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Rayford KJ, Cooley A, Strode AW, Osi I, Arun A, Lima MF, Misra S, Pratap S, Nde PN. Trypanosoma cruzi dysregulates expression profile of piRNAs in primary human cardiac fibroblasts during early infection phase. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1083379. [PMID: 36936778 PMCID: PMC10017870 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1083379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, causes severe morbidity, mortality, and economic burden worldwide. Though originally endemic to Central and South America, globalization has led to increased parasite presence in most industrialized countries. About 40% of infected individuals will develop cardiovascular, neurological, and/or gastrointestinal pathologies. Accumulating evidence suggests that the parasite induces alterations in host gene expression profiles in order to facilitate infection and pathogenesis. The role of regulatory gene expression machinery during T. cruzi infection, particularly small noncoding RNAs, has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we aim to evaluate dysregulation of a class of sncRNAs called piRNAs during early phase of T. cruzi infection in primary human cardiac fibroblasts by RNA-Seq. We subsequently performed in silico analysis to predict piRNA-mRNA interactions. We validated the expression of these selected piRNAs and their targets during early parasite infection phase by stem loop qPCR and qPCR, respectively. We found about 26,496,863 clean reads (92.72%) which mapped to the human reference genome. During parasite challenge, 441 unique piRNAs were differentially expressed. Of these differentially expressed piRNAs, 29 were known and 412 were novel. In silico analysis showed several of these piRNAs were computationally predicted to target and potentially regulate expression of genes including SMAD2, EGR1, ICAM1, CX3CL1, and CXCR2, which have been implicated in parasite infection, pathogenesis, and various cardiomyopathies. Further evaluation of the function of these individual piRNAs in gene regulation and expression will enhance our understanding of early molecular mechanisms contributing to infection and pathogenesis. Our findings here suggest that piRNAs play important roles in infectious disease pathogenesis and can serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla J. Rayford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ayorinde Cooley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anthony W. Strode
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Inmar Osi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ashutosh Arun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Maria F. Lima
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Smita Misra
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
- Bioinformatics Core, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Pius N. Nde
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β is a potent regulator of the immune system, acting at every stage from thymic differentiation, population of the periphery, control of responsiveness, tissue repair and generation of memory. It is therefore a central player in the immune response to infectious pathogens, but its contribution is often clouded by multiple roles acting on different cells in time and space. Hence, context is all-important in understanding when TGF-β is beneficial or detrimental to the outcome of infection. In this review, a full range of infectious agents from viruses to helminth parasites are explored within this framework, drawing contrasts and general conclusions about the importance of TGF-β in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Hoffman K, Liu Z, Hossain E, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Jones KM, McCall LI. Alterations to the Cardiac Metabolome Induced by Chronic T. cruzi Infection Relate to the Degree of Cardiac Pathology. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1638-1649. [PMID: 33843195 PMCID: PMC8588157 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is a Neglected Tropical Disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The pathognomonic findings in symptomatic CCC patients and animal models includes diffuse cardiac fibrosis and inflammation with persistent parasite presence in the heart. This study investigated chemical alterations in different regions of the heart in relation to cardiac pathology indicators to better understand the long-term pathogenesis of this neglected disease. We used data from echocardiography, fibrosis biomarkers, and histopathological analysis to fully evaluate cardiac pathology. Metabolites isolated from the pericardial and endocardial sides of the right ventricular myocardium were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The endocardial sections contained significantly less cardiac inflammation and fibrosis than the pericardial sections. Cardiac levels of acylcarnitines, phosphocholines, and other metabolites were significantly disrupted in accordance with cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and serum fibrosis biomarker levels. These findings have potential implications in treatment and monitoring for CCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Ekram Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Kathryn M. Jones
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States; Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Sudhagar A, Ertl R, Kumar G, El-Matbouli M. Transcriptome profiling of posterior kidney of brown trout, Salmo trutta, during proliferative kidney disease. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:569. [PMID: 31783772 PMCID: PMC6884850 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a myxozoan parasite which causes economically important and emerging proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. Brown trout, Salmo trutta is a native fish species of Europe, which acts as asymptomatic carriers for T. bryosalmonae. There is only limited information on the molecular mechanism involved in the kidney of brown trout during T. bryosalmonae development. We employed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the global transcriptome changes in the posterior kidney of brown trout during T. bryosalmonae development. METHODS Brown trout were exposed to the spores of T. bryosalmonae and posterior kidneys were collected from both exposed and unexposed control fish. cDNA libraries were prepared from the posterior kidney and sequenced. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using standard pipeline of quality control, reference mapping, differential expression analysis, gene ontology, and pathway analysis. Quantitative real time PCR was performed to validate the transcriptional regulation of differentially expressed genes, and their correlation with RNA-seq data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis identified 1169 differentially expressed genes in the posterior kidney of brown trout, out of which 864 genes (74%) were upregulated and 305 genes (26%) were downregulated. The upregulated genes were associated with the regulation of immune system process, vesicle-mediated transport, leucocyte activation, and transport, whereas the downregulated genes were associated with endopeptidase regulatory activity, phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process, connective tissue development, and collagen catabolic process. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first RNA-seq based transcriptome study performed in the posterior kidney of brown trout during active T. bryosalmonae development. Most of the upregulated genes were associated with the immune system process, whereas the downregulated genes were associated with other metabolic functions. The findings of this study provide insights on the immune responses mounted by the brown trout on the developing parasite, and the host molecular machineries modulated by the parasite for its successful multiplication and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Rohtak, Haryana India
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Silva TA, Ferreira LFDC, Pereira MCDS, Calvet CM. Differential Role of TGF-β in Extracellular Matrix Regulation During Trypanosoma cruzi-Host Cell Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4836. [PMID: 31569452 PMCID: PMC6801917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a determinant for inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac and skeletal muscle in Chagas disease. To determine its regulatory mechanisms, we investigated the response of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected cardiomyocytes (CM), cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and L6E9 skeletal myoblasts to TGF-β. Cultures of CM, CF, and L6E9 were infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) and treated with TGF-β (1-10 ng/mL, 1 h or 48 h). Fibronectin (FN) distribution was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blot (WB). Phosphorylated SMAD2 (PS2), phospho-p38 (p-p38), and phospho-c-Jun (p-c-Jun) signaling were evaluated by WB. CF and L6E9 showed an increase in FN from 1 ng/mL of TGF-β, while CM displayed FN modulation only after 10 ng/mL treatment. CF and L6E9 showed higher PS2 levels than CM, while p38 was less stimulated in CF than CM and L6E9. T. cruzi infection resulted in localized FN disorganization in CF and L6E9. T. cruzi induced an increase in FN in CF cultures, mainly in uninfected cells. Infected CF cultures treated with TGF-β showed a reduction in PS2 and an increase in p-p38 and p-c-Jun levels. Our data suggest that p38 and c-Jun pathways may be participating in the fibrosis regulatory process mediated by TGF-β after T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Araújo Silva
- Cellular Ultrastructure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Claudia Magalhães Calvet
- Cellular Ultrastructure Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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Coelho LL, Pereira IR, Pereira MCDS, Mesquita L, Lannes-Vieira J, Adesse D, Garzoni LR. Trypanosoma cruzi activates mouse cardiac fibroblasts in vitro leading to fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and increase in expression of extracellular matrix proteins. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:72. [PMID: 29382361 PMCID: PMC5791182 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac fibrosis is a consequence of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). In other cardiovascular diseases, the protagonist role of fibroblasts in cardiac fibrosis is well established. However, the role of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) in fibrosis during the CCC is not clear. Here, our aim was to investigate the effect of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease on CFs activation. Methods Cardiac fibroblasts were purified from primary cultures of mouse embryo cardiac cells. After two passages, cells were infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) and analyzed at different times for determination of infectivity, activation and production of extracellular matrix components (fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV) by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results At second passage, cultures were enriched in CFs (95% of fibroblasts and 5% of cardiomyocytes), as revealed by presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) and absence of sarcomeric tropomyosin (ST) protein expression. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, with increased expression of α-SMA after 6 and 24 h post-infection (hpi). Fibronectin was increased at 6, 24 and 48 hpi, laminin was increased at 6 and 24 hpi and collagen IV was increased at 6 hpi. Conclusions Our results showed that T. cruzi activates CFs, inducing activation and exacerbates ECM production. Furthermore, our data raise the possibility of the involvement of CFs in heart fibrosis during Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lacerda Coelho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Resende Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Mirian Claudia de Souza Pereira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas sala 308, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Liliane Mesquita
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas sala 308, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Cardoso Fontes, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 20045-900, Brazil.
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Lin CH, Wang YH, Chen YW, Lin YL, Chen BC, Chen MC. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of CXCL8/IL-8 gene expression induced by connective tissue growth factor. Immunol Res 2016; 64:369-84. [PMID: 26071024 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a CCN family member, is a secreted protein regulating cellular functions, including fibrosis, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and chondrogenesis. CTGF increases proinflammatory factor production; however, inflammatory cytokine regulation by CTGF is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify novel biological functions and elucidate the functional mechanisms of CTGF. Specifically, the study focused on the ability of CTGF-primed monocytes to secrete interleukin 8 (CXCL8/IL-8) and determined the signaling pathways involved in CTGF-induced CXCL8/IL-8 gene regulation during inflammation. We transfected wild-type or mutant CXCL8/IL-8 promoter-derived luciferase reporter constructs into 293T cells to examine the effect of CTGF on the CXCL8/IL-8 promoter. The results showed that the activator protein-1 and nuclear factor κB binding sites of the CXCL8/IL-8 promoter are essential for CTGF-induced CXCL8/IL-8 transcription. Moreover, the CTGF-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in this process. In addition, adenosine-uridine-rich elements (AREs) of the CXCL8/IL-8 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) reduce CXCL8/IL-8 mRNA stability. To investigate whether CTGF regulates CXCL8/IL-8 gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, we transfected 293 cells with serial luciferase constructs containing different segments of the CXCL8/IL-8 3'-UTR and then stimulated the cells with CTGF. The results suggested that CTGF stabilized luciferase mRNA and increased luciferase activity by regulating the CXCL8/IL-8 3'-UTR. Moreover, the p38 MAPK pathway may contribute to CTGF-induced CXCL8/IL-8 mRNA stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Ferreira ÉR, Horjales E, Bonfim-Melo A, Cortez C, da Silva CV, De Groote M, Sobreira TJP, Cruz MC, Lima FM, Cordero EM, Yoshida N, da Silveira JF, Mortara RA, Bahia D. Unique behavior of Trypanosoma cruzi mevalonate kinase: A conserved glycosomal enzyme involved in host cell invasion and signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24610. [PMID: 27113535 PMCID: PMC4845012 DOI: 10.1038/srep24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is an essential enzyme acting in early steps of sterol isoprenoids biosynthesis, such as cholesterol in humans or ergosterol in trypanosomatids. MVK is conserved from bacteria to mammals, and localizes to glycosomes in trypanosomatids. During the course of T. cruzi MVK characterization, we found that, in addition to glycosomes, this enzyme may be secreted and modulate cell invasion. To evaluate the role of TcMVK in parasite-host cell interactions, TcMVK recombinant protein was produced and anti-TcMVK antibodies were raised in mice. TcMVK protein was detected in the supernatant of cultures of metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTs) and extracellular amastigotes (EAs) by Western blot analysis, confirming its secretion into extracellular medium. Recombinant TcMVK bound in a non-saturable dose-dependent manner to HeLa cells and positively modulated internalization of T. cruzi EAs but inhibited invasion by MTs. In HeLa cells, TcMVK induced phosphorylation of MAPK pathway components and proteins related to actin cytoskeleton modifications. We hypothesized that TcMVK is a bifunctional enzyme that in addition to playing a classical role in isoprenoid synthesis in glycosomes, it is secreted and may modulate host cell signaling required for T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexis Bonfim-Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Costa Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mitsuo Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esteban Mauricio Cordero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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9
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Watanabe Costa R, da Silveira JF, Bahia D. Interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi Secreted Proteins and Host Cell Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:388. [PMID: 27065960 PMCID: PMC4814445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the prevalent neglected tropical diseases, affecting at least 6-7 million individuals in Latin America. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. After infection, the parasite invades and multiplies in the myocardium, leading to acute myocarditis that kills around 5% of untreated individuals. T. cruzi secretes proteins that manipulate multiple host cell signaling pathways to promote host cell invasion. The primary secreted lysosomal peptidase in T. cruzi is cruzipain, which has been shown to modulate the host immune response. Cruzipain hinders macrophage activation during the early stages of infection by interrupting the NF-kB P65 mediated signaling pathway. This allows the parasite to survive and replicate, and may contribute to the spread of infection in acute Chagas disease. Another secreted protein P21, which is expressed in all of the developmental stages of T. cruzi, has been shown to modulate host phagocytosis signaling pathways. The parasite also secretes soluble factors that exert effects on host extracellular matrix, such as proteolytic degradation of collagens. Finally, secreted phospholipase A from T. cruzi contributes to lipid modifications on host cells and concomitantly activates the PKC signaling pathway. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between secreted proteins from T. cruzi and the host cells, emphasizing the manipulation of host signaling pathways during invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Watanabe Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose F da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisMinas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Bayer-Santos E, Aguilar-Bonavides C, Rodrigues SP, Cordero EM, Marques AF, Varela-Ramirez A, Choi H, Yoshida N, da Silveira JF, Almeida IC. Proteomic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Secretome: Characterization of Two Populations of Extracellular Vesicles and Soluble Proteins. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:883-97. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300947g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Bayer-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Clemente Aguilar-Bonavides
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
- Computational Science Program,
The Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Silas Pessini Rodrigues
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Esteban Maurício Cordero
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Marques
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public
Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia,
Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- The Border Biomedical Research
Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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11
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Calvet CM, Melo TG, Garzoni LR, Oliveira FOR, Neto DTS, N S L M, Meirelles L, Pereira MCS. Current understanding of the Trypanosoma cruzi-cardiomyocyte interaction. Front Immunol 2012; 3:327. [PMID: 23115558 PMCID: PMC3483718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits multiple strategies to ensure its establishment and persistence in the host. Although this parasite has the ability to infect different organs, heart impairment is the most frequent clinical manifestation of the disease. Advances in knowledge of T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte interactions have contributed to a better understanding of the biological events involved in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of molecules involved in T. cruzi-cardiomyocyte recognition, the mechanism of invasion, and on the effect of intracellular development of T. cruzi on the structural organization and molecular response of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Calvet
- Laboratório de Ultra-estrutura Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Torrecilhas AC, Schumacher RI, Alves MJM, Colli W. Vesicles as carriers of virulence factors in parasitic protozoan diseases. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1465-74. [PMID: 22892602 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Different types of shed vesicles as, for example, exosomes, plasma-membrane-derived vesicles or microparticles, are the focus of intense research in view of their potential role in cell-cell communication and under the perspective that they might be good tools for immunotherapy, vaccination or diagnostic purposes. This review discusses ways employed by pathogenic trypanosomatids to interact with the host by shedding vesicles that contain molecules important for the establishment of infection, as opposed to previous beliefs considering them as a waste of cellular metabolism. Trypanosomatids are compared with Apicomplexa, which circulate parasite antigens bound to vesicles shed by host cells. The knowledge of the origin and chemical composition of these different vesicles might lead to the understanding of the mechanisms that determine their biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Host-parasite interaction: parasite-derived and -induced proteases that degrade human extracellular matrix. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:748206. [PMID: 22792442 PMCID: PMC3390111 DOI: 10.1155/2012/748206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa are among the most important pathogens worldwide. Diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis affect millions of people. Humans are constantly threatened by infections caused by these pathogens. Parasites engage a plethora of surface and secreted molecules to attach to and enter mammalian cells. The secretion of lytic enzymes by parasites into host organs mediates critical interactions because of the invasion and destruction of interstitial tissues, enabling parasite migration to other sites within the hosts. Extracellular matrix is a complex, cross-linked structure that holds cells together in an organized assembly and that forms the basement membrane lining (basal lamina). The extracellular matrix represents a major barrier to parasites. Therefore, the evolution of mechanisms for connective-tissue degradation may be of great importance for parasite survival. Recent advances have been achieved in our understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of proteases from parasitic protozoa. The focus of this paper is to discuss the role of protozoan parasitic proteases in the degradation of host ECM proteins and the participation of these molecules as virulence factors. We divide the paper into two sections, extracellular and intracellular protozoa.
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Leask A. Getting out of a sticky situation: targeting the myofibroblast in scleroderma. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:163-9. [PMID: 22802915 PMCID: PMC3396281 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no treatment for the fibrosis observed in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Although genome-wide expression profiling has suggested that differences in gene expression patters between non-lesional and lesional skin are minimal, phenotypically these areas of tissue are quite different. In fact, lesional areas of scleroderma patients can be distinguished by the presence of a differentiated form of fibroblast, termed the myofibroblast. This cell type expresses the highly contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Fibroblasts isolated from SSc lesions excessively synthesize, adhere to and contract extracellular matrix (ECM) and display activated adhesive signaling pathways. Strategies aimed at blocking myofibroblast differentiation, persistence and activity are therefore likely to be useful in alleviating the fibrosis in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- Departments of Dentistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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MEK/ERK inhibitors: proof-of-concept studies in lung fibrosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 6:59-60. [PMID: 22131200 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no therapy for chronic fibroproliferative diseases, in spite of the fact that current health statistics suggest that these (which include cardiovascular disease, pulmonary fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, liver cirrhosis and systemic sclerosis) have been estimated to cause approximately 45% of the deaths in the developed world. Recently, many studies have shown that mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in response to fibrogenic agents and contribute to the formation and function of the myofibroblast, the critical cell type responsible for excessive scarring. A recent report by Madala and colleagues (Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2011) has provided a proof-of-concept study showing that the specific MEK inhibitor ARRY-142886 (ARRY) can both suppress the progression of fibrosis and reverse an animal model of lung fibrosis. Thus MEK inhibition could be a valuable method to treat lung fibrosis.
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