1
|
McLean C, Dijkman K, Gaddah A, Keshinro B, Katwere M, Douoguih M, Robinson C, Solforosi L, Czapska-Casey D, Dekking L, Wollmann Y, Volkmann A, Pau MG, Callendret B, Sadoff J, Schuitemaker H, Zahn R, Luhn K, Hendriks J, Roozendaal R. Persistence of immunological memory as a potential correlate of long-term, vaccine-induced protection against Ebola virus disease in humans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215302. [PMID: 37727795 PMCID: PMC10505757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the absence of clinical efficacy data, vaccine protective effect can be extrapolated from animals to humans, using an immunological biomarker in humans that correlates with protection in animals, in a statistical approach called immunobridging. Such an immunobridging approach was previously used to infer the likely protective effect of the heterologous two-dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen. However, this immunobridging model does not provide information on how the persistence of the vaccine-induced immune response relates to durability of protection in humans. Methods and results In both humans and non-human primates, vaccine-induced circulating antibody levels appear to be very stable after an initial phase of contraction and are maintained for at least 3.8 years in humans (and at least 1.3 years in non-human primates). Immunological memory was also maintained over this period, as shown by the kinetics and magnitude of the anamnestic response following re-exposure to the Ebola virus glycoprotein antigen via booster vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV in humans. In non-human primates, immunological memory was also formed as shown by an anamnestic response after high-dose, intramuscular injection with Ebola virus, but was not sufficient for protection against Ebola virus disease at later timepoints due to a decline in circulating antibodies and the fast kinetics of disease in the non-human primates model. Booster vaccination within three days of subsequent Ebola virus challenge in non-human primates resulted in protection from Ebola virus disease, i.e. before the anamnestic response was fully developed. Discussion Humans infected with Ebola virus may benefit from the anamnestic response to prevent disease progression, as the incubation time is longer and progression of Ebola virus disease is slower as compared to non-human primates. Therefore, the persistence of vaccine-induced immune memory could be considered as a potential correlate of long-term protection against Ebola virus disease in humans, without the need for a booster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerry Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dijkman K, Lindenstrøm T, Rosenkrands I, Søe R, Woodworth JS, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Mortensen R. A protective, single-visit TB vaccination regimen by co-administration of a subunit vaccine with BCG. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:66. [PMID: 37160970 PMCID: PMC10169149 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), fails to reliably protect adolescents and adults from pulmonary TB, resulting in ~1.6 million deaths annually. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise against TB in clinical studies. Unfortunately, most subunit vaccines require multiple administrations, which increases the risk of loss to follow-up and necessitates more complex and costly logistics. Given the well-documented adjuvant effect of BCG, we hypothesized that BCG co-administration could compensate for a reduced number of subunit vaccinations. To explore this, we developed an expression-optimized version of our H107 vaccine candidate (H107e), which does not cross-react with BCG. In the CAF®01 adjuvant, a single dose of H107e induced inferior protection compared to three H107e/CAF®01 administrations. However, co-administering a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG significantly improved protection, which was equal to BCG co-administered with three H107e/CAF®01 doses. Importantly, combining BCG with a single H107e/CAF®01 dose also increased protection in previously BCG-primed animals. Overall, a single dose of H107e/CAF®01 with BCG induced long-lived immunity and triggered BCG-specific Th17 responses. These data support co-administration of BCG and subunit vaccines in both BCG naïve and BCG-primed individuals as an improved TB vaccine strategy with reduced number of vaccination visits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Søe
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dijkman K, Coler RN, Joosten SA. Editorial: Beyond Th1: Novel concepts in tuberculosis vaccine immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059011. [PMID: 36505491 PMCID: PMC9731096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Department of Preclinical Immunology, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Karin Dijkman,
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woodworth JS, Clemmensen HS, Battey H, Dijkman K, Lindenstrøm T, Laureano RS, Taplitz R, Morgan J, Aagaard C, Rosenkrands I, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Andersen P, Mortensen R. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific subunit vaccine that provides synergistic immunity upon co-administration with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6658. [PMID: 34795205 PMCID: PMC8602668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the encouraging clinical results of both candidate subunit vaccines and revaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against tuberculosis (TB), there is support for combining BCG and subunit vaccination for increased efficacy. BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) share ~98% of their genome and current subunit vaccines are almost exclusively designed as BCG boosters. The goal of this study is to design a TB subunit vaccine composed of antigens not shared with BCG and explore the advantages of this design in a BCG + subunit co-administration vaccine strategy. Eight protective antigens are selected to create an Mtb-specific subunit vaccine, named H107. Whereas traditional vaccines containing BCG-shared antigens exhibit in vivo cross-reactivity to BCG, H107 shows no cross-reactivity and does not inhibit BCG colonization. Instead, co-administering H107 with BCG leads to increased adaptive responses against both H107 and BCG. Importantly, rather than expanding BCG-primed T cells, H107 broadens the overall vaccine repertoire with new T cell clones and introduces ‘adjuvant-imprinted’ qualities including Th17 responses and less-differentiated Th1 cells. Collectively, these features of H107 are associated with a substantial increase in long-term protection. Tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines have been investigated as boosters for BCG-induced immunity. Here, the authors design a TB subunit vaccine that doesn't share antigens with BCG and show that co-administration of the two vaccines broadens the T cell response to TB and increases protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Woodworth
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Strand Clemmensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hannah Battey
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dijkman K, Aguilo N, Boot C, Hofman SO, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RA, Kocken CH, Marinova D, Thole J, Rodríguez E, Vierboom MP, Haanstra KG, Puentes E, Martin C, Verreck FA. Pulmonary MTBVAC vaccination induces immune signatures previously correlated with prevention of tuberculosis infection. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100187. [PMID: 33521701 PMCID: PMC7817873 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To fight tuberculosis, better vaccination strategies are needed. Live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived vaccine, MTBVAC, is a promising candidate in the pipeline, proven to be safe and immunogenic in humans so far. Independent studies have shown that pulmonary mucosal delivery of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available today, confers superior protection over standard intradermal immunization. Here we demonstrate that mucosal MTBVAC is well tolerated, eliciting polyfunctional T helper type 17 cells, interleukin-10, and immunoglobulins in the airway and yielding a broader antigenic profile than BCG in rhesus macaques. Beyond our previous work, we show that local immunoglobulins, induced by MTBVAC and BCG, bind to M. tuberculosis and enhance pathogen uptake. Furthermore, after pulmonary vaccination, but not M. tuberculosis infection, local T cells expressed high levels of mucosal homing and tissue residency markers. Our data show that pulmonary MTBVAC administration has the potential to enhance its efficacy and justifies further exploration of mucosal vaccination strategies in preclinical efficacy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Sam O. Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dessislava Marinova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelle Thole
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vierboom MP, Dijkman K, Sombroek CC, Hofman SO, Boot C, Vervenne RA, Haanstra KG, van der Sande M, van Emst L, Domínguez-Andrés J, Moorlag SJ, Kocken CH, Thole J, Rodríguez E, Puentes E, Martens JH, van Crevel R, Netea MG, Aguilo N, Martin C, Verreck FA. Stronger induction of trained immunity by mucosal BCG or MTBVAC vaccination compared to standard intradermal vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100185. [PMID: 33521699 PMCID: PMC7817864 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BCG vaccination can strengthen protection against pathogens through the induction of epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells, a process called trained immunity. We and others recently demonstrated that mucosal or intravenous BCG better protects rhesus macaques from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease than standard intradermal vaccination, correlating with local adaptive immune signatures. In line with prior mouse data, here, we show in rhesus macaques that intravenous BCG enhances innate cytokine production associated with changes in H3K27 acetylation typical of trained immunity. Alternative delivery of BCG does not alter the cytokine production of unfractionated bronchial lavage cells. However, mucosal but not intradermal vaccination, either with BCG or the M. tuberculosis-derived candidate MTBVAC, enhances innate cytokine production by blood- and bone marrow-derived monocytes associated with metabolic rewiring, typical of trained immunity. These results provide support to strategies for improving TB vaccination and, more broadly, modulating innate immunity via mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sam O. Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maarten van der Sande
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jelle Thole
- TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost H.A. Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G. Netea
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBERES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vierboom MPM, Chenine AL, Darrah PA, Vervenne RAW, Boot C, Hofman SO, Sombroek CC, Dijkman K, Khayum MA, Stammes MA, Haanstra KG, Hoffmann C, Schmitt D, Silvestre N, White AG, Borish HJ, Seder RA, Ouaked N, Leung-Theung-Long S, Inchauspé G, Anantha R, Limbach M, Evans TG, Casimiro D, Lempicki M, Laddy DJ, Bonavia A, Verreck FAW. Evaluation of heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategies using chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia virus for TB subunit vaccination in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:39. [PMID: 32435513 PMCID: PMC7224290 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still is the principal cause of death from infectious disease and improved vaccination strategies are required to reduce the disease burden and break TB transmission. Here, we investigated different routes of administration of vectored subunit vaccines based on chimpanzee-derived adenovirus serotype-3 (ChAd3) for homologous prime-boosting and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for heterologous boosting with both vaccine vectors expressing the same antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Ag85B, ESAT6, Rv2626, Rv1733, RpfD). Prime-boost strategies were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in highly susceptible rhesus macaques. A fully parenteral administration regimen was compared to exclusive respiratory mucosal administration, while parenteral ChAd3-5Ag prime-boosting and mucosal MVA-5Ag boosting were applied as a push-and-pull strategy from the periphery to the lung. Immune analyses corroborated compartmentalized responses induced by parenteral versus mucosal vaccination. Despite eliciting TB-specific immune responses, none of the investigational regimes conferred a protective effect by standard readouts of TB compared to non-vaccinated controls, while lack of protection by BCG underpinned the stringency of this non-human primate test modality. Yet, TB manifestation after full parenteral vaccination was significantly less compared to exclusive mucosal vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel P M Vierboom
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patricia A Darrah
- 3Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Richard A W Vervenne
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Sam O Hofman
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Sombroek
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A Khayum
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Stammes
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Krista G Haanstra
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Hoffmann
- 4Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, ABL Europe Building, Lyon, France
| | - Doris Schmitt
- 4Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, ABL Europe Building, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Silvestre
- 4Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, ABL Europe Building, Lyon, France
| | - Alexander G White
- 5Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - H Jacob Borish
- 5Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- 3Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | | | | | - Geneviève Inchauspé
- 4Infectious Diseases Department, Transgene SA, ABL Europe Building, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Lempicki
- 7International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Frank A W Verreck
- 1Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dijkman K, Lubbers R, Borggreven NV, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA, Trouw LA, Verreck FAW. Systemic and pulmonary C1q as biomarker of progressive disease in experimental non-human primate tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6290. [PMID: 32286384 PMCID: PMC7156429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) causes 1.6 million deaths annually. Early differential diagnosis of active TB infection is essential in optimizing treatment and reducing TB mortality, but is hampered by a lack of accurate and accessible diagnostics. Previously, we reported on complement component C1q, measured in serum by ELISA, as a candidate biomarker for active tuberculosis. In this work we further examine the dynamics of C1q as a marker of progressive TB disease in non-human primates (NHP). We assessed systemic and pulmonary C1q levels after experimental infection using high or low single dose as well as repeated limiting dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) challenge of macaques. We show that increasing C1q levels, either peripherally or locally, correlate with progressive TB disease, assessed by PET-CT imaging or post-mortem evaluation. Upregulation of C1q did not precede detection of Mtb infection by a conventional interferon-gamma release assay, confirming its association with disease progression. Finally, pulmonary vaccination with Bacillus Calmette Guérin also increased local production of C1q, which might contribute to the generation of pulmonary protective immunity. Our data demonstrate that NHP modelling of TB can be utilized to study the role of C1q as a liquid biomarker in TB protection and disease, complementing findings in TB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Section of TB Research & Immunology, department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - Rosalie Lubbers
- The department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole V Borggreven
- The department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- The department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- The department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- The department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Verreck
- Section of TB Research & Immunology, department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dijkman K, Vervenne RAW, Sombroek CC, Boot C, Hofman SO, van Meijgaarden KE, Ottenhoff THM, Kocken CHM, Haanstra KG, Vierboom MPM, Verreck FAW. Disparate Tuberculosis Disease Development in Macaque Species Is Associated With Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2479. [PMID: 31736945 PMCID: PMC6838139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While tuberculosis continues to afflict mankind, the immunological mechanisms underlying TB disease development are still incompletely understood. Advanced preclinical models for TB research include both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis, respectively), with rhesus typically being more susceptible to acute progressive TB disease than cynomolgus macaques. To determine which immune mechanisms are responsible for this dissimilar disease development, we profiled a broad range of innate and adaptive responses, both local and peripheral, following experimental pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection of both species. While T-cell and antibody responses appeared indistinguishable, we identified anti-inflammatory skewing of peripheral monocytes in rhesus and a more prominent local pro-inflammatory cytokine release profile in cynomolgus macaques associated with divergent TB disease outcome. Importantly, these differences were detectable both before and early after infection. This work shows that inflammatory and innate immune status prior to and at early stages after infection, critically affects outcome of TB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Richard A W Vervenne
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Claudia C Sombroek
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Sam O Hofman
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Clemens H M Kocken
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Krista G Haanstra
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Michel P M Vierboom
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Verreck
- TB Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dijkman K, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RAW, Hofman SO, Boot C, Remarque EJ, Kocken CHM, Ottenhoff THM, Kondova I, Khayum MA, Haanstra KG, Vierboom MPM, Verreck FAW. Prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease by local BCG in repeatedly exposed rhesus macaques. Nat Med 2019; 25:255-262. [PMID: 30664782 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the deadliest infectious disease1, and the widely used Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine fails to curb the epidemic. An improved vaccination strategy could provide a cost-effective intervention to break the transmission cycle and prevent antimicrobial resistance2,3. Limited knowledge of the host responses critically involved in protective immunity hampers the development of improved TB vaccination regimens. Therefore, assessment of new strategies in preclinical models to select the best candidate vaccines before clinical vaccine testing remains indispensable. We have previously established in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that pulmonary mucosal BCG delivery reduces TB disease where standard intradermal injection fails4,5. Here, we show that pulmonary BCG prevents infection by using a repeated limiting-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge model and identify polyfunctional T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells, interleukin-10 and immunoglobulin A as correlates of local protective immunity. These findings warrant further research into mucosal immunization strategies and their translation to clinical application to more effectively prevent the spread of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sam O Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lubbers R, Sutherland JS, Goletti D, de Paus RA, van Moorsel CHM, Veltkamp M, Vestjens SMT, Bos WJW, Petrone L, Del Nonno F, Bajema IM, Dijkman K, Verreck FAW, Walzl G, Gelderman KA, Groeneveld GH, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM, Joosten SA, Trouw LA. Complement Component C1q as Serum Biomarker to Detect Active Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2427. [PMID: 30405622 PMCID: PMC6206241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to global health. Currently, diagnosis of active TB is hampered by the lack of specific biomarkers that discriminate active TB disease from other (lung) diseases or latent TB infection (LTBI). Integrated human gene expression results have shown that genes encoding complement components, in particular different C1q chains, were expressed at higher levels in active TB compared to LTBI. Methods: C1q protein levels were determined using ELISA in sera from patients, from geographically distinct populations, with active TB, LTBI as well as disease controls. Results: Serum levels of C1q were increased in active TB compared to LTBI in four independent cohorts with an AUC of 0.77 [0.70; 0.83]. After 6 months of TB treatment, levels of C1q were similar to those of endemic controls, indicating an association with disease rather than individual genetic predisposition. Importantly, C1q levels in sera of TB patients were significantly higher as compared to patients with sarcoidosis or pneumonia, clinically important differential diagnoses. Moreover, exposure to other mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy patients) or BCG (vaccinees) did not result in elevated levels of serum C1q. In agreement with the human data, in non-human primates challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, increased serum C1q levels were detected in animals that developed progressive disease, not in those that controlled the infection. Conclusions: In summary, C1q levels are elevated in patients with active TB compared to LTBI in four independent cohorts. Furthermore, C1q levels from patients with TB were also elevated compared to patients with sarcoidosis, leprosy and pneumonia. Additionally, also in NHP we observed increased C1q levels in animals with active progressive TB, both in serum and in broncho-alveolar lavage. Therefore, we propose that the addition of C1q to current biomarker panels may provide added value in the diagnosis of active TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Lubbers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jayne S Sutherland
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Roelof A de Paus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Veltkamp
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Stefan M T Vestjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Willem J W Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Service, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingeborg M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Section of TB Research & Immunology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Frank A W Verreck
- Section of TB Research & Immunology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Geert H Groeneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the common marmoset, a small-bodied Neotropical primate, is a well-known and validated animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). This model can be used for exploratory research, i.e., investigating the pathogenic mechanisms involved in MS, and applied research, testing the efficacy of new potential drugs.In this chapter, we will describe a method to induce EAE in the marmoset. In addition, we will explain the most common immunological techniques involved in the marmoset EAE research, namely isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue, assaying T cell proliferation by thymidine incorporation, MNC phenotyping by flow cytometry, antibody measurement by ELISA, generation of B cell lines and antigen-specific T cell lines, and assaying cytotoxic T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Anwar Jagessar
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haanstra KG, Dijkman K, Bashir N, Bauer J, Mary C, Poirier N, Baker P, Scobie L, 't Hart BA, Vanhove B. Correction: Selective Blockade of CD28-Mediated T Cell Costimulation Protects Rhesus Monkeys against Acute Fatal Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2015; 195:749. [PMID: 26138639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Morandi E, Jagessar A, Dijkman K, t` Hart B, Gran B. Processing of native or citrullinated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides in B cells is affected by EBV infection: implications for multiple sclerosis (APP5P.118). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.183.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease with an immune-mediated pathogenesis in which Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a risk factor. EBV infects human B cells, in which it becomes latent. Our hypothesis is that infection renders B cells potent APC for autoreactive T cells, through influences on intracellular proteolysis and post-translational modifications of self antigens. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of EBV infection of B cells on processing of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). We investigated the processing of recombinant extracellular MOG and of the immunodominant peptides MOG1-20, MOG35-55 and through SDS PAGE gel analysis in the presence or absence of Cathepsin inhibitors. We also studied the effect of MOG35-55 citrullination in position 41 and 46. In addition, we determined the proteolytic activity of Cathepsin G and H by activity assay. We found that EBV infection increases the activity of Cathepsin G and H, leading to increased degradation of MOG35-55 by B cells. However, infection also rescues rhMOG from total degradation. By contrast, inhibition of Cathepsin G or citrullination of Arg 46 abrogated the degradation of MOG35-55. These results indicate that citrullination of an immunodominant peptide of MOG protects it from destructive processing in EBV infected B cells. This could facilitate presentation of a disease-relevant myelin autoantigen that may be involved in disease induction and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- 1Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anwar Jagessar
- 2Dept. of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- 3Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Bert t` Hart
- 2Dept. of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Bruno Gran
- 1Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haanstra KG, Dijkman K, Bashir N, Bauer J, Mary C, Poirier N, Baker P, Crossan CL, Scobie L, 't Hart BA, Vanhove B. Selective blockade of CD28-mediated T cell costimulation protects rhesus monkeys against acute fatal experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2015; 194:1454-66. [PMID: 25589073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory and coinhibitory receptor-ligand pairs on T cells and APC control the immune response. We have investigated whether selective blockade of CD28-CD80/86 costimulatory interactions, which preserves the coinhibitory CTLA4-CD80/86 interactions and the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells, abrogates the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rhesus monkeys. EAE was induced by intracutaneous immunization with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG) in CFA on day 0. FR104 is a monovalent, PEGylated-humanized Fab' Ab fragment against human CD28, cross-reactive with rhesus monkey CD28. FR104 or placebo was administered on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. FR104 levels remained high until the end of the study (day 42). Placebo-treated animals all developed clinical EAE between days 12 and 27. FR104-treated animals did not develop clinical EAE and were sacrificed at the end of the study resulting in a significantly prolonged survival. FR104 treatment diminished T and B cell responses against rhMOG, significantly reduced CNS inflammation and prevented demyelination. The inflammatory profile in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain material was also strongly reduced. Recrudescence of latent virus was investigated in blood, spleen, and brain. No differences between groups were observed for the β-herpesvirus CMV and the polyomaviruses SV40 and SA12. Cross-sectional measurement of lymphocryptovirus, the rhesus monkey EBV, demonstrated elevated levels in the blood of FR104-treated animals. Blocking rhesus monkey CD28 with FR104 mitigated autoreactive T and B cell activation and prevented CNS pathology in the rhMOG/CFA EAE model in rhesus monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Haanstra
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands;
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Noun Bashir
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Paul Baker
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Scobie
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Effimune SAS, 44035 Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, 44093 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Haanstra K, Dijkman K, Van Driel N, Bashir N, Bauer J, Hart B', Vanhove B. Selective manipulation of the CD28 Co-stimulation pathway prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in the Rhesus Monkey. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Jagessar A, Dijkman K, Hofman S, Heijmans N, Faber B, Van Kasteren S, Blorea B, Hart B'. Processing of MOG is affected by post-translational modification in virus infected non-human primate B cells. J Neuroimmunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Commandeur S, Coppola M, Dijkman K, Friggen AH, van Meijgaarden KE, van den Eeden SJF, Wilson L, van der Ploeg-van Schip JJ, Franken KLMC, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. Clonal analysis of the T-cell response to in vivo expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2034, using a CD154 expression based T-cell cloning method. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99203. [PMID: 24905579 PMCID: PMC4048274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a leading cause of death worldwide. A better understanding of the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which are both important to TB protection, is essential to unravel the mechanisms of protection and to identify the key antigens seen by these T cells. We have recently identified a set of in vivo expressed Mtb genes (IVE-TB) which is expressed during in vivo pulmonary infection in mice, and shown that their encoded antigens are potently recognized by polyclonal T cells from tuberculin skin test-positive, in vitro ESAT-6/CFP10-responsive individuals. Here we have cloned T cells specific for one of these newly identified in vivo expressed Mtb (IVE-TB) antigens, Rv2034. T cells were enriched based on the expression of CD154 (CD40L), which represents a new method for selecting antigen-specific (low frequency) T cells independent of their specific function. An Rv2034-specific CD4+ T-cell clone expressed the Th1 markers T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and the cytotoxicity related markers granzyme B and CD107a as measured by flow cytometry. The clone specifically recognized Rv2034 protein, Rv2034 peptide p81-100 and Mtb lysate. Remarkably, while the recognition of the dominant p81-100 epitope was HLA-DR restricted, the T-cell clone also recognized a neighboring epitope (p88-107) in an HLA-DR- as well as HLA-DQ1-restricted fashion. Importantly, the T-cell clone was able to inhibit Mtb outgrowth from infected monocytes significantly. The characterization of the polyfunctional and Mtb inhibitory T-cell response to IVE-TB Rv2034 at the clonal level provides detailed further insights into the potential of IVE-TB antigens as new vaccine candidate antigens in TB. Our new approach allowed the identification of T-cell subsets that likely play a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, and can be applied to the analysis of T-cell responses in patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariateresa Coppola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke H. Friggen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Commandeur S, van den Eeden SJF, Dijkman K, Clark SO, van Meijgaarden KE, Wilson L, Franken KLMC, Williams A, Christensen D, Ottenhoff THM, Geluk A. The in vivo expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (IVE-TB) antigen Rv2034 induces CD4⁺ T-cells that protect against pulmonary infection in HLA-DR transgenic mice and guinea pigs. Vaccine 2014; 32:3580-8. [PMID: 24837764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a life-threatening infectious disease of global proportions with serious negative health and economic consequences. The lack of sufficient protection induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the current vaccine for TB, as well as the impact of HIV co-infection and the emergence of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains all urge for improved vaccines against TB. A minimal requirement for Mtb vaccine antigens is their in vivo expression during Mtb infection and ability to trigger significant immune responses. Recently we identified a new class of Mtb antigens, designated IVE-TB (in vivo expressed) antigens. These included Rv2034, a protein that was expressed during pulmonary infection and strongly recognized by human T-cells. Here, the in vivo immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Rv2034 was further analyzed using HLA-DR transgenic mice that lack endogenous murine MHC class II molecules. The Rv2034 protein indeed was highly immunogenic in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice and induced HLA-DR3 restricted IFN-γ(+)/TNF(+) and IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) T-cells, specific for an epitope encoded in peptide 31-50. CD4(+) T-cell responses were optimally induced when using TLR9- and TLR3-ligand-adjuvants or CAF09. Rv2034-specific antibodies were observed following immunization with either TLR2-, TLR3-, TLR4-, TLR5-, TLR7- or TLR9-ligands or CAF09. Importantly, immunization with Rv2034 or the hybrid-protein Ag85B-ESAT6-Rv2034 adjuvanted with CpG or CAF09, induced over one log reduction, relative to unvaccinated controls, in the number of bacilli in the lungs of Mtb challenged HLA-DR3 transgenic mice and guinea pigs. These data demonstrate the potential of Rv2034 as a novel, IVE-TB antigen for future TB vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Simon O Clark
- Public Health England, Microbiology Services, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, Microbiology Services, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bobosha K, Tjon Kon Fat EM, van den Eeden SJF, Bekele Y, van der Ploeg-van Schip JJ, de Dood CJ, Dijkman K, Franken KLMC, Wilson L, Aseffa A, Spencer JS, Ottenhoff THM, Corstjens PLAM, Geluk A. Field-evaluation of a new lateral flow assay for detection of cellular and humoral immunity against Mycobacterium leprae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2845. [PMID: 24810599 PMCID: PMC4014418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Field-applicable tests detecting asymptomatic Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection or predicting progression to leprosy, are urgently required. Since the outcome of M. leprae infection is determined by cellular- and humoral immunity, we aim to develop diagnostic tests detecting pro-/anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines as well as antibodies against M. leprae. Previously, we developed lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of cytokines and anti-PGL-I antibodies. Here we evaluate progress of newly developed LFAs for applications in resource-poor settings. Methods The combined diagnostic value of IP-10, IL-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies was tested using M. leprae-stimulated blood of leprosy patients and endemic controls (EC). For reduction of the overall test-to-result time the minimal whole blood assay time required to detect distinctive responses was investigated. To accommodate LFAs for field settings, dry-format LFAs for IP-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies were developed allowing storage and shipment at ambient temperatures. Additionally, a multiplex LFA-format was applied for simultaneous detection of anti-PGL-I antibodies and IP-10. For improved sensitivity and quantitation upconverting phosphor (UCP) reporter technology was applied in all LFAs. Results Single and multiplex UCP-LFAs correlated well with ELISAs. The performance of dry reagent assays and portable, lightweight UCP-LF strip readers indicated excellent field-robustness. Notably, detection of IP-10 levels in stimulated samples allowed a reduction of the whole blood assay time from 24 h to 6 h. Moreover, IP-10/IL-10 ratios in unstimulated plasma differed significantly between patients and EC, indicating the feasibility to identify M. leprae infection in endemic areas. Conclusions Dry-format UCP-LFAs are low-tech, robust assays allowing detection of relevant cytokines and antibodies in response to M. leprae in the field. The high levels of IP-10 and the required shorter whole blood assay time, render this cytokine useful to discriminate between leprosy patients and EC. Leprosy is one of the six diseases considered by WHO as a major threat in developing countries and often results in severe, life-long disabilities and deformities due to delayed diagnosis. Early detection of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection, followed by effective interventions, is considered vital to interrupt transmission. Thus, field-friendly tests that detect asymptomatic M. leprae infection are urgently required. The clinical outcome after M. leprae infection is determined by the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies in response to M. leprae. In this study, we developed lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of pro-inflammatory (IP-10) vs. anti-inflammatory/regulatory (IL-10) cellular immunity as well as antibodies against M. leprae and evaluated these in a field setting in Ethiopia using lightweight, portable readers. We show that detection of IP-10 allowed a significant reduction of the overall test-to-result time from 24 h to 6 h. Moreover, IP-10/IL-10 ratios in unstimulated plasma differed significantly between patients and EC, which can provide means to identify M. leprae infection. Thus, the LFAs are low-tech, robust assays that can be applied in resource-poor settings measuring immunity to M. leprae and can be used as tools for early diagnosis of leprosy leading to timely treatment and reduced transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Bobosha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elisa M. Tjon Kon Fat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Claudia J. de Dood
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kees L. M. C. Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Wilson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - John S. Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Wilson L, Bobosha K, van der Ploeg-van Schip JJ, van den Eeden SJF, Quinten E, Dijkman K, Franken KLMC, Haisma EM, Haks MC, van Hees CLM, Ottenhoff THM. Longitudinal immune responses and gene expression profiles in type 1 leprosy reactions. J Clin Immunol 2013; 34:245-55. [PMID: 24370984 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leprosy, a chronic disease initiated by Mycobacterium leprae, is often complicated by acute inflammatory reactions. Although such episodes occur in at least 50% of all leprosy patients and may cause irreversible nerve damage, no laboratory tests are available for early diagnosis or prediction of reactions. Since immune- and genetic host factors are critical in leprosy reactions, we hypothesize that identification of host-derived biomarkers correlated to leprosy reactions can provide the basis for new tests to facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment thereby helping to prevent tissue damage. METHODS The longitudinal host response of a leprosy patient, who was affected by a type 1 reaction (T1R) after MDT-treatment, was studied in unprecedented detail, measuring cellular and humoral immunity and gene expression profiles to identify biomarkers specific for T1R. RESULTS Cytokine analysis in response to M. leprae revealed increased production of IFN-γ, IP-10, CXCL9, IL-17A and VEGF at diagnosis of T1R compared to before T1R, whereas a simultaneous decrease in IL-10 and G-CSF was observed at T1R. Cytokines shifts coincided with a reduction in known regulatory CD39(+)CCL4(+) and CD25(high) T-cell subsets. Moreover, RNA expression profiles revealed that IFN-induced genes, (V)EGF, and genes associated with cytotoxic T-cell responses (GNLY, GZMA/B, PRF1) were upregulated during T1R, whereas expression of T-cell regulation-associated genes were decreased. CONCLUSIONS These data show that increased inflammation, vasculoneogenesis and cytotoxicity, perturbed T-cell regulation as well as IFN-induced genes play an important role in T1R and provide potential T1R-specific host biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Commandeur S, van Meijgaarden KE, Prins C, Pichugin AV, Dijkman K, van den Eeden SJF, Friggen AH, Franken KLMC, Dolganov G, Kramnik I, Schoolnik GK, Oftung F, Korsvold GE, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM. An unbiased genome-wide Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression approach to discover antigens targeted by human T cells expressed during pulmonary infection. J Immunol 2013; 190:1659-71. [PMID: 23319735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for almost 2 million deaths annually. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the only vaccine available against tuberculosis (TB), induces highly variable protection against TB, and better TB vaccines are urgently needed. A prerequisite for candidate vaccine Ags is that they are immunogenic and expressed by M. tuberculosis during infection of the primary target organ, that is, the lungs of susceptible individuals. In search of new TB vaccine candidate Ags, we have used a genome-wide, unbiased Ag discovery approach to investigate the in vivo expression of 2170 M. tuberculosis genes during M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice. Four genetically related but distinct mouse strains were studied, representing a spectrum of TB susceptibility controlled by the supersusceptibility to TB 1 locus. We used stringent selection approaches to select in vivo-expressed M. tuberculosis (IVE-TB) genes and analyzed their expression patterns in distinct disease phenotypes such as necrosis and granuloma formation. To study the vaccine potential of these proteins, we analyzed their immunogenicity. Several M. tuberculosis proteins were recognized by immune cells from tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals, indicating that these Ags are presented during natural M. tuberculosis infection. Furthermore, TB patients also showed responses toward IVE-TB Ags, albeit lower than tuberculin skin test-positive, ESAT6/CFP10-responsive individuals. Finally, IVE-TB Ags induced strong IFN-γ(+)/TNF-α(+) CD8(+) and TNF-α(+)/IL-2(+) CD154(+)/CD4(+) T cell responses in PBMC from long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals. In conclusion, these IVE-TB Ags are expressed during pulmonary infection in vivo, are immunogenic, induce strong T cell responses in long-term latently M. tuberculosis-infected individuals, and may therefore represent attractive Ags for new TB vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lampen MH, Hassan C, Sluijter M, Geluk A, Dijkman K, Tjon JM, de Ru AH, van der Burg SH, van Veelen PA, van Hall T. Alternative peptide repertoire of HLA-E reveals a binding motif that is strikingly similar to HLA-A2. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:126-31. [PMID: 22898188 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The non-classical HLA-E is a conserved class I molecule that mainly presents monomorphic leader peptides derived from other HLA class I molecules. These leader peptides comprise an optimized sequence for tight and deep binding into the HLA-E groove. In a TAP-deficient environment, as it can be generated during viral infection or in tumor tissue, loading of the classical leader peptide sequences is hampered leading to an alternative HLA-E peptide repertoire. In this study, we characterized this alternative peptide repertoire using cells in which TAP activity is inhibited. We identified more than 500 unique peptide sequences carried by HLA-E and found that their binding motif is different from the dominant leader peptides. Hydrophobic amino acids were only found at positions 2 and 9, in close resemblance to the peptide binding motif of HLA-A*0201. HLA-E-eluted peptides were indeed able to bind this classical HLA class I molecule. Our findings suggest that the dominant leader peptides uniquely conform to HLA-E, but that in their absence a peptide pool is presented like that of HLA-A*0201.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margit H Lampen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Geluk A, van den Eeden SJF, van Meijgaarden KE, Dijkman K, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM. A multistage-polyepitope vaccine protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:7513-21. [PMID: 23103299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is responsible for almost 2 million deaths annually. BCG, currently the only TB vaccine, induces variable protection and does not protect against reactivation of latent TB. Thus, efficient vaccines to supplement BCG are required urgently. Since Mtb's proteome differs qualitatively and quantitatively during bacterial replication stages from that expressed during dormancy, improved TB vaccines should drive immune responses to Mtb antigens expressed during multiple stages of infection. Consequently, such "multistage" vaccines should be composed of (immunodominant) antigens expressed during different phases of Mtb infection. As a concept multistage vaccine, we constructed a polyepitope by fusing five HLA-DR3-restricted T-cell epitopes derived from different Mtb proteins either expressed highly by replicating bacteria (Ag85B, hsp65, 19 kDa lipoprotein), or abundantly expressed by dormant bacilli and recognized preferentially by TST(+) individuals (hsp16, Rv1733c). PBMC of HLA-DR3(+) but not HLA-DR3(-) cured TB patients and TST(+) individuals responded well to the multistage-polyepitope in vitro. The in vivo immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the multistage-polyepitope were analyzed using HLA-DR3 transgenic mice lacking endogenous murine class II as a model. Immunization with the multistage-polyepitope adjuvanted with CpG generated high IgG levels as well as polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cells producing IFN-γ, TNF and IL-2, specific for these HLA-DR3-restricted epitopes. Importantly, multistage-polyepitope immunization reduced the number of bacilli in the lungs after Mtb challenge when administered as prophylactic vaccine. Given the extensive repertoire of potential Mtb antigens available for immune recognition, the data of our model demonstrate the potential of multistage-polyepitope vaccines to protect against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Geluk A, van den Eeden SJF, Dijkman K, Wilson L, Kim HJ, Franken KLMC, Spencer JS, Pessolani MCV, Pereira GMB, Ottenhoff THM. ML1419c peptide immunization induces Mycobacterium leprae-specific HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL in vivo with potential to kill live mycobacteria. J Immunol 2011; 187:1393-402. [PMID: 21705623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) T cells play an important role in protective immunity against mycobacteria. Previously, we showed that p113-121, derived from Mycobacterium leprae protein ML1419c, induced significant IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells in 90% of paucibacillary leprosy patients and in 80% of multibacillary patients' contacts, demonstrating induction of M. leprae-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity. In this work, we studied the in vivo role and functional profile of ML1419c p113-121-induced T cells in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Immunization with 9mer or 30mer covering the p113-121 sequence combined with TLR9 agonist CpG induced HLA-A*0201-restricted, M. leprae-specific CD8(+) T cells as visualized by p113-121/HLA-A*0201 tetramers. Most CD8(+) T cells produced IFN-γ, but distinct IFN-γ(+)/TNF-α(+) populations were detected simultaneously with significant secretion of CXCL10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10, CXCL9/MIG, and VEGF. Strikingly, peptide immunization also induced high ML1419c-specific IgG levels, strongly suggesting that peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells provide help to B cells in vivo, as CD4(+) T cells were undetectable. An additional important characteristic of p113-121-specific CD8(+) T cells was their capacity for in vivo killing of p113-121-labeled, HLA-A*0201(+) splenocytes. The cytotoxic function of p113-121/HLA-A*0201-specific CD8(+) T cells extended into direct killing of splenocytes infected with live Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing ML1419c: both 9mer and 30mer induced CD8(+) T cells that reduced the number of ML1419c-expressing mycobacteria by 95%, whereas no reduction occurred using wild-type M. smegmatis. These data, combined with previous observations in Brazilian cohorts, show that ML1419c p113-121 induces potent CD8(+) T cells that provide protective immunity against M. leprae and B cell help for induction of specific IgG, suggesting its potential use in diagnostics and as a subunit (vaccine) for M. leprae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|