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Pramasivan S, Low VL, Jeyaprakasam NK, Liew JWK, Ngui R, Vythilingam I. Cryptic Diversity and Demographic Expansion of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Vectors in Malaysia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1369. [PMID: 37510274 PMCID: PMC10378955 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Malaysia is considered free of human malaria, there has been a growing number of Plasmodium knowlesi cases. This alarming trend highlighted the need for our understanding of this parasite and its associated vectors, especially considering the role of genetic diversity in the adaptation and evolution among vectors in endemic areas, which is currently a significant knowledge gap in their fundamental biology. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles cracens, Anopheles introlatus, and Anopheles latens-the vectors for P. knowlesi malaria in Malaysia. Based on cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) markers, the genealogic networks of An. latens showed a separation of the haplotypes between Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysia Borneo, forming two distinct clusters. Additionally, the genetic distances between these clusters were high (2.3-5.2% for CO1) and (2.3-4.7% for ITS2), indicating the likely presence of two distinct species or cryptic species within An. latens. In contrast, no distinct clusters were observed in An. cracens, An. balabacensis, or An. introlatus, implying a lack of pronounced genetic differentiation among their populations. It is worth noting that there were varying levels of polymorphism observed across the different subpopulations, highlighting some levels of genetic variation within these mosquito species. Nevertheless, further analyses revealed that all four species have undergone demographic expansion, suggesting population growth and potential range expansion for these vectors in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore 569874, Singapore
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Wei Y, He S, Wang J, Fan P, He Y, Hu K, Chen Y, Zhou G, Zhong D, Zheng X. Genome-wide SNPs reveal novel patterns of spatial genetic structure in Aedes albopictus (Diptera Culicidae) population in China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1028026. [PMID: 36438226 PMCID: PMC9685676 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1028026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the second half of the 20th century, Aedes albopictus, a vector for more than 20 arboviruses, has spread worldwide. Aedes albopictus is the main vector of infectious diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in China, and it has caused concerns regarding public health. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial genetic structure of this vector species at a genomic level is essential for effective vector control and the prevention of vector-borne diseases. Methods During 2016-2018, adult female Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were collected from eight different geographical locations across China. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) was used for high-throughput identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotyping of the Ae. albopictus population. The spatial genetic structure was analyzed and compared to those exhibited by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and microsatellites in the Ae. albopictus population. Results A total of 9,103 genome-wide SNP loci in 101 specimens and 32 haplotypes of cox1 in 231 specimens were identified in the samples from eight locations in China. Principal component analysis revealed that samples from Lingshui and Zhanjiang were more genetically different than those from the other locations. The SNPs provided a better resolution and stronger signals for novel spatial population genetic structures than those from the cox1 data and a set of previously genotyped microsatellites. The fixation indexes from the SNP dataset showed shallow but significant genetic differentiation in the population. The Mantel test indicated a positive correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. However, the asymmetric gene flow was detected among the populations, and it was higher from south to north and west to east than in the opposite directions. Conclusions The genome-wide SNPs revealed seven gene pools and fine spatial genetic structure of the Ae. albopictus population in China. The RAD-seq approach has great potential to increase our understanding of the spatial dynamics of population spread and establishment, which will help us to design new strategies for controlling vectors and mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Song He
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiatian Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xueli Zheng
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Zhang HD, Gao J, Xing D, Guo XX, Li CX, Dong YD, Zheng Z, Ma Z, Wu ZM, Zhu XJ, Zhao MH, Liu QM, Yan T, Chu HL, Zhao TY. Fine-scale genetic structure and wolbachia infection of aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Nanjing city, China. Front Genet 2022; 13:827655. [PMID: 36110209 PMCID: PMC9468874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.827655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Aedes albopictus is an indigenous primary vector of dengue and Zika viruses in China. Wolbachia is a gram-negative and common intracellular bacteria, which is maternally inherited endosymbionts and could expand their propagation in host populations by means of various manipulations. Compared with research on the dispersion of Ae. albopictus at the macrospatial level (mainly at the country or continent level), little is known about its variation and Wolbachia infection at the microspatial level, which is essential for its management. Meanwhile, no local cases of dengue fever have been recorded in the history of Nanjing, which implies that few adulticides have been applied in the city. Thus, the present study examines how the Ae. albopictus population varies and the Wolbachia infection status of each population among microspatial regions of Nanjing City. Methods: The genetic structure of 17 Aedes albopictus populations collected from urban, urban fringe, and rural regions of Nanjing City was investigated based on 9 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial coxI gene. The Wolbachia infection status of each population was also assessed with Wolbachia A- and Wolbachia B-specific primers. Results: Nine out of 58 tested pairs of microsatellite markers were highly polymorphic, with a mean PIC value of 0.560, and these markers were therefore chosen for microsatellite genotyping analysis. The Na value of each Ae. albopictus population was very high, and the urban area populations (7.353 ± 4.975) showed a lower mean value than the urban fringe region populations (7.866 ± 5.010). A total of 19 coxI haplotypes were observed among 329 Ae. albopictus individuals via haplotype genotyping, with the highest diversity observed among the urban fringe Ae. albopictus populations (Hd = 0.456) and the lowest among the urban populations (Hd = 0.277). Each Ae. albopictus population showed significant departure from HWE, and significant population expansion was observed in only three populations from the urban (ZSL), urban fringe (HAJY), and rural areas (HSZY) (p < 0.05). Combined with DAPC analysis, all the Ae. albopictus populations were adequately allocated to two clades with significant genetic differences according to population structure analysis, and the best K value was equal to two. AMOVA results showed that most (96.18%) of the genetic variation detected in Ae. albopictus occurred within individuals (FIT = 0.22238, p < 0.0001), while no significant positive correlation was observed via isolation by distance (IBD) analysis (R2 = 0.03262, p = 0.584). The TCS network of all haplotypes showed that haplotype 1 (H1) and haplotype 4 (H4) were the most frequent haplotypes among all populations, and the haplotype frequency significantly increased from urban regions (36.84%) to rural regions (68.42%). Frequent migration was observed among Ae. albopictus populations from rural to urban regions via the urban fringe region, with four direct migration routes between rural and urban regions. Furthermore, Wolbachia genotyping results showed that most of the individuals of each population were coinfected with Wolbachia A and Wolbachia B. The independent infection rate of Wolbachia A was slightly higher than that of Wolbachia B, and no significant differences were observed among different regions. Conclusion: In the microspatial environment of Nanjing City, the urban fringe region is an important region for the dispersion of Ae. albopictus populations between rural and urban areas, and Wolbachia A and Wolbachia B coinfection is the most common Wolbachia infection status in all Ae. albopictus populations among different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Duan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-De Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Chu
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Liang Chu, ; Tong-Yan Zhao,
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Liang Chu, ; Tong-Yan Zhao,
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Lather M, Mallick PK, Sharma D, Kale S, Dang AS, Adak T, Singh OP. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles fluviatilis species T (Diptera: Culicidae) in India. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:194-202. [PMID: 35182085 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a complex that comprises four sibling species (S, T, U, and V). Among these, species T is widely distributed in India. Chromosomal inversion polymorphism exists among different geographic populations of An. fluviatilis species T; however, population genetic structure is not understood. This study inferred a genetic structure among six geographically diverse populations of species T using a panel of microsatellite markers. Analyses indicated a significant but low genetic differentiation among the majority of the studied populations. A significant correlation was observed between genetic and geographic distances, exhibiting stepwise migration patterns among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Lather
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita S Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Tridibes Adak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Om P Singh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Bunmee K, Thaenkham U, Saralamba N, Ponlawat A, Zhong D, Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Sriwichai P. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles minimus in Thailand based on mitochondrial DNA markers. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:496. [PMID: 34565456 PMCID: PMC8474755 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malaria vector Anopheles minimus has been influenced by external stresses affecting the survival rate and vectorial capacity of the population. Since An. minimus habitats have continuously undergone ecological changes, this study aimed to determine the population genetic structure and the potential gene flow among the An. minimus populations in Thailand. METHODS Anopheles minimus was collected from five malaria transmission areas in Thailand using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps. Seventy-nine females from those populations were used as representative samples. The partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene sequences were amplified and analyzed to identify species and determine the current population genetic structure. For the past population, we determined the population genetic structure from the 60 deposited COII sequences in GenBank of An. minimus collected from Thailand 20 years ago. RESULTS The current populations of An. minimus were genetically divided into two lineages, A and B. Lineage A has high haplotype diversity under gene flow similar to the population in the past. Neutrality tests suggested population expansion of An. minimus, with the detection of abundant rare mutations in all populations, which tend to arise from negative selection. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the population genetic structure of An. minimus lineage A was similar between the past and present populations, indicating high adaptability of the species. There was substantial gene flow between the eastern and western An. minimus populations without detection of significant gene flow barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonchanok Bunmee
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Saralamba
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchara Sriwichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ding YR, Yan ZT, Si FL, Li XD, Mao QM, Asghar S, Chen B. Mitochondrial genes associated with pyrethroid resistance revealed by mitochondrial genome and transcriptome analyses in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:769-778. [PMID: 31392850 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticides are still the main method of mosquito control, but mosquito resistance presents a large obstacle. The function of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance is still poorly understood. Pyrethroid is the most commonly used insecticide, and Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in China and Southeast Asia. In this study, we investigated the mitochondrial genes associated with pyrethroid resistance through their genetic and expression variation based on analyses of transcriptomes and 36 individuals with resequencing in three geographical populations in China. RESULTS The nucleotide diversity (Pi) in 18 resistant individuals was much lower than that in 18 susceptible individuals, which suggests that some sites experienced purifying selection subject to pyrethroid stress. Ka/Ks and amino acid analyses showed that ND4 experienced positive selection and had 23 amino acid mutations due to pyrethroid stress. These mutations might change the ND4 structure and function and thus alter the efficiency of the respiratory chain. ND5 was significantly upregulated, and ATP8 was significantly downregulated in these three pyrethroid resistant populations, which suggests that these two genes function in the production and maintenance of pyrethroid resistance. There are differences in mitochondrial genes involved in pyrethroid resistance among these three populations. CONCLUSION This is the first study to reveal the association of mitochondrial genes in the evolution of insecticide resistance through amino acid mutation and expression patterns and can help us further understand insecticide resistance mechanisms. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ran Ding
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen-Tian Yan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Ling Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Meng Mao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sana Asghar
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Qiao L, Chen B. Comparative analyses of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in 23 mosquito species genomes: Identification, characterization and distribution (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:607-619. [PMID: 29484820 PMCID: PMC7379697 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) exist in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes and are the most popular genetic markers, but the SSRs of mosquito genomes are still not well understood. In this study, we identified and analyzed the SSRs in 23 mosquito species using Drosophila melanogaster as reference at the whole-genome level. The results show that SSR numbers (33 076-560 175/genome) and genome sizes (574.57-1342.21 Mb) are significantly positively correlated (R2 = 0.8992, P < 0.01), but the correlation in individual species varies in these mosquito species. In six types of SSR, mono- to trinucleotide SSRs are dominant with cumulative percentages of 95.14%-99.00% and densities of 195.65/Mb-787.51/Mb, whereas tetra- to hexanucleotide SSRs are rare with 1.12%-4.22% and 3.76/Mb-40.23/Mb. The (A/T)n, (AC/GT)n and (AGC/GCT)n are the most frequent motifs in mononucleotide, dinucleotide and trinucleotide SSRs, respectively, and the motif frequencies of tetra- to hexanucleotide SSRs appear to be species-specific. The 10-20 bp length of SSRs are dominant with the number of 110 561 ± 93 482 and the frequency of 87.25% ± 5.73% on average, and the number and frequency decline with the increase of length. Most SSRs (83.34% ± 7.72%) are located in intergenic regions, followed by intron regions (11.59% ± 5.59%), exon regions (3.74% ± 1.95%), and untranslated regions (1.32% ± 1.39%). The mono-, di- and trinucleotide SSRs are the main SSRs in both gene regions (98.55% ± 0.85%) and exon regions (99.27% ± 0.52%). An average of 42.52% of total genes contains SSRs, and the preference for SSR occurrence in different gene subcategories are species-specific. The study provides useful insights into the SSR diversity, characteristics and distribution in 23 mosquito species of genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ting Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular BiologyChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yu‐Juan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular BiologyChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liang Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular BiologyChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular BiologyChongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
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Tan WL, Li CX, Lv RC, Dong YD, Guo XX, Xing D, Zhou MH, Xu Y, Chu HL, Wang G, Zhu CQ, Sun J, Zhao TY. The polymorphism and geographical distribution of knockdown resistance of adult Anopheles sinensis populations in eastern China. Malar J 2019; 18:164. [PMID: 31064367 PMCID: PMC6505223 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is one of the major malaria vectors in China and other southeast Asian countries, including Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand. Vector control is considered to be the critical measure for malaria control, while the increasing prevalence of insecticide resistance caused by long-term use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids, is threatening the successful control of An. sinensis. In order to understand the underlying resistance mechanisms involved and molecular basis, the principal malaria vector, An. sinensis from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, Southeast China, was investigated. Methods The adult Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled from multiple sites across Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, and sufficient mosquitoes collected from eleven sites for insecticide susceptibility bioassays. The DIIS4–DIIS6 region of the para-type sodium channel gene was amplified and sequenced, then multiple PCR and Taqman assays were used to assess the frequencies of kdr mutations at the target gene. Results In the present study, most of the adult An. sinensis populations were pyrethroids resistant, which indicated the presence of kdr resistance mutations in the para-type sodium channel gene. Sequence analyses demonstrated the kdr mutation existed at codon 1014 in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces. In adult An. sinensis, three mutant types (TTT L1014F, TTC L1014F, and TGT L1014C) of kdr alleles were detected, while no wild type (TTG L1014) was observed. The TTC L1014F mutation was first reported in Anhui province. Conclusions The highly polymorphic kdr alleles were observed in all the adult An. sinensis populations, which suggested that in-depth studies are required for carrying on insecticide resistance monitoring and specific resistance mechanisms studying into establish effective long-term malaria vector control program in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.,Department of Vector Control, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Rui-Chen Lv
- Department of Vector Control, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-De Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Ming-Hao Zhou
- Department of Vector Control, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Vector Control, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Liang Chu
- Department of Vector Control, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chang-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Vector Control, Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Vector Control, Jiangsu Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Weeraratne TC, Surendran SN, Walton C, Karunaratne SHPP. Genetic diversity and population structure of malaria vector mosquitoes Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles peditaeniatus, and Anopheles vagus in five districts of Sri Lanka. Malar J 2018; 17:271. [PMID: 30029664 PMCID: PMC6053832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Sri Lanka is considered as a malaria-free nation, the threat of re-emergence of outbreaks still remains due to the high prevalence and abundance of malaria vectors. Analysis of population genetic structure of malaria vectors is considered to be one of the vital components in implementing successful vector control programmes. The present study was conducted to determine the population genetic structure of three abundant malaria vectors; Anopheles subpictus sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles peditaneatus and Anopheles vagus from five administrative districts in two climatic zones; intermediate zone (Badulla and Kurunegala districts) and dry zone (Ampara, Batticoloa and Jaffna districts) of Sri Lanka using the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Methods Adult mosquitoes of An. subpictus s.l., An. peditaeniatus, and An. vagus were collected from five study sites located in five districts using cattle baited traps and backpack aspirators. Representative samples of each species that were morphologically confirmed were selected from each locality in generating COI sequences (> 6 good quality sequences per species per locality). Results Anopheles subpictus s.l. specimens collected during the study belonged to two sibling species; An. subpictus ‘A’ (from all study sites except from Jaffna) and An. subpictus ‘B’ (only from Jaffna). The results of haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices showed that all the three species are having high genetic diversity. Although a high significant pairwise difference was observed between An. subpictus ‘A’ and ‘B’ (Fst> 0.950, p < 0.05), there were no significant genetic population structures within An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A (p > 0.05), indicating possible gene flow between these populations. Conclusions Gene flow among the populations of An. peditaeniatus, An. vagus and An. subpictus species A was evident. Application of vector control measures against all mosquito species must be done with close monitoring since gene flow can assist the spread of insecticide resistance genes over a vast geographical area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2419-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini C Weeraratne
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Catherine Walton
- School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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10
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Chen K, Wang Y, Li XY, Peng H, Ma YJ. Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:149. [PMID: 28969698 PMCID: PMC5625653 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) is a primary vector of Plasmodium vivax and Brugia malayi in most regions of China. In addition, its phylogenetic relationship with the cryptic species of the Hyrcanus Group is complex and remains unresolved. Mitochondrial genome sequences are widely used as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies of mosquito species complexes, of which mitochondrial genome data of An. sinensis is not available. Methods An. sinensis samples was collected from Shandong, China, and identified by molecular marker. Genomic DNA was extracted, followed by the Illumina sequencing. Two complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled and annotated using the mitochondrial genome of An. gambiae as reference. The mitochondrial genomes sequences of the 28 known Anopheles species were aligned and reconstructed phylogenetic tree by Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. Findings The length of complete mitochondrial genomes of An. sinensis was 15,076 bp and 15,138 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and an AT-rich control region. As in other insects, most mitochondrial genes are encoded on the J strand, except for ND5, ND4, ND4L, ND1, two rRNA and eight tRNA genes, which are encoded on the N strand. The bootstrap value was set as 1000 in ML analyses. The topologies restored phylogenetic affinity within subfamily Anophelinae. The ML tree showed four major clades, corresponding to the subgenera Cellia, Anopheles, Nyssorhynchus and Kerteszia of the genus Anopheles. Conclusions The complete mitochondrial genomes of An. sinensis were obtained. The number, order and transcription direction of An. sinensis mitochondrial genes were the same as in other species of family Culicidae. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-017-0362-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Team ten Cadet Brigade, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Heng Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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11
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Feng X, Huang L, Lin L, Yang M, Ma Y. Genetic diversity and population structure of the primary malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in China inferred by cox1 gene. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:75. [PMID: 28183358 PMCID: PMC5439230 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is a primary vector for Plasmodium vivax malaria in most regions of China. A comprehensive understanding of genetic variation and structure of the mosquito would be of benefit to the vector control and in a further attempt to contribute to malaria elimination in China. However, there is only inadequate population genetic data pertaining to An. sinensis currently. Methods Genetic variations and structure among populations of An. sinensis was examined and analyzed based on the nucleotide sequences of a 662 nt variable region of the mitochondrial cox1 gene among 15 populations from 20 collection sites in China. Results A total of 453 individuals in 15 populations were analyzed. The cox1 gene sequences were aligned, and 247 haplotypes were detected, 41 of these shared between populations. The range of haplotype diversity was from 0.709 (Yunnan) to 0.998 (Anhui). The genealogic network showed that the haplotypes were divided into two clusters, cluster I was at a high level of homoplasy, while cluster II included almost all individuals from the Yunnan population. The Yunnan population displayed a significantly high level of genetic differentiation (0.452−0.622) and a restricted gene flow with other populations. The pairwise FST values among other populations were lower. The AMOVA result showed that the percentage of variation within populations (83.83%) was higher than that among populations (16.17%). Mantel test suggested that geographical distance did not significantly contribute to the genetic differentiation (R2 = 0.0125, P = 0.59). Neutral test and mismatch analysis results showed that the An. sinensis population has undergone demographic expansions. Conclusions Anopheles sinensis populations showed high genetic polymorphism by cox1 gene. The weak genetic structure may be a consequence of low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among populations, except the Yunnan samples. The Yunnan population was isolated from the other populations, gene flow limited by geographical distance and barriers. These findings will provide a theoretical basis for vector surveillance and vector control in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2013-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Feng
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Second Military Medical University Press, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Manni Yang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Disease, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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12
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He X, He ZB, Zhang YJ, Zhou Y, Xian PJ, Qiao L, Chen B. Genome-wide identification and characterization of odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes in the malaria vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:366-376. [PMID: 26970073 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector. Insect odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) may function in the reception of odorants in the olfactory system. The classification and characterization of the An. sinensis OBP genes have not been systematically studied. In this study, 64 putative OBP genes were identified at the whole-genome level of An. sinensis based on the comparison between OBP conserved motifs, PBP_GOBP, and phylogenetic analysis with An. gambiae OBPs. The characterization of An. sinensis OBPs, including the motif's conservation, gene structure, genomic organization and classification, were investigated. A new gene, AsOBP73, belonging to the Plus-C subfamily, was identified with the support of transcript and conservative motifs. These An. sinensis OBP genes were classified into three subfamilies with 37, 15 and 12 genes in the subfamily Classic, Atypical and Plus-C, respectively. The genomic organization of An. sinensis OBPs suggests a clustered distribution across nine different scaffolds. Eight genes (OBP23-28, OBP63-64) might originate from a single gene through a series of historic duplication events at least before divergence of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes. The microsynteny analyses indicate a very high synteny between An. sinensis and An. gambiae OBPs. OBP70 and OBP71 earlier classified under Plus-C in An. gambiae are recognized as belonging to the group Obp59a of the Classic subfamily, and OBP69 earlier classified under Plus-C has been moved to the Atypical subfamily in this study. The study established a basic information frame for further study of the OBP genes in insects as well as in An. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zheng-Bo He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yu-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Peng-Jie Xian
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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13
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Chang X, Zhong D, Lo E, Fang Q, Bonizzoni M, Wang X, Lee MC, Zhou G, Zhu G, Qin Q, Chen X, Cui L, Yan G. Landscape genetic structure and evolutionary genetics of insecticide resistance gene mutations in Anopheles sinensis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:228. [PMID: 27108406 PMCID: PMC4842280 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is one of the most abundant vectors of malaria and other diseases in Asia. Vector control through the use of insecticides is the front line control method of vector-borne diseases. Pyrethroids are the most commonly used insecticides due to their low toxicity to vertebrates and low repellency. However, the extensive use of insecticides has imposed strong selection pressure on mosquito populations for resistance. High levels of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and various mutations and haplotypes in the para sodium channel gene that confers knockdown resistance (kdr) have been detected in An. sinensis. Despite the importance of kdr mutations in pyrethroid resistance, the evolutionary origin of the kdr mutations is unknown. This study aims to examine the evolutionary genetics of kdr mutations in relation to spatial population genetic structure of An. sinensis. Methods Adults or larvae of Anopheles sinensis were collected from various geographic locations in China. DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the para-type sodium channel gene were conducted to analyse kdr allele frequency distribution, kdr codon upstream and downstream intron polymorphism, population genetic diversity and kdr codon evolution. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase COI and COII genes were amplified and sequenced to examine population variations, genetic differentiation, spatial population structure, population expansion and gene flow patterns. Results Three non-synonymous mutations (L1014F, L1014C, and L1014S) were detected at the kdr codon L1014 of para-type sodium channel gene. A patchy distribution of kdr mutation allele frequencies from southern to central China was found. Near fixation of kdr mutation was detected in populations from central China, but no kdr mutations were found in populations from southwestern China. More than eight independent mutation events were detected in the three kdr alleles, and at least one of them evolved multiple times subsequent to their first divergence. Based on sequence analysis of the mitochondrial COI and COII genes, significant and large genetic differentiation was detected between populations from southwestern China and central China. The patchy distribution of kdr mutation frequencies is likely a consequence of geographic isolation in the mosquito populations and the long-term insecticide selection. Conclusion Our results indicate multiple origins of the kdr insecticide-resistant alleles in An. sinensis from southern and central China. Local selection related to intense and prolonged use of insecticide for agricultural purposes, as well as frequent migrations among populations are likely the explanations for the patchy distribution of kdr mutations in China. On the contrary, the lack of kdr mutations in Yunnan and Sichuan is likely a consequence of genetic isolation and absence of strong selection pressure. The present study compares the genetic patterns revealed by a functional gene with a neutral marker and demonstrates the combined impact of demographic and selection factors on population structure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1513-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.,Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qiang Fang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ming-Chieh Lee
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Qian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Emerging Infectious Diseases of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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14
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Harischandra IN, Dassanayake RS, De Silva BGDNK. Three sympatric clusters of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies E (Diptera: Culicidae) detected in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:3. [PMID: 26728098 PMCID: PMC4700606 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disease re-emergence threat from the major malaria vector in Sri Lanka, Anopheles culicifacies, is currently increasing. To predict malaria vector dynamics, knowledge of population genetics and gene flow is required, but this information is unavailable for Sri Lanka. This study was carried out to determine the population structure of An. culicifacies E in Sri Lanka. Methods Eight microsatellite markers were used to examine An. culicifacies E collected from six sites in Sri Lanka during 2010-2012. Standard population genetic tests and analyses, genetic differentiation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium, Bayesian cluster analysis, AMOVA, SAMOVA and isolation-by-distance were conducted using five polymorphic loci. Results Five microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic with high allelic richness. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was significantly rejected for four loci with positive FIS values in the pooled population (p < 0.0100). Three loci showed high deviations in all sites except Kataragama, which was in agreement with HWE for all loci except one locus (p < 0.0016). Observed heterozygosity was less than the expected values for all sites except Kataragama, where reported negative FIS values indicated a heterozygosity excess. Genetic differentiation was observed for all sampling site pairs and was not supported by the isolation by distance model. Bayesian clustering analysis identified the presence of three sympatric clusters (gene pools) in the studied population. Significant genetic differentiation was detected in cluster pairs with low gene flow and isolation by distance was not detected between clusters. Furthermore, the results suggested the presence of a barrier to gene flow that divided the populations into two parts with the central hill region of Sri Lanka as the dividing line. Conclusions Three sympatric clusters were detected among An. culicifacies E specimens isolated in Sri Lanka. There was no effect of geographic distance on genetic differentiation and the central mountain ranges in Sri Lanka appeared to be a barrier to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iresha Nilmini Harischandra
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Jayewardenepura, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ranil Samantha Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Cumarathunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 04, 00300, Sri Lanka.
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15
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Kang S, Jung J, Kim W. Population Genetic Structure of the Malaria Vector Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) Sensu Stricto and Evidence for Possible Introgression in the Republic of Korea. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1270-1281. [PMID: 26336253 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann sensu stricto (s.s.) is a dominant mosquito and considered a secondary malaria vector in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Despite the potential significance for malaria control, population genetics studies have been conducted using only mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and studies of the genetics of hybridization have never been attempted. In this study, 346 specimens from 23 localities were subject to experiments. Among them, 305 An. sinensis s.s. specimens from 20 localities were used for mtDNA analysis, and 346 specimens comprising 341 An. sinensis s.s. from 22 localities and five Anopheles kleini Rueda from one locality were examined in the microsatellite study. Neighbor-joining analysis of pairwise FST and RST based on microsatellite results showed that the populations are divided into two groups, as did the mtDNA results. However, the Bayesian analysis and factorial correspondence analysis plots showed three distinct clusters. Among the mtDNA and microsatellite results, only microsatellites represented small but positive and significant isolation-by-distance patterns. Both molecular markers show the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain ranges as barriers between the northern and southern parts of the ROK. The newly recognized third group suggests possible introgressive hybridization of An. sinensis s.s. with closely related species. The slightly different composition of populations in each group based on different markers is probably because of different population dynamics in each group. These results imply that there is restricted gene flow of epidemiologically important malaria-related genes between the northern and southern parts of the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Jung
- Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Wang Y, Yu W, Shi H, Yang Z, Xu J, Ma Y. Historical survey of the kdr mutations in the populations of Anopheles sinensis in China in 1996-2014. Malar J 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 25888824 PMCID: PMC4371805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis has become an important malaria vector in China. The long-term extensive utilization of pyrethroids for ITNs and IRS for mosquito control in the last three decades has resulted in the occurrence of resistant An. sinensis populations in many regions. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Recently, several investigations revealed the kdr occurrence in some An. sinensis populations, however, no kdr data were available earlier than 2009. A survey tracking the dynamics of the kdr mutations in past decades would provide invaluable information to understand how the kdr alleles spread in mosquito populations temporally and spatially. Methods A survey was conducted on the kdr alleles at condon 1014 of the VGSC gene and their distributions in 733 specimens of An. sinensis and 232 specimens of the other eight member species of the Anopheles hyrcanus group that were collected from 17 provinces in China in 1996–2014. Results A total of three kdr alleles, TTT (F), TTG (F) and TGT (C) were detected, and TGT (C) and TTT (F) were already present in the specimens from Jiangsu and Shandong as early as 1997. The TTT (F) was the most frequent mutant allele, and largely distributed in central China, namely Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shanghai, Jiangxi and Hubei. When data were analysed in three time intervals, 1996–2001, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, the prevalence of kdr alleles increased progressively over time in the populations in central China. In contrast, the kdr alleles were less frequent in the samples from other regions, especially in Yunnan and Hainan, despite the documented presence of pyrethroid resistant populations in those regions. Interestingly, no mutant alleles were detected in all 232 specimens of eight other species in the An. hyrcanus group. Conclusion The survey revealed that the kdr occurrence and accumulation in the An. sinensis populations were more frequent in central China than in the other regions, suggesting that the kdr mutations may contribute significantly to the pyrethroid resistance in the mosquitoes in central China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Hua Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Dai Y, Huang X, Cheng P, Liu L, Wang H, Wang H, Kou J. Development of insecticide resistance in malaria vector Anopheles sinensis populations from Shandong province in China. Malar J 2015; 14:62. [PMID: 25880316 PMCID: PMC4338830 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria and among the dominant species in Shandong province of China. Insecticide resistance is an important threat to vector-borne disease control. However, there are only few reports about insecticide resistance of An. sinensis populations from Shandong province. METHODS From 2003 to 2012, six districts in Shandong province were selected as the study areas. Insecticide susceptibility bioassay were tested on F1 progeny of An. sinensis to 4% DDT, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.15% cyfluthrin, and 5% malathion, using the standard WHO resistance tube assay. RESULTS The resistance status of An. sinensis showed a significant decrease in the mortality rates in DDT, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the past ten years. Whereas obvious increase of mortality to malathion was observed throughout the assay, ranging from 47.37% to 86.62%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Dai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
- Henan Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C, 269 Jinshui Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan Province, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Haifang Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Huaiwei Wang
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
| | - Jingxuan Kou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11 Taibai Middle Road, Jining, 272033, Shandong Province, P.R. China.
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18
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Liang J, Sharakhova MV, Lan Q, Zhu H, Sharakhov IV, Xia A. A standard cytogenetic map for Anopheles sinensis and chromosome arm homology between the subgenera Anopheles and Cellia. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28 Suppl 1:26-32. [PMID: 25171604 PMCID: PMC4156234 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) is an important vector of Plasmodium vivax in Southeast Asia. To facilitate population genetic and genomic studies of An. sinensis, we developed a standard cytogenetic photomap for this species. The polytene chromosomes were straightened and divided into 39 numbered divisions and 116 lettered subdivisions. The chromosomal localizations of 13 DNA probes were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. A comparison of the physical map for An. sinensis with the genome map for Anopheles gambiae revealed a whole-arm autosomal translocation between the two species. Specifically, the 2R arm of An. gambiae corresponds to the 3R arm of An. sinensis and the pattern of correspondence of the other chromosome arms remains regular. We mapped the breakpoints of the polymorphic paracentric chromosomal inversion 3Ra to subdivisions 28A and 31A. The standard cytogenetic map developed in this study will be useful for detailed comparative genome mapping and population genetic studies of An. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chang X, Zhong D, Fang Q, Hartsel J, Zhou G, Shi L, Fang F, Zhu C, Yan G. Multiple resistances and complex mechanisms of Anopheles sinensis mosquito: a major obstacle to mosquito-borne diseases control and elimination in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2889. [PMID: 24852174 PMCID: PMC4031067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis are three of the most common mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Malaria and lymphatic filariasis can occur as concomitant human infections while also sharing common mosquito vectors. The overall prevalence and health significance of malaria and filariasis have made them top priorities for global elimination and control programmes. Pyrethroid resistance in anopheline mosquito vectors represents a highly significant problem to malaria control worldwide. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate insecticide resistance, including rotational use of insecticides with different modes of action. Anopheles sinensis, an important malaria and filariasis vector in Southeast Asia, represents an interesting mosquito species for examining the consequences of long-term insecticide rotation use on resistance. We examined insecticide resistance in two An. Sinensis populations from central and southern China against pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates, which are the major classes of insecticides recommended for indoor residual spray. We found that the mosquito populations were highly resistant to the four classes of insecticides. High frequency of kdr mutation was revealed in the central population, whereas no kdr mutation was detected in the southern population. The frequency of G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene was moderate in both populations. The classification and regression trees (CART) statistical analysis found that metabolic detoxification was the most important resistance mechanism, whereas target site insensitivity of L1014 kdr mutation played a less important role. Our results indicate that metabolic detoxification was the dominant mechanism of resistance compared to target site insensitivity, and suggests that long-term rotational use of various insecticides has led An. sinensis to evolve a high insecticide resistance. This study highlights the complex network of mechanisms conferring multiple resistances to chemical insecticides in mosquito vectors and it has important implication for designing and implementing vector resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Joshua Hartsel
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Linna Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Makhawi AM, Liu XB, Yang SR, Liu QY. Genetic variations of ND5 gene of mtDNA in populations of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) malaria vector in China. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:290. [PMID: 24192424 PMCID: PMC4228240 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis is a principal vector for Plasmodium vivax malaria in most parts of China. Understanding of genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the mosquito should contribute to the vector control and malaria elimination in China. Methods The present study investigated the genetic structure of An. sinensis populations using a 729 bp fragment of mtDNA ND5 among 10 populations collected from seven provinces in China. Results ND5 was polymorphic by single mutations within three groups of An. sinensis that were collected from 10 different geographic populations in China. Out of 140 specimens collected from 10 representative sites, 84 haplotypes and 71 variable positions were determined. The overall level of genetic differentiation of An. sinensis varied from low to moderate across China and with a FST range of 0.00065 – 0.341. Genealogy analysis clustered the populations of An. sinensis into three main clusters. Each cluster shared one main haplotype. Pairwise variations within populations were higher (68.68%) than among populations (31.32%) and with high fixation index (FST = 0.313). The results of the present study support population growth and expansion in the An. sinensis populations from China. Three clusters of An. sinensis populations were detected in this study with each displaying different proportion patterns over seven Chinese provinces. No correlation between genetic and geographic distance was detected in overall populations of An. sinensis (R2 = 0.058; P = 0.301). Conclusions The results indicate that the ND5 gene of mtDNA is highly polymorphic in An. sinensis and has moderate genetic variability in the populations of this mosquito in China. Demographic and spatial results support evidence of expansion in An. sinensis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qi-Yong Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Yin JH, Yang MN, Zhou SS, Wang Y, Feng J, Xia ZG. Changing malaria transmission and implications in China towards National Malaria Elimination Programme between 2010 and 2012. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74228. [PMID: 24040210 PMCID: PMC3767829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Towards the implementation of national malaria elimination programme in China since 2010, the epidemiology of malaria has changed dramatically, and the lowest malaria burden was achieved yearly. It is time to analyze the changes of malaria situation based on surveillance data from 2010 to 2012 to reconsider the strategies for malaria elimination. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Malaria epidemiological data was extracted from the provincial annual reports in China between 2010 and 2012. The trends of the general, autochthonous and imported malaria were analyzed, and epidemic areas were reclassified according to Action Plan of China Malaria Elimination (2010-2020). As a result, there reported 2743 malaria cases with a continued decline in 2012, and around 7% autochthonous malaria cases accounted. Three hundred and fifty-three individual counties from 19 provincial regions had autochthonous malaria between 2010 and 2012, and only one county was reclassified into Type I (local infections detected in 3 consecutive years and the annual incidences ≥ 1/10,000) again. However, the imported malaria cases reported of each year were widespread, and 598 counties in 29 provinces were suffered in 2012. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Malaria was reduced significantly from 2010 to 2012 in China, and malaria importation became an increasing challenge. It is necessary to adjust or update the interventions for subsequent malaria elimination planning and resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-ni Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Shui-sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Guizhou Provincial CDC, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhi-gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
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Zhong D, Chang X, Zhou G, He Z, Fu F, Yan Z, Zhu G, Xu T, Bonizzoni M, Wang MH, Cui L, Zheng B, Chen B, Yan G. Relationship between knockdown resistance, metabolic detoxification and organismal resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles sinensis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55475. [PMID: 23405157 PMCID: PMC3566193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles sinensis is the most important vector of malaria in Southeast Asia, including China. Currently, the most effective measure to prevent malaria transmission relies on vector control through the use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids. Extensive use of insecticides poses strong selection pressure on mosquito populations for resistance. Resistance to insecticides can arise due to mutations in the insecticide target site (target site resistance), which in the case of pyrethroids is the para-type sodium channel gene, and/or the catabolism of the insecticide by detoxification enzymes before it reaches its target (metabolic detoxification resistance). In this study, we examined deltamethrin resistance in An. sinensis from China and investigated the relative importance of target site versus metabolic detoxification mechanisms in resistance. A high frequency (>85%) of nonsynonymous mutations in the para gene was found in populations from central China, but not in populations from southern China. Metabolic detoxification as measured by the activity of monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was detected in populations from both central and southern China. Monooxygenase activity levels were significantly higher in the resistant than the susceptible mosquitoes, independently of their geographic origin. Stepwise multiple regression analyses in mosquito populations from central China found that both knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and monooxygenase activity were significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance, with monooxygenase activity playing a stronger role. These results demonstrate the importance of metabolic detoxification in pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis, and suggest that different mechanisms of resistance could evolve in geographically different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Xuelian Chang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Zhengbo He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyang Fu
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentian Yan
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Division of Malaria Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Tielong Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mariangela Bonizzoni
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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