1
|
Nazir SU, Mishra J, Maurya SK, Ziamiavaghi N, Bodas S, Teply BA, Dutta S, Datta K. Deciphering the genetic and epigenetic architecture of prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2024; 161:191-221. [PMID: 39032950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer, one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men, leads to significant mortality worldwide. Its study is important due to the complexity and diversity in its progression, highlighting the urgent need for improved therapeutic strategies. This chapter probes into the genetic and epigenetic factors influencing prostate cancer progression, underscoring the importance of understanding the disease's molecular fundamentals for the development of targeted therapies. It specifically reviews the role of key genetic mutations in genes such as Androgen Receptor, TP53, SPOP, FOXA1 and PTEN which are crucial for the disease onset and a progression. Furthermore, it examines the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modification, which contribute to the cancer's progression by affecting gene expression and cellular behavior. Further, in this chapter we delve into the underlying signaling mechanism, the advancements in targeting genetic and epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer. These findings have revealed promising targets for therapeutic advancements, aiming to understand and identify promising avenues for future therapies. This chapter improves our current understanding of prostate cancer genetic and epigenetic landscape, emphasizing the necessity of advancing our knowledge to refine and expand treatment options for prostate cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheeraz Un Nazir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shailendra Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Negin Ziamiavaghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sanika Bodas
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Benjamin A Teply
- Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology & Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massy Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakao M, Sato Y, Aizawa A, Kimura H. Mode of SUV420H2 heterochromatin localization through multiple HP1 binding motifs in the heterochromatic targeting module. Genes Cells 2024; 29:361-379. [PMID: 38403935 PMCID: PMC11163940 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Constitutive heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed and densely packed chromatin, typically harboring histone H3 Lys9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). SUV420H2, a histone H4 Lys20 methyltransferase, is recruited to heterochromatin by binding to HP1 through its Heterochromatic Targeting Module (HTM). Here, we have identified three HP1 binding motifs within the HTM. Both the full-length HTM and its N-terminal region (HTM-N), which contains the first and second motifs, stabilized HP1 on heterochromatin. The intervening region between the first and second HP1 binding motifs in HTM-N was also crucial for HP1 binding. In contrast, the C-terminal region of HTM (HTM-C), containing the third motif, destabilized HP1 on chromatin. An HTM V374D mutant, featuring a Val374 to Asp substitution in the second HP1 binding motif, localizes to heterochromatin without affecting HP1 stability. These data suggest that the second HP1 binding motif in the SUV420H2 HTM is critical for locking HP1 on H3K9me3-enriched heterochromatin. HTM V374D, tagged with a fluorescent protein, can serve as a live-cell probe to visualize HP1-bound heterochromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Nakao
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Yuko Sato
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Arisa Aizawa
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohamaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schnee P, Pleiss J, Jeltsch A. Approaching the catalytic mechanism of protein lysine methyltransferases by biochemical and simulation techniques. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 59:20-68. [PMID: 38449437 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2024.2318547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) transfer up to three methyl groups to the side chains of lysine residues in proteins and fulfill important regulatory functions by controlling protein stability, localization and protein/protein interactions. The methylation reactions are highly regulated, and aberrant methylation of proteins is associated with several types of diseases including neurologic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and various types of cancer. This review describes novel insights into the catalytic machinery of various PKMTs achieved by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation approaches during the last years, focusing on clinically relevant and well-studied enzymes of this group like DOT1L, SMYD1-3, SET7/9, G9a/GLP, SETD2, SUV420H2, NSD1/2, different MLLs and EZH2. Biochemical experiments have unraveled many mechanistic features of PKMTs concerning their substrate and product specificity, processivity and the effects of somatic mutations observed in PKMTs in cancer cells. Structural data additionally provided information about the substrate recognition, enzyme-substrate complex formation, and allowed for simulations of the substrate peptide interaction and mechanism of PKMTs with atomistic resolution by molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods. These simulation technologies uncovered important mechanistic details of the PKMT reaction mechanism including the processes responsible for the deprotonation of the target lysine residue, essential conformational changes of the PKMT upon substrate binding, but also rationalized regulatory principles like PKMT autoinhibition. Further developments are discussed that could bring us closer to a mechanistic understanding of catalysis of this important class of enzymes in the near future. The results described here illustrate the power of the investigation of enzyme mechanisms by the combined application of biochemical experiments and simulation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schnee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fasano C, Lepore Signorile M, Di Nicola E, Pantaleo A, Forte G, De Marco K, Sanese P, Disciglio V, Grossi V, Simone C. The chromatin remodeling factors EP300 and TRRAP are novel SMYD3 interactors involved in the emerging 'nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming' cancer hallmark. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5240-5248. [PMID: 37954147 PMCID: PMC10632561 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SMDY3 is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase involved in several oncogenic processes and is believed to play a major role in various cancer hallmarks. Recently, we identified ATM, BRCA2, CHK2, MTOR, BLM, MET, AMPK, and p130 as direct SMYD3 interactors by taking advantage of a library of rare tripeptides, which we first tested for their in vitro binding affinity to SMYD3 and then used as in silico probes to systematically search the human proteome. Here, we used this innovative approach to identify further SMYD3-interacting proteins involved in crucial cancer pathways and found that the chromatin remodeling factors EP300 and TRRAP interact directly with SMYD3, thus linking SMYD3 to the emerging 'nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming' cancer hallmark. Of note, we validated these interactions in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, including HCT-116 cells, which harbor a C-terminal truncating mutation in EP300, suggesting that EP300 binds to SMYD3 via its N-terminal region. While additional studies are required to ascertain the functional mechanisms underlying these interactions and their significance, the identification of two novel SMYD3 interactors involved in epigenetic cancer hallmark pathways adds important pieces to the puzzle of how SMYD3 exerts its oncogenic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Nicola
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Pantaleo
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Disciglio
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology - IRCCS “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agredo A, Kasinski AL. Histone 4 lysine 20 tri-methylation: a key epigenetic regulator in chromatin structure and disease. Front Genet 2023; 14:1243395. [PMID: 37671044 PMCID: PMC10475950 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1243395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is a vital and dynamic structure that is carefully regulated to maintain proper cell homeostasis. A great deal of this regulation is dependent on histone proteins which have the ability to be dynamically modified on their tails via various post-translational modifications (PTMs). While multiple histone PTMs are studied and often work in concert to facilitate gene expression, here we focus on the tri-methylation of histone H4 on lysine 20 (H4K20me3) and its function in chromatin structure, cell cycle, DNA repair, and development. The recent studies evaluated in this review have shed light on how H4K20me3 is established and regulated by various interacting partners and how H4K20me3 and the proteins that interact with this PTM are involved in various diseases. Through analyzing the current literature on H4K20me3 function and regulation, we aim to summarize this knowledge and highlights gaps that remain in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Agredo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Life Sciences Interdisciplinary Program (PULSe), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Andrea L. Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nigam N, Bernard B, Sevilla S, Kim S, Dar MS, Tsai D, Robbins Y, Burkitt K, Sievers C, Allen CT, Bennett RL, Tettey TT, Carter B, Rinaldi L, Lingen MW, Sater H, Edmondson EF, Moshiri A, Saeed A, Cheng H, Luo X, Brennan K, Koparde V, Chen C, Das S, Andresson T, Abdelmaksoud A, Murali M, Sakata S, Takeuchi K, Chari R, Nakamura Y, Uppaluri R, Sunwoo JB, Van Waes C, Licht JD, Hager GL, Saloura V. SMYD3 represses tumor-intrinsic interferon response in HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112823. [PMID: 37463106 PMCID: PMC10407766 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers often display immune escape, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Herein, we identify SMYD3 as a mediator of immune escape in human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), an aggressive disease with poor response to immunotherapy with pembrolizumab. SMYD3 depletion induces upregulation of multiple type I interferon (IFN) response and antigen presentation machinery genes in HNSCC cells. Mechanistically, SMYD3 binds to and regulates the transcription of UHRF1, encoding for a reader of H3K9me3, which binds to H3K9me3-enriched promoters of key immune-related genes, recruits DNMT1, and silences their expression. SMYD3 further maintains the repression of immune-related genes through intragenic deposition of H4K20me3. In vivo, Smyd3 depletion induces influx of CD8+ T cells and increases sensitivity to anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) therapy. SMYD3 overexpression is associated with decreased CD8 T cell infiltration and poor response to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab. These data support combining SMYD3 depletion strategies with checkpoint blockade to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in HPV-negative HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Nigam
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Bernard
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha Sevilla
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sohyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohd Saleem Dar
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Tsai
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyunghee Burkitt
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cem Sievers
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Theophilus T Tettey
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Carter
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lorenzo Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark W Lingen
- University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Houssein Sater
- GU Malignancies Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abbas Saeed
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Kevin Brennan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vishal Koparde
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudipto Das
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Abdalla Abdelmaksoud
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Madhavi Murali
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan; Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-0063, Japan
| | | | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng Y, Ma G, Cai F, Wang P, Liang H, Zhang R, Deng J, Liu Y. SMYD3 drives the proliferation in gastric cancer cells via reducing EMP1 expression in an H4K20me3-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:386. [PMID: 37386026 PMCID: PMC10310787 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing 3 (SMYD3) is aberrantly expressed in various cancer settings. The mechanisms that SMYD3 activates the expression of critical pro-tumoral genes in an H3K4me3-dependent manner have been well described in previous reports. Besides H3K4me3, H4K20me3 is another catalytic product of SMYD3, however it is a transcriptionally repressive hallmark. Since it is not clear that how SMYD3-elicited transcriptionally repressive program functions in cancer, we used gastric cancer (GC) as a model to investigate the roles of SMYD3-H4K20me3. Herein, online bioinformatics tools, quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that SMYD3 expression was markedly increased in GC tissues from our institutional and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Additionally, aberrantly increased SMYD3 expression was closely associated with aggressive clinical characteristics and poor prognosis. Depletion of endogenous SMYD3 expression using shRNAs significantly attenuates the proliferation in GC cells and Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that SMYD3 epigenetically repressed the expression of epithelial membrane protein 1 (EMP1) in an H4K20me3-dependent manner. Gain-of-function and rescue experiments validated that EMP1 inhibited the propagation of GC cells and reduced p-Akt (S473) level. Based on these data, pharmaceutical inhibition of SMYD3 activity using the small inhibitor BCI-121 deactivated Akt signaling pathway in GC cells and further impaired the cellular viability in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that SMYD3 promotes the proliferation in GC cells and may be a valid target for therapeutic intervention of patients with GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zeng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, PR China
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Fenglin Cai
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Pengliang Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, PR China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China
| | - Jingyu Deng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao J, Yang S, Xu Y, Qin S, Bie F, Chen L, Zhou F, Xie J, Liu X, Shu B, Qi S. Mechanical pressure-induced dedifferentiation of myofibroblasts inhibits scarring via SMYD3/ITGBL1 signaling. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00190-9. [PMID: 37192621 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pressure therapy (PT) is an effective intervention for reducing scarring, but its underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that human scar-derived myofibroblasts dedifferentiate into normal fibroblasts in response to PT, and we identify how SMYD3/ITGBL1 contributes to the nuclear relay of mechanical signals. In clinical specimens, reductions in SMYD3 and ITGBL1 expression levels are strongly associated with the anti-scarring effects of PT. The integrin β1/ILK pathway is inhibited in scar-derived myofibroblasts upon PT, leading to decreased TCF-4 and subsequently to reductions in SMYD3 expression, which reduces the levels of H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and further suppresses ITGBL1 expression, resulting the dedifferentiation of myofibroblasts into fibroblasts. In animal models, blocking SMYD3 expression results in reductions of scarring, mimicking the positive effects of PT. Our results show that SMYD3 and ITGBL1 act as sensors and mediators of mechanical pressure to inhibit the progression of fibrogenesis and provide therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Zhao
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingbin Xu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shitian Qin
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Fan Bie
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department of Burns, Wound Repair and Reconstruction, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burlibasa L, Nicu AT, Chifiriuc MC, Medar C, Petrescu A, Jinga V, Stoica I. H3 histone methylation landscape in male urogenital cancers: from molecular mechanisms to epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1181764. [PMID: 37228649 PMCID: PMC10203431 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1181764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, male urogenital cancers (including prostate, renal, bladder and testicular cancers) have become one of the most frequently encountered malignancies affecting all ages. While their great variety has promoted the development of various diagnosis, treatment and monitoring strategies, some aspects such as the common involvement of epigenetic mechanisms are still not elucidated. Epigenetic processes have come into the spotlight in the past years as important players in the initiation and progression of tumors, leading to a plethora of studies highlighting their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and even as therapeutic targets. Thus, fostering research on the various epigenetic mechanisms and their roles in cancer remains a priority for the scientific community. This review focuses on one of the main epigenetic mechanisms, namely, the methylation of the histone H3 at various sites and its involvement in male urogenital cancers. This histone modification presents a great interest due to its modulatory effect on gene expression, leading either to activation (e.g., H3K4me3, H3K36me3) or repression (e.g., H3K27me3, H3K9me3). In the last few years, growing evidence has demonstrated the aberrant expression of enzymes that methylate/demethylate histone H3 in cancer and inflammatory diseases, that might contribute to the initiation and progression of such disorders. We highlight how these particular epigenetic modifications are emerging as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or targets for the treatment of urogenital cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cosmin Medar
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Prof. dr Theodor Burghele”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amelia Petrescu
- Clinical Hospital “Prof. dr Theodor Burghele”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucharest, Romania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Prof. dr Theodor Burghele”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Stoica
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Padilla A, Manganaro JF, Huesgen L, Roess DA, Brown MA, Crans DC. Targeting Epigenetic Changes Mediated by Members of the SMYD Family of Lysine Methyltransferases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28042000. [PMID: 36838987 PMCID: PMC9967872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28042000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in epigenetic changes in gene expression is essential to the clinical management of diseases linked to the SMYD family of lysine methyltransferases. The five known SMYD enzymes catalyze the transfer of donor methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to specific lysines on histones and non-histone substrates. SMYDs family members have distinct tissue distributions and tissue-specific functions, including regulation of development, cell differentiation, and embryogenesis. Diseases associated with SMYDs include the repressed transcription of SMYD1 genes needed for the formation of ion channels in the heart leading to heart failure, SMYD2 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or p53-related cancers, and poor prognosis associated with SMYD3 overexpression in more than 14 types of cancer including breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Given the importance of epigenetics in various pathologies, the development of epigenetic inhibitors has attracted considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmacologic development of the inhibitors involves the identification of molecules regulating both functional SMYD SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax) and MYND (Myeloid-Nervy-DEAF1) domains, a process facilitated by available X-ray structures for SMYD1, SMYD2, and SMYD3. Important leads for potential pharmaceutical agents have been reported for SMYD2 and SMYD3 enzymes, and six epigenetic inhibitors have been developed for drugs used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (Vidaza, Dacogen), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Zoinza, Isrodax), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (Beleodag, Epidaza). The recently demonstrated reversal of SMYD histone methylation suggests that reversing the epigenetic effects of SMYDs in cancerous tissues may be a desirable target for pharmacological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Padilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - John F. Manganaro
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
| | - Lydia Huesgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Deborah A. Roess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1617, USA
| | - Mark A. Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ethnic Studies, Global Health and Health Disparities, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1612, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1005, USA
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (D.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Qiu R, Zhao S, Shen L, Tang B, Weng Q, Xu Z, Zheng L, Chen W, Shu G, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Chen M, Ji J. SMYD3 associates with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex to regulate transcription and promote proliferation and invasiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC Biol 2022; 20:294. [PMID: 36575438 PMCID: PMC9795622 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMYD3, a member of the SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family, is a histone methyltransferase (HMT) and transcription factor that plays an important role in transcriptional regulation in human carcinogenesis. RESULTS Using affinity purification and mass spectrometry assays to identify SMYD3-associated proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, we found several previously undiscovered SMYD3-interacting proteins, including the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, the METTL family, and the CRL4B complex. Transcriptomic analysis of the consequences of knocking down SMYD3, MTA1, or MTA2 in HCC cells showed that SMYD3/NuRD complex targets a cohort of genes, some of which are critically involved in cell growth and migration. qChIP analyses showed that SMYD3 knockdown led to a significant reduction in the binding of MTA1 or MTA2 to the promoters of IGFBP4 and led to a significant decrease in H4K20me3 and a marked increase in H4Ac at the IGFBP4 promoter. In addition, we demonstrated that SMYD3 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in vivo and in vitro and found that its expression is markedly upregulated in human liver cancer. Knockdown of MTA1 or MTA2 had the same effect as knockdown of SMYD3 on proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Catalytic mutant SMYD3 could not rescue the phenotypic effects caused by knockdown of SMYD3. Inhibitors of SMYD3 effectively inhibited the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that SMYD3 could transcriptionally repress a cohort of target genes expression by associating with the NuRD (MTA1/2) complex, thereby promoting the proliferation and invasiveness of HCC cells. Our results support the case for pursuing SMYD3 as a practical prognostic marker or therapeutic target against HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Rongfang Qiu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Lin Shen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Bufu Tang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Qiaoyou Weng
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Liyun Zheng
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Gaofeng Shu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Yajie Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| | - Jiansong Ji
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000 China ,grid.440824.e0000 0004 1757 6428Department of Interventional Radiology, Clinical College of The Affiliated Central Hospital, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu L, Huang J, Trivedi P, Sun X, Yu H, He Z, Zhang X. Zinc finger myeloid Nervy DEAF-1 type (ZMYND) domain containing proteins exert molecular interactions to implicate in carcinogenesis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 36520265 PMCID: PMC9755447 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in the low organisms have been found to be modulated by a number of proteins, and one of such factor, deformed epidermal auto-regulatory factor-1 (DEAF-1) has been initially identified in Drosophila. The mammalian homologue of DEAF-1 and structurally related proteins have been identified, and they formed a family with over 20 members. The factors regulate gene expression through association with co-repressors, recognition of genomic marker, to exert histone modification by catalyze addition of some chemical groups to certain amino acid residues on histone and non-histone proteins, and degradation host proteins, so as to regulate cell cycle progression and execution of cell death. The formation of fused genes during chromosomal translocation, exemplified with myeloid transforming gene on chromosome 8 (MTG8)/eight-to-twenty one translocation (ETO) /ZMYND2, MTG receptor 1 (MTGR1)/ZMYND3, MTG on chromosome 16/MTGR2/ZMYND4 and BS69/ZMYND11 contributes to malignant transformation. Other anomaly like copy number variation (CNV) of BS69/ZMYND11 and promoter hyper methylation of BLU/ZMYND10 has been noted in malignancies. It has been reported that when fusing with Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), the binding of MTG8/ZMYND2 with co-repressors is disturbed, and silencing of BLU/ZMYND10 abrogates its ability to inhibition of cell cycle and promotion of apoptotic death. Further characterization of the implication of ZMYND proteins in carcinogenesis would enhance understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence and early diagnosis of tumors, and effective antitumor efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longji Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Modern Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuerong Sun
- Institute of Aging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Scientific and Industrial Park, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese-American Tumor Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fasano C, Lepore Signorile M, De Marco K, Forte G, Sanese P, Grossi V, Simone C. Identifying novel SMYD3 interactors on the trail of cancer hallmarks. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1860-1875. [PMID: 35495117 PMCID: PMC9039736 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 overexpression in several human cancers highlights its crucial role in carcinogenesis. Nonetheless, SMYD3 specific activity in cancer development and progression is currently under debate. Taking advantage of a library of rare tripeptides, which we first tested for their in vitro binding affinity to SMYD3 and then used as in silico probes, we recently identified BRCA2, ATM, and CHK2 as direct SMYD3 interactors. To gain insight into novel SMYD3 cancer-related roles, here we performed a comprehensive in silico analysis to cluster all potential SMYD3-interacting proteins identified by screening the human proteome for the previously tested tripeptides, based on their involvement in cancer hallmarks. Remarkably, we identified mTOR, BLM, MET, AMPK, and p130 as new SMYD3 interactors implicated in cancer processes. Further studies are needed to characterize the functional mechanisms underlying these interactions. Still, these findings could be useful to devise novel therapeutic strategies based on the combined inhibition of SMYD3 and its newly identified molecular partners. Of note, our in silico methodology may be useful to search for unidentified interactors of other proteins of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy (C.Fasano, C. Simone).
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Katia De Marco
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Corresponding authors at: Medical Genetics, National Institute for Gastroenterology, IRCCS ‘S. de Bellis’ Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy (C.Fasano, C. Simone).
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jarrell DK, Hassell KN, Alshiraihi I, Crans DC, Brown MA. Structural Analysis of SMYD3 Lysine Methyltransferase for the Development of Competitive and Specific Enzyme Inhibitors. Diseases 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 35076487 PMCID: PMC8788566 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation is among the key posttranslational modifications to histones that contribute to epigenetic regulation. SMYD3 is a lysine methyltransferase that is essential for the proliferation of a range of tumorigenic cells. The findings that SMYD3 is significantly upregulated in most colorectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and breast cell carcinomas support a model in which its aberrant expression modifies established patterns of gene expression, ultimately driving unrestrained proliferation. Herein, we dissect the unique structural features of SMYD3 relative to other SET enzymes, with an emphasis on the implications for selective design of therapeutics for the clinical management of cancer. Further, we illustrate the ability of inhibitors targeting the SET domain of SMYD3 to reduce the viability of colorectal and lung carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dillon K. Jarrell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly N. Hassell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.N.H.); (D.C.C.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Ilham Alshiraihi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Biology Department, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (K.N.H.); (D.C.C.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Mark A. Brown
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ethnic Studies, Global Health and Health Disparities, Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu XY, Guo CH, Xi ZY, Xu XQ, Zhao QY, Li LS, Wang Y. Histone methylation in pancreatic cancer and its clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6004-6024. [PMID: 34629816 PMCID: PMC8476335 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i36.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive human cancer. Appropriate methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PC have not been found at the genetic level, thus making epigenetics a promising research path in studies of PC. Histone methylation is one of the most complicated types of epigenetic modifications and has proved crucial in the development of PC. Histone methylation is a reversible process regulated by readers, writers, and erasers. Some writers and erasers can be recognized as potential biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets in PC because of their unusual expression in PC cells compared with normal pancreatic cells. Based on the impact that writers have on the development of PC, some inhibitors of writers have been developed. However, few inhibitors of erasers have been developed and put to clinical use. Meanwhile, there is not enough research on the reader domains. Therefore, the study of erasers and readers is still a promising area. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanism of histone methylation, and the diagnosis and chemotherapy of PC based on it. The future of epigenetic modification in PC research is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Liu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuan-Hao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin-Qi Xu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Yang Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Sha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Playing on the Dark Side: SMYD3 Acts as a Cancer Genome Keeper in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174427. [PMID: 34503239 PMCID: PMC8430692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The activity of SMYD3 in promoting carcinogenesis is currently under debate. Growing evidence seems to confirm that SMYD3 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis, cancer growth and invasion, especially in gastrointestinal tumors. In this review, we dissect the emerging role played by SMYD3 in the regulation of cell cycle and DNA damage response by promoting homologous recombination (HR) repair and hence cancer cell genomic stability. Considering the crucial role of PARP1 in other DNA repair mechanisms, we also discuss a recently evaluated synthetic lethality approach based on the combined use of SMYD3 and PARP inhibitors. Interestingly, a significant proportion of HR-proficient gastrointestinal tumors expressing high levels of SMYD3 from the PanCanAtlas dataset seem to be eligible for this innovative strategy. This promising approach could be taken advantage of for therapeutic applications of SMYD3 inhibitors in cancer treatment. Abstract The SMYD3 methyltransferase has been found overexpressed in several types of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While high levels of SMYD3 have been positively correlated with cancer progression in cellular and advanced mice models, suggesting it as a potential risk and prognosis factor, its activity seems dispensable for autonomous in vitro cancer cell proliferation. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of SMYD3 functional role in the regulation of GI cancer progression. We first describe the oncogenic activity of SMYD3 as a transcriptional activator of genes involved in tumorigenesis, cancer development and transformation and as a co-regulator of key cancer-related pathways. Then, we dissect its role in orchestrating cell cycle regulation and DNA damage response (DDR) to genotoxic stress by promoting homologous recombination (HR) repair, thereby sustaining cancer cell genomic stability and tumor progression. Based on this evidence and on the involvement of PARP1 in other DDR mechanisms, we also outline a synthetic lethality approach consisting of the combined use of SMYD3 and PARP inhibitors, which recently showed promising therapeutic potential in HR-proficient GI tumors expressing high levels of SMYD3. Overall, these findings identify SMYD3 as a promising target for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
17
|
SMYD3 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by methylating S1PR1 promoters. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:731. [PMID: 34301921 PMCID: PMC8302584 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) has been shown to promote the progression of various types of human cancers, including liver cancer; however, the detailed molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that SMYD3 expression in HCC is an independent prognostic factor for survival and promotes the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. We observed that SMYD3 upregulated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) promoter activity by methylating histone 3 (H3K4me3). S1PR1 was expressed at high levels in HCC samples, and high S1PR1 expression was associated with shorter survival. S1PR1 expression was also positively correlated with SMYD3 expression in HCC samples. We confirmed that SMYD3 promotes HCC cell growth and migration in vitro and in vivo by upregulating S1PR1 expression. Further investigations revealed that SMYD3 affects critical signaling pathways associated with the progression of HCC through S1PR1. These findings strongly suggest that SMYD3 has a crucial function in HCC progression that is partially mediated by histone methylation at the downstream gene S1PR1, which affects key signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis and the progression of HCC.
Collapse
|
18
|
Histone H3K4 Methyltransferases as Targets for Drug-Resistant Cancers. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070581. [PMID: 34201935 PMCID: PMC8301125 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The KMT2 (MLL) family of proteins, including the major histone H3K4 methyltransferase found in mammals, exists as large complexes with common subunit proteins and exhibits enzymatic activity. SMYD, another H3K4 methyltransferase, and SET7/9 proteins catalyze the methylation of several non-histone targets, in addition to histone H3K4 residues. Despite these structural and functional commonalities, H3K4 methyltransferase proteins have specificity for their target genes and play a role in the development of various cancers as well as in drug resistance. In this review, we examine the overall role of histone H3K4 methyltransferase in the development of various cancers and in the progression of drug resistance. Compounds that inhibit protein-protein interactions between KMT2 family proteins and their common subunits or the activity of SMYD and SET7/9 are continuously being developed for the treatment of acute leukemia, triple-negative breast cancer, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. These H3K4 methyltransferase inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other drugs, are expected to play a role in overcoming drug resistance in leukemia and various solid cancers.
Collapse
|
19
|
Talibov VO, Fabini E, FitzGerald EA, Tedesco D, Cederfeldt D, Talu MJ, Rachman MM, Mihalic F, Manoni E, Naldi M, Sanese P, Forte G, Lepore Signorile M, Barril X, Simone C, Bartolini M, Dobritzsch D, Del Rio A, Danielson UH. Discovery of an Allosteric Ligand Binding Site in SMYD3 Lysine Methyltransferase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1597-1608. [PMID: 33400854 PMCID: PMC8248052 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3 is a multifunctional epigenetic enzyme with lysine methyltransferase activity and various interaction partners. It is implicated in the pathophysiology of cancers but with an unclear mechanism. To discover tool compounds for clarifying its biochemistry and potential as a therapeutic target, a set of drug-like compounds was screened in a biosensor-based competition assay. Diperodon was identified as an allosteric ligand; its R and S enantiomers were isolated, and their affinities to SMYD3 were determined (KD =42 and 84 μM, respectively). Co-crystallization revealed that both enantiomers bind to a previously unidentified allosteric site in the C-terminal protein binding domain, consistent with its weak inhibitory effect. No competition between diperodon and HSP90 (a known SMYD3 interaction partner) was observed although SMYD3-HSP90 binding was confirmed (KD =13 μM). Diperodon clearly represents a novel starting point for the design of tool compounds interacting with a druggable allosteric site, suitable for the exploration of noncatalytic SMYD3 functions and therapeutics with new mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir O. Talibov
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Edoardo Fabini
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Edward A. FitzGerald
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
- Beactica Therapeutics ABVirdings allé 2754 50UppsalaSweden
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Daniela Cederfeldt
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Martin J. Talu
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Moira M. Rachman
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Facultat de FarmaciaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Filip Mihalic
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Elisabetta Manoni
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
| | - Marina Naldi
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
- Centre for Applied Biomedical ResearchAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Zamboni, 33Bologna40126Italy
| | - Paola Sanese
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Giovanna Forte
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
| | - Xavier Barril
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Facultat de FarmaciaUniversitat de BarcelonaAv. Joan XXIII 27–3108028BarcelonaSpain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute for GastroenterologyIRCCS ‘S. de Bellis' Research Hospital70013BariItaly
- Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO)University of Bari Aldo Moro70124BariItaly
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaVia Belmeloro 640126BolognaItaly
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
| | - Alberto Del Rio
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and PhotoreactivityNational Research CouncilVia P. Gobetti 10140129BolognaItaly
- Innovamol Consulting SrlVia Giardini 470/H41124ModenaItaly
| | - U. Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry–BMCUppsala UniversityHusargatan 3754 24UppsalaSweden
- Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsala752 37Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marchione AD, Thompson Z, Kathrein KL. DNA methylation and histone modifications are essential for regulation of stem cell formation and differentiation in zebrafish development. Brief Funct Genomics 2021:elab022. [PMID: 33782688 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex processes necessary for embryogenesis require a gene regulatory network that is complex and systematic. Gene expression regulates development and organogenesis, but this process is altered and fine-tuned by epigenetic regulators that facilitate changes in the chromatin landscape. Epigenetic regulation of embryogenesis adjusts the chromatin structure by modifying both DNA through methylation and nucleosomes through posttranslational modifications of histone tails. The zebrafish is a well-characterized model organism that is a quintessential tool for studying developmental biology. With external fertilization, low cost and high fecundity, the zebrafish are an efficient tool for studying early developmental stages. Genetic manipulation can be performed in vivo resulting in quick identification of gene function. Large-scale genome analyses including RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromatin structure all are feasible in the zebrafish. In this review, we highlight the key events in zebrafish development where epigenetic regulation plays a critical role from the early stem cell stages through differentiation and organogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sawicka-Gutaj N, Shawkat S, Andrusiewicz M, Ziółkowska P, Czarnywojtek A, Gut P, Ruchała M. EZH2 and SMYD3 expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:342. [PMID: 33747199 PMCID: PMC7967944 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the significant role of SMYD3 and EZH2 genes in the development and aggressiveness of numerous types of malignant tumor. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the expression of SMYD3 and EZH2 in papillary thyroid cancer, and to determine the correlation between the expression of these genes and clinical characteristics. Resected thyroid tissue samples from 62 patients with papillary thyroid cancer were investigated. Thyroid tissue derived from the healthy regions of removed nodular goiters from 30 patients served as the control group. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was employed to detect relative mRNA expression levels. Primer sequences and TaqMan® hydrolysis probe positions for EZH2 and SMYD3 were determined using the Roche Universal ProbeLibrary Assay Design Center version 2.50. EZH2 expression was detected in all thyroid cancer samples and in 83.3% of benign lesions. Notably, EZH2 was revealed to be upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues compared with control tissues (P=0.0002). EZH2 expression was positively correlated with tumor stage (P<0.0001; r=0.504), and multiple comparison analysis revealed that the highest expression of EZH2 was detected in samples staged pT4 (P=0.0001). SMYD3 expression was detected in all thyroid cancer samples and in 96.7% of healthy thyroid tissues; notably, the expression levels were similar in both groups. In addition, there was no correlation between SMYD3 expression and the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer. In conclusion, overexpression of the EZH2 gene may be associated with the development of papillary thyroid cancer and EZH2 may be a potential therapeutic target in papillary thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sara Shawkat
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mirosław Andrusiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Ziółkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agata Czarnywojtek
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland.,Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Gut
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bernard BJ, Nigam N, Burkitt K, Saloura V. SMYD3: a regulator of epigenetic and signaling pathways in cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33637115 PMCID: PMC7912509 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modifiers and their implications in oncogenesis have been an exciting area of cancer research. These are enzymes that modify chromatin via post-translational modifications such as methylation, acetylation, sumoylation, phosphorylation, in addition to others. Depending on the modification, chromatin modifiers can either promote or repress transcription. SET and MYN-domain containing 3 (SMYD3) is a chromatin modifier that has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancer types. It was first reported to tri-methylate Histone 3 Lysine 4 (H3K4), a methylation mark known to promote transcription. However, since this discovery, other histone (H4K5 and H4K20, for example) and non-histone (VEGFR, HER2, MAP3K2, ER, and others) substrates of SMYD3 have been described, primarily in the context of cancer. This review aims to provide a background on basic characteristics of SMYD3, such as its protein structure and tissue expression profiles, discuss reported histone and non-histone substrates of SMYD3, and underscore prognostic and functional implications of SMYD3 in cancer. Finally, we briefly discuss ongoing efforts to develop inhibitors of SMYD3 for future therapeutic use. It is our hope that this review will help synthesize existing research on SMYD3 in an effort to propel future discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bernard
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Nupur Nigam
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - Vassiliki Saloura
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 41 Medlars Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Corvalan AZ, Coller HA. Methylation of histone 4's lysine 20: a critical analysis of the state of the field. Physiol Genomics 2020; 53:22-32. [PMID: 33197229 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is a highly dynamic structure whose plasticity is achieved through multiple processes including the posttranslational modification of histone tails. Histone modifications function through the recruitment of nonhistone proteins to chromatin and thus have the potential to influence many fundamental biological processes. Here, we focus on the function and regulation of lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) methylation in multiple biological processes including DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and DNA replication. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies that elucidate the functions associated with each of the methylation states of H4K20, their modifying enzymes, and their protein readers. Based on our current knowledge of H4K20 methylation, we critically analyze the data supporting these functions and outline questions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Z Corvalan
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hilary A Coller
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rempel LA, Parrish JJ, Miles JR. Genes Associated With Chromatin Modification Within the Swine Placenta Are Differentially Expressed Due to Factors Associated With Season. Front Genet 2020; 11:1019. [PMID: 33173528 PMCID: PMC7538786 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal reproductive inefficiency is still observed in modern swine facilities. We previously reported global placental methylation activity was reduced from summer breedings and tended to be less from semen collected during cooler periods. The objective of the current study was to evaluate chromatin modification marks within swine placenta in relationship to breeding season, semen collection season, and semen storage. White composite gilts were artificially inseminated in August or January using single-sire semen that was collected during warm or cool periods and stored as either cryopreserved or cooled-extended. Gilts were harvested 45 days post-breeding, and placental samples from the smallest, average, and largest fetus in each litter were collected and stored at −80°C until RNA extraction. An RT2 Profiler assay featuring 84 known chromatin modification enzyme targets was performed using placental RNA pooled by litter. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results were analyzed using the MIXED procedure, and P-values were Hochberg corrected using the MULTTEST procedure in SAS. The complete model included the fixed effects of breeding season (winter or summer), semen collection season (cool or warm), semen storage (cooled-extended or cryopreserved), interactions; boar as repeated effect; and plate as random effect. If interactions were not significant, only the main effects were tested. The genes, ATF2, AURKA, and KDM5B, were different (P < 0.05) by interaction of breeding season, semen collection season, and semen storage. In general, the greatest (P < 0.05) expression was in placentas derived from summer breedings. Expression of AURKA was also influenced by semen collection and storage. Expression of placental KDM5B from winter breedings was also greater (P < 0.05) from semen collected during cool periods. Placental expressions of ASH2L, DNMT3B, ESCO1, HDAC2, ING3, KDM6B, MYSM1, and SMYD3 were greater (P < 0.05) from summer breedings. Increased expressions of known chromatin modification genes, from placentas derived from summer breedings, are likely responsible for differences in gene transcription between summer- or winter-derived placentas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Rempel
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - John J Parrish
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeremy R Miles
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Szulik MW, Davis K, Bakhtina A, Azarcon P, Bia R, Horiuchi E, Franklin S. Transcriptional regulation by methyltransferases and their role in the heart: highlighting novel emerging functionality. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H847-H865. [PMID: 32822544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00382.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methyltransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that transfer methyl groups to proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Traditionally, these enzymes have been shown to carry out a specific modification (mono-, di-, or trimethylation) on a single, or limited number of, amino acid(s). The largest subgroup of this family, protein methyltransferases, target arginine and lysine side chains of histone molecules to regulate gene expression. Although there is a large number of functional studies that have been performed on individual methyltransferases describing their methylation targets and effects on biological processes, no analyses exist describing the spatial distribution across tissues or their differential expression in the diseased heart. For this review, we performed tissue profiling in protein databases of 199 confirmed or putative methyltransferases to demonstrate the unique tissue-specific expression of these individual proteins. In addition, we examined transcript data sets from human heart failure patients and murine models of heart disease to identify 40 methyltransferases in humans and 15 in mice, which are differentially regulated in the heart, although many have never been functionally interrogated. Lastly, we focused our analysis on the largest subgroup, that of protein methyltransferases, and present a newly emerging phenomenon in which 16 of these enzymes have been shown to play dual roles in regulating transcription by maintaining the ability to both activate and repress transcription through methyltransferase-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Overall, this review highlights a novel paradigm shift in our understanding of the function of histone methyltransferases and correlates their expression in heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta W Szulik
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anna Bakhtina
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Presley Azarcon
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ryan Bia
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Emilee Horiuchi
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Franklin
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
SMYD3: An Oncogenic Driver Targeting Epigenetic Regulation and Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010142. [PMID: 31935919 PMCID: PMC7017119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a member of the SMYD lysine methylase family and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Aberrant SMYD3 expression contributes to carcinogenesis and SMYD3 upregulation was proposed as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Here we summarize SMYD3-mediated regulatory mechanisms, which are implicated in the pathophysiology of cancer, as drivers of distinct oncogenic pathways. We describe SMYD3-dependent mechanisms affecting cancer progression, highlighting SMYD3 interplay with proteins and RNAs involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We also address the effectiveness and mechanisms of action for the currently available SMYD3 inhibitors. The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that a complex network of SMYD3-mediated cytoplasmic and nuclear interactions promote oncogenesis across different cancer types. These evidences depict SMYD3 as a modulator of the transcriptional response and of key signaling pathways, orchestrating multiple oncogenic inputs and ultimately, promoting transcriptional reprogramming and tumor transformation. Further insights into the oncogenic role of SMYD3 and its targeting of different synergistic oncogenic signals may be beneficial for effective cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang Y, Li C, Yang Z. Is MYND Domain-Mediated Assembly of SMYD3 Complexes Involved in Calcium Dependent Signaling? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:121. [PMID: 31737645 PMCID: PMC6837996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes are essential to intracellular signal transduction by creating signaling niches and enabling a chain of reactions that transmit external signals into various cellular responses. Analysis of SMYD3 interactome indicates this protein lysine methyltransferase might be involved in calcium dependent signaling pathways through forming complexes with the phospholipase PLCB3, calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase CAMK2B, or calcineurin inhibitor RCAN3. SMYD3 is well-known as a histone H3K4 methyltransferase involved in epigenetic transcriptional regulation; however, any roles SMYD3 may play in signaling transduction remain unknown. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis reveals the SMYD3 interacting proteins are overrepresented in several signaling pathways such as estrogen signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and WNT signaling pathway. Sequence motif scanning reveals a significant enrichment of PXLXP motif in SMYD3 interacting proteins. The MYND domain of SMYD3 is known to bind to the PXLXP motif. The enrichment of the PXLXP motif suggests that the MYND domain is likely to be a key interaction module that mediates formation of some SMYD3 complexes. The presence of the PXLXP motifs in PLCB3 and CAMK2B indicates the potential role of the MYND domain in mediating complex formation in signaling. The structural basis of SMYD3 MYND domain-mediated interactions is unknown. The only available MYND-peptide complex structure suggests the MYND domain-mediated interaction is likely transient and dynamic. The transient nature will make this domain well-suited to mediate signaling transduction processes where it may allow rapid responses to cellular perturbations and changes in environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chunying Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang C, Liew SS, Lin GR, Poulsen A, Ang MJY, Chia BCS, Chew SY, Kwek ZP, Wee JLK, Ong EH, Retna P, Baburajendran N, Li R, Yu W, Koh-Stenta X, Ngo A, Manesh S, Fulwood J, Ke Z, Chung HH, Sepramaniam S, Chew XH, Dinie N, Lee MA, Chew YS, Low CB, Pendharkar V, Manoharan V, Vuddagiri S, Sangthongpitag K, Joy J, Matter A, Hill J, Keller TH, Foo K. Discovery of Irreversible Inhibitors Targeting Histone Methyltransferase, SMYD3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:978-984. [PMID: 31223458 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a histone methyltransferase that regulates gene transcription, and its overexpression is associated with multiple human cancers. A novel class of tetrahydroacridine compounds which inhibit SMYD3 through a covalent mechanism of action is identified. Optimization of these irreversible inhibitors resulted in the discovery of 4-chloroquinolines, a new class of covalent warheads. Tool compound 29 exhibits high potency by inhibiting SMYD3's enzymatic activity and showing antiproliferative activity against HepG2 in 3D cell culture. Our findings suggest that covalent inhibition of SMYD3 may have an impact on SMYD3 biology by affecting expression levels, and this warrants further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuhui Huang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Si Si Liew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Grace R. Lin
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Melgious J. Y. Ang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Brian C. S. Chia
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Sin Yin Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Zekui P. Kwek
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - John L. K. Wee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Esther H. Ong
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Priya Retna
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Rong Li
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Weixuan Yu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Xiaoying Koh-Stenta
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Anna Ngo
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Sravanthy Manesh
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Justina Fulwood
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Zhiyuan Ke
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Hwa Hwa Chung
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | | | - Xin Hui Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Yun Shan Chew
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Choon Bing Low
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Susmitha Vuddagiri
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Alex Matter
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| | - Klement Foo
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road #05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chandramouli B, Melino G, Chillemi G. Smyd2 conformational changes in response to p53 binding: role of the C-terminal domain. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1450-1461. [PMID: 31069954 PMCID: PMC6547616 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase regulates monomethylation of histone and nonhistone lysine residues using S‐adenosylmethionine cofactor as the methyl donor. The nonhistone interactors include several tumorigenic targets, including p53. Understanding this interaction would allow the structural principles that underpin Smyd2‐mediated p53 methylation to be elucidated. Here, we performed μ‐second molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on binary Smyd2‐cofactor and ternary Smyd2‐cofactor‐p53 peptide complexes. We considered both unmethylated and monomethylated p53 peptides (at Lys370 and Lys372). The results indicate that (a) the degree of conformational freedom of the C‐terminal domain of Smyd2 is restricted by the presence of the p53 peptide substrate, (b) the Smyd2 C‐terminal domain shows distinct dynamic properties when interacting with unmethylated and methylated p53 peptides, and (c) Lys372 methylation confines the p53 peptide conformation, with detectable influence on Lys370 accessibility to the cofactor. These MD results are therefore of relevance for studying the biology of p53 in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,National Council of Research, CNR, Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Small-molecule inhibitors of lysine methyltransferases SMYD2 and SMYD3: current trends. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:901-921. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine methyltransferases SMYD2 and SMYD3 are involved in the epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation and functioning. Overexpression and deregulation of these enzymes have been correlated to the insurgence and progression of different tumors, making them promising molecular targets in cancer therapy even if their role in tumors is not yet fully understood. In this light, selective small-molecule inhibitors are required to fully understand and validate these enzymes, as this is a prerequisite for the development of successful targeted therapeutic strategies. The present review gives a systematic overview of the chemical probes developed to selectively target SMYD2 and SMYD3, with particular focus on the structural features important for high inhibitory activity, on the mode of inhibition and on the efficacy in cell-based and in in vivo models.
Collapse
|
31
|
Amplification of SMYD3 promotes tumorigenicity and intrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via upregulation of CDK2 and MMP2. Oncogene 2019; 38:4948-4961. [PMID: 30842588 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3, a member that belongs to the SET and MYND-domain (SMYD) family, has also been proven to largely participate in gene transcription regulation and progression of several human cancers as a histone lysine methyltransferase. However, the role and significance of SMYD3 in both the clinic and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we find that SMYD3 is increased in cirrhotic livers, and strikingly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and cell lines. Subsequent analyses suggest that high expression level of SMYD3 significantly correlates with the malignant characteristics of HCC, and predicts poor prognosis in patients. Our results show that overexpression of SMYD3 increases, while silencing of SMYD3 inhibits, cell proliferation, invasiveness and tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. SMYD3 also promotes intrahepatic metastasis of HCC cells. For the mechanisms, we identify that SMYD3 bound to CDK2 and MMP2 promoter and increased H3K4me3 modification at the corresponding promoters to promote gene transcription. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of SMYD3 with BCI-121 inhibitor effectively repressed the tumorigenicity of HCC cells. Finally, our results show that gene locus amplification is a cause for SMYD3 overexpression in HCC. These findings not only uncover that SMYD3 overexpression promotes the tumorigenicity and intrahepatic metastasis of HCC cell via upregulation of CDK2 and MMP2, but also suggest SMYD3 could be a practical prognosis marker or therapeutic target against the disease.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Introduction: Epigenetic dysregulation drives or supports numerous human cancers. The chromatin landscape in cancer cells is often marked by abnormal histone post-translational modification (PTM) patterns and by aberrant assembly and recruitment of protein complexes to specific genomic loci. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses can support the discovery and characterization of both phenomena. Areas covered: We broadly divide this literature into two parts: 'modification-centric' analyses that link histone PTMs to cancer biology; and 'complex-centric' analyses that examine protein-protein interactions that occur de novo as a result of oncogenic mutations. We also discuss proteomic studies of oncohistones. We highlight relevant examples, discuss limitations, and speculate about forthcoming innovations regarding each application. Expert commentary: 'Modification-centric' analyses have been used to further understanding of cancer's histone code and to identify associated therapeutic vulnerabilities. 'Complex-centric' analyses have likewise revealed insights into mechanisms of oncogenesis and suggested potential therapeutic targets, particularly in MLL-associated leukemia. Proteomic experiments have also supported some of the pioneering studies of oncohistone-mediated tumorigenesis. Additional applications of proteomics that may benefit cancer epigenetics research include middle-down and top-down histone PTM analysis, chromatin reader profiling, and genomic locus-specific protein identification. In the coming years, proteomic approaches will remain powerful ways to interrogate the biology of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Marchione
- a Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- a Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - John Wojcik
- b Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li B, Pan R, Zhou C, Dai J, Mao Y, Chen M, Huang T, Ying X, Hu H, Zhao J, Zhang W, Duan S. SMYD3 promoter hypomethylation is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1825-1834. [PMID: 29969917 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM SMYD3 encodes histone lysine methyltransferase. The goal of our study was to investigate the association between SMYD3 methylation and colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIALS & METHODS SMYD3 methylation was measured by quantitative methylation-specific PCR method in 117 pairs of CRC tumor and para-tumor tissues. RESULTS Significantly lower SMYD3 methylation was observed in CRC tumor tissues than para-tumor tissues (p = 0.002). Further subgroup analysis by clinical features showed that significantly lower SMYD3 methylation were only observed in the CRC patients with tumors of moderately and well differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, and stage III + IV. CONCLUSION Our work reported for the first time that SMYD3 promoter hypomethylation was associated with CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Ranran Pan
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Yiyi Mao
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Tianyi Huang
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Xiuru Ying
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Haochang Hu
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine & The Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang T, Holt MV, Young NL. The histone H4 proteoform dynamics in response to SUV4-20 inhibition reveals single molecule mechanisms of inhibitor resistance. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:29. [PMID: 29880017 PMCID: PMC5992683 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dynamics of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are sparsely described, especially in their true physiological context of proteoforms (single histone molecules harboring combinations of PTMs). Methods Here we time-resolve the response of cells to SUV4-20 methyltransferase inhibition and unbiasedly quantitate the dynamic response of histone H4 PTMs and proteoforms. Results Contrary to the prevailing dogma, cells exhibit an immediate-early response with changes to histone proteoforms. Cells also recover to basal-like conditions upon removal of epigenetic inhibitors rapidly. Inhibition of SUV4-20 results in decreased H4{K20me2}; however, no effects on H4{K20me3} are observed, implying that another enzyme mediates H4K20me3. Most surprisingly, SUV4-20 inhibition results in an increase in histone H4 acetylation attributable to proteoforms containing K20me2. This led us to hypothesize that hyperacetylated proteoforms protect K20me2 from demethylation as an evolved compensatory mechanism. This concept is supported by subsequent results that pretreatment with an HDACi substantially diminishes the effects of SUV4-20 inhibition in prone cells and is further confirmed by HATi-facilitating SUV4-20 inhibition to decrease discrete H4{K20me2} in resistant cells. Conclusions The chromatin response of cells to sudden perturbations is significantly faster, nuanced and complex than previously described. The persistent nature of chromatin regulation may be achieved by a network of dynamic equilibria with compensatory mechanisms that operate at the proteoform level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0198-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew V Holt
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas L Young
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paquin KL, Howlett NG. Understanding the Histone DNA Repair Code: H4K20me2 Makes Its Mark. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1335-1345. [PMID: 29858375 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a highly compact structure that must be rapidly rearranged in order for DNA repair proteins to access sites of damage and facilitate timely and efficient repair. Chromatin plasticity is achieved through multiple processes, including the posttranslational modification of histone tails. In recent years, the impact of histone posttranslational modification on the DNA damage response has become increasingly well recognized, and chromatin plasticity has been firmly linked to efficient DNA repair. One particularly important histone posttranslational modification process is methylation. Here, we focus on the regulation and function of H4K20 methylation (H4K20me) in the DNA damage response and describe the writers, erasers, and readers of this important chromatin mark as well as the combinatorial histone posttranslational modifications that modulate H4K20me recognition. Finally, we discuss the central role of H4K20me in determining if DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are repaired by the error-prone, nonhomologous DNA end joining pathway or the error-free, homologous recombination pathway. This review article discusses the regulation and function of H4K20me2 in DNA DSB repair and outlines the components and modifications that modulate this important chromatin mark and its fundamental impact on DSB repair pathway choice. Mol Cancer Res; 16(9); 1335-45. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karissa L Paquin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li RD, Tang YH, Wang HL, Yang D, Sun LJ, Li W. The SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 polymorphism confers an increased risk and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:625-630. [PMID: 29691085 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal human malignancies in China, and the genetic link of hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be defined. Thus, we explored the role of SET and myeloid translocation protein 8, Nervy, and DEAF1 (MYND) domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) gene polymorphism on risk and prognosis of HCC. METHODS A total of 236 patients with HCC who received treatment in Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University for the first time and 230 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. After DNA extraction for all the subjects, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify and sequence variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci of SMYD3 gene. SMYD3 gene was genotyped and its frequency distribution was calculated. Age, education level, income, smoking and drinking history, HCC family history, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, maximum tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis (LNM) etc. were investigated. Correlation of SMYD3 gene polymorphism and other risk factors with the occurrence and prognosis of HCC was analyzed. RESULTS The family history of HCC, drinking history, cirrhosis, and HBV or/and HCV infection, SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 were more frequently observed in subjects with HCC. Patients with SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 genotype, drinking-history, family history of HCC, cirrhosis and hepatitis B virus (HBV), TNM staging, maximum tumor diameter, LNM were more vulnerable to HCC. Besides, patients with SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 genotype had lower 2- and 3-year survival rate. The COX regression analysis revealed that drinking history, family history of HCC, SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 genotype, TNM staging, and LNM were all related to the prognosis of HCC. CONCLUSION This study indicates that drinking history, family history of HCC and SMYD3 VNTR 3/3, TNM staging, maximum tumor diameter, LNM might be risk factors for HCC, and SMYD3 VNTR 3/3 might contribute to a lower 2- and 3-year survival rate of patients with HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Dong Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tracy C, Warren JS, Szulik M, Wang L, Garcia J, Makaju A, Russell K, Miller M, Franklin S. The Smyd Family of Methyltransferases: Role in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Pathology. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 1:140-152. [PMID: 29435515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein methylation plays a pivotal role in the regulation of various cellular processes including chromatin remodeling and gene expression. SET and MYND domain-containing proteins (Smyd) are a special class of lysine methyltransferases whose catalytic SET domain is split by an MYND domain. The hallmark feature of this family was thought to be the methylation of histone H3 (on lysine 4). However, several studies suggest that the role of the Smyd family is dynamic, targeting unique histone residues associated with both transcriptional activation and repression. Smyd proteins also methylate several non-histone proteins to regulate various cellular processes. Although we are only beginning to understand their specific molecular functions and role in chromatin remodeling, recent studies have advanced our understanding of this relatively uncharacterized family, highlighting their involvement in development, cell growth and differentiation and during disease in various animal models. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, function and methylation targets of the Smyd family and provides a compilation of data emphasizing their prominent role in cardiac and skeletal muscle physiology and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tracy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Junco S Warren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Marta Szulik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - June Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Aman Makaju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kristi Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mickey Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Sarah Franklin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang L, Wang QT, Liu YP, Dong QQ, Hu HJ, Miao Z, Li S, Liu Y, Zhou H, Zhang TC, Ma WJ, Luo XG. ATM Signaling Pathway Is Implicated in the SMYD3-mediated Proliferation and Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells. J Gastric Cancer 2017; 17:295-305. [PMID: 29302370 PMCID: PMC5746651 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously found that the histone methyltransferase suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, trithorax and myeloid-nervy-deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a potential independent predictive factor or prognostic factor for overall survival in gastric cancer patients, but its roles seem to differ from those in other cancers. Therefore, in this study, the detailed functions of SMYD3 in cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer were examined. Materials and Methods SMYD3 was overexpressed or suppressed by transfection with an expression plasmid or siRNA, and a wound healing migration assay and Transwell assay were performed to detect the migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells. Additionally, an MTT assay and clonogenic assay were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, and a cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining. Furthermore, the expression of genes implicated in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and proteins involved in cell cycle regulation were detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Results Compared with control cells, gastric cancer cells transfected with si-SMYD3 showed lower migration and invasion abilities (P<0.05), and the absence of SMYD3 halted cells in G2/M phase and activated the ATM pathway. Furthermore, the opposite patterns were observed when SMYD3 was elevated in normal gastric cells. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that the absence of SMYD3 could inhibit the migration, invasion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells and halt cells in G2/M phase via the ATM-CHK2/p53-Cdc25C pathway. These findings indicated that SMYD3 plays crucial roles in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may be a useful therapeutic target in human gastric carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Miao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McNulty DE, Bonnette WG, Qi H, Wang L, Ho TF, Waszkiewicz A, Kallal LA, Nagarajan RP, Stern M, Quinn AM, Creasy CL, Su DS, Graves AP, Annan RS, Sweitzer SM, Holbert MA. A High-Throughput Dose-Response Cellular Thermal Shift Assay for Rapid Screening of Drug Target Engagement in Living Cells, Exemplified Using SMYD3 and IDO1. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:34-46. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555217732014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A persistent problem in early small-molecule drug discovery is the frequent lack of rank-order correlation between biochemical potencies derived from initial screens using purified proteins and the diminished potency and efficacy observed in subsequent disease-relevant cellular phenotypic assays. The introduction of the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) has bridged this gap by enabling assessment of drug target engagement directly in live cells based on ligand-induced changes in protein thermal stability. Initial success in applying CETSA across multiple drug target classes motivated our investigation into replacing the low-throughput, manually intensive Western blot readout with a quantitative, automated higher-throughput assay that would provide sufficient capacity to use CETSA as a primary hit qualification strategy. We introduce a high-throughput dose-response cellular thermal shift assay (HTDR-CETSA), a single-pot homogenous assay adapted for high-density microtiter plate format. The assay features titratable BacMam expression of full-length target proteins fused to the DiscoverX 42 amino acid ePL tag in HeLa suspension cells, facilitating enzyme fragment complementation–based chemiluminescent quantification of ligand-stabilized soluble protein. This simplified format can accommodate determination of full-dose CETSA curves for hundreds of individual compounds/analyst/day in replicates. HTDR-CETSA data generated for substrate site and alternate binding mode inhibitors of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SMYD3 in HeLa suspension cells demonstrate excellent correlation with rank-order potencies observed in cellular mechanistic assays and direct translation to target engagement of endogenous Smyd3 in cancer-relevant cell lines. We envision this workflow to be generically applicable to HTDR-CETSA screening spanning a wide variety of soluble intracellular protein target classes.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen YJ, Tsai CH, Wang PY, Teng SC. SMYD3 Promotes Homologous Recombination via Regulation of H3K4-mediated Gene Expression. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630472 PMCID: PMC5476597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SMYD3 is a methyltransferase highly expressed in many types of cancer. It usually functions as an oncogenic protein to promote cell cycle, cell proliferation, and metastasis. Here, we show that SMYD3 modulates another hallmark of cancer, DNA repair, by stimulating transcription of genes involved in multiple steps of homologous recombination. Deficiency of SMYD3 induces DNA-damage hypersensitivity, decreases levels of repair foci, and leads to impairment of homologous recombination. Moreover, the regulation of homologous recombination-related genes is via the methylation of H3K4 at the target gene promoters. These data imply that, besides its reported oncogenic abilities, SMYD3 may maintain genome integrity by ensuring expression levels of HR proteins to cope with the high demand of restart of stalled replication forks in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen D, Liu L, Luo X, Mu A, Yan L, Chen X, Wang L, Wang N, He H, Zhou H, Zhang T. Effect of SMYD3 on the microRNA expression profile of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1831-1840. [PMID: 28789418 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3) is a histone methyltransferase (HMT) and transcription factor, which serves important roles in carcinogenesis. Numerous downstream target genes of SMYD3 have been identified in previous studies. However, the downstream microRNA (miRNA) s regulated by SMYD3 are yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the results of miRNA microarray demonstrated that 30 miRNA expression profiles were upregulated, whilst 24 miRNAs were downregulated by >2.0-fold in the SMYD3-overexpressed MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The HMT activity was demonstrated to be essential for SMYD3-mediated transactivation of miR-200c-3p and the overexpression of miR-200c-3p inhibited the transactivation effects of SMYD3 on myocardin-related transcription factor-A-dependent migration-associated genes. To our best knowledge, the current study is the first to report on the transcriptional regulation of SMYD3 on miRNAs, and miR-200c may be a downstream negative regulator of the SMYD3-mediated pathway in the migration of breast cancer cells. These results may provide a novel theoretical basis to understand the mechanisms underlying the initiation, progression, diagnosis, prevention and therapy of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Ai Mu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen M, Gan X, Yoshino KI, Kitakawa M, Shoji I, Deng L, Hotta H. Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein interacts with lysine methyltransferase SET and MYND domain-containing 3 and induces activator protein 1 activation. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:407-17. [PMID: 27080060 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis. In this study, a host protein(s) interacting with NS5A by tandem affinity purification were searched for with the aim of elucidating the role of NS5A. An NS5A-interacting protein, SET and MYND domain-containing 3 (SMYD3), a lysine methyltransferase reportedly involved in the development of cancer, was identified. The interaction between NS5A and SMYD3 was confirmed in ectopically expressing, HCV RNA replicon-harboring and HCV-infected cells. The other HCV proteins did not bind to SMYD3. SMYD3 bound to NS5A of HCV genotypes 1b and 2a. Deletion mutational analysis revealed that domains II and III of NS5A (amino acids [aa] 250 to 447) and the MYND and N-SET domains of SMYD3 (aa 1 to 87) are involved in the full extent of NS5A-SMYD3 interaction. NS5A co-localized with SMYD3 exclusively in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting nuclear localization of SMYD3. Moreover, NS5A formed a complex with SMYD3 and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), which is a positive regulator of SMYD3. The intensity of binding between SMYD3 and HSP90 was enhanced by NS5A. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that NS5A significantly induces activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity, this being potentiated by co-expression of SMYD3 with NS5A. Taken together, the present results suggest that NS5A interacts with SMYD3 and induces AP-1 activation, possibly by facilitating binding between HSP90 and SMYD3. This may be a novel mechanism of AP-1 activation in HCV-infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Division of Microbiology.,Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Gan
- Division of Microbiology.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Lin Deng
- Division of Microbiology.,Division of Infectious Disease Control, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hak Hotta
- Division of Microbiology.,Department of Oral Vaccine and Drug Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stefanowicz D, Ullah J, Lee K, Shaheen F, Olumese E, Fishbane N, Koo HK, Hallstrand TS, Knight DA, Hackett TL. Epigenetic modifying enzyme expression in asthmatic airway epithelial cells and fibroblasts. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:24. [PMID: 28137284 PMCID: PMC5282738 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of the airway epithelium as a central mediator in the pathogenesis of asthma has necessitated greater understanding of the aberrant cellular mechanisms of the epithelium in asthma. The architecture of chromatin is integral to the regulation of gene expression and is determined by modifications to the surrounding histones and DNA. The acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histone tail residues has the potential to greatly alter the accessibility of DNA to the cells transcriptional machinery. DNA methylation can also interrupt binding of transcription factors and recruit chromatin remodelers resulting in general gene silencing. Although previous studies have found numerous irregularities in the expression of genes involved in asthma, the contribution of epigenetic regulation of these genes is less well known. We propose that the gene expression of epigenetic modifying enzymes is cell-specific and influenced by asthma status in tissues derived from the airways. METHODS Airway epithelial cells (AECs) isolated by pronase digestion or endobronchial brushings and airway fibroblasts obtained by outgrowth technique from healthy and asthmatic donors were maintained in monolayer culture. RNA was analyzed for the expression of 82 epigenetic enzymes across 5 families of epigenetic modifying enzymes. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were also used to examine expression of 3 genes. RESULTS Between AECs and airway fibroblasts, we identified cell-specific gene expression in each of the families of epigenetic modifying enzymes; specifically 24 of the 82 genes analyzed showed differential expression. We found that 6 histone modifiers in AECs and one in fibroblasts were differentially expressed in cells from asthmatic compared to healthy donors however, not all passed correction. In addition, we identified a corresponding increase in Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) protein expression in epithelial cells from asthmatics compared to those from non-asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we have identified cell-specific variation in gene expression in each of the families of epigenetic modifying enzymes in airway epithelial cells and airway fibroblasts. These data provide insight into the cell-specific variation in epigenetic regulation which may be relevant to cell fate and function, and disease susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Stefanowicz
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jari Ullah
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kevin Lee
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Furquan Shaheen
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ekiomoado Olumese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nick Fishbane
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Koo
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang L, Xu AM. SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 in cancer. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:1-14. [PMID: 28123630 PMCID: PMC5250700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysine methylation plays a vital role in histone modification. Deregulations of lysine methyltransferases and demethylases have been frequently observed in human cancers. The SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a novel histone lysine methyltransferase and it functions by regulating chromatin during the development of myocardial and skeletal muscle. It has been recently unveiled to play significant roles in human cancer genesis and progression via regulating various key cancer-associated genes and pathways and promoting cell proliferation and migration. Upregulation of SMYD3 expression is present in multiple cancer types, suggesting it as a potential prognostic marker. Herein the structure, substrates and targets of SMYD3, and its effects on initiation, invasion and metastasis of diverse tumors (e.g., esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia) are systematically reviewed, providing clues for the development of novel SMYD3-specific personalized anti-cancer therapy. SMYD3 inhibitors (e.g., BCI-121 and novobiocin) could hopefully fight against tumors with efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu TT, Xu H, Gao WP, Zhang SX, Zhou XH, Tang J, Liu QN. SET and MYND Domain-Containing Protein 3 (SMYD3) Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Susceptibility and Poor Prognosis in Ovarian Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5131-5140. [PMID: 28024138 PMCID: PMC5207010 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the relationship of the polymorphisms of SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) with risk and prognosis of ovarian cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification method was applied to detect the polymorphisms of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the SMYD3 gene promoter region for 156 patients with ovarian cancer (case group) and 174 healthy people (control group). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were applied to detect SMYD3 mRNA and protein expressions. RESULTS The frequencies of VNTR genotype 3/3 and allele genotype 3 in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the frequency of genotype 2/2 in the control group was significantly higher than that in case group (all P<0.05). The proportion of poorly differentiated patients carrying VNTR genotype 3/3 was significantly higher than the proportion of poorly differentiated patients carrying VNTR genotype 2/2+2/3, while the proportion of patients carrying genotype 3/3 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III-IV disease was significantly higher than the proportion of patients carrying genotype 2/2 +2/3 with FIGO stage III-IV disease (all P<0.05). SMYD3 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in the patients carrying genotype 3/3 than they were in the patients with the 2/2+2/3 genotype (all P<0.05). The 5-year survival rate for patients carrying VNTR genotype 3/3 was significantly lower than that of patients carrying genotype 2/2+2/3, and Cox regression analysis showed that VNTR genotype 3/3 was an independent risk factor for ovarian cancer prognosis (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS VNTR genotype 3/3 of the SMYD3 gene was associated with the risk of ovarian cancer. The polymorphism of VNTR genotype could be recognized as an indicator for the poor prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
46
|
Rajajeyabalachandran G, Kumar S, Murugesan T, Ekambaram S, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. Therapeutical potential of deregulated lysine methyltransferase SMYD3 as a safe target for novel anticancer agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 21:145-157. [PMID: 28019723 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1272580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SET and MYND domain containing-3 (SMYD3) is a member of the lysine methyltransferase family of proteins, and plays an important role in the methylation of various histone and non-histone targets. Proper functioning of SMYD3 is very important for the target molecules to determine their different roles in chromatin remodeling, signal transduction and cell cycle control. Due to the abnormal expression of SMYD3 in tumors, it is projected as a prognostic marker in various solid cancers. Areas covered: Here we elaborate on the general information, structure and the pathological role of SMYD3 protein. We summarize the role of SMYD3-mediated protein interactions in oncology pathways, mutational effects and regulation of SMYD3 in specific types of cancer. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of currently available SMYD3 small molecule inhibitors are also addressed. Expert opinion: The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that aberrant levels of SMYD3 protein exert tumorigenic effects by altering the epigenetic regulation of target genes. The partial involvement of SMYD3 in some distinct pathways provides a vital opportunity in targeting cancer effectively with fewer side effects. Further, identification and co-targeting of synergistic oncogenic pathways is suggested, which could provide much more beneficial effects for the treatment of solid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Swetha Kumar
- a Bioinformatics, Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chandramouli B, Chillemi G. Conformational Dynamics of Lysine Methyltransferase Smyd2. Insights into the Different Substrate Crevice Characteristics of Smyd2 and Smyd3. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2467-2475. [PMID: 27959541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smyd2, the SET and MYND domain containing protein lysine methyltransferase, targets histone and nonhistone substrates. Methylation of nonhistone substrates has direct implications in cancer development and progression. Dynamic regulation of Smyd2 activity and the structural basis of broad substrate specificity still remain elusive. Herein, we report on extensive molecular dynamics simulations on a full length Smyd2 in the presence and absence of AdoMet cofactor (covering together 1.3 μs of sampling), and the accompanying conformational transitions. Additionally, dynamics of the C-terminal domain (CTD) and structural features of substrate crevices of Smyd2 and Smyd3 are compared. The CTD of Smyd2 exhibits conformational flexibility in both states. In the holo form, however, it undergoes larger hinge motions resulting in more opened configurations than the apo form, which is confined around the partially open starting X-ray configuration. AdoMet binding triggers increased elasticity of the CTD leading Smyd2 to adopt fully opened configurations, which completely exposes the substrate binding crevice. These long-range concerted motions highlight Smyd2's ability to target substrates of varying sizes. Substrate crevices of Smyd2 and Smyd3 show distinct features in terms of spatial, hydration, and electrostatic properties that emphasize their characteristic modes of substrates interaction and entry pathways for inhibitor binding. On the whole, our study shows how the elasticity and hinge motion of the CTD regulate its functional role and underpin the basis of broad substrate specificity of Smyd2. We also highlight the specific structural principles that guide substrate and inhibitor binding to Smyd2 and Smyd3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- SCAI-SuperComputing Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA ,Via dei Tizii 6, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tsai CH, Chen YJ, Yu CJ, Tzeng SR, Wu IC, Kuo WH, Lin MC, Chan NL, Wu KJ, Teng SC. SMYD3-Mediated H2A.Z.1 Methylation Promotes Cell Cycle and Cancer Proliferation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6043-6053. [PMID: 27569210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SMYD3 methyltransferase is nearly undetectable in normal human tissues but highly expressed in several cancers, including breast cancer, although its contributions to pathogenesis in this setting are unclear. Here we report that histone H2A.Z.1 is a substrate of SMYD3 that supports malignancy. SMYD3-mediated dimethylation of H2A.Z.1 at lysine 101 (H2A.Z.1K101me2) increased stability by preventing binding to the removal chaperone ANP32E and facilitating its interaction with histone H3. Moreover, a microarray analysis identified cyclin A1 as a target coregulated by SMYD3 and H2A.Z.1K101me2. The colocalization of SMYD3 and H2A.Z.1K101me2 at the promoter of cyclin A1 activated its expression and G1-S progression. Enforced expression of cyclin A1 in cells containing mutant H2A.Z.1 rescued tumor formation in a mouse model. Our findings suggest that SMYD3-mediated H2A.Z.1K101 dimethylation activates cyclin A1 expression and contributes to driving the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6043-53. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Ru Tzeng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nei-Li Chan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kudithipudi S, Jeltsch A. Approaches and Guidelines for the Identification of Novel Substrates of Protein Lysine Methyltransferases. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1049-1055. [PMID: 27569752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is emerging as a general post-translational modification (PTM) with essential functions regulating protein stability, activity, and protein-protein interactions. One of the outstanding challenges in this field is linking protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) with specific substrates and lysine methylation events in a systematic manner. Inability to validate reported PKMT substrates delayed progress in the field and cast unnecessary doubt about protein lysine methylation as a truly general PTM. Here, we aim to provide a concise guide to help avoid some of the most common pitfalls in studies searching for new PKMT substrates and propose a set of seven basic biochemical rules: (1) include positive controls; (2) use target lysine mutations of substrate proteins as negative controls; (3) use inactive enzyme variants as negative controls; (4) report quantitative methylation data; (5) consider PKMT specificity; (6) validate methyl lysine antibodies; and (7) connect cellular and in vitro results. We explain the logic behind them and discuss how they should be implemented in the experimental work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kudithipudi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
SMYD3 is a member of the SET and MYND-domain family of methyl-transferases, the increased expression of which correlates with poor prognosis in various types of cancer. In liver and colon tumors, SMYD3 is localized in the nucleus, where it interacts with RNA Pol II and H3K4me3 and functions as a selective transcriptional amplifier of oncogenes and genes that control cell proliferation and metastatic spread. Smyd3 expression has a high discriminative power for the characterization of liver tumors and positively correlates with poor prognosis. In lung and pancreatic cancer, SMYD3 acts in the cytoplasm, potentiating oncogenic Ras/ERK signaling through the methylation of the MAP3K2 kinase and the subsequent release from its inhibitor. A clinico-pathological analysis of lung cancer patients uncovers prognostic significance of SMYD3 only for first progression survival. However, stratification of patients according to their smoking history significantly expands the prognostic value of SMYD3 to overall survival and other features, suggesting that smoking-related effects saturate the clinical analysis and mask the function of SMYD3 as an oncogenic potentiator.
Collapse
|