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Li H, Madnick S, Zhao H, Hall S, Amin A, Dent MP, Boekelheide K. A novel co-culture model of human prostate epithelial and stromal cells for androgenic and antiandrogenic screening. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 91:105624. [PMID: 37230229 PMCID: PMC10527365 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) greatly relies on in vitro screening. A 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro prostate model that can reflect physiologically-relevant prostate epithelial and stromal crosstalk can significantly advance the current androgen assessment. This study built a prostate epithelial and stromal co-culture microtissue model with BHPrE and BHPrS cells in scaffold-free hydrogels. The optimal 3D co-culture condition was defined, and responses of the microtissue to androgen (dihydrotestosterone, DHT) and anti-androgen (flutamide) exposure were characterized using molecular and image profiling techniques. The co-culture prostate microtissue maintained a stable structure for up to seven days and presented molecular and morphological features of the early developmental stage of the human prostate. The cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18) immunohistochemical staining indicated epithelial heterogeneity and differentiation in these microtissues. The prostate-related gene expression profiling did not efficiently differentiate androgen and anti-androgen exposure. However, a cluster of distinctive 3D image features was identified and could be applied in the androgenic and anti-androgenic effect prediction. Overall, the current study established a co-culture prostate model that provided an alternative strategy for (anti-)androgenic EDC safety assessment and highlighted the potential and advantage of utilizing image features to predict endpoints in chemical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Samantha Madnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - He Zhao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susan Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Matthew P Dent
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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2
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Ishiguro Y, Sasaki M, Yamaguchi E, Matsumoto K, Fukumoto S, Furuoka H, Imai K, Kitamura N. Seasonal changes of the prostate gland in the raccoon (Procyon lotor) inhabiting Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:214-225. [PMID: 36596557 PMCID: PMC10017286 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prostate gland of the raccoon (Procyon lotor), the morphological appearance of the epithelial cells, such as basal and luminal cells, and the expressions of p63, androgen receptor (AR), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically to clarify their seasonal dynamics throughout the year. In this study, the regression with luminal cell defluxion and the regeneration process of the prostatic glandular epithelium was revealed in the seasons with declined spermatogenesis (June to August). The expression of p63 was observed only in the basal cells. AR immunoreactivity in the luminal cells was shown in the developed and regenerating (close to developed) prostates, whereas the basal cells exhibited AR immunoreactivity all year round. PCNA expression was rare in epithelial cells of the developed prostate gland. In the regressed gland, the basal cells demonstrated proliferative ability, whereas PCNA of the luminal cells appeared for the first time in the regenerating phase. This study is the first to clarify the regression with luminal cell defluxion and restoration and the seasonal dynamics of AR expression and proliferative activity in the prostate gland of seasonal breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishiguro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Jamroze A, Chatta G, Tang DG. Androgen receptor (AR) heterogeneity in prostate cancer and therapy resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:1-9. [PMID: 34118355 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and a member of steroid hormone receptor family, plays an important role in prostate organogenesis by regulating epithelial differentiation and restricting cell proliferation. Although rarely mutated or amplified in treatment-naïve prostate cancer (PCa), AR signaling drives tumor growth and as a result, therapies that aim to inhibit AR signaling, called ARSIs (AR signaling inhibitors), have been in clinical use for >70 years. Unfortunately, the clinical efficacy of ARSIs is short-lived and the majority of treated patients develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed for castration resistance; however, the cellular basis for CRPC emergence has remained obscure. One under-appreciated cellular mechanism for CRPC development is the AR heterogeneity that pre-exists in treatment-naive primary tumors, i.e., although most PCa cells express AR (i.e., AR+), there is always a population of PCa cells that express no/low AR (i.e., AR-/lo). Importantly, this AR heterogeneity becomes accentuated during ARSI treatment and highly prominent in established CRPC. Here, we provide a succinct summary of AR heterogeneity across the PCa continuum and discuss its impact on PCa response to treatments. While AR+ PCa cells/clones exhibit exquisite sensitivities to ARSIs, AR-/lo PCa cells/clones, which are greatly enriched in stem cell signaling pathways, display de novo resistance to ARSIs. Finally, we offer several potential combinatorial strategies, e.g., ARSIs with stem cell targeting therapeutics, to co-target both AR+ and AR-/lo PCa cells and metastatic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmbreen Jamroze
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Gurkamal Chatta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, University at Buffalo & Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, NY, 14263, USA.
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4
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Signaling Pathways That Control Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050937. [PMID: 33668112 PMCID: PMC7956765 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the fifth leading cancer-caused death in men worldwide. Therapies that target the androgen receptor axis induce apoptosis in normal prostates and provide temporary relief for advanced disease, yet prostate cancer that acquired androgen independence (so called castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) invariably progresses to lethal disease. There is accumulating evidence that androgen receptor signaling do not regulate apoptosis and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells in a cell-autonomous fashion. Instead, androgen receptor activation in stroma compartments induces expression of unknown paracrine factors that maintain homeostasis of the prostate epithelium. This paradigm calls for new studies to identify paracrine factors and signaling pathways that control the survival of normal epithelial cells and to determine which apoptosis regulatory molecules are targeted by these pathways. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the mechanism of apoptosis induced by androgen ablation in prostate epithelial cells with emphasis on the roles of BCL-2 family proteins and "druggable" signaling pathways that control these proteins. A summary of the clinical trials of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways is also provided. Evidently, better knowledge of the apoptosis regulation in prostate epithelial cells is needed to understand mechanisms of androgen-independence and implement life-extending therapies for CRPC.
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Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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He S, Peng J, Li L, Xu Y, Wu X, Yu J, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhang R, Wang W. High expression of cytokeratin CAM5.2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17104. [PMID: 31517842 PMCID: PMC6750307 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a common human malignant tumor with high mortality. Glandular epithelial markers, such as CAM5.2, can be expressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but the clinical significance of these cells in ESCC remains elusive.Immunohistochemical analysis of CAM5.2 was performed on 604 ESCC specimens using tissue microarray. Our study design and study population used retrospective cohorts based on the hospital information system and pathological information management system which included medical information, date of admission, procedures undergone, registration, examinations, and medication.In total, positive staining of CAM5.2 was 145 of 604 (24%). Statistical analysis showed that the expression of CAM5.2 had no relationship with sex, age, tumor differentiation, tumor size, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification, and lymph node metastasis, but it was significantly associated with poor prognosis of overall survival (P = .0041) and disease-free survival (P = .0048) in ESCC patients.Herein, we report for the first time that the high expression of the CAM 5.2 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinguo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovasology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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Ceder JA, Aalders TW, Schalken JA. Label retention and stem cell marker expression in the developing and adult prostate identifies basal and luminal epithelial stem cell subpopulations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28446230 PMCID: PMC5406885 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer among males worldwide, and most patients with metastatic disease eventually develop therapy-resistant disease. Recent research has suggested the existence of cancer stem-like cells, and that such cells are behind the therapy resistance and progression. METHODS Here, we have taken advantage of the relatively quiescent nature of stem cells to identify the slow-cycling label-retaining stem cell (LRC) populations of the prostate gland. Mice were pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during prostate organogenesis, and the LRC populations were then identified and characterized in 5-day-old and in 6-month-old adult animals using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Quantification of LRCs in the adult mouse prostate showed that epithelial LRCs were significantly more numerous in prostatic ducts (3.7 ± 0.47% SD) when compared to the proximal (1.4 ± 0.83%) and distal epithelium (0.48 ± 0.08%) of the secretory lobes. LRCs were identified in both the basal and epithelial cell layers of the prostate, and LRCs co-expressed several candidate stem cell markers in a developmental and duct/acini-specific manner, including Sca-1, TROP-2, CD133, CD44, c-kit, and the novel prostate progenitor marker cytokeratin-7. Importantly, a significant proportion of LRCs were localized in the luminal cell layer, the majority in ducts and the proximal prostate, that co-expressed high levels of androgen receptor in the adult prostate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that there are separate basal and luminal stem cell populations in the prostate, and they open up the possibility that androgen receptor-expressing luminal stem-like cells could function as cancer-initiating and relapse-responsible cells in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Adam Ceder
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, CRC 91:10, SE20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Tilly Wilhelmina Aalders
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Antonius Schalken
- Department of Urology (Route 267), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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ETS Related Gene mediated Androgen Receptor Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Prostate Cancer Development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1109. [PMID: 28439080 PMCID: PMC5430720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of deregulated ERG in prostate cancer and other cancers continue to enhance its role in cancer biology and its utility as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Here, we show that ERG, through its physical interaction with androgen receptor, induces AR aggregation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the prostate glands of ERG transgenic mice. Histomorphological alterations and the expression of ER stress sensors Atf6, Ire1α, Perk, their downstream effectors Grp78/BiP and eIF2α in ERG transgenic mouse prostate glands indicate the presence of chronic ER stress. Transient activation of apoptotic cell death during early age correlated well with the differential regulation of ER stress sensors, in particular Perk. Epithelial cells derived from ERG transgenic mouse prostates have increased prostasphere formation with resistance to radiation induced cell death. Continued activation of cell survival factors, Atf6 and Ire1α during chronic ER stress due to presence of ERG in prostate epithelium induces survival pathways and provides a selection pressure in the continuum of ERG dependent neoplastic process. These novel insights will enhance the understanding of the mechanistic functions of ERG in prostate tumor biology and towards development of early targeted therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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9
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Dissecting cell-type-specific roles of androgen receptor in prostate homeostasis and regeneration through lineage tracing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14284. [PMID: 28112153 PMCID: PMC5264212 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen signals through androgen receptor (AR) to influence prostate development and cancer. How stromal and epithelial AR regulate prostate homeostasis remains unclear. Using genetic lineage tracing, we systematically investigated the role of cell-autonomous AR in different prostate epithelial cell types. Here we show that AR is dispensable for basal cell maintenance, but is cell-autonomously required for the luminal differentiation of rare basal stem cells. In contrast, AR deletion in luminal cells alters cell morphology and induces transient over-proliferation, without affecting androgen-mediated luminal cell survival or regeneration. However, AR is selectively required for the maintenance of daughter cells produced by castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing luminal stem cells (CARNs). Notably, Pten loss can override AR-loss effects in both basal and luminal compartments to initiate tumours. Our data reveal distinct cell-type-specific roles of epithelial AR in orchestrating prostate homeostasis, and question the notion that epithelial AR serves as a tumour suppressor in early cancer initiation. Androgen receptor is an important regulator of prostate development and cancer. In this study, the authors use genetic lineage tracing in mice to clarify the role of AR in different prostate epithelial cells.
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10
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Zhang B, Kwon OJ, Henry G, Malewska A, Wei X, Zhang L, Brinkley W, Zhang Y, Castro PD, Titus M, Chen R, Sayeeduddin M, Raj GV, Mauck R, Roehrborn C, Creighton CJ, Strand DW, Ittmann MM, Xin L. Non-Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Prostate Epithelial Homeostasis by Androgen Receptor. Mol Cell 2016; 63:976-89. [PMID: 27594448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate inflammation has been suggested as an etiology for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We show that decreased expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in luminal cells of human BPH specimens correlates with a higher degree of regional prostatic inflammation. However, the cause-and-effect relationship between the two events remains unclear. We investigated specifically whether attenuating AR activity in prostate luminal cells induces inflammation. Disrupting luminal cell AR signaling in mouse models promotes cytokine production cell-autonomously, impairs epithelial barrier function, and induces immune cell infiltration, which further augments local production of cytokines and chemokines including Il-1 and Ccl2. This inflammatory microenvironment promotes AR-independent prostatic epithelial proliferation, which can be abolished by ablating IL-1 signaling or depleting its major cellular source, the macrophages. This study demonstrates that disrupting luminal AR signaling promotes prostate inflammation, which may serve as a mechanism for resistance to androgen-targeted therapy for prostate-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gervaise Henry
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alicia Malewska
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William Brinkley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia D Castro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad Sayeeduddin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Mauck
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Claus Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Sanches BD, Maldarine JS, Zani BC, Biancardi MF, Santos FC, Góes RM, Vilamaior PS, Taboga SR. The Expression of the Androgen Receptor and Estrogen Receptor 1 is Related to Sex Dimorphism in the Gerbil Prostate Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1130-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D.A. Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana S. Maldarine
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Zani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Manoel F. Biancardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernanda C.A. Santos
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Goias, Samambaia II; Goiania Goias Brazil
| | - Rejane M. Góes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Patricia S.L. Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sebastião R. Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Av. Bertrand Russel S/N Campinas São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Rua Cristóvão Colombo; Universal Estadual Paulista, UNESP; São José Do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
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12
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Bolt CC, Negi S, Guimarães-Camboa N, Zhang H, Troy JM, Lu X, Kispert A, Evans SM, Stubbs L. Tbx18 Regulates the Differentiation of Periductal Smooth Muscle Stroma and the Maintenance of Epithelial Integrity in the Prostate. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154413. [PMID: 27120339 PMCID: PMC4847854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor TBX18 is essential to mesenchymal cell differentiation in several tissues and Tbx18 loss-of-function results in dramatic organ malformations and perinatal lethality. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Tbx18 is required for the normal development of periductal smooth muscle stromal cells in prostate, particularly in the anterior lobe, with a clear impact on prostate health in adult mice. Prostate abnormalities are only subtly apparent in Tbx18 mutants at birth; to examine postnatal prostate development we utilized a relatively long-lived hypomorphic mutant and a novel conditional Tbx18 allele. Similar to the ureter, cells that fail to express Tbx18 do not condense normally into smooth muscle cells of the periductal prostatic stroma. However, in contrast to ureter, the periductal stromal cells in mutant prostate assume a hypertrophic, myofibroblastic state and the adjacent epithelium becomes grossly disorganized. To identify molecular events preceding the onset of this pathology, we compared gene expression in the urogenital sinus (UGS), from which the prostate develops, in Tbx18-null and wild type littermates at two embryonic stages. Genes that regulate cell proliferation, smooth muscle differentiation, prostate epithelium development, and inflammatory response were significantly dysregulated in the mutant urogenital sinus around the time that Tbx18 is first expressed in the wild type UGS, suggesting a direct role in regulating those genes. Together, these results argue that Tbx18 is essential to the differentiation and maintenance of the prostate periurethral mesenchyme and that it indirectly regulates epithelial differentiation through control of stromal-epithelial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Chase Bolt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
| | - Soumya Negi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
| | - Nuno Guimarães-Camboa
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America, 92037
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
| | - Joseph M. Troy
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
| | - Xiaochen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, OE5250, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America, 92037
| | - Lisa Stubbs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America, 61801
- * E-mail:
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13
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Paracrine Signaling in the Prostatic Stroma: A Novel Role for the Telocytes Revealed in Rodents’ Ventral Prostate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:193-206. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Qiu X, Zhu J, Sun Y, Fan K, Yang DR, Li G, Yang G, Chang C. TR4 nuclear receptor increases prostate cancer invasion via decreasing the miR-373-3p expression to alter TGFβR2/p-Smad3 signals. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15397-409. [PMID: 25980442 PMCID: PMC4558159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, may play important roles to modulate the metabolic diseases and prostate tumorigenesis. Here we found TR4 could increase prostate cancer (PCa) cell invasion. Mechanism dissection revealed that TR4 might increase PCa cell invasion via decreasing the miR-373-3p expression that resulted in the activation of the TGFβR2/p-Smad3 signals. The in vivo mouse model using orthotopically xenografted CWR22Rv1 cell line transfected with luciferase-reporter confirmed in vitro cell line studies showing TR4 increased PCa metastasis via decreasing the miR-373-3p expression. Together, these data suggest that TR4 may increase PCa metastasis via a newly identified signal and targeting these TR4/miR-473-3p/TGFβR2/p-Smad3 signals using TR4 antagonist or TR4-siRNA or miR-373-3p may allow us to develop a new potential therapeutic approach to better suppress PCa metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yin Sun
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kun Fan
- Department of Urology, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dong-Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gonghui Li
- Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is vital to the development and function of the prostate and is a key pathway in prostate cancer. AR is differentially expressed in the stroma and epithelium, with both paracrine and autocrine control throughout the prostate. Stromal-epithelial interactions within the prostate are commonly dependent on AR signaling and expression. Alterations in these pathways can promote tumorigenesis. AR is also expressed in normal and malignant mammary tissues. Emerging data indicate a role for AR in certain subtypes of breast cancer that has the potential to be exploited therapeutically. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of these interactions in normal development and tumorigenesis, with a focus on the prostate and breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cera M Nieto
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leah C Rider
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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16
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Murashima A, Kishigami S, Thomson A, Yamada G. Androgens and mammalian male reproductive tract development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:163-70. [PMID: 24875095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the main functions of androgen is in the sexually dimorphic development of the male reproductive tissues. During embryogenesis, androgen determines the morphogenesis of male specific organs, such as the epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate and penis. Despite the critical function of androgens in masculinization, the downstream molecular mechanisms of androgen signaling are poorly understood. Tissue recombination experiments and tissue specific androgen receptor (AR) knockout mouse studies have revealed epithelial or mesenchymal specific androgen-AR signaling functions. These findings also indicate that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are a key feature of AR specific activity, and paracrine growth factor action may mediate some of the effects of androgens. This review focuses on mouse models showing the interactions of androgen and growth factor pathways that promote the sexual differentiation of reproductive organs. Recent studies investigating context dependent AR target genes are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Murashima
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Kinokawa 649-6493, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Axel Thomson
- Department of Urology, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Av, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Wakayama, Japan.
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17
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Chang C, Lee SO, Wang RS, Yeh S, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) physiological roles in male and female reproductive systems: lessons learned from AR-knockout mice lacking AR in selective cells. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:21. [PMID: 23782840 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens/androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved primarily in the development of male-specific phenotypes during embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, sexual behavior, and fertility during adult life. However, this signaling has also been shown to play an important role in development of female reproductive organs and their functions, such as ovarian folliculogenesis, embryonic implantation, and uterine and breast development. The establishment of the testicular feminization (Tfm) mouse model exploiting the X-linked Tfm mutation in mice has been a good in vivo tool for studying the human complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, but this mouse may not be the perfect in vivo model. Mouse models with various cell-specific AR knockout (ARKO) might allow us to study AR roles in individual types of cells in these male and female reproductive systems, although discrepancies are found in results between labs, probably due to using various Cre mice and/or knocking out AR in different AR domains. Nevertheless, no doubt exists that the continuous development of these ARKO mouse models and careful studies will provide information useful for understanding AR roles in reproductive systems of humans and may help us to develop more effective and more specific therapeutic approaches for reproductive system-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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18
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McNamara KM, Handelsman DJ, Simanainen U. The mouse as a model to investigate sex steroid metabolism in the normal and pathological prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 131:107-21. [PMID: 22146616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of sex steroids within the prostate is an important factor affecting its growth and pathology. Mouse models with genetic gain- and especially loss-of-function have characterised different steroid metabolic pathways and their contribution to prostate pathology. With reference to the human prostate, this review aims to summarize the steroidogenic pathways in the mouse prostate as the basis for using the mouse as a model for intraprostatic steroid signalling. In this review we summarize the current information for three main components of the steroid signalling pathway in the mouse prostate: circulating steroids, steroid receptors and steroidogenic enzymes with regard to signalling via androgen, estrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoid pathways. This review reveals many opportunities for characterisation steroid metabolism in various mouse models. The knowledge of steroid metabolism within prostate tissue and in a lobe (rodent)/region (human) specific manner, will give valuable information for future, novel hypotheses of intraprostatic control of steroid actions. This review summarizes knowledge of steroid metabolism in the mouse prostate and its relevance to the human.
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19
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Lee SO, Ma Z, Yeh CR, Luo J, Lin TH, Lai KP, Yamashita S, Liang L, Tian J, Li L, Jiang Q, Huang CK, Niu Y, Yeh S, Chang C. New therapy targeting differential androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer stem/progenitor vs. non-stem/progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2012; 5:14-26. [PMID: 22831834 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjs042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to systematically suppress/reduce androgens binding to the androgen receptor (AR) has been the standard therapy for prostate cancer (PCa); yet, most of ADT eventually fails leading to the recurrence of castration resistant PCa. Here, we found that the PCa patients who received ADT had increased PCa stem/progenitor cell population. The addition of the anti-androgen, Casodex, or AR-siRNA in various PCa cells led to increased stem/progenitor cells, whereas, in contrast, the addition of functional AR led to decreased stem/progenitor cell population but increased non-stem/progenitor cell population, suggesting that AR functions differentially in PCa stem/progenitor vs. non-stem/progenitor cells. Therefore, the current ADT might result in an undesired expansion of PCa stem/progenitor cell population, which explains why this therapy fails. Using various human PCa cell lines and three different mouse models, we concluded that targeting PCa non-stem/progenitor cells with AR degradation enhancer ASC-J9 and targeting PCa stem/progenitor cells with 5-azathioprine and γ-tocotrienol resulted in a significant suppression of the tumors at the castration resistant stage. This suggests that a combinational therapy that simultaneously targets both stem/progenitor and non-stem/progenitor cells will lead to better therapeutic efficacy and may become a new therapy to battle the PCa before and after castration resistant stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ok Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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