipid compositional changes between resistant C. auris and other Candida spp., the study could also identify distinguishable changes in specific lipid species in C. auris. Together, the data highlights the modulation of membrane lipid homeostasis associated with drug-resistant phenotype of C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Naseem A Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health and Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Gurugram,, Haryana, 122413, India
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Bencova A, Goffa E, Morvova M, Valachovic M, Griač P, Toth Hervay N, Gbelska Y. The Absence of PDR16 Gene Restricts the Overexpression of CaSNQ2 Gene in the Presence of Fluconazole in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:455-465. [PMID: 32451851 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In yeast, the PDR16 gene encodes one of the PITP proteins involved in lipid metabolism and is regarded as a factor involved in clinical azole resistance of fungal pathogens. In this study, we prepared Candida albicans CaPDR16/pdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ heterozygous and homozygous mutant strains and assessed their responses to different stresses. The CaPDR16 deletion strains exhibited increased susceptibility to antifungal azoles and acetic acid. The addition of Tween80 restored the growth of Capdr16 mutants in the presence of azoles. However, the PDR16 gene deletion has not remarkable influence on sterol profile or membrane properties (membrane potential, anisotropy) of Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutant cells. Changes in halotolerance of C. albicans pdr16 deletion mutants were not observed. Fluconazole treatment leads to increased expression of ERG genes both in the wild-type and Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutant cells, and the amount of ergosterol and its precursors remain comparable in all three strains tested. Fluconazole treatment induced the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter gene CaSNQ2 and MFS transporter gene CaTPO3 in the wild-type strain but not in the Capdr16Δ and Capdr16Δ/Δ mutants. The expression of CaSNQ2 gene markedly increased also in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide irrespective of the presence of CaPdr16p. CaPDR16 gene thus belongs to genes whose presence is required for full induction of CaSNQ2 and CaTPO3 genes in the presence of fluconazole in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bencova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduard Goffa
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.,Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marcela Morvova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F1, 842 48, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics CBS SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics CBS SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Nora Toth Hervay
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Yvetta Gbelska
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
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14
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Kundu D, Hameed S, Fatima Z, Pasrija R. Phospholipid biosynthesis disruption renders the yeast cells sensitive to antifungals. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:121-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Ciumac D, Gong H, Hu X, Lu JR. Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 537:163-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Agustinho DP, Miller LC, Li LX, Doering TL. Peeling the onion: the outer layers of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180040. [PMID: 29742198 PMCID: PMC5951675 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen
that is ubiquitous in the environment. It causes a deadly meningitis that is
responsible for over 180,000 deaths worldwide each year, including 15% of all
AIDS-related deaths. The high mortality rates for this infection, even with
treatment, suggest a need for improved therapy. Unique characteristics of
C. neoformans may suggest directions for drug discovery.
These include features of three structures that surround the cell: the plasma
membrane, the cell wall around it, and the outermost polysaccharide capsule. We
review current knowledge of the fundamental biology of these fascinating
structures and highlight open questions in the field, with the goal of
stimulating further investigation that will advance basic knowledge and human
health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Agustinho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liza C Miller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lucy X Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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17
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Manickaraj S, Thirumalai D, Manjunath P, Sekarbabu V, Jeganathan S, Sundaresan L, Subramaniyam R, Jeganathan M. Oxidative environment causes molecular remodeling in embryonic heart-a metabolomic and lipidomic fingerprinting analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23825-23833. [PMID: 28866837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors including pollution affect human health, and the unifying factor in determining toxicity and pathogenesis for a wide array of environmental factors is oxidative stress. Here, we created the oxidative environment with 2,2-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and consequent cardiac remodeling in chick embryos. The metabolite fingerprint of heart tissue was obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The global lipidomic analysis was done using electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) by precursor ion scanning and neutral loss scanning methods. Further, the fatty acid levels were quantified in AAPH-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lipidomic fingerprinting study indicated that majority of differentially expressed phospholipids species in heart tissue belonged to ether phosphatidylcholine (ePC) species, and we conclude that excess oxidative environment may alter the phospholipid metabolism at earlier stages of cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shairam Manickaraj
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Thirumalai
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prashanth Manjunath
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Manivannan Jeganathan
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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18
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Resistance to antifungal therapies. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:157-166. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of antifungal resistance among fungal pathogens has rendered the limited arsenal of antifungal drugs futile. Considering the recent rise in the number of nosocomial fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, the emerging clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a matter of grave concern for medical professionals. Despite advances in therapeutic interventions, it has not yet been possible to devise convincing strategies to combat antifungal resistance. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance is essential for identification of novel targets that do not promote or delay emergence of drug resistance. The present study discusses features and limitations of the currently available antifungals, mechanisms of antifungal resistance and highlights the emerging therapeutic strategies that could be deployed to combat MDR.
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19
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Rautenbach M, Troskie AM, Vosloo JA. Antifungal peptides: To be or not to be membrane active. Biochimie 2016; 130:132-145. [PMID: 27234616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most antifungal peptides (AFPs), if not all, have membrane activity, while some also have alternative targets. Fungal membranes share many characteristics with mammalian membranes with only a few differences, such as differences in sphingolipids, phosphatidylinositol (PI) content and the main sterol is ergosterol. Fungal membranes are also more negative and a better target for cationic AFPs. Targeting just the fungal membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol and/or ergosterol by AFPs often translates into mammalian cell toxicity. Conversely, a specific AFP target in the fungal pathogen, such as glucosylceramide, mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide or a fungal protein target translates into high pathogen selectivity. However, a lower target concentration, absence or change in the specific fungal target can naturally lead to resistance, although such resistance in turn could result in reduced pathogen virulence. The question is then to be or not to be membrane active - what is the best choice for a successful AFP? In this review we deliberate on this question by focusing on the recent advances in our knowledge on how natural AFPs target fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rautenbach
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Anscha M Troskie
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - J Arnold Vosloo
- BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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20
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Checa A, Bedia C, Jaumot J. Lipidomic data analysis: Tutorial, practical guidelines and applications. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Mahto KK, Singh A, Khandelwal NK, Bhardwaj N, Jha J, Prasad R. An assessment of growth media enrichment on lipid metabolome and the concurrent phenotypic properties of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113664. [PMID: 25423360 PMCID: PMC4244132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical question among the researchers working on fungal lipid biology is whether the use of an enriched growth medium can affect the lipid composition of a cell and, therefore, contribute to the observed phenotypes. One presumption is that enriched medias, such as YPD (yeast extract, peptone and dextrose), are likely to contain lipids, which may homogenize with the yeast lipids and play a role in masking the actual differences in the observed phenotypes or lead to an altered phenotype altogether. To address this issue, we compared the lipids of Candida albicans, our fungus of interest, grown in YPD or in a defined media such as YNB (yeast nitrogen base). Mass spectrometry-based lipid analyses showed differences in the levels of phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phospholipids; sphingolipids, such as mannosyldiinositolphosphorylceramide; and sterols, such as ergostatetraenol. Significant differences were observed in 70 lipid species between the cells grown in the two media, but the two growth conditions did not affect the morphological characteristics of C. albicans. The lipid profiles of the YNB- and YPD-grown C. albicans cells did vary, but these differences did not influence their response to the majority of the tested agents. Rather, the observed differences could be attributed to the slow growth rate of the Candida cells in YNB compared to YPD. Notably, the altered lipid changes between the two media did impact the susceptibility to some drugs. This data provided evidence that changes in media can lead to certain lipid alterations, which may affect specific pathways but, in general, do not affect the majority of the phenotypic properties of C. albicans. It was determined that either YNB or YPD may be suitable for the growth and lipid analysis of C. albicans, depending upon the experimental requirements, but additional precautions are necessary when correlating the phenotypes with the lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Kumar Mahto
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Kameshwarnagar, Darbhanga, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaykar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Kameshwarnagar, Darbhanga, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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22
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Novel role of a family of major facilitator transporters in biofilm development and virulence of Candida albicans. Biochem J 2014; 460:223-35. [PMID: 24621232 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The QDR (quinidine drug resistance) family of genes encodes transporters belonging to the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) of proteins. We show that QDR transporters, which are localized to the plasma membrane, do not play a role in drug transport. Hence, null mutants of QDR1, QDR2 and QDR3 display no alterations in susceptibility to azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, polyamines or quinolines, or to cell wall inhibitors and many other stresses. However, the deletion of QDR genes, individually or collectively, led to defects in biofilm architecture and thickness. Interestingly, QDR-lacking strains also displayed attenuated virulence, but the strongest effect was observed with qdr2∆, qdr3∆ and in qdr1/2/3∆ strains. Notably, the attenuated virulence and biofilm defects could be reversed upon reintegration of QDR genes. Transcripts profiling confirmed differential expression of many biofilm and virulence-related genes in the deletion strains as compared with wild-type Candida albicans cells. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis of QDR-deletion mutants suggests massive remodelling of lipids, which may affect cell signalling, leading to the defect in biofilm development and attenuation of virulence. In summary, the results of the present study show that QDR paralogues encoding MFS antiporters do not display conserved functional linkage as drug transporters and perform functions that significantly affect the virulence of C. albicans.
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23
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Li M, Yang L, Bai Y, Liu H. Analytical Methods in Lipidomics and Their Applications. Anal Chem 2013; 86:161-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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24
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Effects of azole treatments on the physical properties of Candida albicans plasma membrane: a spin probe EPR study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:465-73. [PMID: 24184423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EPR spectroscopy was applied to investigate the effects of the treatment of Candida albicans cells with fluconazole (FLC) and two newly synthesized azoles (CPA18 and CPA109), in a concentration not altering yeast morphology, on the lipid organization and dynamics of the plasma membrane. Measurements were performed in the temperature range between 0°C and 40°C using 5-doxyl- (5-DSA) and 16-doxyl- (16-DSA) stearic acids as spin probes. 5-DSA spectra were typical of lipids in a highly ordered environment, whereas 16-DSA spectra consisted of two comparable components, one corresponding to a fluid bulk lipid domain in the membrane and the other to highly ordered and motionally restricted lipids interacting with integral membrane proteins. A line shape analysis allowed the relative proportion and the orientational order and dynamic parameters of the spin probes in the different environments to be determined. Smaller order parameters, corresponding to a looser lipid packing, were found for the treated samples with respect to the control one in the region close to the membrane surface probed by 5-DSA. On the other hand, data on 16-DSA indicated that azole treatments hamper the formation of ordered lipid domains hosting integral proteins and/or lead to a decrease in integral protein content in the membrane. The observed effects are mainly ascribable to the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis by the antifungal agents, although a direct interaction of the CPA compounds with the membrane bilayer in the region close to the lipid polar head groups cannot be excluded.
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25
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Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Virulence to Combat MDR in Candida albicans. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:240209. [PMID: 24163696 PMCID: PMC3791847 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous deployment of antifungals in treating infections caused by dimorphic opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans has led to the emergence of drug resistance resulting in cross-resistance to many unrelated drugs, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite the current understanding of major factors which contribute to MDR mechanisms, there are many lines of evidence suggesting that it is a complex interplay of multiple factors which may be contributed by still unknown mechanisms. Coincidentally with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the number of reports for antifungal drug resistance has also increased which further highlights the need for understanding novel molecular mechanisms which can be explored to combat MDR, namely, ROS, iron, hypoxia, lipids, morphogenesis, and transcriptional and signaling networks. Considering the worrying evolution of MDR and significance of C. albicans being the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, this review summarizes these new regulatory mechanisms which could be exploited to prevent MDR development in C. albicans as established from recent studies.
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26
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Řezanka T, Kolouchová I, Čejková A, Cajthaml T, Sigler K. Identification of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols in different yeasts using reversed- and chiral-phase LC-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3310-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Irena Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alena Čejková
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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27
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Mitochondria influence CDR1 efflux pump activity, Hog1-mediated oxidative stress pathway, iron homeostasis, and ergosterol levels in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:5580-99. [PMID: 23979757 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Candida albicans is known to be associated with drug susceptibility, cell wall integrity, phospholipid homeostasis, and virulence. In this study, we deleted CaFZO1, a key component required during biogenesis of functional mitochondria. Cells with FZO1 deleted displayed fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial genome loss, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and were rendered sensitive to azoles and peroxide. In order to understand the cellular response to dysfunctional mitochondria, genome-wide expression profiling of fzo1Δ/Δ cells was performed. Our results show that the increased susceptibility to azoles was likely due to reduced efflux activity of CDR efflux pumps, caused by the missorting of Cdr1p into the vacuole. In addition, fzo1Δ/Δ cells showed upregulation of genes involved in iron assimilation, in iron-sufficient conditions, characteristic of iron-starved cells. One of the consequent effects was downregulation of genes of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway with a commensurate decrease in cellular ergosterol levels. We therefore connect deregulated iron metabolism to ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in response to dysfunctional mitochondria. Impaired activation of the Hog1 pathway in the mutant was the basis for increased susceptibility to peroxide and increase in reactive oxygen species, indicating the importance of functional mitochondria in controlling Hog1-mediated oxidative stress response. Mitochondrial phospholipid levels were also altered as indicated by an increase in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and decrease in phosphatidylcholine in fzo1Δ/Δ cells. Collectively, these findings reinforce the connection between functional mitochondria and azole tolerance, oxidant-mediated stress, and iron homeostasis in C. albicans.
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28
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Prasad R, Singh A. Lipids of Candida albicans and their role in multidrug resistance. Curr Genet 2013; 59:243-50. [PMID: 23974286 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, lipids of non-pathogenic yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized to some details; however, a comparable situation does not exist for the human pathogenic fungi. This review is an attempt to bring in recent advances made in lipid research by employing high throughput lipidomic methods in terms of lipid analysis of pathogenic yeasts. Several pathogenic fungi exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) which they acquire during the course of a treatment. Among the several causal factors, lipids by far have emerged as one of the critical contributors in the MDR acquisition in human pathogenic Candida. In this article, we have particularly focused on the role of lipids involved in cross talks between different cellular circuits that impact the acquisition of MDR in Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India,
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29
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Singh A, Mahto KK, Prasad R. Lipidomics and in vitro azole resistance in Candida albicans. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:84-93. [PMID: 23374108 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that fluconazole (FLC) stress induces global changes in the lipidome of Candida albicans in clinically adapted isolates. However, several laboratories have developed adapted in vitro FLC resistant strains of C. albicans to study azole resistance mechanisms. This study aimed to identify the lipid changes associated with FLC resistance in these in vitro adapted isolates. Using comparative lipidomics and principal component and discriminant analyses, we observed gradual changes in several lipid classes and molecular species upon FLC exposure of in vitro resistant C. albicans strains. Although the lipid imprint of FLC in vitro resistant isolates was very distinct from that of clinical isolates of C. albicans, the overall changes in lipid class compositions were similar in both cases. For example, an increased sterol content and depleted sphingolipid levels were the salient features of FLC resistance in both conditions. Taken together, it appears that the overall cellular lipid homeostasis is a critical factor in the observed FLC resistance and in handling FLC stress in both clinical and laboratory situations. The new observations reported herein have implications for more efficacious antifungal drug development as well as understanding host-infectious agent interactions in postgenomics microbiology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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30
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Maurya IK, Thota CK, Verma SD, Sharma J, Rawal MK, Ravikumar B, Sen S, Chauhan N, Lynn AM, Chauhan VS, Prasad R. Rationally designed transmembrane peptide mimics of the multidrug transporter protein Cdr1 act as antagonists to selectively block drug efflux and chemosensitize azole-resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16775-16787. [PMID: 23592791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.467159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogenic fungi use several families of membrane-embedded transporters to efflux antifungal drugs from the cells. The efflux pump Cdr1 (Candida drug resistance 1) belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. Cdr1 is one of the most predominant mechanisms of multidrug resistance in azole-resistant (AR) clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Blocking drug efflux represents an attractive approach to combat the multidrug resistance of this opportunistic human pathogen. In this study, we rationally designed and synthesized transmembrane peptide mimics (TMPMs) of Cdr1 protein (Cdr1p) that correspond to each of the 12 transmembrane helices (TMHs) of the two transmembrane domains of the protein to target the primary structure of the Cdr1p. Several FITC-tagged TMPMs specifically bound to Cdr1p and blocked the efflux of entrapped fluorescent dyes from the AR (Gu5) isolate. These TMPMs did not affect the efflux of entrapped fluorescent dye from cells expressing the Cdr1p homologue Cdr2p or from cells expressing a non-ABC transporter Mdr1p. Notably, the time correlation of single photon counting fluorescence measurements confirmed the specific interaction of FITC-tagged TMPMs with their respective TMH. By using mutant variants of Cdr1p, we show that these TMPM antagonists contain the structural information necessary to target their respective TMHs of Cdr1p and specific binding sites that mediate the interactions between the mimics and its respective helix. Additionally, TMPMs that were devoid of any demonstrable hemolytic, cytotoxic, and antifungal activities chemosensitize AR clinical isolates and demonstrate synergy with drugs that further improved the therapeutic potential of fluconazole in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaitanya Kumar Thota
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Jyotsna Sharma
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur Rawal
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Balaguru Ravikumar
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sobhan Sen
- School of Physical Sciences, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Andrew M Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Virander Singh Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Calabrese EC, Castellano S, Santoriello M, Sgherri C, Quartacci MF, Calucci L, Warrilow AGS, Lamb DC, Kelly SL, Milite C, Granata I, Sbardella G, Stefancich G, Maresca B, Porta A. Antifungal activity of azole compounds CPA18 and CPA109 against azole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1111-9. [PMID: 23292344 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study we investigated the in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of CPA18 and CPA109, two azole compounds with original structural features, alone and in combination with fluconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans strains. METHODS Antifungal activities were measured by MIC evaluation and time-kill studies. Azole binding analysis was performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Hyphal growth inhibition and filipin and propidium iodide staining assays were used for morphological analysis. An analysis of membrane lipids was also performed to gauge alterations in membrane composition and integrity. Synergism was calculated using fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). Evaluation of cytotoxicity towards murine macrophages was performed to verify selective antifungal activity. RESULTS Even though their binding affinity to C. albicans Erg11p is comparable to that of fluconazole, CPA compounds are active against resistant strains of C. albicans with a mutation in ERG11 sequences and/or overexpressing the ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2, which encode ATP-dependent efflux pumps. Moreover, CPA18 is fungistatic, even against the two resistant strains, and was found to be synergistic with fluconazole. Differently from fluconazole and other related azoles, CPA compounds induced marked changes in membrane permeability and dramatic alterations in membrane lipid composition. CONCLUSIONS Our outcomes suggest that CPA compounds are able to overcome major mechanisms of resistance in C. albicans. Also, they are promising candidates for combination treatment that could reduce the toxicity caused by high fluconazole doses, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena C Calabrese
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Abstract
Existing antifungal agents are still confronted to activities limited to specific fungal species and to the development of resistance. Several improvements are possible either by tackling and overcoming resistance or exacerbating the activity of existing antifungal agents. In Candida glabrata, azole resistance is almost exclusively mediated by ABC transporters (including C. glabrata CDR1 [CgCDR1] and CgCDR2) via gain-of-function mutations in the transcriptional activator CgPDR1 or by mitochondrial dysfunctions. We also observed that azole resistance was correlating with increasing virulence and fitness of C. glabrata in animal models of infection. This observation motivated the re-exploitation of ABC transporter inhibitors as a possible therapeutic intervention to decrease not only the development of azole resistance but also to interfere with the virulence of C. glabrata. Milbemycins are known ABC transporter inhibitors, and here we used commercially available milbemycin A3/A4 oxim derivatives to verify this effect. As expected, the derivatives were inhibiting C. glabrata efflux with the highest activity for A3 oxim below 1 μg/ml. More surprising was that oxim derivatives had intrinsic fungicidal activity above 3.2 μg/ml, thus highlighting effects additional to the efflux inhibition. Similar values were obtained with C. albicans. Our data show that the fungicidal activity could be related to reactive oxygen species formation in these species. Transcriptional analysis performed both in C. glabrata and C. albicans exposed to A3 oxim highlighted a core of commonly regulated genes involved in stress responses, including genes involved in oxidoreductive processes, protein ubiquitination, and vesicle trafficking, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the transcript profiles contained also species-specific signatures. Following these observations, experimental treatments of invasive infections were performed in mice treated with the commercial A3/A4 oxim preparation alone or in combination with fluconazole. Tissue burden analysis revealed that oxims on their own were able to decrease fungal burdens in both Candida species. In azole-resistant isolates, oxims acted synergistically in vivo with fluconazole to reduce fungal burden to levels of azole-susceptible isolates. In conclusion, we show here the potential of milbemycins not only as drug efflux inhibitors but also as effective fungal growth inhibitors in C. glabrata and C. albicans.
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Lipidomic profiling of model organisms and the world's major pathogens. Biochimie 2012; 95:109-15. [PMID: 22971440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics is a subspecialty of metabolomics that focuses on water insoluble metabolites that form membrane barriers. Most lipidomic databases catalog lipids from common model organisms, like humans or Escherichia coli. However, model organisms' lipid profiles show surprisingly little overlap with those of specialized pathogens, creating the need for organism-specific lipidomic databases. Here we review rapid progress in lipidomic platform development with regard to chromatography, detection and bioinformatics. We emphasize new methods of comparative lipidomics, which use aligned datasets to identify lipids changed after introducing a biological variable. These new methods provide an unprecedented ability to broadly and quantitatively describe lipidic change during biological processes and identify changed lipids with low error rates.
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Abdullah L, Evans JE, Bishop A, Reed JM, Crynen G, Phillips J, Pelot R, Mullan MA, Ferro A, Mullan CM, Mullan MJ, Ait-Ghezala G, Crawford FC. Lipidomic Profiling of Phosphocholine Containing Brain Lipids in Mice with Sensorimotor Deficits and Anxiety-Like Features After Exposure to Gulf War Agents. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:349-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Singh A, Yadav V, Prasad R. Comparative lipidomics in clinical isolates of Candida albicans reveal crosstalk between mitochondria, cell wall integrity and azole resistance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39812. [PMID: 22761908 PMCID: PMC3384591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged usage of antifungal azoles which target enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis invariably leads to the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Candida albicans. We had earlier shown that membrane lipids and their fluidity are closely linked to the MDR phenomenon. In one of our recent studies involving comparative lipidomics between azole susceptible (AS) and azole resistant (AR) matched pair clinical isolates of C. albicans, we could not see consistent differences in the lipid profiles of AS and AR strains because they came from different patients and so in this study, we have used genetically related variant recovered from the same patient collected over a period of 2-years. During this time, the levels of fluconazole (FLC) resistance of the strain increased by over 200-fold. By comparing the lipid profiles of select isolates, we were able to observe gradual and statistically significant changes in several lipid classes, particularly in plasma membrane microdomain specific lipids such as mannosylinositolphosphorylceramides and ergosterol, and in a mitochondrial specific phosphoglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol. Superimposed with these quantitative and qualitative changes in the lipid profiles, were simultaneous changes at the molecular lipid species levels which again coincided with the development of resistance to FLC. Reverse transcriptase-PCR of the key genes of the lipid metabolism validated lipidomic picture. Taken together, this study illustrates how the gradual corrective changes in Candida lipidome correspond to the development of FLC tolerance. Our study also shows a first instance of the mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and defective cell wall (CW) in clinical AR isolates of C. albicans, and provides evidence of a cross-talk between mitochondrial lipid homeostasis, CW integrity and azole tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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