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Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host–pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host–pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
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Alvarez AH. Revisiting tuberculosis screening: An insight to complementary diagnosis and prospective molecular approaches for the recognition of the dormant TB infection in human and cattle hosts. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126853. [PMID: 34536677 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is defined as a chronic infection in both human and cattle hosts and many subclinical cases remain undetected. After the pathogen is inhaled by a host, phagocyted bacilli can persist inside macrophages surviving intracellularly. Hosts develop granulomatous lesions in the lungs or lymph nodes, limiting infection. However, bacilli become persister cells. Immunological diagnosis of TB is performed basically by routine tuberculin skin test (TST), and in some cases, by ancillary interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The concept of human latent TB infection (LTBI) by M. tuberculosis is recognized in cohorts without symptoms by routine clinical diagnostic tests, and nowadays IGRA tests are used to confirm LTBI with either active or latent specific antigens of M. tuberculosis. On the other hand, dormant infection in cattle by M. bovis has not been described by TST or IGRA testing as complications occur by cross-reactive immune responses to homolog antigens of environmental mycobacteria or a false-negative test by anergic states of a wained bovine immunity, evidencing the need for deciphering more specific biomarkers by new-generation platforms of analysis for detection of M. bovis dormant infection. The study and description of bovine latent TB infection (boLTBI) would permit the recognition of hidden animal infection with an increase in the sensitivity of routine tests for an accurate estimation of infected dairy cattle. Evidence of immunological and experimental analysis of LTBI should be taken into account to improve the study and the description of the still neglected boLTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Av. Normalistas 800 C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Alvarez AH, Flores-Valdez MA. Can immunization with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin be improved for prevention or therapy and elimination of chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection? Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 18:1219-1227. [PMID: 31826664 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1704263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Current vaccination with BCG can prevent meningeal and disseminated TB in children. However, success against latent pulmonary TB infection (LTBI) or its reactivation is limited. Evidence suggests that there may be means to improve the efficacy of BCG raising the possibility of developing new vaccine candidates against LTBI.Areas covered: BCG improvements include the use of purified mycobacterial immunogenic proteins, either from an active or dormant state, as well as expressing those proteins from recombinant BCG strains that harvor those specific genes. It also includes boost protein mixtures with synthetic adjuvants or within liposomes, as a way to increase a protective immune response during chronic TB produced in laboratory animal models. References cited were chosen from PubMed searches.Expertopinion: Strategies aiming to improve or boost BCG have been receiving increased attention. With the advent of -omics, it has been possible to dissect several specific stages during mycobacterial infection. Recent experimental models of disease, diagnostic and immunological data obtained from individual M. tuberculosis antigens could introduce promising developments for more effective TB vaccines that may contribute to eliminating the hidden (latent) form of this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Alvarez
- Biotecnología Médica Farmacéutica (CIATEJ-CONACYT), Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C, Guadalajara, México
| | - M A Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica Farmacéutica (CIATEJ-CONACYT), Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C, Guadalajara, México
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Sabio Y García J, Bigi MM, Klepp LI, García EA, Blanco FC, Bigi F. Does Mycobacterium bovis persist in cattle in a non-replicative latent state as Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human beings? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108758. [PMID: 32768211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are responsible for tuberculosis in several mammals. In this complex, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, which are closely related, show host preference for humans and cattle, respectively. Although human and bovine tuberculosis are clinically similar, M. tuberculosis mostly causes latent infection in humans, whereas M. bovis frequently leads to an acute infection in cattle. This review attempts to connect the pathology in experimental animal models as well as the cellular responses to M. bovis and M. tuberculosis regarding the differences in protein expression and regulatory mechanisms of both pathogens that could explain their apparent divergent latency behaviour. The occurrence of latent bovine tuberculosis (bTB) would represent a serious complication for the eradication of the disease in cattle, with the risk of onward transmission to humans. Thus, understanding the physiological events that may lead to the state of latency in bTB could assist in the development of appropriate prevention and control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sabio Y García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - María M Bigi
- (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía), University of Buenos Aires, School of Agronomy Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires Argentina.
| | - Laura I Klepp
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Elizabeth A García
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Federico C Blanco
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- (Instituto de Biotecnología-IABIMO, INTA-CONICET), Institute of Biotechnology-IABIMO, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
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Chen J, Ruan Q, Shen Y, Wang S, Shao L, Zhang W. Assessing and screening for T-cell epitopes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD2 proteins for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:462-471. [PMID: 30528601 PMCID: PMC9425668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.10.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Region of D eletion 2 (RD2) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes reserved antigens that contribute to bacterial virulence. Among these antigens, Rv1983, Rv1986, Rv1987, and Rv1989c have been shown to be immunodominant in infected cattle; however, their diagnostic utility has not been evaluated in humans. In this study, we screened 87 overlapping synthetic peptides encoded by five RD2 proteins for diagnosing tuberculosis epitopes in 50 active tuberculosis (TB) cases, 31 non-tuberculosis patients and 36 healthy individuals. A pool of promising epitopes was then assessed for their diagnostic value in 233 suspected TB patients using a whole blood IFN-γ release assay. Only 10 peptides were recognized by more than 10% of active tuberculosis patients. The IFN-γ release responses to Rv1986-P9, P15, P16, Rv1988-P4, P11, and Rv1987-P11 were significantly higher in the active TB group than in the control groups (p < 0.05). The whole blood IFN-γ release assay based on these epitopes yielded a sensitivity of 51% and a specificity of 85% in diagnosing active tuberculosis, and the corresponding results using the T-SPOT.TB assay were 76% and 75%, respectively. In conclusion, these results suggest that the six epitopes from the RD2 of M. tuberculosis have potential diagnostic value in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Chen
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoling Ruan
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaojie Shen
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Fudan University, Huashan Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Slayden RA, Dawson CC, Cummings JE. Toxin-antitoxin systems and regulatory mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4969681. [PMID: 29788125 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant reduction in annual tuberculosis incidence since the World Health Organization declared tuberculosis a global health threat. However, treatment of M. tuberculosis infections requires lengthy multidrug therapeutic regimens to achieve a durable cure. The development of new drugs that are active against resistant strains and phenotypically diverse organisms continues to present the greatest challenge in the future. Numerous phylogenomic analyses have revealed that the Mtb genome encodes a significantly expanded repertoire of toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci that makes up the Mtb TA system. A TA loci is a two-gene operon encoding a 'toxin' protein that inhibits bacterial growth and an interacting 'antitoxin' partner that neutralizes the inhibitory activity of the toxin. The presence of multiple chromosomally encoded TA loci in Mtb raises important questions in regard to expansion, regulation and function. Thus, the functional roles of TA loci in Mtb pathogenesis have received considerable attention over the last decade. The cumulative results indicate that they are involved in regulating adaptive responses to stresses associated with the host environment and drug treatment. Here we review the TA families encoded in Mtb, discuss the duplication of TA loci in Mtb, regulatory mechanism of TA loci, and phenotypic heterogeneity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Slayden
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
| | - Clinton C Dawson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
| | - Jason E Cummings
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
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García EA, Blanco FC, Bigi MM, Vazquez CL, Forrellad MA, Rocha RV, Golby P, Soria MA, Bigi F. Characterization of the two component regulatory system PhoPR in Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
In this article we present experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection models in domestic livestock species and how these models were applied to vaccine development, biomarker discovery, and the definition of specific antigens for the differential diagnosis of infected and vaccinated animals. In particular, we highlight synergies between human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) research approaches and data and propose that the application of bovine TB models could make a valuable contribution to human TB vaccine research and that close alignment of both research programs in a one health philosophy will lead to mutual and substantial benefits.
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Alvarez A, Gutiérrez-Ortega A, Gómez-Entzin V, Pérez-Mayorga G, Naranjo-Bastién J, González-Martínez V, Milián-Suazo F, Martínez-Velázquez M, Herrera-Rodríguez S, Hinojoza-Loza E. Assessment of antigenic supplementation of bovine purified protein derivative for diagnosis of subclinical infection with Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Microb Pathog 2017; 108:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Garza-Cuartero L, O'Sullivan J, Blanco A, McNair J, Welsh M, Flynn RJ, Williams D, Diggle P, Cassidy J, Mulcahy G. Fasciola hepatica infection reduces Mycobacterium bovis burden and mycobacterial uptake and suppresses the pro-inflammatory response. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:387-402. [PMID: 27108767 PMCID: PMC6680181 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has an annual incidence in cattle of 0.5% in the Republic of Ireland and 4.7% in the UK, despite long‐standing eradication programmes being in place. Failure to achieve complete eradication is multifactorial, but the limitations of diagnostic tests are significant complicating factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that Fasciola hepatica infection, highly prevalent in these areas, induced reduced sensitivity of the standard diagnostic tests for BTB in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica and M. bovis. This was accompanied by a reduced M. bovis‐specific Th1 immune response. We hypothesized that these changes in co‐infected animals would be accompanied by enhanced growth of M. bovis. However, we show here that mycobacterial burden in cattle is reduced in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica. Furthermore, we demonstrate a lower mycobacterial recovery and uptake in blood monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) from F. hepatica‐infected cattle which is associated with suppression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a switch to alternative activation of macrophages. However, the cell surface expression of TLR2 and CD14 in MDM from F. hepatica‐infected cattle is increased. These findings reflecting the bystander effect of helminth‐induced downregulation of pro‐inflammatory responses provide insights to understand host‐pathogen interactions in co‐infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garza-Cuartero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Blanco
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J McNair
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - M Welsh
- CSO, SISAF, The Innovation Centre, Belfast, UK
| | - R J Flynn
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - P Diggle
- Division of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Garza-Cuartero L, McCarthy E, Brady J, Cassidy J, Hamilton C, Sekiya M, NcNair J, Mulcahy G. Development of an in vitro model of the early-stage bovine tuberculous granuloma using Mycobacterium bovis-BCG. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:249-57. [PMID: 26553300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis causes 3.1% of human tuberculosis cases, as described by the World Health Organisation. In cattle, this organism causes bovine tuberculosis (BTB) which can have a prevalence of up to 39.5% in some developing countries. In developed countries, although the prevalence of BTB has been reduced through eradication programmes, complete eradication has in some cases proved elusive, with prevalences in cattle of 0.5% in the Republic of Ireland and of 4.3% in the UK. As the tuberculous granuloma is the fundamental lesion that reflects the pathogenesis, immune control and progression of BTB, we aimed to develop an in vitro model of the early-stage bovine tuberculous granuloma, in order to model the early stages of BTB, while also reducing the use of experimentally infected animals. In vitro models of human and ovine mycobacterial granulomas have previously been developed; however, so far, there is no model for the BTB granuloma. As the disease in cattle differs in a number of ways from that in other species, we consider this to be a significant gap in the tools available to study the pathogenesis of BTB. By combining bovine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with M. bovis-BCG and autologous lymphocytes we have developed an early-stage tuberculous bovine granuloma model. In the model, 3D cell aggregations formed a spherical-shape that grew for up to 11 days post-infection. This bovine tuberculous granuloma model can aid in the study of such lesion development, and in comparative studies of pathogenesis, such as, for example, the question of mycobacterial latency in bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garza-Cuartero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Elaine McCarthy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Joseph Brady
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Joseph Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Clare Hamilton
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH260PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sekiya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jim NcNair
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Vaccination of domestic animals against tuberculosis: Review of progress and contributions to the field of the TBSTEP project. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Evaluation of cocktails with recombinant proteins of Mycobacterium bovis for a specific diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:140829. [PMID: 25110654 PMCID: PMC4119628 DOI: 10.1155/2014/140829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Delayed type hypersensitivity skin test (DTH) and interferon-gamma assay are used for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (TBB). The specificity of these diagnoses, however, is compromised because both are based on the response against purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium bovis (PPD-B). In this study, we assessed the potential of two cocktails containing M. bovis recombinant proteins: cocktail 1 (C1): ESAT-6, CFP-10 and MPB83 and cocktail 2 (C2): ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPB83, HspX, TB10.3, and MPB70. C1, C2, and PPD-B showed similar response by DTH in M. bovis-sensitized guinea pigs. Importantly, C1 induced a lower response than PPD-B in M. avium-sensitized guinea pigs. In cattle, C1 displayed better performance than PPD-B and C2; indeed, C1 showed the least detection of animals either vaccinated or Map-infected. To optimize the composition of the cocktails, we obtained protein fractions from PPD-B and tested their immunogenicity in experimentally M. bovis-infected cattle. In one highly reactive fraction, seven proteins were identified. The inclusion of FixB in C1 enhanced the recognition of M. bovis-infected cattle without compromising specificity. Our data provide a promising basis for the future development of a cocktail for TBB detection without interference by the presence of sensitized or infected animals with other mycobacteria.
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Jones GJ, Steinbach S, Clifford D, Baldwin SL, Ireton GC, Coler RN, Reed SG, Vordermeier HM. Immunisation with ID83 fusion protein induces antigen-specific cell mediated and humoral immune responses in cattle. Vaccine 2013; 31:5250-5. [PMID: 24012566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated the potential of mycobacterial proteins as candidate subunit vaccines for bovine tuberculosis. In addition, we have explored the use of TLR-ligands as potential adjuvants in cattle. In vitro screening assays with whole blood from Mycobacterium bovis-infected and BCG-vaccinated cattle demonstrated that fusion protein constructs were most commonly recognised, and the ID83 fusion protein was selected for further immunisation studies. Furthermore, glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) and resiquimod (R848), agonists for TLR4 and TLR7/8 respectively, stimulated cytokine production (IL-12, TNF-α, MIP-1β and IL-10) in bovine dendritic cell cultures, and these were formulated as novel oil-in-water emulsions (GLA-SE and R848-SE) for immunisation studies. Immunisation with ID83 in a water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (ISA70) induced both cell mediated and humoral immune responses, as characterised by antigen-specific IFN-γ production, cell proliferation, IgG1 and IgG2 antibody production. In comparison, ID83 immunisation with the novel adjuvants induced weaker (ID83/R848-SE) or no (ID83/GLA-SE) antigen-specific IFN-γ production and cell proliferation. However, both did induce ID83-specific antibody production, which was restricted to IgG1 antibody isotype. Overall, these results provide encouraging preliminary data for the further development of ID83 in vaccine strategies for bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bovine TB, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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Development of an unbiased antigen-mining approach to identify novel vaccine antigens and diagnostic reagents for bovine tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1675-82. [PMID: 23986315 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00416-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous experiments for the identification of novel diagnostic or vaccine candidates for bovine tuberculosis have followed a targeted approach, wherein specific groups of proteins suspected to contain likely candidates are prioritized for immunological assessment (for example, with in silico approaches). However, a disadvantage of this approach is that the sets of proteins analyzed are restricted by the initial selection criteria. In this paper, we describe a series of experiments to evaluate a nonbiased approach to antigen mining by utilizing a Gateway clone set for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which constitutes a library of clones expressing 3,294 M. tuberculosis proteins. Although whole-blood culture experiments using Mycobacterium bovis-infected animals and M. bovis BCG-vaccinated controls did not reveal proteins capable of differential diagnosis, several novel immunogenic proteins were identified and prioritized for efficacy studies in a murine vaccination/challenge model. These results demonstrate that Rv3329-immunized mice had lower bacterial cell counts in their spleens following challenge with M. bovis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that this nonbiased approach to antigen mining is a useful tool for identifying and prioritizing novel proteins for further assessment as vaccine antigens.
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Jiménez B, Hinojoza-Loza E, Flores-Valdez M, Prado-Montes de Oca E, Allen K, Estrada-Chávez C, Herrera-Rodríguez S, Flores-Fernández J, Martínez-Velázquez M, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Alvarez A. Expression of non-replicating persistence associated genes of Mycobacterium bovis in lymph nodes from skin test-reactor cattle. Microb Pathog 2013; 61-62:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mycobacterium bovis DNA detection in colostrum as a potential indicator of vaccination effectiveness against bovine tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:627-33. [PMID: 23425597 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00566-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a problem on many dairy farms in Mexico, as well as a public health risk. We previously found a high frequency of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in colostrum from dairy cows using a nested PCR to detect mpb70. Since there are no reliable in vivo tests to determine the effectiveness of booster Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination against bTB, in this work we monitored M. bovis DNA in colostrum by using this nested PCR. In order to decrease the risk of adverse reactions in animals likely containing viable M. bovis, a single application of BCG and a subunit vaccine (EEP-1) formulated with M. bovis culture filtrate proteins (CFP) and a copolymer as the adjuvant was performed in tuberculin skin test-negative cattle (TST(-)), while TST reactor animals (TST(+)) received EEP-1 only. Booster immunization using EEP-1 was applied to both groups, 2 months after primary vaccination to whole herds and 12 months later to lactating cows. Colostrum samples were collected from 6 farms where the cows were vaccinated over a 12-month period postvaccination and, for comparison, from one control farm where the cows were not vaccinated with comparable bTB prevalence. We observed an inverse relationship between the frequency of M. bovis DNA detection and time postvaccination at the first (P < 0.001) and second (P < 0.0001) 6-month periods. Additionally, the concentration of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was higher in mpb70 PCR-positive colostrum samples (P = 0.0003). These results suggest that M. bovis DNA frequency in colostrum could be a potentially useful biomarker for bTB vaccine efficacy on commercial dairy farms.
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Commandeur S, van Meijgaarden KE, Prins C, Pichugin AV, Dijkman K, van den Eeden SJF, Friggen AH, Franken KLMC, Dolganov G, Kramnik I, Schoolnik GK, Oftung F, Korsvold GE, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. An unbiased genome-wide Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression approach to discover antigens targeted by human T cells expressed during pulmonary infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1659-71. [PMID: 23319735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for almost 2 million deaths annually. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB), induces highly variable protection against TB, and better TB vaccines are urgently needed. A prerequisite for candidate vaccine Ags is that they are immunogenic and expressed by M. tuberculosis during infection of the primary target organ, that is, the lungs of susceptible individuals. In search of new TB vaccine candidate Ags, we have used a genome-wide, unbiased Ag discovery approach to investigate the in vivo expression of 2170 M. tuberculosis genes during M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice. Four genetically related but distinct mouse strains were studied, representing a spectrum of TB susceptibility controlled by the supersusceptibility to TB 1 locus. We used stringent selection approaches to select in vivo-expressed M. tuberculosis (IVE-TB) genes and analyzed their expression patterns in distinct disease phenotypes such as necrosis and granuloma formation. To study the vaccine potential of these proteins, we analyzed their immunogenicity. Several M. tuberculosis proteins were recognized by immune cells from tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals, indicating that these Ags are presented during natural M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, TB patients also showed responses toward IVE-TB Ags, albeit lower than tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals. Finally, IVE-TB Ags induced strong IFN-γ(+)/TNF-α(+) CD8(+) and TNF-α(+)/IL-2(+) CD154(+)/CD4(+) T cell responses in PBMC from long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. In conclusion, these IVE-TB Ags are expressed during pulmonary infection in vivo, are immunogenic, induce strong T cell responses in long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, and may therefore represent attractive Ags for new TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research: historical perspectives and recent advances. Vaccine 2012; 30:2611-22. [PMID: 22342705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of wildlife reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle as well as increased inter-regional trade with associated spread of M. bovis has led to renewed interest in the use of vaccines for the control of bovine tuberculosis (TB). Field efficacy trials performed in the early 20th century demonstrated the partial effectiveness of bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for the control of bovine TB. Recent experimental trials with cattle have demonstrated that: (1) subunit vaccines may boost immunity elicited by BCG in cattle, (2) T cell central memory immune responses evoked by protective vaccines correlate with protection upon subsequent M. bovis challenge, (3) BCG is particularly protective when administered to neonates, and (4) differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is feasible in cattle using in vitro or in vivo methods. In regards to wildlife reservoirs, the efficacy of BCG delivered orally has been demonstrated for brushtail possums (in field trials) as well as Eurasian badgers, wild boar, and white-tailed deer (each in experimental challenge studies). Vaccine delivery to wildlife reservoirs will primarily be oral, although a parenteral route is being deployed for badgers in England. Vaccine efficacy trials, both experimental challenge and field studies, with cattle and their wildlife reservoirs represent a primary example of the one health approach, with outcomes relevant for both veterinary and medical applications.
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