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Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Advances in Therapies to Treat Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6653. [PMID: 37892791 PMCID: PMC10607511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12206653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that results in brain damage in newborns due to insufficient blood and oxygen supply during or after birth. HIE is a major cause of neurological disability and mortality in newborns, with over one million neonatal deaths occurring annually worldwide. The severity of brain injury and the outcome of HIE depend on several factors, including the cause of oxygen deprivation, brain maturity, regional blood flow, and maternal health conditions. HIE is classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories based on the extent of brain damage and resulting neurological issues. The pathophysiology of HIE involves different phases, including the primary phase, latent phase, secondary phase, and tertiary phase. The primary and secondary phases are characterized by episodes of energy and cell metabolism failures, increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and activated microglia and inflammation in the brain. A tertiary phase occurs if the brain injury persists, characterized by reduced neural plasticity and neuronal loss. Understanding the cellular and molecular aspects of the different phases of HIE is crucial for developing new interventions and therapeutics. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiology of HIE, therapeutic hypothermia (TH), the only approved therapy for HIE, ongoing developments of adjuvants for TH, and potential future drugs for HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaresh K Ranjan
- Research and Development, Pharmazz Inc., Willowbrook, IL 60527, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- Research and Development, Pharmazz Inc., Willowbrook, IL 60527, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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2
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Bou-Fakhredin R, Rivella S, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Thalassemia I: Ineffective Erythropoiesis and Hypercoagulability. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:341-351. [PMID: 36907607 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is the physiological process that results in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). In conditions of pathologically altered erythropoiesis or ineffective erythropoiesis, as in the case of β-thalassemia, the reduced ability of erythrocytes to differentiate, survive and deliver oxygen stimulates a state of stress that leads to the ineffective production of RBCs. We herein describe the main features of erythropoiesis and its regulation in addition to the mechanisms behind ineffective erythropoiesis development in β-thalassemia. Finally, we review the pathophysiology of hypercoagulability and vascular disease development in β-thalassemia and the currently available prevention and treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali T Taher
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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3
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Toboz P, Amiri M, Tabatabaei N, Dufour CR, Kim SH, Fillebeen C, Ayemoba CE, Khoutorsky A, Nairz M, Shao L, Pajcini KV, Kim KW, Giguère V, Oliveira RL, Constante M, Santos MM, Morales CR, Pantopoulos K, Sonenberg N, Pinho S, Tahmasebi S. The amino acid sensor GCN2 controls red blood cell clearance and iron metabolism through regulation of liver macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121251119. [PMID: 35994670 PMCID: PMC9436309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121251119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that controls messenger RNA translation in response to amino acid availability and ribosome stalling. Here, we show that GCN2 controls erythrocyte clearance and iron recycling during stress. Our data highlight the importance of liver macrophages as the primary cell type mediating these effects. During different stress conditions, such as hemolysis, amino acid deficiency or hypoxia, GCN2 knockout (GCN2-/-) mice displayed resistance to anemia compared with wild-type (GCN2+/+) mice. GCN2-/- liver macrophages exhibited defective erythrophagocytosis and lysosome maturation. Molecular analysis of GCN2-/- cells demonstrated that the ATF4-NRF2 pathway is a critical downstream mediator of GCN2 in regulating red blood cell clearance and iron recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix Toboz
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Negar Tabatabaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Catherine R. Dufour
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Carine Fillebeen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Charles E. Ayemoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Kostandin V. Pajcini
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Regiana L. Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marco Constante
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de recherche du CHUM and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manuela M. Santos
- Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, Centre de recherche du CHUM and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3X 0A9, Canada
| | - Carlos R. Morales
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Sandra Pinho
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
| | - Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612
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4
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Ineffective Erythropoiesis in β-Thalassaemia: Key Steps and Therapeutic Options by Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137229. [PMID: 34281283 PMCID: PMC8268821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
β-thalassaemia is a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the β-globin gene that result in severe iron-loading anaemia, maintained by a detrimental state of ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). The role of multiple mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of the disease has been recently unravelled. The unbalanced production of α-globin is a major source of oxidative stress and membrane damage in red blood cells (RBC). In addition, IE is tightly linked to iron metabolism dysregulation, and the relevance of new players of this pathway, i.e., hepcidin, erythroferrone, matriptase-2, among others, has emerged. Advances have been made in understanding the balance between proliferation and maturation of erythroid precursors and the role of specific factors in this process, such as members of the TGF-β superfamily, and their downstream effectors, or the transcription factor GATA1. The increasing understanding of IE allowed for the development of a broad set of potential therapeutic options beyond the current standard of care. Many candidates of disease-modifying drugs are currently under clinical investigation, targeting the regulation of iron metabolism, the production of foetal haemoglobin, the maturation process, or the energetic balance and membrane stability of RBC. Overall, they provide tools and evidence for multiple and synergistic approaches that are effectively moving clinical research in β-thalassaemia from bench to bedside.
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Radujkovic A, Boch T, Nolte F, Nowak D, Kunz C, Gieffers A, Müller-Tidow C, Dreger P, Hofmann WK, Luft T. Clinical Response to the CD95-Ligand Inhibitor Asunercept Is Defined by a Pro-Inflammatory Serum Cytokine Profile. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123683. [PMID: 33302451 PMCID: PMC7764464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Asunercept showed promising clinical efficacy in anemic, transfusion-dependent patients with low and intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndrome. In this retrospective post hoc analysis, serum levels of biomarkers were measured in study patients focusing on cytokines associated with erythropoiesis, inflammation, apoptosis, bone marrow fibrosis, and inflammasome activity. Baseline serum biomarkers were correlated with treatment response in order to propose a hypothetical responder serum profile. Response to asunercept was associated with improved overall survival. Higher baseline values of interleukin-18 (IL-18), S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) and soluble p53 were predictive of non-response to asunercept. Non-responding patients showed a distinct, pro-inflammatory serum cytokine profile which was persistent throughout the first half of the treatment phase and appeared unaffected by asunercept. Our post hoc analysis suggests that serum cytokine profiling based on IL-18, S100A9 and soluble p53 may represent an approach to identify and select low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients most likely to benefit from asunercept treatment. Abstract Asunercept (APG101) is a well-tolerated CD95-ligand inhibitor that showed promising efficacy in a prospective, single-arm phase I study in anemic, transfusion-dependent patients with low and intermediate risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this retrospective post hoc analysis, serum levels of biomarkers were measured in study patients focusing on cytokines associated with erythropoiesis, inflammation, apoptosis, bone marrow fibrosis, and inflammasome activity. Baseline serum biomarkers were correlated with treatment response, in order to propose a hypothetical responder serum profile. After an updated median follow-up of 54 months (range 7–65), response to asunercept was associated with improved overall survival (at 3-years: 67% [95%CI 36–97] versus 13% [95%CI 0–36] in responders versus non-responders, respectively). Higher baseline values of interleukin-18 (IL-18), S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) and soluble p53 were predictive of non-response to asunercept (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.79–0.82). Furthermore, non-responding patients showed a distinct, pro-inflammatory serum cytokine profile which was persistent throughout the first half of the treatment phase and appeared unaffected by asunercept. Although prospective validation is required, our post hoc analysis suggests that serum cytokine profiling based on IL-18, S100A9 and soluble p53 may represent an approach to identify and select low-risk MDS patients most likely to benefit from asunercept treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Radujkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.-T.); (P.D.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tobias Boch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.B.); (F.N.); (D.N.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Florian Nolte
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.B.); (F.N.); (D.N.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Daniel Nowak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.B.); (F.N.); (D.N.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Claudia Kunz
- Apogenix AG, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.-T.); (P.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Peter Dreger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.-T.); (P.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Wolf-Karsten Hofmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (T.B.); (F.N.); (D.N.); (W.-K.H.)
| | - Thomas Luft
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.M.-T.); (P.D.); (T.L.)
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Fresh Pomegranate Juice Decreases Fasting Serum Erythropoietin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2019; 2019:1269341. [PMID: 31139640 PMCID: PMC6500625 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1269341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate juice (PJ) has been recognized to have various biological benefits in several pathological conditions. One such benefit is the augmentation of hemoglobin level and the number of erythrocytes in the human body. Here, we assessed the short-term effect of fresh PJ on the level of Erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to healthy individuals. Blood samples from 59 participants with T2D and 30 healthy individuals were collected after a 12-hour fast and 3 hours after administration of fresh PJ at 1.5 mL per kg body weight. Serum glucose was measured by standard method and commercially available chemiluminescent immunoassay kits were used to determine serum EPO concentration. Mean changes in serum EPO levels 3 hours after ingesting PJ and before the juice ingestion (EPO response to PJ) for both diabetic and healthy participants were -2.002 ± 0.541 vs. - 0.041 ± 0.214, respectively (P = 0.0087). This EPO response to PJ was found not to be correlated with age (P = 0.6622) and gender (P = 0.5354) for patients with T2D, while a negative correlation (P = 0.0183) between EPO response to PJ and fasting serum glucose concentrations was observed in these patients. In conclusion, fresh PJ reduced serum EPO level in patients with T2D, but not in healthy individuals, 3 hours after ingesting the juice. The EPO response to PJ was found to be negatively correlated with fasting serum glucose, but not with age and gender, of patients with T2D. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier. NCT03902288.
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7
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Rivella S. Iron metabolism under conditions of ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia. Blood 2019; 133:51-58. [PMID: 30401707 PMCID: PMC6318430 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-815928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Thalassemia (BT) is an inherited genetic disorder that is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), leading to anemia and abnormal iron metabolism. IE is an abnormal expansion of the number of erythroid progenitor cells with unproductive synthesis of enucleated erythrocytes, leading to anemia and hypoxia. Anemic patients affected by BT suffer from iron overload, even in the absence of chronic blood transfusion, suggesting the presence of ≥1 erythroid factor with the ability to modulate iron metabolism and dietary iron absorption. Recent studies suggest that decreased erythroid cell differentiation and survival also contribute to IE, aggravating the anemia in BT. Furthermore, hypoxia can also affect and increase iron absorption. Understanding the relationship between iron metabolism and IE could provide important insights into the BT condition and help to develop novel treatments. In fact, genetic or pharmacological manipulations of iron metabolism or erythroid cell differentiation and survival have been shown to improve IE, iron overload, and anemia in animal models of BT. Based on those findings, new therapeutic approaches and drugs have been proposed; clinical trials are underway that have the potential to improve erythrocyte production, as well as to reduce the iron overload and organ toxicity in BT and in other disorders characterized by IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rivella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; and Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Increased Ripk1-mediated bone marrow necroptosis leads to myelodysplasia and bone marrow failure in mice. Blood 2018; 133:107-120. [PMID: 30413413 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-05-847335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a dynamic system that requires balanced cell division, differentiation, and death. The 2 major modes of programmed cell death, apoptosis and necroptosis, share molecular machinery but diverge in outcome with important implications for the microenvironment; apoptotic cells are removed in an immune silent process, whereas necroptotic cells leak cellular contents that incite inflammation. Given the importance of cytokine-directed cues for hematopoietic cell survival and differentiation, the impact on hematopoietic homeostasis of biasing cell death fate to necroptosis is substantial and poorly understood. Here, we present a mouse model with increased bone marrow necroptosis. Deletion of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak inhibits bone marrow apoptosis. Further deletion of the BH3-only member Bid (to generate Vav CreBaxBakBid triple-knockout [TKO] mice) leads to unrestrained bone marrow necroptosis driven by increased Rip1 kinase (Ripk1). TKO mice display loss of progenitor cells, leading to increased cytokine production and increased stem cell proliferation and exhaustion and culminating in bone marrow failure. Genetically restoring Ripk1 to wild-type levels restores peripheral red cell counts as well as normal cytokine production. TKO bone marrow is hypercellular with abnormal differentiation, resembling the human disorder myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and we demonstrate increased necroptosis in MDS bone marrow. Finally, we show that Bid impacts necroptotic signaling through modulation of caspase-8-mediated Ripk1 degradation. Thus, we demonstrate that dysregulated necroptosis in hematopoiesis promotes bone marrow progenitor cell death that incites inflammation, impairs hematopoietic stem cells, and recapitulates the salient features of the bone marrow failure disorder MDS.
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Mairbäurl H. Neocytolysis: How to Get Rid of the Extra Erythrocytes Formed by Stress Erythropoiesis Upon Descent From High Altitude. Front Physiol 2018; 9:345. [PMID: 29674976 PMCID: PMC5896414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocytolysis is the selective destruction of those erythrocytes that had been formed during stress-erythropoiesis in hypoxia in order to increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood. Neocytolysis likely aims at decreasing this excess amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Hb) when it is not required anymore and to decrease blood viscosity. Neocytolysis seems to occur upon descent from high altitude. Similar processes seem to occur in microgravity, and are also discussed to mediate the replacement of erythrocytes containing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) with those having adult hemoglobin (HbA) after birth. This review will focus on hypoxia at high altitude. Hemoglobin concentration and total hemoglobin in blood increase by 20-50% depending on the altitude (i.e., the degree of hypoxia) and the duration of the sojourn. Upon return to normoxia hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and reticulocyte counts decrease faster than expected from inhibition of stress-erythropoiesis and normal erythrocyte destruction rates. In parallel, an increase in haptoglobin, bilirubin, and ferritin is observed, which serve as indirect markers of hemolysis and hemoglobin-breakdown. At the same time markers of progressing erythrocyte senescence appear even on reticulocytes. Unexpectedly, reticulocytes from hypoxic mice show decreased levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α and decreased activity of the BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), which results in elevated mitochondrial activity in these cells. Furthermore, hypoxia increases the expression of miR-21, which inhibits the expression of catalase and thus decreases one of the most important mechanisms protecting against oxygen free radicals in erythrocytes. This unleashes a series of events which likely explain neocytolysis, because upon re-oxygenation systemic and mitochondrial oxygen radical formation increases and causes the selective destruction of those erythrocytes having impaired anti-oxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, Translational Lung Research Center, German Center for Lung Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Oikonomidou PR, Rivella S. What can we learn from ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia? Blood Rev 2018; 32:130-143. [PMID: 29054350 PMCID: PMC5882559 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a dynamic process regulated at multiple levels to balance proliferation, differentiation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Ineffective erythropoiesis is a key feature of various diseases, including β-thalassemia. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to ineffective erythropoiesis are complex and still not fully understood. Altered survival and decreased differentiation of erythroid progenitors are both critical processes contributing to reduced production of mature red blood cells. Recent studies have identified novel important players and provided major advances in the development of targeted therapeutic approaches. In this review, β-thalassemia is used as a paradigmatic example to describe our current knowledge on the mechanisms leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and novel treatments that may have the potential to improve the clinical phenotype of associated diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Rea Oikonomidou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group (CAMB), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Yeo JH, Cosgriff MP, Fraser ST. Analyzing the Formation, Morphology, and Integrity of Erythroblastic Islands. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1698:133-152. [PMID: 29076088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7428-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow is the primary site of erythropoiesis in healthy adult mammals. In the bone marrow, erythroid cells mature within specialized microenvironments termed erythroblastic islands (EBIs). EBIs are multi-cellular clusters comprised of a central macrophage surrounded by red blood cell (erythroid) progenitors. It has been proposed that the central macrophage functions as a "nurse-cell" providing iron, cytokines, and growth factors for the developing erythroid cells. The central macrophage also engulfs and destroys extruded erythroid nuclei. EBIs have recently been shown to play clinically important roles during human hematological disease. The molecular mechanisms regulating this hematopoietic niche are largely unknown. In this chapter, we detail protocols to study isolated EBIs using multiple microscopy platforms. Adhesion molecules regulate cell-cell interactions within the EBI and maintain the integrity of the niche. To improve our understanding of the molecular regulation of erythroid cells in EBIs, we have developed protocols for immuno-gold labeling of erythroid surface antigens to combine with scanning electron microscopy. These protocols have allowed imaging of EBIs at the nanometer scale, offering novel insights into the processes regulating red blood cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hao Yeo
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Matthew P Cosgriff
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Stuart T Fraser
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Room 233, Medical Foundation Building K25, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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APG101 efficiently rescues erythropoiesis in lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes with severe impairment of hematopoiesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14898-911. [PMID: 26910909 PMCID: PMC4924760 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD95, a member of the death receptor family initiates a caspase-dependent apoptosis, when activated by its ligand CD95L, thought to negatively regulate erythrocyte production in the bone marrow. We have previously shown that CD95 is overexpressed in two thirds of patients with a lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and that resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) is linked to poor residual erythropoiesis. In the present study, we show that CD95 overexpression and previous transfusion are independent predictive factors of ESA resistance. To investigate an alternative therapeutic strategy of anemia in ESA-resistant patients, we have conducted a preclinical study of the effects of APG101, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human CD95 and the Fc region of human IgG1 on MDS erythropoiesis in vitro. APG101 increases the number of burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) progenitors derived from CD34+ progenitors in liquid culture and improves overall proliferation rate of erythroid precursors by inhibiting apoptosis. APG101 rescues BFU-E growth in MDS patients presenting with attrition of erythroid progenitors at baseline, independently of CD95 or CD95L expression level. Our data show that overexpression of CD95 at diagnosis is a hallmark of ESA resistance and that severe impairment of erythropoiesis is predictive of erythroid response to APG101 in vitro. These data provide a rationale for further clinical investigation of APG101 in an attempt to treat anemia in lower risk MDS patients.
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Zhao C, Li Z, Ji L, Ma J, Ge RL, Cui S. PI3K-Akt Signal Transduction Molecules Maybe Involved in Downregulation of Erythroblasts Apoptosis and Perifosine Increased Its Apoptosis in Chronic Mountain Sickness. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:5637-5649. [PMID: 29176544 PMCID: PMC5713146 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) has a higher incidence in the plateau region. The one of its principal characters is excessive erythrocytosis. The PI3K-Akt pathway plays an important role in the process of erythropoiesis, and could downregulate apoptosis by regulating apoptosis-related molecules. In this paper, we explored the change in apoptosis of erythroblasts and the effect of the PI3K-Akt signal pathway on erythroblasts apoptosis in CMS. Material/Methods A total of 22 CMS and 20 non-CMS participants were involved in this study. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured and treated with celecoxib and perifosine in vitro for 72 hours. The apoptotic rate, the mRNA expressions of Akt, Bcl-xl, and caspase-9, and the protein expressions of Akt, p-Akt, Bcl-xl, and caspase-9 were determined by flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR, and western-blot technique. Results The apoptotic rate of cultured erythroblasts was lower in the CMS group than in the non-CMS group. It was increased after perifosine intervention. The mRNA and protein expressions of Akt and Bcl-xl were higher and caspase-9 was lower in the CMS group than the non-CMS group. Perifosine induced decreased Bcl-xl mRNA and proteins and p-Akt proteins, and increased caspase-9 mRNA and proteins in vitro. In the CMS group, the hemoglobin concentration was correlated with apoptotic rate negatively and with Bcl-xl mRNA positively in erythroblasts; the erythroblasts apoptotic rate was negatively associated with the Akt mRNA and Bcl-xl mRNA. Conclusion The erythroblasts apoptosis was downregulated and the PI3K-Akt signal pathway appeared to be involved in the mechanism of decreased erythroblasts apoptosis in CMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland).,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhanquan Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland).,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Linhua Ji
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland).,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland).,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland).,Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
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14
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Yamanegi K, Yamada N, Nakasho K, Nishiura H. Erythroblast differentiation at spleen in Q137E mutant ribosomal protein S19 gene knock-in C57BL/6J mice. Immunobiology 2017; 223:118-124. [PMID: 29017823 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that erythroblast-like cells derived from human leukaemia K562 cells express C5a receptor (C5aR) and produce its antagonistic and agonistic ligand ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) polymer, which is cross-linked between K122 and Q137 by tissue transglutaminases. RP S19 polymer binds to the reciprocal C5aRs on erythroblast-like cells and macrophage-like cells derived from human monocytic THP-1 cells and promotes differentiation into reticulocyte-like cells through enucleation in vitro. To examine the roles of RP S19 polymer in mouse erythropoiesis, we prepared Q137E mutant RP S19 gene knock-in C57BL/6J mice. In contrast to wild-type mice, erythroblast numbers at the preliminary stage (CD71high/TER119low) in spleen based on transferrin receptor (CD71) and glycophorin A (TER119) values and erythrocyte numbers in orbital artery bloods were not largely changed in knock-in mice. Conversely, erythroblast numbers at the early stage (CD71high/TER119high) were significantly decreased in spleen by knock-in mice. The reduction of early erythroblast numbers in spleen was enhanced by the phenylhydrazine-induced pernicious anemia model knock-in mice and was rescued by a functional analogue of RP S19 dimer S-tagged C5a/RP S19. These data indicated that RP S19 polymer plays the roles in the early erythroblast differentiation of C57BL/6J mouse spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamanegi
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoko Yamada
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Keiji Nakasho
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Division of Functional Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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15
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Solier S, Fontenay M, Vainchenker W, Droin N, Solary E. Non-apoptotic functions of caspases in myeloid cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1337-1347. [PMID: 28211870 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtle caspase activation is associated with the differentiation of several myeloid lineages. A tightly orchestrated dance between caspase-3 activation and the chaperone HSP70 that migrates to the nucleus to protect the master regulator GATA-1 from cleavage transiently occurs in basophilic erythroblasts and may prepare nucleus and organelle expel that occurs at the terminal phase of erythroid differentiation. A spatially restricted activation of caspase-3 occurs in maturing megakaryocytes to promote proplatelet maturation and platelet shedding in the bloodstream. In a situation of acute platelet need, caspase-3 could be activated in response to IL-1α and promote megakaryocyte rupture. In peripheral blood monocytes, colony-stimulating factor-1 provokes the formation of a molecular platform in which caspase-8 is activated, which downregulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity and activates downstream caspases whose target fragments such as those generated by nucleophosmin (NPM1) cleavage contribute to the generation of resting macrophages. Human monocytes secrete mature IL-1β in response to lipopolysaccharide through an alternative inflammasome activation that involves caspase-8, a pathway that does not lead to cell death. Finally, active caspase-3 is part of the proteases contained in secretory granules of mast cells. Many questions remain on how these proteases are activated in myeloid cell lineages, which target proteins are cleaved, whereas other are protected from proteolysis, the precise role of cleaved proteins in cell differentiation and functions, and the link between these non-apoptotic functions of caspases and the death of these diverse cell types. Better understanding of these functions may generate therapeutic strategies to control cytopenias or modulate myeloid cell functions in various pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Solier
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Michaela Fontenay
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Droin
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Solary
- Inserm U1170, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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16
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17
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Koury MJ. Tracking erythroid progenitor cells in times of need and times of plenty. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:653-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Zhang Y, D'Argenio DZ. Feedback control indirect response models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2016; 43:343-58. [PMID: 27394724 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-016-9479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general framework is introduced for modeling pharmacodynamic processes that are subject to autoregulation, which combines the indirect response (IDR) model approach with methods from classical feedback control of engineered systems. The canonical IDR models are modified to incorporate linear combinations of feedback control terms related to the time course of the difference (the error signal) between the pharmacodynamic response and its basal value. Following the well-established approach of traditional engineering control theory, the proposed feedback control indirect response models incorporate terms proportional to the error signal itself, the integral of the error signal, the derivative of the error signal or combinations thereof. Simulations are presented to illustrate the types of responses produced by the proposed feedback control indirect response model framework, and to illustrate comparisons with other PK/PD modeling approaches incorporating feedback. In addition, four examples from literature are used to illustrate the implementation and applicability of the proposed feedback control framework. The examples reflect each of the four mechanisms of drug action as modeled by each of the four canonical IDR models and include: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and extracellular serotonin; histamine H2-receptor antagonists and gastric acid; growth hormone secretagogues and circulating growth hormone; β2-selective adrenergic agonists and potassium. The proposed feedback control indirect response approach may serve as an exploratory modeling tool and may provide a bridge for development of more mechanistic systems pharmacology models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - David Z D'Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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19
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Barminko J, Reinholt B, Baron MH. Development and differentiation of the erythroid lineage in mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:18-29. [PMID: 26709231 PMCID: PMC4775370 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The red blood cell (RBC) is responsible for performing the highly specialized function of oxygen transport, making it essential for survival during gestation and postnatal life. Establishment of sufficient RBC numbers, therefore, has evolved to be a major priority of the postimplantation embryo. The "primitive" erythroid lineage is the first to be specified in the developing embryo proper. Significant resources are dedicated to producing RBCs throughout gestation. Two transient and morphologically distinct waves of hematopoietic progenitor-derived erythropoiesis are observed in development before hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) take over to produce "definitive" RBCs in the fetal liver. Toward the end of gestation, HSCs migrate to the bone marrow, which becomes the primary site of RBC production in the adult. Erythropoiesis is regulated at various stages of erythroid cell maturation to ensure sufficient production of RBCs in response to physiological demands. Here, we highlight key aspects of mammalian erythroid development and maturation as well as differences among the primitive and definitive erythroid cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Barminko
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brad Reinholt
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margaret H Baron
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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20
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Rivella S. β-thalassemias: paradigmatic diseases for scientific discoveries and development of innovative therapies. Haematologica 2015; 100:418-30. [PMID: 25828088 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are monogenic disorders characterized by defective synthesis of the β-globin chain, one of the major components of adult hemoglobin. A large number of mutations in the β-globin gene or its regulatory elements have been associated with β-thalassemias. Due to the complexity of the regulation of the β-globin gene and the role of red cells in many physiological processes, patients can manifest a large spectrum of phenotypes, and clinical requirements vary from patient to patient. It is important to consider the major differences in the light of potential novel therapeutics. This review summarizes the main discoveries and mechanisms associated with the synthesis of β-globin and abnormal erythropoiesis, as well as current and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics Hematology-Oncology Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY, USA
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21
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Abstract
Improved understanding of the oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of anaemia associated with renal failure and has led to the development of novel therapeutic agents for its treatment. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 is a key regulator of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. HIF-2 is activated by hypoxic conditions and controls the production of erythropoietin by renal peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells and hepatocytes. In anaemia associated with renal disease, erythropoiesis is suppressed due to inadequate erythropoietin production in the kidney, inflammation and iron deficiency; however, pharmacologic agents that activate the HIF axis could provide a physiologic approach to the treatment of renal anaemia by mimicking hypoxia responses that coordinate erythropoiesis with iron metabolism. This Review discusses the functional inter-relationships between erythropoietin, iron and inflammatory mediators under physiologic conditions and in relation to the pathogenesis of renal anaemia, as well as recent insights into the molecular and cellular basis of erythropoietin production in the kidney. It furthermore provides a detailed overview of current clinical experience with pharmacologic activators of HIF signalling as a novel comprehensive and physiologic approach to the treatment of anaemia.
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22
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Emerging EPO and EPO receptor regulators and signal transducers. Blood 2015; 125:3536-41. [PMID: 25887776 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-575357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As essential mediators of red cell production, erythropoietin (EPO) and its cell surface receptor (EPO receptor [EPOR]) have been intensely studied. Early investigations defined basic mechanisms for hypoxia-inducible factor induction of EPO expression, and within erythroid progenitors EPOR engagement of canonical Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (JAK2/STAT5), rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (RAS/MEK/ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Contemporary genetic, bioinformatic, and proteomic approaches continue to uncover new clinically relevant modulators of EPO and EPOR expression, and EPO's biological effects. This Spotlight review highlights such factors and their emerging roles during erythropoiesis and anemia.
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23
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IFN-γ causes aplastic anemia by altering hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell composition and disrupting lineage differentiation. Blood 2014; 124:3699-708. [PMID: 25342713 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-549527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by hypocellular marrow and peripheral pancytopenia. Because interferon gamma (IFN-γ) can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AA patients, it has been hypothesized that autoreactive T lymphocytes may be involved in destroying the hematopoietic stem cells. We have observed AA-like symptoms in our IFN-γ adenylate-uridylate-rich element (ARE)-deleted (del) mice, which constitutively express a low level of IFN-γ under normal physiologic conditions. Because no T-cell autoimmunity was observed, we hypothesized that IFN-γ may be directly involved in the pathophysiology of AA. In these mice, we did not detect infiltration of T cells in bone marrow (BM), and the existing T cells seemed to be hyporesponsive. We observed inhibition in myeloid progenitor differentiation despite an increase in serum levels of cytokines involved in hematopoietic differentiation and maturation. Furthermore, there was a disruption in erythropoiesis and B-cell differentiation. The same phenomena were also observed in wild-type recipients of IFN-γ ARE-del BM. The data suggest that AA occurs when IFN-γ inhibits the generation of myeloid progenitors and prevents lineage differentiation, as opposed to infiltration of activated T cells. These results may be useful in improving treatment as well as maintaining a disease-free status.
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24
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Miyazaki Y, Taguchi K, Sou K, Watanabe H, Ishima Y, Miyakawa T, Mitsuya H, Fukagawa M, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Therapeutic Impact of Erythropoietin-Encapsulated Liposomes Targeted to Bone Marrow on Renal Anemia. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4238-48. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Miyazaki
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sou
- Center
for Advanced Biomedical Sciences/TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center
for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Miyakawa
- Department
of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department
of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukagawa
- Division
of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259−1193, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
- DDS
Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center
for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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25
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Isgrò A, Sodani P, Marziali M, Gaziev J, Fraboni D, Paciaroni K, Gallucci C, De Angelis G, Alfieri C, Ribersani M, Armiento D, Roveda A, Andreani M, Testi M, Lucarelli G. Reduction of intramedullary apoptosis after stem cell transplantation in black african variant of pediatric sickle cell anemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2014; 6:e2014054. [PMID: 25045462 PMCID: PMC4103501 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2014.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for sickle cell anemia (SCA). We report our experience with transplantation in children with the Black African variant of SCA and the effects of transplant on erythroid compartment in bone marrow (BM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-seven consecutive patients who underwent BM transplantation from HLA-identical donors following a myeloablative conditioning regimen were included. Using both CD71 and FSC parameters, we obtained three erythroid populations: EryA-C. Ery A (CD71(high) FSC(high)) are basophilic; Ery B (CD71(high) FSC(low)) are late basophilic and polychromatic; and Ery C (CD71(low) FSC(low)) are orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes. To analyze the effect of transplantation on intramedullary apoptosis, we studied Fas (CD95+) and caspase-3 expression in erythroblast subpopulations. RESULTS All patients experienced sustained engraftment, and all surviving patients remained free of SCA-related events after transplantation. The erythroid population showed expansion in the BM at baseline. After transplant, levels decreased, especially of Ery C, in parallel to reduced Fas expression and an initial caspase 3 increase in erythroid population, similar to reported later steps of "normal" erythroid maturation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a good chance of cure for children with SCA, with an excellent survival rate. We also observed "normalization" of erythroid populations in parallel with a decreased intramedullary apoptosis rate, suggesting normal erythroid maturation in ex-SCA patients after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Isgrò
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Sodani
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marziali
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Javid Gaziev
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Fraboni
- Laboratory of Oncohematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Paciaroni
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Gallucci
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia De Angelis
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Alfieri
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Ribersani
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Armiento
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Roveda
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Andreani
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Testi
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Lucarelli
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, Mediterranean Institute of Hematology, Policlinic of the University of Roma Tor Vergata., Rome, Italy
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26
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Harada T, Tsuboi I, Hirabayashi Y, Kosaku K, Naito M, Hara H, Inoue T, Aizawa S. Decreased "ineffective erythropoiesis" preserves polycythemia in mice under long-term hypoxia. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:179-88. [PMID: 24925633 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia induces innumerable changes in humans and other animals, including an increase in peripheral red blood cells (polycythemia) caused by the activation of erythropoiesis mediated by increased erythropoietin (EPO) production. However, the elevation of EPO is limited and levels return to normal ranges under normoxia within 5-7 days of exposure to hypoxia, whereas polycythemia continues for as long as hypoxia persists. We investigated erythropoiesis in bone marrow and spleens from mouse models of long-term normobaric hypoxia (10 % O2) to clarify the mechanism of prolonged polycythemia in chronic hypoxia. The numbers of erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) in the spleen remarkably increased along with elevated serum EPO levels indicating the activation of erythropoiesis during the first 7 days of hypoxia. After 14 days of hypoxia, the numbers of CFU-E returned to normoxic levels, whereas polycythemia persisted for >140 days. Flow cytometry revealed a prolonged increase in the numbers of TER119-positive cells (erythroid cells derived from pro-erythroblasts through mature erythrocyte stages), especially the TER119 (high) CD71 (high) population, in bone marrow. The numbers of annexin-V-positive cells among the TER119-positive cells particularly declined under chronic hypoxia, suggesting that the numbers of apoptotic cells decrease during erythroid cell maturation. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis showed that the RNA expression of BMP-4 and stem cell factor that reduces apoptotic changes during erythroid cell proliferation and maturation was increased in bone marrow under hypoxia. These findings indicated that decreased apoptosis of erythroid cells during erythropoiesis contributes to polycythemia in mice during chronic exposure to long-term hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Harada
- Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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27
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Wensveen FM, Geest CR, Libregts SFWM, Derks IAM, Ekert PG, Labi V, Villunger A, Nolte MA, Eldering E. BH3-only protein Noxa contributes to apoptotic control of stress-erythropoiesis. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1306-1318. [PMID: 23975731 PMCID: PMC3825139 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an essential role in the control of erythropoiesis under normal and pathological conditions. However, the contribution of individual proteins within cell death signalling pathways remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated the role of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Noxa in the regulation of erythropoiesis. We found that expression of Noxa is induced during erythroid differentiation of human and murine precursor cells. Using in vitro model systems for erythroid progenitors, we observed rapid induction of Noxa upon cytokine deprivation. Knockdown or deletion of Noxa conferred significant protection against apoptosis upon cytokine withdrawal. In vivo, Noxa deficiency did not affect hematological blood parameters or erythroid progenitor composition of bone marrow and spleen under steady-state conditions. In contrast, in a model of acute haemolytic anemia, Noxa-deficiency enhanced hematocrit recovery. Moreover, in a model of chronic inflammation-induced anemia, Noxa-ablation resulted in a dramatic increase of erythroblast expansion. Our data indicate that induction of Noxa in erythroid progenitors sets a survival threshold that limits expansion beyond the number of cells that can be sustained by the available cytokines, which becomes apparent under conditions of induced anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M. Wensveen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian R. Geest
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sten F. W. M. Libregts
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. M. Derks
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul G. Ekert
- Division of Cell Signaling and Cell Death, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Verena Labi
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martijn A. Nolte
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 8, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koulnis M, Porpiglia E, Hidalgo D, Socolovsky M. Erythropoiesis: from molecular pathways to system properties. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 844:37-58. [PMID: 25480636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2095-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is regulated through a long-range negative feedback loop, whereby tissue hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin (Epo) secretion, which promotes an increase in erythropoietic rate. However, this long-range feedback loop, by itself, cannot account for the observed system properties of erythropoiesis, namely, a wide dynamic range, stability in the face of random perturbations, and a rapid stress response. Here, we show that three Epo-regulated erythroblast survival pathways each give rise to distinct system properties. The induction of Bcl-xL by signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) is responsive to the rate of change in Epo levels, rather than to its absolute level, and is therefore maximally but transiently activated in acute stress. By contrast, Epo-mediated suppression of the pro-survival Fas and Bim pathways is proportional to the levels of stress/Epo and persists throughout chronic stress. Together, these elements operate in a manner reminiscent of a "proportional-integral-derivative (PID)" feedback controller frequently found in engineering applications. A short-range negative autoregulatory loop within the early erythroblast compartment, operated by Fas/FasL, filters out random noise and controls a reserve pool of early erythroblasts that is poised to accelerate the response to acute stress. Both these properties have previously been identified as inherent to negative regulatory motifs. Finally, we show that signal transduction by Stat5 combines binary and graded modalities, thereby increasing signaling fidelity over the wide dynamic range of Epo found in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Koulnis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Lazare Research Building (LRB) Room 440A, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA,
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29
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Kurbatova P, Eymard N, Volpert V. Hybrid model of erythropoiesis. Acta Biotheor 2013; 61:305-15. [PMID: 23904072 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-013-9188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid model of cell dynamics is presented. It is illustrated by model examples and applied to study erythropoiesis (red blood cell production). In this approach, cells are considered as discrete objects while intra-cellular proteins and extra-cellular biochemical substances are described with continuous models. Spatial organization of erythropoiesis occurring in specific structures of the bone marrow, called erythroblastic island, is investigated.
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30
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31
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Andrews DA, Boren BM, Turk JR, Boyce RW, He YD, Hamadeh HK, Mytych DT, Barger TE, Salimi-Moosavi H, Sloey B, Elliott S, McElroy P, Sinclair AM, Shimamoto G, Pyrah ITG, Lightfoot-Dunn RM. Dose-related Differences in the Pharmacodynamic and Toxicologic Response to a Novel Hyperglycosylated Analog of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Similarly High Hematocrit. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:524-39. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313486319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported results that erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)–related thrombotic toxicities in preclinical species were not solely dependent on a high hematocrit (HCT) but also associated with increased ESA dose level, dose frequency, and dosing duration. In this article, we conclude that sequelae of an increased magnitude of ESA-stimulated erythropoiesis potentially contributed to thrombosis in the highest ESA dose groups. The results were obtained from two investigative studies we conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats administered a low (no thrombotic toxicities) or high (with thrombotic toxicities) dose level of a hyperglycosylated analog of recombinant human erythropoietin (AMG 114), 3 times weekly for up to 9 days or for 1 month. Despite similarly increased HCT at both dose levels, animals in the high-dose group had an increased magnitude of erythropoiesis measured by spleen weights, splenic erythropoiesis, and circulating reticulocytes. Resulting prothrombotic risk factors identified predominantly or uniquely in the high-dose group were higher numbers of immature reticulocytes and nucleated red blood cells in circulation, severe functional iron deficiency, and increased intravascular destruction of iron-deficient reticulocyte/red blood cells. No thrombotic events were detected in rats dosed up to 9 days suggesting a sustained high HCT is a requisite cofactor for development of ESA-related thrombotic toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Andrews
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Babette M. Boren
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Toxicology Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - James R. Turk
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Rogely W. Boyce
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Yudong D. He
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hisham K. Hamadeh
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Daniel T. Mytych
- Medical Sciences, Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Troy E. Barger
- Medical Sciences, Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | | | - Bethlyn Sloey
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Steve Elliott
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Patricia McElroy
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Angus M. Sinclair
- Discovery Research, Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Grant Shimamoto
- Therapeutic Discovery, Biologic Optimization, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ian T. G. Pyrah
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Executive and Operations, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ruth M. Lightfoot-Dunn
- Comparative Biology Safety Sciences, Executive and Operations, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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32
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Ineffective erythropoiesis in β -thalassemia. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:394295. [PMID: 23606813 PMCID: PMC3628659 DOI: 10.1155/2013/394295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, β-thalassemia dyserythropoiesis is characterized by expansion of early erythroid precursors and erythroid progenitors and then ineffective erythropoiesis. This ineffective erythropoiesis is defined as a suboptimal production of mature erythrocytes originating from a proliferating pool of immature erythroblasts. It is characterized by (1) accelerated erythroid differentiation, (2) maturation blockade at the polychromatophilic stage, and (3) death of erythroid precursors. Despite extensive knowledge of molecular defects causing β-thalassemia, less is known about the mechanisms responsible for ineffective erythropoiesis. In this paper, we will focus on the underlying mechanisms leading to premature death of thalassemic erythroid precursors in the bone marrow.
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Porpiglia E, Hidalgo D, Koulnis M, Tzafriri AR, Socolovsky M. Stat5 signaling specifies basal versus stress erythropoietic responses through distinct binary and graded dynamic modalities. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001383. [PMID: 22969412 PMCID: PMC3433736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat5 signaling in erythroblasts can assume either a binary, low-intensity form,
essential for basal erythropoiesis, or a graded, high-intensity response,
restricted to early erythroblasts and to erythropoietic stress. Erythropoietin (Epo)-induced Stat5 phosphorylation (p-Stat5) is essential for
both basal erythropoiesis and for its acceleration during hypoxic stress. A key
challenge lies in understanding how Stat5 signaling elicits distinct functions
during basal and stress erythropoiesis. Here we asked whether these distinct
functions might be specified by the dynamic behavior of the Stat5 signal. We
used flow cytometry to analyze Stat5 phosphorylation dynamics in primary
erythropoietic tissue in vivo and in vitro, identifying two signaling
modalities. In later (basophilic) erythroblasts, Epo stimulation triggers a low
intensity but decisive, binary (digital) p-Stat5 signal. In early erythroblasts
the binary signal is superseded by a high-intensity graded (analog) p-Stat5
response. We elucidated the biological functions of binary and graded Stat5
signaling using the EpoR-HM mice, which express a “knocked-in” EpoR
mutant lacking cytoplasmic phosphotyrosines. Strikingly, EpoR-HM mice are
restricted to the binary signaling mode, which rescues these mice from fatal
perinatal anemia by promoting binary survival decisions in erythroblasts.
However, the absence of the graded p-Stat5 response in the EpoR-HM mice prevents
them from accelerating red cell production in response to stress, including a
failure to upregulate the transferrin receptor, which we show is a novel stress
target. We found that Stat5 protein levels decline with erythroblast
differentiation, governing the transition from high-intensity graded signaling
in early erythroblasts to low-intensity binary signaling in later erythroblasts.
Thus, using exogenous Stat5, we converted later erythroblasts into
high-intensity graded signal transducers capable of eliciting a downstream
stress response. Unlike the Stat5 protein, EpoR expression in erythroblasts does
not limit the Stat5 signaling response, a non-Michaelian paradigm with
therapeutic implications in myeloproliferative disease. Our findings show how
the binary and graded modalities combine to generate high-fidelity Stat5
signaling over the entire basal and stress Epo range. They suggest that dynamic
behavior may encode information during STAT signal transduction. Hormone signaling through the erythropoietin (Epo) pathway is required both for
the continuous replacement of red blood cells (RBCs) that are lost through aging
(a process known as "basal erythropoiesis") and to boost tissue oxygen when
bleeding, in anemia or at high altitude ("stress erythropoiesis"). A key
challenge lies in understanding how extracellular Epo concentration is
translated into different intracellular signals that promote transcription of
proteins that are specific to basal versus stress erythropoiesis. Binding of Epo
to its receptor EpoR on the surface of an erythroblast (the precursors of RBCs)
triggers the addition of phosphates to a target protein Stat5; the
phosphorylated Stat5 becomes activated and induces transcription. We show that
the dynamic properties of the Stat5 activation signal convey additional
information that specifies either basal or stress responses. During basal
conditions, the Stat5 signal is low and binary in nature—an on/off
switch-like response. Stress, on the other hand, triggers a distinct Stat5
response consisting of a highintensity signal that increases in a graded fashion
with rising Epo concentration. We found that a mouse bearing a truncated EpoR is
restricted to the low-intensity binary Stat5 signal and correspondingly fails to
initiate stress erythropoiesis. Ultimately, it is the Stat5 protein level in
erythroblasts that determines their ability to generate the high-intensity
graded Stat5 signal in response to high Epo. These findings have therapeutic
potential: targeting Stat5's high-intensity graded signal may inhibit its
aberrant function in blood cell cancers without affecting its important binary
response in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Porpiglia
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of
Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester,
Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hidalgo
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of
Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester,
Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Miroslav Koulnis
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of
Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester,
Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abraham R. Tzafriri
- CBSET Inc., Department of Applied Sciences,
Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of
Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester,
Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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EPO-mediated expansion of late-stage erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow initiates recovery from sublethal radiation stress. Blood 2012; 120:2501-11. [PMID: 22889760 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-394304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a robust process of cellular expansion and maturation occurring in murine bone marrow and spleen. We previously determined that sublethal irradiation, unlike bleeding or hemolysis, depletes almost all marrow and splenic erythroblasts but leaves peripheral erythrocytes intact. To better understand the erythroid stress response, we analyzed progenitor, precursor, and peripheral blood compartments of mice post-4 Gy total body irradiation. Erythroid recovery initiates with rapid expansion of late-stage erythroid progenitors-day 3 burst-forming units and colony-forming units, associated with markedly increased plasma erythropoietin (EPO). Although initial expansion of late-stage erythroid progenitors is dependent on EPO, this cellular compartment becomes sharply down-regulated despite elevated EPO levels. Loss of EPO-responsive progenitors is associated temporally with a wave of maturing erythroid precursors in marrow and with emergence of circulating erythroid progenitors and subsequent reestablishment of splenic erythropoiesis. These circulating progenitors selectively engraft and mature in irradiated spleen after short-term transplantation, supporting the concept that bone marrow erythroid progenitors migrate to spleen. We conclude that sublethal radiation is a unique model of endogenous stress erythropoiesis, with specific injury to the extravascular erythron, expansion and maturation of EPO-responsive late-stage progenitors exclusively in marrow, and subsequent reseeding of extramedullary sites.
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ROCK1 functions as a critical regulator of stress erythropoiesis and survival by regulating p53. Blood 2012; 120:2868-78. [PMID: 22889758 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-384172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a dynamic, multistep process whereby hematopoietic stem cells differentiate toward a progressively committed erythroid lineage through intermediate progenitors. Although several downstream signaling molecules have been identified that regulate steady-state erythropoiesis, the major regulators under conditions of stress remain poorly defined. Rho kinases (ROCKs) belong to a family of serine/threonine kinases. Using gene-targeted ROCK1-deficient mice, we show that lack of ROCK1 in phenylhydrazine-induced oxidative stress model results in enhanced recovery from hemolytic anemia as well as enhanced splenic stress erythropoiesis compared with control mice. Deficiency of ROCK1 also results in enhanced survival, whereas wild-type mice die rapidly in response to stress. Enhanced survivability of ROCK1-deficient mice is associated with reduced level of reactive oxygen species. BM transplantation studies revealed that enhanced stress erythropoiesis in ROCK1-deficient mice is stem cell autonomous. We show that ROCK1 binds to p53 and regulates its stability and expression. In the absence of ROCK1, p53 phosphorylation and expression is significantly reduced. Our findings reveal that ROCK1 functions as a physiologic regulator of p53 under conditions of erythroid stress. These findings are expected to offer new perspectives on stress erythropoiesis and may provide a potential therapeutic target in human disease characterized by anemia.
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36
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Contrasting dynamic responses in vivo of the Bcl-xL and Bim erythropoietic survival pathways. Blood 2011; 119:1228-39. [PMID: 22086418 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-365346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival signaling by the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor (EpoR) is essential for erythropoiesis and for its acceleration in hypoxic stress. Several apparently redundant EpoR survival pathways were identified in vitro, raising the possibility of their functional specialization in vivo. Here we used mouse models of acute and chronic stress, including a hypoxic environment and β-thalassemia, to identify two markedly different response dynamics for two erythroblast survival pathways in vivo. Induction of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) is rapid but transient, while suppression of the proapoptotic protein Bim is slower but persistent. Similar to sensory adaptation, however, the Bcl-x(L) pathway "resets," allowing it to respond afresh to acute stress superimposed on a chronic stress stimulus. Using "knock-in" mouse models expressing mutant EpoRs, we found that adaptation in the Bcl-x(L) response occurs because of adaptation of its upstream regulator Stat5, both requiring the EpoR distal cytoplasmic domain. We conclude that survival pathways show previously unsuspected functional specialization for the acute and chronic phases of the stress response. Bcl-x(L) induction provides a "stop-gap" in acute stress, until slower but permanent pathways are activated. Furthermore, pathologic elevation of Bcl-x(L) may be the result of impaired adaptation, with implications for myeloproliferative disease mechanisms.
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