1
|
Aderinto N, Abdulbasit MO, Olatunji D, Edun M. Unveiling the potential of galectin-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer: a review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5557-5567. [PMID: 37915694 PMCID: PMC10617888 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of pancreatic cancer is crucial for improving patient outcomes, and identifying reliable biomarkers is a critical research area in this field. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a promising candidate for utilisation as a diagnostic biomarker in early-stage pancreatic cancer. This review aims to explore the potential of Gal-3 in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and its implications for precision medicine. Rigorous validation studies are essential to establish the clinical utility of Gal-3, including large-scale investigations to assess its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Combining Gal-3 with existing biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques may enhance the accuracy of early detection. Moreover, Gal-3 holds promise for risk stratification, enabling the identification of high-risk individuals who could benefit from intensified surveillance and early interventions. However, challenges in standardised testing protocols, establishing reference ranges, assay reliability, workflow integration, cost-effectiveness, and healthcare provider education must be addressed for successful implementation. Despite these challenges, Gal-3 presents significant implications for precision medicine in pancreatic cancer management. By unravelling its potential and overcoming the hurdles, Gal-3 could revolutionise early detection, risk stratification, and personalised approaches in pancreatic cancer care. Collaborative efforts and continued research will be crucial in harnessing the full potential of Gal-3 as a diagnostic biomarker for early-stage pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology. Ogbomoso, Oyo-State
| | - Muili O. Abdulbasit
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology. Ogbomoso, Oyo-State
| | - Deji Olatunji
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Mariam Edun
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dimitrijevic Stojanovic M, Stojanovic B, Radosavljevic I, Kovacevic V, Jovanovic I, Stojanovic BS, Prodanovic N, Stankovic V, Jocic M, Jovanovic M. Galectin-3's Complex Interactions in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: From Cellular Signaling to Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1500. [PMID: 37892182 PMCID: PMC10605315 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays a multifaceted role in the development, progression, and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This review offers a comprehensive examination of its expression in PDAC, its interaction with various immune cells, signaling pathways, effects on apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. Additionally, the prognostic significance of serum levels of Gal-3 is discussed, providing insights into its potential utilization as a biomarker. Critical analysis is also extended to the inhibitors of Gal-3 and their potential therapeutic applications in PDAC, offering new avenues for targeted treatments. The intricate nature of Gal-3's role in PDAC reveals a complex landscape that demands a nuanced understanding for potential therapeutic interventions and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Dimitrijevic Stojanovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.); (I.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivan Radosavljevic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.); (I.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Vojin Kovacevic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.); (I.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Bojana S. Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nikola Prodanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (B.S.); (I.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Vesna Stankovic
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.D.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Miodrag Jocic
- Institute for Transfusiology and Haemobiology, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marina Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonnermann D, Oberg HH, Lettau M, Peipp M, Bauerschlag D, Sebens S, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Galectin-3 Released by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Suppresses γδ T Cell Proliferation but Not Their Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1328. [PMID: 32695112 PMCID: PMC7338555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with a dense desmoplastic stroma. The expression of β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-3 is regarded as an intrinsic tumor escape mechanism for inhibition of tumor-infiltrating T cell function. In this study, we demonstrated that galectin-3 is expressed by PDAC and by γδ or αβ T cells but is only released in small amounts by either cell population. Interestingly, large amounts of galectin-3 were released during the co-culture of allogeneic in vitro expanded or allogeneic or autologous resting T cells with PDAC cells. By focusing on the co-culture of tumor cells and γδ T cells, we observed that knockdown of galectin-3 in tumor cells identified these cells as the source of secreted galectin-3. Galectin-3 released by tumor cells or addition of physiological concentrations of recombinant galectin-3 did neither further inhibit the impaired γδ T cell cytotoxicity against PDAC cells nor did it induce cell death of in vitro expanded γδ T cells. Initial proliferation of resting peripheral blood and tumor-infiltrating Vδ2-expressing γδ T cells was impaired by galectin-3 in a cell-cell-contact dependent manner. The interaction of galectin-3 with α3β1 integrin expressed by Vδ2 γδ T cells was involved in the inhibition of γδ T cell proliferation. The addition of bispecific antibodies targeting γδ T cells to PDAC cells enhanced their cytotoxic activity independent of the galectin-3 release. These results are of high relevance in the context of an in vivo application of bispecific antibodies which can enhance cytotoxic activity of γδ T cells against tumor cells but probably not their proliferation when galectin-3 is present. In contrast, adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded γδ T cells together with bispecific antibodies will enhance γδ T cell cytotoxicity and overcomes the immunosuppressive function of galectin-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gonnermann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Oberg
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauerschlag
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UKSH, Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) and Christian-Albrechts University (CAU) of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elevated Soluble Galectin-3 as a Marker of Chemotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Prospective Study. Int J Breast Cancer 2020; 2020:4824813. [PMID: 32231800 PMCID: PMC7097759 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4824813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a glycan-binding lectin with a debated role in cancer progression due to its various functions and patterns of expression. The current study investigates the relationship between breast cancer prognosis and secreted Gal-3. Methods Breast cancer patients with first time cancer diagnosis and no prior treatment (n = 88) were placed in either adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting based on their treatment modality. Stromal and plasma Gal-3 levels were measured in each patient at the time of diagnosis and then throughout treatment using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ELISA, respectively. Healthy women (>18 years of age, n = 63) were used to establish baseline levels of plasma Gal-3. Patients were followed for 84 months for disease-free survival analysis. Results Enhanced levels of plasma (adjuvant) and stromal (neoadjuvant) Gal-3 were found to be markers of chemotherapy efficacy. The patients with chemotherapy-induced increase in extracellular Gal-3 had longer disease-free interval and significantly lower rate of recurrence during 84-month follow-up compared to patients with unchanged or decreased secretion. Conclusion The findings support the use of plasma Gal-3 as a marker for chemotherapy efficacy when no residual tumor is visible through imaging. Furthermore, stromal levels in any remaining tumors postchemotherapy can also be used to predict long-term prognosis in patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Kaistha BP, Krattenmacher A, Fredebohm J, Schmidt H, Behrens D, Widder M, Hackert T, Strobel O, Hoheisel JD, Gress TM, Buchholz M. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP5 promotes pancreatic cancer via modulating cell cycle regulators. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66215-66225. [PMID: 29029505 PMCID: PMC5630405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid tumors. With an overall five-year survival rate remaining below 6%, there is an explicit need to search for new molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. We undertook a barcode labelled short-hairpin (shRNA) library screen in pancreatic cancer cells in order to identify novel genes promoting cancer survival and progression. Among the candidate genes identified in this screen was the deubiquitinase USP5, which subsequent gene expression analyses demonstrated to be significantly upregulated in primary human pancreatic cancer tissues. Using different knockdown approaches, we show that expression of USP5 is essential for the proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells, tested under different 2D and 3D cell culture conditions as well as in in vivo experiments. These growth inhibition effects upon knockdown of USP5 are mediated primarily by the attenuation of G1/S phase transition in the cells, which is accompanied by accumulation of DNA damage, upregulation of p27, and increased apoptosis rates. Since USP5 is overexpressed in cancer tissues, it can thus potentially serve as a new target for therapeutic interventions, especially given the fact that deubiquitinases are currently emerging as new class of attractive drug targets in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh P Kaistha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Krattenmacher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Fredebohm
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Diana Behrens
- Experimantal Pharmacology and Oncology (EPO Berlin-Buch), Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Widder
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (IBA-Heiligenstadt), Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Malte Buchholz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gabius HJ, Manning JC, Kopitz J, André S, Kaltner H. Sweet complementarity: the functional pairing of glycans with lectins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1989-2016. [PMID: 26956894 PMCID: PMC11108359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates establish the third alphabet of life. As part of cellular glycoconjugates, the glycans generate a multitude of signals in a minimum of space. The presence of distinct glycotopes and the glycome diversity are mapped by sugar receptors (antibodies and lectins). Endogenous (tissue) lectins can read the sugar-encoded information and translate it into functional aspects of cell sociology. Illustrated by instructive examples, each glycan has its own ligand properties. Lectins with different folds can converge to target the same epitope, while intrafamily diversification enables functional cooperation and antagonism. The emerging evidence for the concept of a network calls for a detailed fingerprinting. Due to the high degree of plasticity and dynamics of the display of genes for lectins the validity of extrapolations between different organisms of the phylogenetic tree yet is inevitably limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-J Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - J C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - H Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhattacharyya S, Feferman L, Tobacman JK. Arylsulfatase B regulates versican expression by galectin-3 and AP-1 mediated transcriptional effects. Oncogene 2014; 33:5467-76. [PMID: 24240681 PMCID: PMC4024465 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase; ARSB) removes 4-sulfate groups from chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and dermatan sulfate and is required for their degradation. In human prostate stromal and epithelial cells, when ARSB was silenced, C4S, versican and versican promoter activity increased, and the galectin-3 that co-immunoprecipitated with C4S declined. Galectin-3 silencing inhibited the ARSB-silencing-induced increases in versican and versican promoter due to effects on the AP-1-binding site in the versican promoter. These findings demonstrate for the first time the transcriptional mechanism whereby ARSB can regulate expression of an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with C4S attachments. In addition, following ARSB silencing, C4S that co-immunoprecipitated with versican increased, whereas co-immunoprecipitated EGFR declined, total EGFR increased and exogenous EGF-induced cell proliferation increased, suggesting profound effects of ARSB on vital cell processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Leonid Feferman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Joanne K. Tobacman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Key role of dual specificity kinase TTK in proliferation and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1780-7. [PMID: 25137017 PMCID: PMC4453723 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most aggressive human malignancies with an overall 5-year survival rate of <5%. Despite significant advances in treatment of the disease during the past decade, the median survival rate (∼6 months) has hardly improved, warranting the need to identify novel targets for therapeutic approaches. METHODS Quantitative real time PCR, western blot analyses and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays were used to analyse the expression of TTK gene in primary PDAC tissues and cell lines. To inhibit TTK kinase expression in a variety of pancreatic cancer cell lines, RNA interference was used. Functional roles of this kinase in the context of PDAC were studied using cell proliferation, viability and anchorage-independent growth assays. Western blotting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses and fluorescence microscopy were used to gain mechanistic insight into the functional effects. CONCLUSIONS We show that the dual specificity kinase TTK (also known as Mps1), is strongly overexpressed in human PDAC. Functionally, cell proliferation was significantly attenuated following TTK knockdown, whereas apoptosis and necrosis rates were significantly increased. In addition, anchorage-independent growth, a hallmark of malignant transformation and metastatic potential, was strongly impaired in the absence of TTK gene function. Interestingly, immortalised normal pancreatic hTERT-HPNE cells were not affected by loss of TTK function. Mechanistically, these effects in cancer cells were associated with increased formation of micronuclei, suggesting that loss of TTK function in pancreatic cancer cells results in chromosomal instability and mitotic catastrophe. Taken together, our data show that TTK function is critical for growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, thus establishing this kinase as an interesting new target for novel therapeutic approaches in combating this malignancy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Galectin-3 in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:185-91. [PMID: 24530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in normal and pathologic tissues. Accumulated evidences indicate that Gal-3 is closely involved in tumor cell transformation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, the associations of the expression and localization of Gal-3 as well as its potential action mechanism in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers were summarized and concluded. Gal-3 is gaining its attraction as a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of certain tumors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Song S, Ji B, Ramachandran V, Wang H, Hafley M, Logsdon C, Bresalier RS. Overexpressed galectin-3 in pancreatic cancer induces cell proliferation and invasion by binding Ras and activating Ras signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42699. [PMID: 22900040 PMCID: PMC3416861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is a lethal disease with a five-year survival of 3–5%. Mutations in K-Ras are found in nearly all cases, but K-Ras mutations alone are not sufficient for the development of PDAC. Additional factors contribute to activation of Ras signaling and lead to tumor formation. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding protein, is highly expressed in PDAC. We therefore investigated the functional role of Gal-3 in pancreatic cancer progression and its relationship to Ras signaling. Expression of Gal-3 was determined by immunohistochemistry, Q-PCR and immunoblot. Functional studies were performed using pancreatic cell lines genetically engineered to express high or low levels of Gal-3. Ras activity was examined by Raf pull-down assays. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were used to assess protein-protein interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that Gal-3 was highly up-regulated in human tumors and in a mutant K-Ras mouse model of PDAC. Down-regulation of Gal-3 by lentivirus shRNA decreased PDAC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and reduced tumor volume and size in an orthotopic mouse model. Gal-3 bound Ras and maintained Ras activity; down-regulation of Gal-3 decreased Ras activity as well as Ras down-stream signaling including phosphorylation of ERK and AKT and Ral A activity. Transfection of Gal-3 cDNA into PDAC cells with low-level Gal-3 augmented Ras activity and its down-stream signaling. These results suggest that Gal-3 contributes to pancreatic cancer progression, in part, by binding Ras and activating Ras signaling. Gal-3 may therefore be a potential novel target for this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kelber JA, Reno T, Kaushal S, Metildi C, Wright T, Stoletov K, Weems JM, Park FD, Mose E, Wang Y, Hoffman RM, Lowy AM, Bouvet M, Klemke RL. KRas induces a Src/PEAK1/ErbB2 kinase amplification loop that drives metastatic growth and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2554-64. [PMID: 22589274 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early biomarkers and effective therapeutic strategies are desperately needed to treat pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has a dismal 5-year patient survival rate. Here, we report that the novel tyrosine kinase PEAK1 is upregulated in human malignancies, including human PDACs and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Oncogenic KRas induced a PEAK1-dependent kinase amplification loop between Src, PEAK1, and ErbB2 to drive PDAC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Surprisingly, blockade of ErbB2 expression increased Src-dependent PEAK1 expression, PEAK1-dependent Src activation, and tumor growth in vivo, suggesting a mechanism for the observed resistance of patients with PDACs to therapeutic intervention. Importantly, PEAK1 inactivation sensitized PDAC cells to trastuzumab and gemcitabine therapy. Our findings, therefore, suggest that PEAK1 is a novel biomarker, critical signaling hub, and new therapeutic target in PDACs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kelber
- Department of Pathology, Division of Surgical Oncology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Z, Zhang Q, Peng H, Zhang WZ. Animal lectins: potential antitumor therapeutic targets in apoptosis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:629-37. [PMID: 22826026 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lectins, a group of carbohydrate-binding proteins ubiquitously distributed into plants and animals, are well-known to have astonishing numerous links to human cancers. In this review, we present a brief outline of the representative animal lectins such as galectins, C-type lectins, and annexins by targeting programmed cell death (or apoptosis) pathways, and also summarize these representative lectins as possible anti-cancer drug targets. Taken together, these inspiring findings would provide a comprehensive perspective for further elucidating the multifaceted roles of animal lectins in apoptosis pathways of cancer, which, in turn, may ultimately help us to exploit lectins for their therapeutic purposes in future drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yamaguchi K, Shiozaki K, Moriya S, Koseki K, Wada T, Tateno H, Sato I, Asano M, Iwakura Y, Miyagi T. Reduced susceptibility to colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice lacking plasma membrane-associated sialidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41132. [PMID: 22815940 PMCID: PMC3398939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are acidic monosaccharides that bind to the sugar chains of glycoconjugates and change their conformation, intermolecular interactions, and/or half-life. Thus, sialidases are believed to modulate the function of sialoglycoconjugates by desialylation. We previously reported that the membrane-associated mammalian sialidase NEU3, which preferentially acts on gangliosides, is involved in cell differentiation, motility, and tumorigenesis. The NEU3 gene expression is aberrantly elevated in several human cancers, including colon, renal, prostate, and ovarian cancers. The small interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of NEU3 in cancer cell lines, but not in normal cell-derived primary cultures, downregulates EGFR signaling and induces apoptosis. Here, to investigate the physiological role of NEU3 in tumorigenesis, we established Neu3-deficient mice and then subjected them to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, using a sporadic and a colitis-associated colon cancer models. The Neu3-deficient mice showed no conspicuous accumulation of gangliosides in the brain or colon mucosa, or overt abnormalities in their growth, development, behavior, or fertility. In dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis, there were no differences in the incidence or growth of tumors between the Neu3-deficient and wild-type mice. On the other hand, the Neu3-deficient mice were less susceptible than wild-type mice to the colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. These results suggest that NEU3 plays an important role in inflammation-dependent tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|