1
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Long ME, Stewart KM, Shoemaker KT, Reich H, Lackey CW, Beckmann JP. Selection of den sites and chronology of denning by black bears in the eastern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11689. [PMID: 38988341 PMCID: PMC11236437 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Use of dens during winter is an important strategy for American black bears (Ursus americanus) for both energy conservation and reproduction; and occupancy of suitable den sites has implications for reproductive fitness. Denning strategies may change as a result of changing climatic conditions and habitat loss. Black bears occupy arid environments in the eastern Sierra Nevada and the western ranges of the Great Basin Ecosystem. Our objectives were to identify: (1) which physical characteristics of habitat influenced selection of den sites at multiple spatial scales and (2) which environmental factors influenced timing of entrance and exit of dens by females and males. We evaluated selection of den sites by black bears at three spatial scales (300, 1000, and 4000 m) from 2011 to 2022. Terrain ruggedness was important for selection of den sites at all spatial scales. Within a 300-m buffer from the den, bears selected den sites with rugged terrain, lower horizontal visibility, and greater canopy cover, resulting in more concealment and protection than that of the surrounding environment. Within 1000- and 4000-m buffers around each den, bears selected den sites with rugged terrain, northern aspects, and steep slopes. At the 4000-m scale, we observed interactions between sex with slope and distance to roads; females selected den sites on steeper slopes and closer to roads than did males. Females remained in the dens longer than males by entering earlier in the autumn and exiting later in the spring. Male bears exited their dens earlier with increasing consecutive days above freezing temperatures, but that relationship was weak for females. Knowing what characteristics are important for selection of den sites, and influence timing of denning, will be important for understanding how shifting climatic patterns will affect bears, particularly in arid environments that may be prone to wider fluctuations in climatic drivers of denning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Long
- Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program and Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Kelley M. Stewart
- Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program and Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Kevin T. Shoemaker
- Ecology Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program and Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevadaUSA
| | | | | | - Jon P. Beckmann
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyBozemanMontanaUSA
- Present address:
Kansas Department of Wildlife and ParksPrattKansasUSA
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2
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Hamal S, Sharma HP, Gautam R, Katuwal HB. Drivers of power line collisions and electrocutions of birds in Nepal. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10080. [PMID: 37181205 PMCID: PMC10166672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the several anthropogenic factors, power lines are increasingly regarded as one of the most significant hazards to bird species, primarily owing to collisions and electrocutions. Nepal has comparatively fewer studies on the impact of power line collisions and electrocution on birds compared with developed nations. From November 2021 to May 2022, we assessed the effect of power line collisions and electrocutions on the mortality of birds in the Putalibazar Municipality of the Syangja district of Nepal. We established 117 circular plots in diverse habitats, including agricultural lands, forests, settlements, and river basins, along a 30.6 km long distribution line. Within 18 plots, we detected 43 fatalities of 11 species (17 individuals of six species due to collision and 26 individuals of eight species due to electrocution). House Swift (Apus nipalensis) and Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) were the primary victims of the collision, whereas House Crow (Corvus splendens) and Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) were frequently observed electrocuted. We also recorded the electrocution of the critically endangered White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis). The total rate of bird power line collisions per kilometer was 0.55 birds, while the total electrocution rate per 10 poles was 2.22. The bird abundance, distance to agricultural regions, and proximity to human settlements were found to have a strong relationship with the mortality of birds caused by power lines. In order to reduce power line collisions and electrocution fatalities, we recommend conducting a detailed bird population study prior to determining the route of distribution lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Hamal
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
| | - Hari Prasad Sharma
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
- Nepal Zoological SocietyKathmanduNepal
| | - Ramji Gautam
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
- Prithvi Narayan Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityPokharaNepal
| | - Hem Bahadur Katuwal
- Nepal Zoological SocietyKathmanduNepal
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglaChina
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3
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Swaminathan S, Sharp TR, Arun AS, Smith TS, Larsen R, Satyanarayan K, Seshamani G. Sloth bear maternal and resting den locations in eastern Karnataka. J Wildl Manage 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R. Sharp
- Wildlife SOS 406 East 300 South, No. 302 Salt Lake City UT 84111 USA
| | - Attur S. Arun
- Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue and Rehab Centre Bangalore 560083 India
| | - Tom S. Smith
- Brigham Young University 5050 Life Sciences Building Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Randy Larsen
- Brigham Young University 5050 Life Sciences Building Provo UT 84602 USA
| | | | - Geeta Seshamani
- Wildlife SOS, Bannerghatta Bear Rescue and Rehab Centre Bangalore 560083 India
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4
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Vijendravarma RK. Diverse strategies that animals use to deter intraspecific predation. J Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Joly K, Cameron MD, Sorum MS, Gustine DD, Deacy W, Hilderbrand GV. Factors influencing Arctic brown bear annual home range sizes and limitations of home range analyses. URSUS 2022. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-21-00015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Joly
- National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Mathew S. Sorum
- National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - David D. Gustine
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Polar Bear Program, 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA
| | - William Deacy
- National Park Service, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Program, 4175 Geist Road, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Grant V. Hilderbrand
- National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office, 240 W 5th Avenue, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA
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6
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Coppola F, Grignolio S, Brivio F, Giunchi D, Felicioli A. Spatio-temporal inhabitation of settlements by Hystrix cristata L., 1758. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5426. [PMID: 35361851 PMCID: PMC8971386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Settlements are usually shared at different times by semi-fossorial mammals. Porcupine reproductive pair shows high den-site fidelity, but no data are available on the spatio-temporal inhabitation of settlements. In this investigation, the spatio-temporal inhabitation of settlements by crested porcupine families was investigated using camera-trapping as well as the ethological factors affecting the settlements selection. The crested porcupine resulted to be the main inhabitant of settlements surveyed in the present study. Each settlement was inhabited exclusively by one porcupine family. Five out of six porcupine families, each alternatively and complementarily inhabited the same two settlements. In all the five monitored families, settlements selection doesn’t follow a seasonal pattern. Settlement inhabitation of porcupines resulted positively affected by cohabitation with badger, while presence of porcupettes did not affect settlements selection. Long periods of settlement inhabitation were positively affected both by the presence of porcupettes and cohabitation with badger. The pattern of settlements inhabitation in relation to their availability and porcupine population density as well as factors promoting porcupine-badger cohabitation should be further investigated. New ethological knowledge obtained in this investigation could be involved in the evaluation of the ecological epidemiology of infectious diseases between porcupine and badger within a one health approach and may be a useful tool for a sustainable management of semi-fossorial mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Grignolio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Brivio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dimitri Giunchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56123, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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7
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Hudson R, Szenczi P, Bánszegi O. Parental Behavior in Carnivores. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 27:55-78. [PMID: 36169812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian order Carnivora is generally defined as species that feed exclusively or to some degree by eating other animals. The Carnivora comprise around 280 species, divided into 16 families, 13 of which are terrestrial and 3 aquatic. Carnivores are spread across the entire planet, including the two polar regions and on land and sea. Consistent with such diverse ecologies, there is no typical pattern of parental care distinguishing carnivores from other mammals. Using examples from different taxonomic families, our aim is to illustrate the diversity of parental care in Carnivora. Major topics include parental care before and after birth of the young, paternal, and alloparental care and the process of weaning. Given the position of many carnivores at the apex of food chains, a greater understanding of their patterns of parental care as a vital part of reproductive biology is essential to conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Hudson
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Péter Szenczi
- CONACyT - Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oxána Bánszegi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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Tamatani H, Hiorns A, Yamamoto T. An apparent case of infanticide in the Asiatic black bear in Japan. URSUS 2021. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-20-00019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Hart LA, Hart BL. How Does the Social Grouping of Animals in Nature Protect Against Sickness? A Perspective. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:672097. [PMID: 34305545 PMCID: PMC8292637 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.672097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is broadly represented in vertebrates, usually in association with the fever response in response to acute infections. The reactions to sickness behavior in a group member or potential group member in humans is quite variable, depending upon circumstances. In animals, the reactions to sickness behavior in a group member or potential group member evoke a specific response that reflects the species-specific lifestyle. Groups of animals can employ varied strategies to reduce or address exposure to sickness. Most of these have scarcely been studied in nature from a disease perspective: (1) adjusting exposure to sick conspecifics or contaminated areas; (2) caring for a sick group member; (3) peripheralization and agonistic behaviors to strange non-group conspecifics; and (4) using special strategies at parturition when newborn are healthy but vulnerable. Unexplored in this regard is infanticide, where newborn that are born with very little immunity until they receive antibody-rich colostrum, could be a target of maternal infanticide if they manifest signs of sickness and could be infectious to littermates. The strategies used by different species are highly specific and dependent upon the particular circumstances. What is needed is a more general awareness and consideration of the possibilities that avoiding or adapting to sickness behavior may be driving some social behaviors of animals in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette A Hart
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin L Hart
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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10
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Fowler NL, Spady TJ, Wang G, Leopold BD, Belant JL. Denning, metabolic suppression, and the realisation of ecological opportunities in Ursidae. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Fowler
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse NY13210USA
| | - Thomas J. Spady
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University San Marcos San Marcos CA92096USA
| | - Guiming Wang
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State Box 9690MS39762USA
| | - Bruce D. Leopold
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State Box 9690MS39762USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Global Wildlife Conservation Center State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry 1 Forestry Drive Syracuse NY13210USA
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11
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Parsons B, Coops N, Kearney S, Burton A, Nelson T, Stenhouse G. Road visibility influences habitat selection by grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis). CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances, including roads, are known to influence animal habitat selection and mortality. In this study, we consider the role of sensory perception in understanding why and how animals respond to disturbances. Our goal was to investigate the effect of visual perception (visibility) around roads on grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis Ord, 1815) habitat selection and mortality in Alberta, Canada. We used detailed topographic and vegetation data from airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) to estimate visibility around roads. We modelled habitat selection as a function of road visibility and environmental variables using GPS telemetry data from 39 grizzly bears and integrated step selection analysis (iSSA). Finally, we assessed mortality risk in visible areas by comparing habitat selection between grizzly bears that died and those that survived. We found that grizzly bears were less likely to select visible areas when moving slowly or resting, but were more likely to select visible areas when travelling. We found that grizzly bears that survived selected for areas farther from roads than grizzly bears that died. However, no difference in selection for visible areas was observed. An exploratory analysis showed that grizzly bear mortalities commonly occurred in visible areas. Our findings highlight the importance of sensory perception in understanding animal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.M. Parsons
- Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - N.C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S.P. Kearney
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - A.C. Burton
- Department of Forest Resources Management, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T.A. Nelson
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA
| | - G.B. Stenhouse
- fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB T7V 1V3, Canada
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12
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González-Bernardo E, Russo LF, Valderrábano E, Fernández Á, Penteriani V. Denning in brown bears. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6844-6862. [PMID: 32724555 PMCID: PMC7381752 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation represents an adaptation for coping with unfavorable environmental conditions. For brown bears Ursus arctos, hibernation is a critical period as pronounced temporal reductions in several physiological functions occur.Here, we review the three main aspects of brown bear denning: (1) den chronology, (2) den characteristics, and (3) hibernation physiology in order to identify (a) proximate and ultimate factors of hibernation as well as (b) research gaps and conservation priorities.Den chronology, which varies by sex and reproductive status, depends on environmental factors, such as snow, temperature, food availability, and den altitude. Significant variation in hibernation across latitudes occurs for both den entry and exit.The choice of a den and its surroundings may affect individual fitness, for example, loss of offspring and excessive energy consumption. Den selection is the result of broad- and fine-scale habitat selection, mainly linked to den insulation, remoteness, and availability of food in the surroundings of the den location.Hibernation is a metabolic challenge for the brown bears, in which a series of physiological adaptations in tissues and organs enable survival under nutritional deprivation, maintain high levels of lipids, preserve muscle, and bone and prevent cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. It is important to understand: (a) proximate and ultimate factors in denning behavior and the difference between actual drivers of hibernation (i.e., factors to which bears directly respond) and their correlates; (b) how changes in climatic factors might affect the ability of bears to face global climate change and the human-mediated changes in food availability; (c) hyperphagia (period in which brown bears accumulate fat reserves), predenning and denning periods, including for those populations in which bears do not hibernate every year; and (d) how to approach the study of bear denning merging insights from different perspectives, that is, physiology, ecology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Bernardo
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA) Mieres Spain
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC) Zaragoza Spain
| | - Luca Francesco Russo
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, CSIC-UO-PA) Mieres Spain
- Department of Biosciences and the Territory Università degli Studi del Molise Pesche Italy
| | - Esther Valderrábano
- COPAR Research Group Faculty of Veterinary University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo Spain
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13
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Building a perceptual zone of influence for wildlife: delineating the effects of roads on grizzly bear movement. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Proximity to humans is associated with longer maternal care in brown bears. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Fowler NL, Belant JL, Wang G, Leopold BD. Ecological plasticity of denning chronology by American black bears and brown bears. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Assessing the importance of protected areas in human-dominated lowland for brown bear (Ursus arctos) winter denning. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Sorum MS, Joly K, Wells AG, Cameron MD, Hilderbrand GV, Gustine DD. Den‐site characteristics and selection by brown bears (
Ursus arctos
) in the central Brooks Range of Alaska. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S. Sorum
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Adam G. Wells
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | | | - David D. Gustine
- Grand Teton National Park National Park Service Moose Wyoming 83012 USA
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18
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Gantchoff MG, Beyer D, Belant JL. Reproductive class influences risk tolerance during denning and spring for American black bears (
Ursus americanus
). Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Gantchoff
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York New York New York 13210 USA
| | - D. Beyer
- Wildlife Division Michigan DNR Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - J. L. Belant
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York New York New York 13210 USA
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19
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Giery ST, Layman CA. Ecological Consequences Of Sexually Selected Traits: An Eco-Evolutionary Perspective. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/702341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Schafer TL, Breck SW, Baruch-Mordo S, Lewis DL, Wilson K, Mao JS, Day TL. American black bear den-site selection and characteristics in an urban environment. URSUS 2018. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-17-00004.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toryn L.J. Schafer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Present address: Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Stewart W. Breck
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Wildlife Services-National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Sharon Baruch-Mordo
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, Global Lands Team, 117 E Mountain Avenue, Suite 201, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA
| | - David L. Lewis
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Wilson
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Julie S. Mao
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 0088 Wildlife Way, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601, USA
| | - Thomas L. Day
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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21
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Mangipane LS, Belant JL, Gustine DD, Hilderbrand GV, Mangipane BA. Sex-specific variation in denning by brown bears. Mamm Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Zarzo-Arias A, Delgado MDM, Ordiz A, García Díaz J, Cañedo D, González MA, Romo C, Vázquez García P, Bombieri G, Bettega C, Russo LF, Cabral P, García González R, Martínez-Padilla J, Penteriani V. Brown bear behaviour in human-modified landscapes: The case of the endangered Cantabrian population, NW Spain. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Female American black bears do not alter space use or movements to reduce infanticide risk. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203651. [PMID: 30216386 PMCID: PMC6138387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infanticide occurs in a variety of animal species and infanticide risk has large implications for the evolution of behavior. Further, the sex hypothesis of sexual segregation predicts that for species in which infanticide occurs, females with dependent young will avoid males to reduce risk of sexually-selected infanticide. Infanticide risk-avoidance behavior has been studied primarily in social species, but also occurs in some solitary species. We used generalized linear mixed models to determine if space use and movements of female American black bears (Ursus americanus) during the breeding season were consistent with the sex hypothesis of sexual segregation in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Space use and movements of female black bears (n = 16) were not consistent with avoidance behavior to reduce sexually-selected infanticide risk. Females with cubs occupied core areas (mean = 4.64 km2, standard error [SE] = 1.28) and home ranges (mean = 19.46 km2, SE = 5.10) of similar size to females without cubs (core area [mean = 4.11 km2, SE = 0.59]; home range [mean = 16.07 km2, SE = 2.26]), and those core areas and home ranges were not in areas with lesser relative probability of male use. Additionally, females with cubs did not reduce movements during times of day when male movements were greatest. As female bears do avoid potentially infanticidal males in populations with greater levels of infanticide, female black bears may exhibit variation in avoidance behavior based on the occurrence of infanticide.
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Nautiyal H, Huffman MA. Interspecific Feeding Association between Central Himalayan Langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) and Himalayan Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus), in a Temperate Forest of the Western Indian Himalayas. MAMMAL STUDY 2018. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Huffman
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Skuban M, Find’o S, Kajba M. Bears napping nearby: daybed selection by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in a human-dominated landscape. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Daybeds are essential for the survival of brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) and may represent a population-limiting resource in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we demonstrate which land-cover types and bear characteristics affect daybed selection in north-central Slovakia. We used the positional and activity data of 21 bears acquired by GPS–GSM telemetry to identify 3864 daybeds. By use of K-select analysis and linear mixed-effects modelling, we explored how bears chose these places for their daytime resting. The most important drivers for daybed selection were the presence of dense regenerating forests and forest–shrubbery belts in farmland. Bears avoided resting in older forests without suitable undergrowth. Females selected daybeds differently depending on the presence of dependent cubs. During spring – early summer, females with cubs of the year avoided other bears by selecting more rugged terrain. These females also selected daybeds significantly closer to human settlements than adult males, possibly to avoid the risk of infanticide. In late summer – autumn, all bears selected daybeds closer to human settlements than in spring, probably because they were attracted by maize (Zea mays) fields and fruit trees. Many daybeds were located outside protected areas in farmland closer to people, which could increase bear–human conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Skuban
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Department of Biology II, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Carpathian Wildlife Society, Tulská 2461/29, 96101 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Slavomír Find’o
- Carpathian Wildlife Society, Tulská 2461/29, 96101 Zvolen, Slovakia
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, T.G. Masaryka 22, 96092 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Kajba
- National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute, T.G. Masaryka 22, 96092 Zvolen, Slovakia
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Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Nakajima A, Koike S, Ohnishi N, Yamazaki K. Influence of Food Availability on Matrilineal Site Fidelity of Female Asian Black Bears. MAMMAL STUDY 2017. [DOI: 10.3106/041.042.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kozakai
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Nakajima
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohnishi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Frank SC, Steyaert SM, Swenson JE, Storch I, Kindberg J, Barck H, Zedrosser A. A "clearcut" case? Brown bear selection of coarse woody debris and carpenter ants on clearcuts. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 348:164-173. [PMID: 26190890 PMCID: PMC4459689 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forest management alters habitat characteristics, resulting in various effects among and within species. It is crucial to understand how habitat alteration through forest management (e.g. clearcutting) affects animal populations, particularly with unknown future conditions (e.g. climate change). In Sweden, brown bears (Ursus arctos) forage on carpenter ants (Camponotus herculeanus) during summer, and may select for this food source within clearcuts. To assess carpenter ant occurrence and brown bear selection of carpenter ants, we sampled 6999 coarse woody debris (CWD) items within 1019 plots, of which 902 were within clearcuts (forests ⩽30 years of age) and 117 plots outside clearcuts (forests >30 years of age). We related various CWD and site characteristics to the presence or absence of carpenter ant galleries (nests) and bear foraging sign at three spatial scales: the CWD, plot, and clearcut scale. We tested whether both absolute and relative counts (the latter controlling for the number of CWD items) of galleries and bear sign in plots were higher inside or outside clearcuts. Absolute counts were higher inside than outside clearcuts for galleries (mean counts; inside: 1.8, outside: 0.8). CWD was also higher inside (mean: 6.8) than outside clearcuts (mean: 4.0). However, even after controlling for more CWD inside clearcuts, relative counts were higher inside than outside clearcuts for both galleries (mean counts; inside: 0.3, outside: 0.2) and bear sign (mean counts; inside: 0.03, outside: 0.01). Variables at the CWD scale best explained gallery and bear sign presence than variables at the plot or clearcut level, but bear selection was influenced by clearcut age. CWD circumference was important for both carpenter ant and bear sign presence. CWD hardness was most important for carpenter ant selection. However, the most important predictor for bear sign was the presence or absence of carpenter ant galleries. Bears had a high foraging "success" rate (⩾88%) in foraging CWD where galleries also occurred, which was assessed by summing CWD items with the concurrence of bear sign and galleries, divided by the sum of all CWD with bear sign. Clearcuts appeared to increase the occurrence of a relatively important summer food item, the carpenter ant, on Swedish managed forests for the brown bear. However, the potential benefit of this increase can only be determined from a better understanding of the seasonal and interannual variation of the availability and use of other important brown bear food items, berries (e.g. Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum spp.), as well as other primary needs for bears (e.g. secure habitat and denning habitat), within the landscape mosaic of managed forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C. Frank
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, Bø NO-3800, Norway
| | - Sam M.J.G. Steyaert
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As NO-1432, Norway
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As NO-1432, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, PO Box 5685 Sluppen, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ilse Storch
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Hanna Barck
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, Bø NO-3800, Norway
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Simek SL, Belant JL, Fan Z, Young BW, Leopold BD, Fleming J, Waller B. Source populations and roads affect American black bear recolonization. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gardner CL, Pamperin NJ, Benson JF. Movement patterns and space use of maternal grizzly bears influence cub survival in Interior Alaska. URSUS 2014. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-14-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pigeon KE, Nielsen SE, Stenhouse GB, Côté SD. Den selection by grizzly bears on a managed landscape. J Mammal 2014. [DOI: 10.1644/13-mamm-a-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Effects of livestock on occurrence of the Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Rara National Park, Nepal. ORYX 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605313001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens is endemic to the Himalayas. Anthropogenic activities, including deforestation, have degraded the species’ habitat but the effects of livestock have not been examined. We assessed the effects of illegal livestock activity on the presence of the red panda in Rara National Park, Nepal. The probability of detecting red panda faecal pellets decreased with livestock occurrence but not with elevation or aspect. The presence of bamboo and proximity to water are important to red pandas but did not influence their habitat use at the spatial resolution evaluated. Livestock grazing in Rara National Park appears to adversely affect the presence of the red panda within its habitat. To reduce illegal livestock grazing we recommend enforcement of existing regulations, that training workshops be held for herders, and awareness-raising and dialogue with residents.
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Waller BW, Belant JL, Leopold BD. Influence of Landscape Attributes on American Black Bear Den-Site Selection in Mississippi. MAMMAL STUDY 2014. [DOI: 10.3106/041.039.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany W. Waller
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jerrold L. Belant
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Bruce D. Leopold
- Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Bourbonnais ML, Nelson TA, Cattet MRL, Darimont CT, Stenhouse GB. Spatial analysis of factors influencing long-term stress in the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population of Alberta, Canada. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83768. [PMID: 24386273 PMCID: PMC3873976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive measures for assessing long-term stress in free ranging mammals are an increasingly important approach for understanding physiological responses to landscape conditions. Using a spatially and temporally expansive dataset of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) generated from a threatened grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in Alberta, Canada, we quantified how variables representing habitat conditions and anthropogenic disturbance impact long-term stress in grizzly bears. We characterized spatial variability in male and female HCC point data using kernel density estimation and quantified variable influence on spatial patterns of male and female HCC stress surfaces using random forests. Separate models were developed for regions inside and outside of parks and protected areas to account for substantial differences in anthropogenic activity and disturbance within the study area. Variance explained in the random forest models ranged from 55.34% to 74.96% for males and 58.15% to 68.46% for females. Predicted HCC levels were higher for females compared to males. Generally, high spatially continuous female HCC levels were associated with parks and protected areas while low-to-moderate levels were associated with increased anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast, male HCC levels were low in parks and protected areas and low-to-moderate in areas with increased anthropogenic disturbance. Spatial variability in gender-specific HCC levels reveal that the type and intensity of external stressors are not uniform across the landscape and that male and female grizzly bears may be exposed to, or perceive, potential stressors differently. We suggest observed spatial patterns of long-term stress may be the result of the availability and distribution of foods related to disturbance features, potential sexual segregation in available habitat selection, and may not be influenced by sources of mortality which represent acute traumas. In this wildlife system and others, conservation and management efforts can benefit by understanding spatial- and gender-based stress responses to landscape conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu L. Bourbonnais
- Spatial Pattern Analysis and Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trisalyn A. Nelson
- Spatial Pattern Analysis and Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc R. L. Cattet
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris T. Darimont
- Applied Conservation Science Lab, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Steyaert SMJG, Kindberg J, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:836-45. [PMID: 23461483 PMCID: PMC3757318 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal segregation is often explained by the risk for offspring predation or by differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive abilities related to size dimorphism. Most large carnivores are size dimorphic and offspring predation is often intraspecific and related to nonparental infanticide (NPI). NPI can be a foraging strategy, a strategy to reduce competition, or a male reproductive strategy. Spatiotemporal segregation is widespread among large carnivores, but its nature remains poorly understood. We evaluated three hypotheses to explain spatiotemporal segregation in the brown bear, a size-dimorphic large carnivore in which NPI is common; the 'NPI - foraging/competition hypothesis', i.e. NPI as a foraging strategy or a strategy to reduce competition, the 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis', i.e. infanticide as a male reproductive strategy and the 'body size hypothesis', i.e. body-size-related differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive ability causes spatiotemporal segregation. To test these hypotheses, we quantified spatiotemporal segregation among adult males, lone adult females and females with cubs-of-the-year, based on GPS-relocation data (2006-2010) and resource selection functions in a Scandinavian population. We found that spatiotemporal segregation was strongest between females with cubs-of-the-year and adult males during the mating season. During the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year selected their resources, in contrast to adult males, in less rugged landscapes in relative close proximity to certain human-related variables, and in more open habitat types. After the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year markedly shifted their resource selection towards a pattern more similar to that of their conspecifics. No strong spatiotemporal segregation was apparent between females with cubs-of-the-year and conspecifics during the mating and the postmating season. The 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis' best explained spatiotemporal segregation in our study system. We suggest that females with cubs-of-the-year alter their resource selection to avoid infanticidal males. In species exhibiting NPI as a male reproductive strategy, female avoidance of infanticidal males is probably more common than observed or reported, and may come with a fitness cost if females trade safety for optimal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam MJG Steyaert
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheim, NO-7485, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeBø, NO-3800, Norway
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Elfström M, Zedrosser A, Støen OG, Swenson JE. Ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the occurrence of bears close to human settlements: review and management implications. Mamm Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Elfström
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management; Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research; University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences; Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33 1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Ole-Gunnar Støen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Pb. 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
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Libal NS, Belant JL, Maraj R, Leopold BD, Wang G, Marshall S. Microscale den-site selection of grizzly bears in southwestern Yukon. URSUS 2012. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-12-00002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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