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Lähteenaro M, Benda D, Straka J, Nylander JAA, Bergsten J. Phylogenomic analysis of Stylops reveals the evolutionary history of a Holarctic Strepsiptera radiation parasitizing wild bees. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 195:108068. [PMID: 38554985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Holarctic Stylops is the largest genus of the enigmatic insect order Strepsiptera, twisted winged parasites. Members of Stylops are obligate endoparasites of Andrena mining bees and exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism typical of Strepsiptera. So far, molecular studies on Stylops have focused on questions on species delimitation. Here, we utilize the power of whole genome sequencing to infer the phylogeny of this morphologically challenging genus from thousands of loci. We use a species tree method, concatenated maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian analysis with a relaxed clock model to reconstruct the phylogeny of 46 Stylops species, estimate divergence times, evaluate topological consistency across methods and infer the root position. Furthermore, the biogeographical history and coevolutionary patterns with host species are assessed. All methods recovered a well resolved topology with close to all nodes maximally supported and only a handful of minor topological variations. Based on the result, we find that included species can be divided into 12 species groups, seven of them including only Palaearctic species, three Nearctic and two were geographically mixed. We find a strongly supported root position between a clade formed by the spreta, thwaitesi and gwynanae species groups and the remaining species and that the sister group of Stylops is Eurystylops or Eurystylops + Kinzelbachus. Our results indicate that Stylops originated in the Western Palaearctic or Western Palaearctic and Nearctic in the early Neogene or late Paleogene, with four independent dispersal events to the Nearctic. Cophylogenetic analyses indicate that the diversification of Stylops has been shaped by both significant coevolution with the mining bee hosts and host-shifting. The well resolved and strongly supported phylogeny will provide a valuable phylogenetic basis for further studies into the fascinating world of Strepsipterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Lähteenaro
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Benda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Entomology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Cirkusová 1740, CZ-19300 Prague 9, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Johan A A Nylander
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Quintos-Andrade G, Valenzuela-Gonzlez JE, Palmeros-Snchez B, Torres-Moreno R. A new species of Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) from Mexico. Zootaxa 2023; 5343:386-394. [PMID: 38221368 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5343.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The first record of the genus Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira is presented for Mexico with the description of B. mesoamericanus, a species found in localities from central Veracruz state. The males of this species are characterized by the mouthparts shape, wing venation, and genitalia. The females are identified by their reduced size and the mandible morphology. Polybia plebeja is identified as the host of this species. The biology and distribution of Brasixenos, and challenges in the study of this genus in the Neotropical region are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Quintos-Andrade
- Red de Ecologa Funcional; Instituto de Ecologa AC; Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351; El Haya; 91073 Xalapa; Veracruz; Mexico.
| | | | - Beatriz Palmeros-Snchez
- Laboratorio de Toxicologa; Facultad de Biologa-Xalapa; Universidad Veracruzana; Zona Universitaria; Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrn; s/n; 91000 Xalapa; Veracruz; Mexico.
| | - Raymundo Torres-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Toxicologa; Facultad de Biologa-Xalapa; Universidad Veracruzana; Zona Universitaria; Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrn; s/n; 91000 Xalapa; Veracruz; Mexico.
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3
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Benda D, Pohl H, Nakase Y, Beutel R, Straka J. A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species. Zookeys 2022; 1093:1-134. [PMID: 35586542 PMCID: PMC9010403 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generic taxonomy and host specialization of Xenidae have been understood differently by previous authors. Although the recent generic classification has implied a specialization on the level of host families or subfamilies, the hypothesis that each xenid genus is specialized to a single host genus was also previously postulated. A critical evaluation of the classification of the genera of Xenidae is provided here based on morphology in accordance with results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies. External features of the female cephalothoraces and male cephalothecae were documented in detail with different techniques. Diagnoses and descriptions are presented for all 13 delimited genera. The earliest diverging genera are usually well characterized by unique features, whereas deeply nested genera are usually characterized by combinations of characters. Three new genera are described: Sphecixenosgen. nov., Tuberoxenosgen. nov., and Deltoxenosgen. nov. Five previously described genera are removed from synonymy: Tachytixenos Pierce, 1911, stat. res.; Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.; Leionotoxenos Pierce, 1909, stat. res.; Eupathocera Pierce, 1908, stat. res.; and Macroxenos Schultze, 1925, stat. res. One former subgenus is elevated to generic rank: Nipponoxenos Kifune & Maeta, 1975, stat. res.Monobiaphila Pierce, 1909, syn. nov. and Montezumiaphila Brèthes, 1923, syn. nov. are recognized as junior synonyms of Leionotoxenos Pierce, 1909, stat. res.Ophthalmochlus Pierce, 1908, syn. nov., Homilops Pierce, 1908, syn. nov., Sceliphronechthrus Pierce, 1909, syn. nov., and Ophthalmochlus (Isodontiphila) Pierce, 1919, syn. nov. are recognized as junior synonyms of Eupathocera Pierce, 1908, stat. res. A preliminary checklist of 119 described species of Xenidae with information on their hosts and distribution is provided. The following 14 species are recognized as valid and restituted from synonymy: Tachytixenos indicus Pierce, 1911, stat. res.; Brasixenos acinctus Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.; Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan, 1962), stat. res.; Brasixenos bahiensis Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.; Brasixenos brasiliensis Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.; Brasixenos fluminensis Kogan & Oliveria, 1966, stat. res.; Brasixenos myrapetrus Trois, 1988, stat. res.; Brasixenos zikani Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.; Leionotoxenos hookeri Pierce, 1909, stat. res.; Leionotoxenos jonesi Pierce, 1909, stat. res.; Leionotoxenos louisianae Pierce, 1909, stat. res.; Eupathocera luctuosae Pierce, 1911, stat. res.; Eupathocera lugubris Pierce, 1909, stat. res.; Macroxenos piercei Schultze, 1925, stat. res. New generic combinations are proposed for 51 species: Leionotoxenos arvensidis (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos bishoppi (Pierce, 1909), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos foraminati (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos fundati (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos huastecae (Székessy, 1965), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos itatiaiae (Trois, 1984), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos neomexicanus (Pierce, 1919), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos prolificum (Teson & Remes Lenicov, 1979), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos robertsoni (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos tigridis (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Leionotoxenos vigili (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera argentina (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera auripedis (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Eupathocera bucki (Trois, 1984), comb. nov.; Eupathocera duryi (Pierce, 1909), comb. nov.; Eupathocera erynnidis (Pierce, 1911), comb. nov.; Eupathocera fasciati (Pierce, 1909), comb. nov.; Eupathocera fuliginosi (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera inclusa (Oliveira & Kogan, 1963), comb. nov.; Eupathocera insularis (Kifune, 1983), comb. nov.; Eupathocera mendozae (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera piercei (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera striati (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera taschenbergi (Brèthes, 1923), comb. nov.; Eupathocera westwoodii (Templeton, 1841), comb. nov.; Macroxenos papuanus (Székessy, 1956), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos abbotti (Pierce, 1909), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos astrolabensis (Székessy, 1956), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos dorae (Luna de Carvalho, 1956), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos erimae (Székessy, 1956), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos esakii (Hirashima & Kifune, 1962), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos gigas (Pasteels, 1950), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos kurosawai (Kifune, 1984), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos laetum (Ogloblin, 1926), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos orientalis (Kifune, 1985), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos reticulatus (Luna de Carvalho, 1972), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos simplex (Székessy, 1956), comb. nov.; Sphecixenos vanderiisti (Pasteels, 1952), comb. nov.; Tuberoxenos altozambeziensis (Luna de Carvalho, 1959), comb. nov.; Tuberoxenos sinuatus (Pasteels, 1956), comb. nov.; Tuberoxenos sphecidarum (Siebold, 1839), comb. nov.; Tuberoxenos teres (Pasteels, 1950), comb. nov.; Tuberoxenos tibetanus (Yang, 1981), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos bequaerti (Luna de Carvalho, 1956), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos bidentatus (Pasteels, 1950), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos hirokoae (Kifune & Yamane, 1992), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos iwatai (Esaki, 1931), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos lusitanicus (Luna de Carvalho, 1960), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos minor (Kifune & Maeta, 1978), comb. nov.; Deltoxenos rueppelli (Kinzelbach, 1971a), comb. nov.; Xenos ropalidiae (Kinzelbach, 1975), comb. nov.Xenos minor Kinzelbach, 1971a, syn. nov. is recognized as a junior synonym of X. vesparum Rossi, 1793. Ophthalmochlus duryi Pierce, 1908, nomen nudum and Eupathocera lugubris Pierce, 1908, nomen nudum are recognized as nomina nuda and therefore unavailable in zoological nomenclature. The species diversity of Xenidae probably remains poorly known: the expected number of species is at least twice as high as the number presently described.
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Dong Z, Liu X, Mao C, He J, Li X. Xenos yangi sp. nov.: A new twisted-wing parasite species (Strepsiptera, Xenidae) from Gaoligong Mountains, Southwest China. Zookeys 2022; 1085:11-27. [PMID: 35210903 PMCID: PMC8828590 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1085.76484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a new twisted-wing parasite species of the family Xenidae based on both morphological and molecular evidence. By using nearly complete mitogenomes, we confirmed the twisted-wing parasites on two wasps (Vespavelutina and Vespabicolor) (China: Yunnan) as the same species, and associated its neotenic females and alate males. Combining the mitogenomic data (COI) and morphological traits, this species was identified to be a new species of the genus Xenos, namely Xenosyangi Dong, Liu & Li, sp. nov. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided for the new species.
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5
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Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Riegler M. Substantial rearrangements, single nucleotide frameshift deletion and low diversity in mitogenome of Wolbachia-infected strepsipteran endoparasitoid in comparison to its tephritid hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:477. [PMID: 35013476 PMCID: PMC8748643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect mitogenome organisation is highly conserved, yet, some insects, especially with parasitic life cycles, have rearranged mitogenomes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitochondrial diversity can be reduced by fitness-affecting bacterial endosymbionts like Wolbachia due to their maternal coinheritance with mitochondria. We have sequenced mitogenomes of the Wolbachia-infected endoparasitoid Dipterophagus daci (Strepsiptera: Halictophagidae) and four of its 22 known tephritid fruit fly host species using total genomic extracts of parasitised flies collected across > 700 km in Australia. This halictophagid mitogenome revealed extensive rearrangements relative to the four fly mitogenomes which exhibited the ancestral insect mitogenome pattern. Compared to the only four available other strepsipteran mitogenomes, the D. daci mitogenome had additional transpositions of one rRNA and two tRNA genes, and a single nucleotide frameshift deletion in nad5 requiring translational frameshifting or, alternatively, resulting in a large protein truncation. Dipterophagus daci displays an almost completely endoparasitic life cycle when compared to Strepsiptera that have maintained the ancestral state of free-living adults. Our results support the hypothesis that the transition to extreme endoparasitism evolved together with increased levels of mitogenome changes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitogenome diversity was substantially smaller in D. daci than the parasitised flies suggesting Wolbachia reduced mitochondrial diversity because of a role in D. daci fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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6
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Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Close S, Royer JE, Riegler M. Host-endoparasitoid-endosymbiont relationships: concealed Strepsiptera provide new twist to Wolbachia in Australian tephritid fruit flies. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5587-5604. [PMID: 34390609 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts that affect arthropod reproduction and fitness. Mostly maternally inherited, Wolbachia are occasionally transferred horizontally. Previously, two Wolbachia strains were reported at low prevalence and titres across seven Australian tephritid species, possibly indicative of frequent horizontal transfer. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of field-caught Wolbachia-positive flies. Unexpectedly, we found complete mitogenomes of an endoparasitic strepsipteran, Dipterophagus daci, suggesting that Wolbachia in the flies are linked to concealed parasitization. We performed the first genetic characterization of D. daci and detected D. daci in Wolbachia-positive flies not visibly parasitized, and most but not all Wolbachia-negative flies were D. daci-negative, presumably reflecting polymorphism for the Wolbachia infections in D. daci. We dissected D. daci from stylopized flies and confirmed that Wolbachia infects D. daci, but also found Wolbachia in stylopized fly tissues, likely somatic, horizontally transferred, non-heritable infections. Furthermore, no Wolbachia cif and wmk genes were detected and very low mitogenomic variation in D. daci across its distribution. Therefore, Wolbachia may influence host fitness without reproductive manipulation. Our study of 13 tephritid species highlights that concealed early stages of strepsipteran parasitization led to the previous incorrect assignment of Wolbachia co-infections to tephritid species, obscuring ecological studies of this common endosymbiont and its horizontal transmission by parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Shannon Close
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jane E Royer
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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7
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Kucuk RA. Gut Bacteria in the Holometabola: A Review of Obligate and Facultative Symbionts. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5893943. [PMID: 32809024 PMCID: PMC7433766 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The diversity and ecological variety of Holometabola foregrounds a wide array of dynamic symbiotic relationships with gut-dwelling bacteria. A review of the literature highlights that holometabolous insects rely on both obligate bacteria and facultative bacteria living in their guts to satisfy a number of physiological needs. The driving forces behind these differing relationships can be hypothesized through the scrutiny of bacterial associations with host gut morphology, and transmission of bacteria within a given host taxon. Our knowledge of the evolution of facultative or obligate symbiotic bacteria in holometabolan systems is further enhanced by an assessment of the various services the bacteria provide, including nutrition, immune system health, and development. The diversity of Holometabola can thus be examined through an assessment of known bacterial partnerships within the orders of Holometabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Kucuk
- Clemson University, Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC
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8
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Benda D, Nakase Y, Straka J. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 135:67-77. [PMID: 30849429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After the break-up of Gondwana dispersal of organisms between America, Australia and Africa became more complicated. One of the possible remaining paths led through Antarctica, that was not yet glaciated and it remained habitable for many organisms. This favourable climate made Antarctica an important migration corridor for organisms with good dispersal ability, such as Aculeata (Hymenoptera), till the Oligocene cooling. Here we tested how cooling of Antarctica impacted global dispersal of Aculeata parasites (Strepsiptera: Xenidae). Our data set comprising six nuclear genes from a broad sample of Xenidae. Bayesian dating was used to estimate divergence times in phylogenetic reconstruction. Biogeography was investigated using event-based analytical methods: likelihood-based dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis and Bayesian models. The Bayesian model was used for reconstruction of ancestral host groups. Biogeographical methods indicate that multiple lineages were exchanged between the New World and the Old World + Australia until the Antarctica became completely frozen over. During the late Paleogene and Neogene periods, several lineages spread from the Afrotropics to other Old World regions and Australia. The original hosts of Xenidae were most likely social wasps. Within one lineage of solitary wasp parasites, parallel switch to digger wasps (Sphecidae) occurred independently in the New World and Old World regions. The biogeography and macroevolutionary history of Xenidae can be explained by the combination of dispersal, lineage extinction and climatic changes during the Cenozoic era. A habitable Antarctica and the presence of now-submerged islands and plateaus that acted as a connection between the New World and Old World + Australia provided the possibility for biotic exchanges of parasites along with their hymenopteran hosts. Although Xenidae are generally host specialists, there were significant host switches to unrelated but ecologically similar hosts during their evolution. There is little or no evidence for cophylogeny between strepsipteran parasites and hymenopteran lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yuta Nakase
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Pohl H, Batelka J, Prokop J, Müller P, Yavorskaya MI, Beutel RG. A needle in a haystack: Mesozoic origin of parasitism in Strepsiptera revealed by first definite Cretaceous primary larva (Insecta). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5943. [PMID: 30498634 PMCID: PMC6252244 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted winged insects (Strepsiptera) are a highly specialized small order of parasitic insects. Whether parasitism developed at an early or late stage in the evolution of the group was unknown. Here we record and describe the first definite Mesozoic strepsipteran primary larva embedded in Burmese amber (∼99 million years ago). This extends the origin of parasitism back by at least ∼50 million years, and reveals that this specialized life style has evolved in the Mesozoic or even earlier in the group. The extremely small first instar displays all diagnostic characters of strepsipteran immatures of this stage and is nearly identical with those of Mengenillidae, one of the most "ancestral" extant strepsipteran taxa. This demonstrates a remarkable evolutionary stasis over 100 million years. The new finding strongly weakens the case of small larvae embedded in Cretaceous amber interpreted as strepsipteran immatures. They differ in many structural features from extant strepsipteran primary larvae and are very likely parasitic beetle larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Pohl
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Spezielle Zoologie und Entomologie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Batelka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | - Margarita I. Yavorskaya
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Spezielle Zoologie und Entomologie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf G. Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Spezielle Zoologie und Entomologie, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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10
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Mitterboeck TF, Liu S, Adamowicz SJ, Fu J, Zhang R, Song W, Meusemann K, Zhou X. Positive and relaxed selection associated with flight evolution and loss in insect transcriptomes. Gigascience 2018; 6:1-14. [PMID: 29020740 PMCID: PMC5632299 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of powered flight is a major innovation that has facilitated the success of insects. Previously, studies of birds, bats, and insects have detected molecular signatures of differing selection regimes in energy-related genes associated with flight evolution and/or loss. Here, using DNA sequences from more than 1000 nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding genes obtained from insect transcriptomes, we conduct a broader exploration of which gene categories display positive and relaxed selection at the origin of flight as well as with multiple independent losses of flight. We detected a number of categories of nuclear genes more often under positive selection in the lineage leading to the winged insects (Pterygota), related to catabolic processes such as proteases, as well as splicing-related genes. Flight loss was associated with relaxed selection signatures in splicing genes, mirroring the results for flight evolution. Similar to previous studies of flight loss in various animal taxa, we observed consistently higher nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitution ratios in mitochondrial genes of flightless lineages, indicative of relaxed selection in energy-related genes. While oxidative phosphorylation genes were not detected as being under selection with the origin of flight specifically, they were most often detected as being under positive selection in holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) insects as compared with other insect lineages. This study supports some convergence in gene-specific selection pressures associated with flight ability, and the exploratory analysis provided some new insights into gene categories potentially associated with the gain and loss of flight in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada.,Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Shanlin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083 China.,Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada.,Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083 China
| | - Wenhui Song
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083 China
| | - Karen Meusemann
- University of Freiburg, Department for Biology I (Zoology), Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Hauptstr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.,Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO, Natl Collections & Marine Infrastructure, Clunies Ross Street, ACTON, 2601 ACT, Canberra, Australia
| | - Xin Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Nel P, Bertrand S, Nel A. Diversification of insects since the Devonian: a new approach based on morphological disparity of mouthparts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3516. [PMID: 29476087 PMCID: PMC5824790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the analyses of the evolutionary history of the megadiverse class Insecta are based on the documented taxonomic palaeobiodiversity. A different approach, poorly investigated, is to focus on morphological disparity, linked to changes in the organisms' functioning. Here we establish a hierarchy of the great geological epochs based on a new method using Wagner parsimony and a 'presence/absence of a morphological type of mouthpart of Hexapoda' dataset. We showed the absence of major rupture in the evolution of the mouthparts, but six epochs during which numerous innovations and few extinctions happened, i.e., Late Carboniferous, Middle and Late Triassic, 'Callovian-Oxfordian', 'Early' Cretaceous, and 'Albian-Cenomanian'. The three crises Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Cenozoic had no strong, visible impact on mouthparts types. We particularly emphasize the origination of mouthparts linked to nectarivory during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. We also underline the origination of mouthparts linked to phytophagy during the Middle and the Late Triassic, correlated to the diversification of the gymnosperms, especially in relation to the complex 'flowers' producing nectar of the Bennettitales and Gnetales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France.
- AgroParisTech, 75005, Paris, France.
| | | | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, Entomologie, F-75005, Paris, France
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12
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Davis KE, De Grave S, Delmer C, Wills MA. Freshwater transitions and symbioses shaped the evolution and extant diversity of caridean shrimps. Commun Biol 2018; 1:16. [PMID: 30271903 PMCID: PMC6123698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the processes that shaped the strikingly irregular distribution of species richness across the Tree of Life is a major research agenda. Changes in ecology may go some way to explain the often strongly asymmetrical fates of sister clades, and we test this in the caridean shrimps. First appearing in the Lower Jurassic, there are now ~3500 species worldwide. Carideans experienced several independent transitions to freshwater from marine habitats, while many of the marine species have also evolved a symbiotic lifestyle. Here we use diversification rate analyses to test whether these ecological traits promote or inhibit diversity within a phylogenetic framework. We demonstrate that speciation rates are more than twice as high in freshwater clades, whilst symbiotic ecologies are associated with lower speciation rates. These lower rates amongst symbiotic species are of concern given that symbioses often occur in some of the most diverse, delicately balanced and threatened marine ecosystems. Katie Davis et al. test the hypothesis that ecological traits are linked to diversification in caridean shrimps. They find that transitions from marine to freshwater habitats contributed to higher diversification rates, whereas symbiosis is associated with a slight decrease in diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Davis
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Sammy De Grave
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, UK
| | - Cyrille Delmer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AX, UK
| | - Matthew A Wills
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AX, UK
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13
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Wang YH, Engel MS, Rafael JA, Wu HY, Rédei D, Xie Q, Wang G, Liu XG, Bu WJ. Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda). Sci Rep 2016; 6:38939. [PMID: 27958352 PMCID: PMC5154178 DOI: 10.1038/srep38939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecta s. str. (=Ectognatha), comprise the largest and most diversified group of living organisms, accounting for roughly half of the biodiversity on Earth. Understanding insect relationships and the specific time intervals for their episodes of radiation and extinction are critical to any comprehensive perspective on evolutionary events. Although some deeper nodes have been resolved congruently, the complete evolution of insects has remained obscure due to the lack of direct fossil evidence. Besides, various evolutionary phases of insects and the corresponding driving forces of diversification remain to be recognized. In this study, a comprehensive sample of all insect orders was used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate deep divergences. The phylogenetic relationships of insect orders were congruently recovered by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses. A complete timescale of divergences based on an uncorrelated log-normal relaxed clock model was established among all lineages of winged insects. The inferred timescale for various nodes are congruent with major historical events including the increase of atmospheric oxygen in the Late Silurian and earliest Devonian, the radiation of vascular plants in the Devonian, and with the available fossil record of the stem groups to various insect lineages in the Devonian and Carboniferous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hui Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - José A. Rafael
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Caixa Postal 478, 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hao-yang Wu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dávid Rédei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiao-guang Liu
- College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wen-jun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
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14
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Mitterboeck TF, Fu J, Adamowicz SJ. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution in freshwater versus terrestrial insects. Genome 2016; 59:968-980. [PMID: 27767335 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insect lineages have crossed between terrestrial and aquatic habitats many times, for both immature and adult life stages. We explore patterns in molecular evolutionary rates between 42 sister pairs of related terrestrial and freshwater insect clades using publicly available protein-coding DNA sequence data from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, and Neuroptera. We furthermore test for habitat-associated convergent molecular evolution in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in general and at a particular amino acid site previously reported to exhibit habitat-linked convergence within an aquatic beetle group. While ratios of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitutions across available loci were higher in terrestrial than freshwater-associated taxa in 26 of 42 lineage pairs, a stronger trend was observed (20 of 31, pbinomial = 0.15, pWilcoxon = 0.017) when examining only terrestrial-aquatic pairs including fully aquatic taxa. We did not observe any widespread changes at particular amino acid sites in COI associated with habitat shifts, although there may be general differences in selection regime linked to habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.,b Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.,b Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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15
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Antell GS, Kathirithamby J. The First Twisted-Wing Parasitoids (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Early Eocene Green River Formation of Colorado. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2016. [DOI: 10.3374/014.057.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Mitterboeck TF, Chen AY, Zaheer OA, Ma EYT, Adamowicz SJ. Do saline taxa evolve faster? Comparing relative rates of molecular evolution between freshwater and marine eukaryotes. Evolution 2016; 70:1960-78. [PMID: 27402284 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The major branches of life diversified in the marine realm, and numerous taxa have since transitioned between marine and freshwaters. Previous studies have demonstrated higher rates of molecular evolution in crustaceans inhabiting continental saline habitats as compared with freshwaters, but it is unclear whether this trend is pervasive or whether it applies to the marine environment. We employ the phylogenetic comparative method to investigate relative molecular evolutionary rates between 148 pairs of marine or continental saline versus freshwater lineages representing disparate eukaryote groups, including bony fish, elasmobranchs, cetaceans, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, algae, and other eukaryotes, using available protein-coding and noncoding genes. Overall, we observed no consistent pattern in nucleotide substitution rates linked to habitat across all genes and taxa. However, we observed some trends of higher evolutionary rates within protein-coding genes in freshwater taxa-the comparisons mainly involving bony fish-compared with their marine relatives. The results suggest no systematic differences in substitution rate between marine and freshwater organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Alexander Y Chen
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Omar A Zaheer
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eddie Y T Ma
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Kjer KM, Simon C, Yavorskaya M, Beutel RG. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160363. [PMID: 27558853 PMCID: PMC5014063 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of insects has been both extensively studied and vigorously debated for over a century. A relatively accurate deep phylogeny had been produced by 1904. It was not substantially improved in topology until recently when phylogenomics settled many long-standing controversies. Intervening advances came instead through methodological improvement. Early molecular phylogenetic studies (1985-2005), dominated by a few genes, provided datasets that were too small to resolve controversial phylogenetic problems. Adding to the lack of consensus, this period was characterized by a polarization of philosophies, with individuals belonging to either parsimony or maximum-likelihood camps; each largely ignoring the insights of the other. The result was an unfortunate detour in which the few perceived phylogenetic revolutions published by both sides of the philosophical divide were probably erroneous. The size of datasets has been growing exponentially since the mid-1980s accompanied by a wave of confidence that all relationships will soon be known. However, large datasets create new challenges, and a large number of genes does not guarantee reliable results. If history is a guide, then the quality of conclusions will be determined by an improved understanding of both molecular and morphological evolution, and not simply the number of genes analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Kjer
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, 1282 Academic Surge, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA
| | - Margarita Yavorskaya
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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18
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Straka J, Alqarni AS, Jůzová K, Hannan MA, Hinojosa-Díaz IA, Engel MS. Rediscovered parasitism of Andrena savignyi Spinola (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) by Stylops (Strepsiptera, Stylopidae) and revised taxonomic status of the parasite. Zookeys 2015; 519:117-39. [PMID: 26448709 PMCID: PMC4591606 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.519.6035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitism of Andrena (Suandrena) savignyi Spinola (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) by Stylops Kirby (Strepsiptera: Stylopidae) has been recorded only once, and from an individual collected in Egypt almost a century ago, with the parasite described as Stylops savignyi Hofeneder. The recent rediscovery of this Stylops from an individual of Andrena savignyi permits a reinterpretation of the species and its affinities among other Stylops. The bee was collected at flowers of Zilla spinosa (Turra) Prantl. (Brassicaceae) in Amariah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Based on DNA barcode sequences from material sampled across Africa, Asia, and Europe, it is apparent that Stylops savignyi is conspecific with Stylops nassonowi Pierce, and we accordingly synonymize this name (syn. n.), with the latter representing the senior and valid name for the species. A differential diagnosis is provided for Stylops nassonowi and the morphology of the female is described, as well as the first instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alqarni
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Katerina Jůzová
- Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed A. Hannan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Current address: 6-125 Cole Road, Guelph, Ontario N1G 4S8, Canada
| | - Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology (Entomology), American Museum of Natural History; Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1501 Crestline Drive – Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-4415, USA
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19
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Jůzová K, Nakase Y, Straka J. Host specialization and species diversity in the genusStylops(Strepsiptera: Stylopidae), revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Jůzová
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 128 44 Czech Republic
| | - Yuta Nakase
- National Museum of Nature and Science; 4-1-1, Amakubo Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7 Praha 2 128 44 Czech Republic
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20
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Nagler C, Haug JT. From Fossil Parasitoids to Vectors: Insects as Parasites and Hosts. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 90:137-200. [PMID: 26597067 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within Metazoa, it has been proposed that as many as two-thirds of all species are parasitic. This propensity towards parasitism is also reflected within insects, where several lineages independently evolved a parasitic lifestyle. Parasitic behaviour ranges from parasitic habits in the strict sense, but also includes parasitoid, phoretic or kleptoparasitic behaviour. Numerous insects are also the host for other parasitic insects or metazoans. Insects can also serve as vectors for numerous metazoan, protistan, bacterial and viral diseases. The fossil record can report this behaviour with direct (parasite associated with its host) or indirect evidence (insect with parasitic larva, isolated parasitic insect, pathological changes of host). The high abundance of parasitism in the fossil record of insects can reveal important aspects of parasitic lifestyles in various evolutionary lineages. For a comprehensive view on fossil parasitic insects, we discuss here different aspects, including phylogenetic systematics, functional morphology and a direct comparison of fossil and extant species.
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21
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Boussau B, Walton Z, Delgado JA, Collantes F, Beani L, Stewart IJ, Cameron SA, Whitfield JB, Johnston JS, Holland PW, Bachtrog D, Kathirithamby J, Huelsenbeck JP. Strepsiptera, phylogenomics and the long branch attraction problem. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107709. [PMID: 25272037 PMCID: PMC4182670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect phylogeny has recently been the focus of renewed interest as advances in sequencing techniques make it possible to rapidly generate large amounts of genomic or transcriptomic data for a species of interest. However, large numbers of markers are not sufficient to guarantee accurate phylogenetic reconstruction, and the choice of the model of sequence evolution as well as adequate taxonomic sampling are as important for phylogenomic studies as they are for single-gene phylogenies. Recently, the sequence of the genome of a strepsipteran has been published and used to place Strepsiptera as sister group to Coleoptera. However, this conclusion relied on a data set that did not include representatives of Neuropterida or of coleopteran lineages formerly proposed to be related to Strepsiptera. Furthermore, it did not use models that are robust against the long branch attraction artifact. Here we have sequenced the transcriptomes of seven key species to complete a data set comprising 36 species to study the higher level phylogeny of insects, with a particular focus on Neuropteroidea (Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Neuropterida), especially on coleopteran taxa considered as potential close relatives of Strepsiptera. Using models robust against the long branch attraction artifact we find a highly resolved phylogeny that confirms the position of Strepsiptera as a sister group to Coleoptera, rather than as an internal clade of Coleoptera, and sheds new light onto the phylogeny of Neuropteroidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Boussau
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Zaak Walton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Departamento de Zoologia y Antropologia Fisica, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Collantes
- Departamento de Zoologia y Antropologia Fisica, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Beani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italia
| | - Isaac J. Stewart
- Fisher High School, Fisher, IL, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Cameron
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - James B. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - J. Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Peter W.H. Holland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Bachtrog
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - John P. Huelsenbeck
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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22
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The spermatozoon of Mengenilla moldrzyki (Strepsiptera, Mengenillidae): Ultrastructure and phylogenetic considerations. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Nardi JB, Delgado JA, Collantes F, Miller LA, Bee CM, Kathirithamby J. Sperm Cells of a Primitive Strepsipteran. INSECTS 2013; 4:463-75. [PMID: 26462430 PMCID: PMC4553476 DOI: 10.3390/insects4030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The unusual life style of Strepsiptera has presented a long-standing puzzle in establishing its affinity to other insects. Although Strepsiptera share few structural similarities with other insect orders, all members of this order share a parasitic life style with members of two distinctive families in the Coleoptera-the order now considered the most closely related to Strepsiptera based on recent genomic evidence. Among the structural features of several strepsipteran families and other insect families that have been surveyed are the organization of testes and ultrastructure of sperm cells. For comparison with existing information on insect sperm structure, this manuscript presents a description of testes and sperm of a representative of the most primitive extant strepsipteran family Mengenillidae, Eoxenos laboulbenei. We compare sperm structure of E. laboulbenei from this family with that of the three other families of Strepsiptera in the other strepsipteran suborder Stylopidia that have been studied as well as with members of the beetle families Meloidae and Rhipiphoridae that share similar life histories with Strepsiptera. Meloids, Rhipiphorids and Strepsipterans all begin larval life as active and viviparous first instar larvae. This study examines global features of these insects' sperm cells along with specific ultrastructural features of their organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Nardi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Juan A Delgado
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Francisco Collantes
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Lou Ann Miller
- Biological Electron Microscopy, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Room 125, University of Illinois, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Charles M Bee
- Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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24
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Koeth M, Friedrich F, Pohl H, Beutel RG. The thoracic skeleto-muscular system of Mengenilla (Strepsiptera: Mengenillidae) and its phylogenetic implications. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:323-335. [PMID: 22583792 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The thorax of Mengenilla was examined using traditional morphological techniques and its features were documented in detail using scanning electron microscopy and computer-based 3D reconstructions. The results were compared to conditions found in other holometabolan insects. The implications for the systematic placement of Strepsiptera are discussed. The observations are interpreted in the light of the recently confirmed sistergroup relationship between Strepsiptera and Coleoptera (Coleopterida). The synapomorphies of the thorax of Strepsiptera and Coleoptera are partly related with posteromotorism (e.g., increased size of the metathorax), partly with a decreased intrathoracic flexibility (e.g., a fused pronotum and propleurum), and partly independent from these two character complexes (e.g., not connected profurca and propleuron). Strepsiptera are more derived than Coleoptera in some thoracic features (e.g., extremely enlarged metathorax) but have also preserved some plesiomorphic conditions (e.g., tegulae in both pterothoracic segments). All potential apomorphies of Mecopterida are missing in Strepsiptera. The last common ancestor of Coleopterida had already acquired posteromotorism but the wings were still largely unmodified. Several reductions in the mesothorax likely occurred independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Koeth
- Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, FSU Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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