1
|
Doonan JM, Kosawang C, Eisenring M, Ladd T, Roe AD, Budde KB, Jørgensen HJL, Queloz V, Gossner MM, Nielsen LR. Transcriptome profiling of Fraxinus excelsior genotypes infested by emerald ash borer. Sci Data 2023; 10:680. [PMID: 37798274 PMCID: PMC10556020 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
European ash, Fraxinus excelsior is facing the double threat of ongoing devastation by the invasive fungal pathogen, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and the imminent arrival of the non-native emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis. The spread of EAB which is currently moving westwards from European Russia and Ukraine into central Europe, poses an additional substantial threat to European ash, F. excelsior. While the molecular basis for resistance or variation in resistance among European ash genotypes is heavily investigated, comparatively little is known about the molecular ash traits involved in resistance against EAB. In this study we have gathered transcriptomic data from EAB inoculated genotypes of F. excelsior that have previously shown different levels of susceptibility to EAB. Resultant datasets show differential gene expression in susceptible and resistant genotypes in response to EAB infestation. This data will provide important information on the molecular basis of resistance to the EAB and allow the development of management plans to combat a pending threat of a culturally and ecologically important European tree species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Doonan
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Michael Eisenring
- Forest Health and biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Tim Ladd
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda D Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katharina B Budde
- Buesgen Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Buesgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Valentin Queloz
- Forest Health and biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Health and biotic Interactions, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lene R Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chiu CC, Pelletier G, Stival Sena J, Roux-Dalvai F, Prunier J, Droit A, Séguin A. Integrative analysis of green ash phloem transcripts and proteins during an emerald ash borer infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:123. [PMID: 36869316 PMCID: PMC9983263 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis; EAB) is an Asian insect species that has been invasive to North America for 20 years. During this time, the emerald ash borer has killed tens of millions of American ash (Fraxinus spp) trees. Understanding the inherent defenses of susceptible American ash trees will provide information to breed new resistant varieties of ash trees. RESULTS We have performed RNA-seq on naturally infested green ash (F. pennsylvanica) trees at low, medium and high levels of increasing EAB infestation and proteomics on low and high levels of EAB infestation. Most significant transcript changes we detected occurred between the comparison of medium and high levels of EAB infestation, indicating that the tree is not responding to EAB until it is highly infested. Our integrative analysis of the RNA-Seq and proteomics data identified 14 proteins and 4 transcripts that contribute most to the difference between highly infested and low infested trees. CONCLUSIONS The putative functions of these transcripts and proteins suggests roles of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and oxidation, chitinase activity, pectinesterase activity, strigolactone signaling, and protein turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Chiu
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Gervais Pelletier
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Juliana Stival Sena
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Roux-Dalvai
- CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Centre, Université Laval, QC, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Julien Prunier
- CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Centre, Université Laval, QC, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- CHU de Québec-Laval University Research Centre, Université Laval, QC, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Armand Séguin
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hale CE, Jordan MA, Iriarte G, Broders K, Storer AJ, Nalam VJ, Marshall JM. Genome-wide SNP identification in Fraxinus linking genetic characteristics to tolerance of Agrilus planipennis. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14775-14788. [PMID: 34765140 PMCID: PMC8571590 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ash (Fraxinus spp.) is one of the most widely distributed tree genera in North America. Populations of ash in the United States and Canada have been decimated by the introduced pest Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; emerald ash borer), having negative impacts on both forest ecosystems and economic interests. The majority of trees succumb to attack by A. planipennis, but some trees have been found to be tolerant to infestation despite years of exposure. Restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing was used to sequence ash individuals, both tolerant and susceptible to A. planipennis attack, in order to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) patterns related to tolerance and health declines. de novo SNPs were called using SAMtools and, after filtering criteria were implemented, a set of 17,807 SNPs were generated. Principal component analysis (PCA) of SNPs aligned individual trees into clusters related to geography; however, five tolerant trees clustered together despite geographic location. A subset of 32 outlier SNPs identified within this group, as well as a subset of 17 SNPs identified based on vigor rating, are potential candidates for the selection of host tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms of host tolerance through genome-wide association has the potential to restore populations with cultivars that are able to withstand A. planipennis infestation. This study was successful in using RAD-sequencing in order to identify SNPs that could contribute to tolerance of A. planipennis. This was a first step toward uncovering the genetic basis for host tolerance to A. planipennis. Future studies are needed to identify the functionality of the loci where these SNPs occur and how they may be related to tolerance of A. planipennis attack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia E. Hale
- Department of BiologyPurdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIndiana
| | - Mark A. Jordan
- Department of BiologyPurdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIndiana
| | - Gloria Iriarte
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Kirk Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | - Andrew J. Storer
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMichigan
| | - Vamsi J. Nalam
- Department of BiologyPurdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIndiana
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Lin T, Valencia MV, Zhang C, Lv Z. Unraveling the Roles of Vascular Proteins Using Proteomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030667. [PMID: 33514014 PMCID: PMC7865979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular bundles play important roles in transporting nutrients, growth signals, amino acids, and proteins between aerial and underground tissues. In order to understand these sophisticated processes, a comprehensive analysis of the roles of the components located in the vascular tissues is required. A great deal of data has been obtained from proteomic analyses of vascular tissues in plants, which mainly aim to identify the proteins moving through the vascular tissues. Here, different aspects of the phloem and xylem proteins are reviewed, including their collection methods, and their main biological roles in growth, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. The study of vascular proteomics shows great potential to contribute to our understanding of the biological mechanisms related to development and defense in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Tianbao Lin
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Maria Valderrama Valencia
- Departamento Académico de Biología–Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa Nro117, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Y.L.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nemesio-Gorriz M, Menezes RC, Paetz C, Hammerbacher A, Steenackers M, Schamp K, Höfte M, Svatoš A, Gershenzon J, Douglas GC. Canditate metabolites for ash dieback tolerance in Fraxinus excelsior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6074-6083. [PMID: 32598444 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ash dieback, a forest epidemic caused by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, threatens ash trees throughout Europe. Within Fraxinus excelsior populations, a small proportion of genotypes show a low susceptibility to the pathogen. We compared the metabolomes from a cohort of low-susceptibility ash genotypes with a cohort of high-susceptibility ash genotypes. This revealed two significantly different chemotypes. A total of 64 candidate metabolites associated with reduced or increased susceptibility in the chemical families secoiridoids, coumarins, flavonoids, phenylethanoids, and lignans. Increased levels of two coumarins, fraxetin and esculetin, were strongly associated with reduced susceptibility to ash dieback. Both coumarins inhibited the growth of H. fraxineus in vitro when supplied at physiological concentrations, thereby validating their role as markers for low susceptibility to ash dieback. Similarly, fungal growth inhibition was observed when the methanolic bark extract of low-susceptibility ash genotypes was supplied. Our findings indicate the presence of constitutive chemical defense barriers against ash dieback in ash.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riya C Menezes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Kurt Schamp
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kelly LJ, Plumb WJ, Carey DW, Mason ME, Cooper ED, Crowther W, Whittemore AT, Rossiter SJ, Koch JL, Buggs RJA. Convergent molecular evolution among ash species resistant to the emerald ash borer. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1116-1128. [PMID: 32451426 PMCID: PMC7610378 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that molecular convergence plays an unexpectedly common role in the evolution of convergent phenotypes. We exploited this phenomenon to find candidate loci underlying resistance to the emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), the United States' most costly invasive forest insect to date, within the pan-genome of ash trees (the genus Fraxinus). We show that EAB-resistant taxa occur within three independent phylogenetic lineages. In genomes from these resistant lineages, we detect 53 genes with evidence of convergent amino acid evolution. Gene-tree reconstruction indicates that, for 48 of these candidates, the convergent amino acids are more likely to have arisen via independent evolution than by another process such as hybridization or incomplete lineage sorting. Seven of the candidate genes have putative roles connected to the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and 17 relate to herbivore recognition, defence signalling or programmed cell death. Evidence for loss-of-function mutations among these candidates is more frequent in susceptible species than in resistant ones. Our results on evolutionary relationships, variability in resistance, and candidate genes for defence response within the ash genus could inform breeding for EAB resistance, facilitating ecological restoration in areas invaded by this beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Kelly
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK.
| | - William J Plumb
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Forestry Development Department, Teagasc, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - David W Carey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA
| | - Mary E Mason
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA
| | - Endymion D Cooper
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William Crowther
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Alan T Whittemore
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US National Arboretum, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Koch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA
| | - Richard J A Buggs
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stock NL, Doran MC, Bonner RF, March RE. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the detection of ash tree metabolites following Emerald Ash Borer infestation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:385-392. [PMID: 29315952 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, an invasive insect detected in the USA and Canada in 2002, is a threat to ash trees with both ecological and economic implications. Early detection of EAB-infestation is difficult due to lack of visible signs and symptoms in the early stages of attack, but is essential to prevent ash mortality. An efficient and reliable tool for the early detection of EAB-infestation would be advantageous. METHODS A mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach, using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), has been used to investigate the leaf metabolites of both healthy and EAB-infested trees. RESULTS Leaves from 40 healthy and 40 EAB-infested trees were extracted and analyzed using LC/MS. Resulting data were examined to differentiate between foliage from healthy and EAB-infested trees. Possible biomarkers of EAB attack have been detected. Twenty-one metabolites with increased average ion intensity in EAB-infested ash tree samples and nine metabolites with increased average ion intensity in healthy ash tree samples were identified. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that metabolomic screening of leaf samples using LC/MS can be useful as a potential tool for the early detection of EAB-infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Stock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Michael C Doran
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Ron F Bonner
- RB Consulting, 814 Magnolia Avenue, Newmarket, ON, L3Y 3C7, Canada
| | - Raymond E March
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Burke JL, Bohlmann J, Carroll AL. Consequences of distributional asymmetry in a warming environment: invasion of novel forests by the mountain pine beetle. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Lewis Burke
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences Faculty of Forestry The University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences Faculty of Forestry The University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories The University of British Columbia 2185 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Allan L. Carroll
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences Faculty of Forestry The University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Falcone CE, Cooks RG. Molecular recognition of emerald ash borer infestation using leaf spray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1304-1312. [PMID: 27173112 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The introduction of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (EAB) from Asia to Michigan, USA, in the 1990s caused the widespread death of ash trees in two Canadian provinces and 24 US states. The three current methods for the detection of emerald ash borer infestation, visual surveys, tree girdling and artificial traps, can be unreliable, and there is clearly a need for a rapid, dependable technique for the detection of emerald ash borer infestation. METHODS Leaf spray, an ambient ionization method for mass spectrometry (MS), gives direct chemical information on a leaf sample by applying a high voltage to a naturally or artificially sharply pointed leaf piece causing ions to be generated directly from the leaf tip for MS analysis. RESULTS Leaflets from 23 healthy and EAB-infested ash trees were analyzed by leaf spray mass spectrometry in an attempt to distinguish healthy and EAB-infested ash trees. In negative ion mode, healthy ash trees showed an increased abundance of ions m/z 455.5, 471.5 and 487.5, and ash trees infested with the EAB displayed an increased abundance of ions m/z 181 and 217. The identities of the chemical discriminators ursolic acid and oleanolic acid in healthy ash trees, and six-carbon sugar alcohols in infested ash trees, were determined by tandem mass spectrometry and confirmed with standards. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study suggests that leaf spray mass spectrometry of ash tree leaflets provides a potential tool for the early detection of ash tree infestation by the emerald ash borer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Villari C, Herms DA, Whitehill JGA, Cipollini D, Bonello P. Progress and gaps in understanding mechanisms of ash tree resistance to emerald ash borer, a model for wood-boring insects that kill angiosperms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:63-79. [PMID: 26268949 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature on host resistance of ash to emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis), an invasive species that causes widespread mortality of ash. Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), which coevolved with EAB, is more resistant than evolutionarily naïve North American and European congeners. Manchurian ash was less preferred for adult feeding and oviposition than susceptible hosts, more resistant to larval feeding, had higher constitutive concentrations of bark lignans, coumarins, proline, tyramine and defensive proteins, and was characterized by faster oxidation of phenolics. Consistent with EAB being a secondary colonizer of coevolved hosts, drought stress decreased the resistance of Manchurian ash, but had no effect on constitutive bark phenolics, suggesting that they do not contribute to increased susceptibility in response to drought stress. The induced resistance of North American species to EAB in response to the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate was associated with increased bark concentrations of verbascoside, lignin and/or trypsin inhibitors, which decreased larval survival and/or growth in bioassays. This finding suggests that these inherently susceptible species possess latent defenses that are not induced naturally by larval colonization, perhaps because they fail to recognize larval cues or respond quickly enough. Finally, we propose future research directions that would address some critical knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Villari
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peterson DL, Duan JJ, Yaninek JS, Ginzel MD, Sadof CS. Growth of Larval Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Fitness of Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Blue Ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata) and Green Ash (F. pennsylvanica). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:1512-1521. [PMID: 26314024 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is an invasive primary pest of North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. Blue ash (F. quadrangulata) is less susceptible to emerald ash borer infestations in the forest than other species of North American ash. Whereas other studies have examined adult host preferences, we compared the capacity of emerald ash borer larvae reared from emerald ash borer eggs in the field and in the laboratory to survive and grow in blue ash and the more susceptible green ash (F. pennsylvanica). Emerald ash borer larval survivorship was the same on both ash species. Mortality due to wound periderm formation was only observed in living field grown trees, but was low (<4%) in both green and blue ash. No difference in larval mortality in the absence of natural enemies suggests that both green and blue ash can support the development of emerald ash borer. Larvae reared from eggs on blue ash were smaller than on green ash growing in the field and also in bolts that were infested under laboratory conditions. In a laboratory study, parasitism rates of confined Tetrastichus planipennisi were similar on emerald ash borer larvae reared in blue and green ash bolts, as were fitness measures of the parasitoid including brood size, sex ratio, and adult female size. Thus, we postulate that emerald ash borer larvae infesting blue ash could support populations of T. planipennisi and serve as a potential reservoir for this introduced natural enemy after most of the other native ash trees have been killed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donnie L Peterson
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jian J Duan
- USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, 501 South Chapel St., Newark, DE 19713
| | - J S Yaninek
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Clifford S Sadof
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. OBJECTIVE To identify proteins with differential expression in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 15 clinically normal (control) dogs and 15 dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Canine CSM is a spontaneous, chronic, compressive cervical myelopathy similar to human cervical spondylotic myelopathy. There is a limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions. Differentially expressed CSF proteins may contribute with novel information about the disease pathogenesis in both dogs and humans. METHODS Protein separation was performed with 2-dimensional electrophoresis. A Student t test was used to detect significant differences between groups (P < 0.05). Three comparisons were made: (1) control versus CSM-affected dogs, (2) control versus non-corticosteroid-treated CSM-affected dogs, and (3) non-corticosteroid-treated CSM-affected versus corticosteroid-treated CSM-affected dogs. Protein spots exhibiting at least a statistically significant 1.25-fold change between groups were selected for subsequent identification with capillary-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 96 spots had a significant average change of at least 1.25-fold in 1 of the 3 comparisons. Compared with the CSF of control dogs, CSM-affected dogs demonstrated increased CSF expression of 8 proteins including vitamin D-binding protein, gelsolin, creatine kinase B-type, angiotensinogen, α-2-HS-glycoprotein, SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine), calsyntenin-1, and complement C3, and decreased expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase, apolipoprotein E, and clusterin. In the CSF of CSM-affected dogs, corticosteroid treatment increased the expression of haptoglobin, transthyretin isoform 2, cystatin C-like, apolipoprotein E, and clusterin, and decreased the expression of angiotensinogen, α-2-HS-glycoprotein, and gelsolin. CONCLUSION Many of the differentially expressed proteins are associated with damaged neural tissue, bone turnover, and/or compromised blood-spinal cord barrier. The knowledge of the protein changes that occur in CSM and upon corticosteroid treatment of CSM-affected patients will aid in further understanding the pathomechanisms underlying this disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
Collapse
|
14
|
Decreased emergence of emerald ash borer from ash treated with methyl jasmonate is associated with induction of general defense traits and the toxic phenolic compound verbascoside. Oecologia 2014; 176:1047-59. [PMID: 25231373 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is causing widespread mortality of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. To date, no mechanisms of host resistance have been identified against this pest. Methyl jasmonate was applied to susceptible North American and resistant Asian ash species to determine if it can elicit induced responses in bark that enhance resistance to EAB. In particular, phenolic compounds, lignin, and defense-related proteins were quantified, and compounds associated with resistance were subsequently tested directly against EAB larvae in bioassays with artificial diet. MeJA application decreased adult emergence in susceptible ash species, comparable to levels achieved by insecticide application. Concentration of the phenolic compound verbascoside sharply increased after MeJA application to green and white ash. When incorporated in an artificial diet, verbascoside decreased survival and growth of EAB neonates in a dose-dependent fashion. Lignin and trypsin inhibitors were also induced by MeJA, and analogs of both compounds reduced growth of EAB larvae in artificial diets. We conclude that the application of MeJA prior to EAB attack has the ability to enhance resistance of susceptible ash trees by inducing endogenous plant defenses, and report evidence that induction of verbascoside is a mechanism of resistance to EAB.
Collapse
|
15
|
Stevens ME, Pijut PM. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and plant regeneration of the hardwood tree species Fraxinus profunda. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:861-870. [PMID: 24493252 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This transformation and regeneration protocol provides an integral framework for the genetic improvement of Fraxinus profunda (pumpkin ash) for future development of plants resistant to the emerald ash borer. Using mature hypocotyls as the initial explants, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation system was successfully developed for pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda). This transformation protocol is an invaluable tool to combat the highly aggressive, non-native emerald ash borer (EAB), which has the potential to eliminate native Fraxinus spp. from the natural landscape. Hypocotyls were successfully transformed with Agrobacterium strain EHA105 harboring the pq35GR vector, containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as well as a fusion gene between neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) and gusA. Hypocotyls were cultured for 7 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 22.2 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA), 4.5 μM thidiazuron (TDZ), 50 mg L(-1) adenine hemisulfate (AS), and 10 % coconut water (CW) prior to transformation. Hypocotyls were transformed using 90 s sonication plus 10 min vacuum infiltration after Agrobacterium was exposed to 100 μM acetosyringone for 1 h. Adventitious shoots were regenerated on MS medium with 22.2 μM BA, 4.5 μM TDZ, 50 mg L(-1) AS, 10 % CW, 400 mg L(-1) timentin, and 20 mg L(-1) kanamycin. Timentin at 400 and 20 mg L(-1) kanamycin were most effective at controlling Agrobacterium growth and selecting for transformed cells, respectively. The presence of nptII, GUS (β-glucuronidase), and EGFP in transformed plants was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while the expression of EGFP was also confirmed through fluorescent microscopy and reverse transcription-PCR. This transformation protocol provides an integral foundation for future genetic modifications of F. profunda to provide resistance to EAB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah E Stevens
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han X, Kumar D, Chen H, Wu S, Kim JY. Transcription factor-mediated cell-to-cell signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1737-49. [PMID: 24347464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells utilize mobile transcription factors to transmit intercellular signals when they perceive environmental stimuli or initiate developmental programmes. Studies on these novel cell-to-cell signals have accumulated multiple pieces of evidence showing that non-cell-autonomous transcription factors play pivotal roles in most processes related to the formation and development of plant organs. Recent studies have explored the evolution of mobile transcription factors and proposed mechanisms for their trafficking through plasmodesmata, where a selective system exists to facilitate this process. Mobile transcription factors contribute to the diversity of the intercellular signalling network, which is also established by peptides, hormones, and RNAs. Crosstalk between mobile transcription factors and other intercellular molecules leads to the development of complex biological signalling networks in plants. The regulation of plasmodesmata appears to have been another major step in controlling the intercellular trafficking of transcription factors based on studies of many plasmodesmal components. Furthermore, diverse omics approaches are being successfully applied to explore a large number of candidate transcription factors as mobile signals in plants. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries to integrate current knowledge of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chakraborty S, Whitehill JGA, Hill AL, Opiyo SO, Cipollini D, Herms DA, Bonello P. Effects of water availability on emerald ash borer larval performance and phloem phenolics of Manchurian and black ash. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1009-21. [PMID: 24125060 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) beetle is a significant threat to the survival of North American ash. In previous work, we identified putative biochemical and molecular markers of constitutive EAB resistance in Manchurian ash, an Asian species co-evolved with EAB. Here, we employed high-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS) to characterize the induced response of soluble phloem phenolics to EAB attack in resistant Manchurian and susceptible black ash under conditions of either normal or low water availability, and the effects of water availability on larval performance. Total larval mass per tree was lower in Manchurian than in black ash. Low water increased larval numbers and mean larval mass overall, but more so in Manchurian ash. Low water did not affect levels of phenolics in either host species, but six phenolics decreased in response to EAB. In both ashes, pinoresinol A was induced by EAB, especially in Manchurian ash. Pinoresinol A and pinoresinol B were negatively correlated with each other in both species. The higher accumulation of pinoresinol A in Manchurian ash after attack may help explain the resistance of this species to EAB, but none of the responses measured here could explain increased larval performance in trees subjected to low water availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, 201 Kottman Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Herms DA, McCullough DG. Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 59:13-30. [PMID: 24112110 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since its accidental introduction from Asia, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of ash trees in North America. As it continues to spread, it could functionally extirpate ash with devastating economic and ecological impacts. Little was known about EAB when it was first discovered in North America in 2002, but substantial advances in understanding of EAB biology, ecology, and management have occurred since. Ash species indigenous to China are generally resistant to EAB and may eventually provide resistance genes for introgression into North American species. EAB is characterized by stratified dispersal resulting from natural and human-assisted spread, and substantial effort has been devoted to the development of survey methods. Early eradication efforts were abandoned largely because of the difficulty of detecting and delineating infestations. Current management is focused on biological control, insecticide protection of high-value trees, and integrated efforts to slow ash mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Herms
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rajarapu SP, Mittapalli O. Glutathione-S-transferase profiles in the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Hill AL, Whitehill JGA, Opiyo SO, Phelan PL, Bonello P. Nutritional attributes of ash (Fraxinus spp.) outer bark and phloem and their relationships to resistance against the emerald ash borer. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1522-1532. [PMID: 23143945 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, EAB) is an alien, invasive wood-boring insect that is responsible for killing millions of ash trees since its discovery in North America in 2002. All North American ash species (Fraxinus spp.) that EAB has encountered have shown various degrees of susceptibility, while Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Ruprecht), which shares a co-evolutionary history with this insect, is resistant. Recent studies have looked into constitutive resistance mechanisms in Manchurian ash, concentrating on the secondary phloem, which is the feeding substrate for the insect. In addition to specialized metabolism and defense-related components, primary metabolites and nutritional summaries can also be important to understand the feeding behavior of insect herbivores. Here, we have compared the nutritional characteristics (water content, total protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars and starch, percent carbon and nitrogen, and macro- and micronutrients) of outer bark and phloem from black, green, white and Manchurian ash to determine their relevance to resistance or susceptibility to EAB. Water content and concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Li, tryptophan and an unknown compound were found to separate black and Manchurian ash from green and white ash in a principal component analysis (PCA), confirming their phylogenetic placements into two distinct clades. The traits that distinguished Manchurian ash from black ash in the PCA were water content and concentrations of total soluble sugars, histidine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, proline, sarcosine, tyramine, tyrosol, Al, Fe, K, Na, V and an unknown compound. However, only proline, tyramine and tyrosol were significantly different, and higher, in Manchurian ash than in black ash.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hill
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Whitehill JGA, Opiyo SO, Koch JL, Herms DA, Cipollini DF, Bonello P. Interspecific comparison of constitutive ash phloem phenolic chemistry reveals compounds unique to manchurian ash, a species resistant to emerald ash borer. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:499-511. [PMID: 22588569 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis, EAB) is an invasive wood-borer indigenous to Asia and is responsible for widespread ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in the U.S. and Canada. Resistance and susceptibility to EAB varies among Fraxinus spp., which is a result of their co-evolutionary history with the pest. We characterized constitutive phenolic profiles and lignin levels in the phloem of green, white, black, blue, European, and Manchurian ash. Phloem was sampled twice during the growing season, coinciding with phenology of early and late instar EAB. We identified 66 metabolites that displayed a pattern of variation, which corresponded strongly with phylogeny. Previously identified lignans and lignan derivatives were confirmed to be unique to Manchurian ash, and may contribute to its high level of resistance to EAB. Other compounds that had been considered unique to Manchurian ash, including hydroxycoumarins and the phenylethanoids calceolarioside A and B, were detected in closely related, but susceptible species, and thus are unlikely to contribute to EAB resistance of Manchurian ash. The distinct phenolic profile of blue ash may contribute to its relatively high resistance to EAB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G A Whitehill
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|